ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT

STANDARDS
• Environmental management system is a “tool that

enables an organization to control impact of its

activities, products or services on the natural

environment.”

• Environmental Management System (EMS) is a part of an

organisation’s management system, used for developing

and implementing its environmental policy and to

manage its environmental aspects.

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• It is formulated for identifying, prioritizing controlling,

and improving upon, those elements of the organization

that interact with the environment.

• An Environmental Management System (EMS) is a

framework that helps an organization achieve its

environmental goals through consistent review,

evaluation, and improvement of its environmental

performance.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• Advantages:
• Serves as a tool to provide a systematic way of managing an
organization’s environmental affairs.
• Focuses on continual improvement of the system.

• Restrict and regulate overexploitation of natural resources.

• Set targets to reduce the use of energy and water and waste
going to landfill.
• Set environment friendly purchasing procedures.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• ISO 14001:2015 frame work and benefits
• ISO 14000 series is a series of internationally recognized
standards for structuring the EMS of an organization and
managing the environmental performance of the system
to induce environmental improvement and cost savings.
• ISO 14000 is a thus a part of an Environmental
Management System (EMS) that uses a continual
improvement approach in achieving and demonstrating
sound environmental performance.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• ISO 14001:2015 frame work and benefits
• ISO 14000 is the standard, and ISO 14001 is the document
containing the requirements. Organizations are becoming
increasingly concerned in achieving as well as
demonstrating their sound environmental performance.
• Therefore ISO standards are used as a marketing tool by
organizations which show off to customers, shareholders
and vendors their status of being a "Good Corporate
Citizen".
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• ISO 14001:2015 frame work and benefits
• ISO 14000 is a family of standards related to environmental
management that exists to help organizations :
(a) minimize how their operations (processes, etc.)
negatively affect the environment (i.e. cause adverse
changes to air, water, or land);
(b) comply with applicable laws, regulations, and other
environmentally oriented requirements; and
(c) continually improve in the above
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• The five main stages of an EMS, as defined by the ISO
14001 standard, are described below:
• 1. Commitment and Policy

• Top management commits to environmental improvement

and establishes the organization's environmental policy.
• The policy is the foundation of the EMS.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• The five main stages of an EMS, as defined by the ISO
14001 standard, are described below:
• 2. Planning

• An organization first identifies environmental aspects of

its operations.
• Environmental aspects are those items, such as air
pollutants or hazardous waste, that can have negative
impacts on people and/or the environment.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• The five main stages of an EMS, as defined by the ISO
14001 standard, are described below:
• 2. Planning

• An organization then determines which aspects are

significant by choosing criteria considered most important
by the organization.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• The five main stages of an EMS, as defined by the ISO
14001 standard, are described below:
• 2. Planning

• Once significant environmental aspects are determined,

an organization sets objectives and targets.
• An objective is an overall environmental goal (e.g.,
minimize use of chemical X).
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• The five main stages of an EMS, as defined by the ISO
14001 standard, are described below:
• 2. Planning

• A target is a detailed, quantified requirement that arises

from the objectives (e.g., reduce use of chemical X by 25%
by September 2021).
• The final part of the planning stage is devising an action
plan for meeting the targets.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• The five main stages of an EMS, as defined by the ISO
14001 standard, are described below:
• 3. Implementation

• A organization follows through with the action plan using

the necessary resources (human, financial, etc.).
• An important component is employee training and
awareness for all employees.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• The five main stages of an EMS, as defined by the ISO
14001 standard, are described below:
• 3. Implementation - Other steps in the implementation
stage include documentation, following operating
procedures, and setting up internal and external
communication lines.
• 4. Evaluation - A company monitors its operations to
evaluate whether targets are being met. If not, the company
takes corrective action.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• The five main stages of an EMS, as defined by the ISO
14001 standard, are described below:
• 5. Review - Top management reviews the results of the
evaluation to see if the EMS is working.
• Management determines whether the original environmental
policy is consistent with the organization's values. The plan
is then revised to optimize the effectiveness of the EMS.
The review stage creates a loop of continuous
improvement for a company.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• In ISO 14001 it is relatively easy to see how the
requirements of the standard follow the conventional
improvement cycle of Plan-Do-Check-Act.
• The Plan-do-check-act cycle is a four-step model for
carrying out change.
• Just as a circle has no end, the PDCA cycle should be
repeated again and again for continuous improvement.
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• The PDCA cycle is used when:
Starting a new improvement project

Developing a new or improved design of a process, product,

or service
Defining a repetitive work process

Planning data collection and analysis in order to verify and

prioritize problems or root causes
Implementing any change and Working toward continuous
improvement
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• The PDCA cycle involves:
• Plan: Recognize an opportunity and plan a change.

• Do: Test the change. Carry out a small-scale study.

• Check: Review the test, analyze the results, and identify

what you’ve learned.
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• The PDCA cycle involves:
• Act:

• Take action based on what you learned in the study step.

• If the change did not work, go through the cycle again with
a different plan.
• If you were successful, incorporate what you learned from
the test into wider changes.
• Use what you learned to plan new improvements, beginning
the cycle again.
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• The latest version of ISO 14001, ISO 14001:2015 has
brought changes to the most widely used standard on
Environmental Management Systems (EMS).
• Using ISO 14001:2015 has many benefits for organizations
with environmental management systems.
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• Organizations and companies find that using the standard
helps them:
Improve resource efficiency

Reduce waste

Drive down costs

Provide assurance that environmental impact is being

measured
Gain competitive advantage in supply chain design
 ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
STANDARDS
• Organizations and companies find that using the standard
helps them:
Increase new business opportunities

Meet legal obligations

Increase stakeholder and customer trust

Improve overall environmental impact

Manage environmental obligations with consistency

 SCOPE AND GOAL OF LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS (LCA)
• It is also known as cradle-to-grave analysis.
• It is a process to assess the environmental impacts
associated with all the stages of a product, process or
activity from cradle to grave by identifying the materials
used and waste generated.
• It is a complicated methodology for identifying energy
and other resource requirements as well as the
environmental impacts associated with every stage in the
life cycle of a product.
 SCOPE AND GOAL OF LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS (LCA)
• Thus LCA is a tool for measuring sustainability by
identifying the impact of a product on its environment,
energy and resources during all the stages from ‘cradle’ and
‘grave’.
• It takes into account all kinds of environmental impact
right from the extraction of the raw materials, different
stages of production, different stages of utility and the end
disposal.
 SCOPE AND GOAL OF LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS (LCA)
Basic components in the LCA process:
1. Goal definition and scope

2. Inventory analysis

3. Impact Analysis

4. Interpretation
 SCOPE AND GOAL OF LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS (LCA)
Basic components in the LCA process:
1. Goal definition and scope

• For goal definition, a number of questions are to be asked

and answers to be found:
• - Why is LCA being conducted for this product?

• - Who will do the process?

• - Who will participate?

• - How are the results to be implemented?

 SCOPE AND GOAL OF LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS (LCA)
Basic components in the LCA process:
1. Goal definition and scope

• For goal definition, a number of questions are to be asked

and answers to be found:
• - What data and methodologies are used in the analysis?

• - What are the expected challenges in the study?

 SCOPE AND GOAL OF LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS (LCA)
Basic components in the LCA process:
1. Goal definition and scope

• Based on the above or similar questions the scope –

including the functional units to be assessed, systems to be
assessed, functions involved, data requirements, the
assumptions used etc can be found out.
• Since LCA is an iterative process, the scope once fixed
may vary based on the later stages of analysis.
 SCOPE AND GOAL OF LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS (LCA)
Basic components in the LCA process:
2. Inventory analysis

• Inventory analysis is based on extensive data collections

and calculations.
• LCA can be helpful in comparing products or processes
by considering the environmental factors involved in
material selection.
 SCOPE AND GOAL OF LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS (LCA)
Basic components in the LCA process:
2. Inventory analysis

• It is helpful in policy making as it helps the government in

developing regulations regarding resource use and
environmental emissions.
• The steps involved for LCI are as follows:

• 1. Develop a flow diagram

• 2. Identifying data sources and types

 SCOPE AND GOAL OF LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS (LCA)
Basic components in the LCA process:
2. Inventory analysis - 1. Develop a flow diagram:

• A flow diagram is a tool that can map the inputs and

outputs to a process or system.
• The system boundary or system which may vary for each
LCA project is identified.
• Unit processes inside the system boundary link together to
form a complete life cycle picture of the required inputs
and outputs (material and energy) to the system.
 SCOPE AND GOAL OF LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS (LCA)
Basic components in the LCA process:
2. Inventory analysis –

2. Identifying data sources and types:

• For each life cycle stage, specify the necessary data source
or type required to provide sufficient accuracy and quality
to meet the study goals.
• Defining the required data sources and types prior to data
collection helps to reduce costs and the time required to
collect the data.
 SCOPE AND GOAL OF LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS (LCA)
Basic components in the LCA process:
3. Impact Analysis

• Impact Analysis will give an idea about the influence and

magnitude of the product or its stages on the
environment.
• This part of the analysis deals with three major divisions –
classification, characterization and valuation.
• Classification categorises the impacts as impacts on
health, resource depletion and ecosystem.
 SCOPE AND GOAL OF LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS (LCA)
Basic components in the LCA process:
3. Impact Analysis

• The quantification of these effects is done in the

characterization part.
• The significance of each impact will be observed and
specified at the time of valuation.
4. Interpretation

• After getting the results from each stage, an interpretation

will be done.
 SCOPE AND GOAL OF LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS (LCA)
Basic components in the LCA process:
4. Interpretation

• Interpretation involves a critical review which is used for

external purposes.
• Such reviews also often provide useful information to the
public.
 SCOPE AND GOAL OF LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS (LCA)
• Advantages of LCA
• 1. Customers can be advised about the product and its
effect on the environment.
• Undue stress on the environment can be guarded against
in this way.
• 2. Careful product scrutiny prompts manufacturers to
take steps to reduce the hazardous impact of a product on
the environment.
 SCOPE AND GOAL OF LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS (LCA)
• Advantages of LCA
• 3. LCA enables companies to minimize the usage of
resources and energy at all stages of the product, thus
making the finished product environment friendly.
• There will always be a chance of improvement either to
the product or the processes.
 SCOPE AND GOAL OF LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS (LCA)
• Disadvantages of LCA
• 1. Analysis cost is high, since the procedure is complex and
requires lots of research.
• 2. Since the data collection is tedious, the researchers may
go for assumptions and depend too much on surveys
conducted for some other purpose.
• This will lead to insufficient and inaccurate data.
 SCOPE AND GOAL OF LIFE CYCLE
ANALYSIS (LCA)
• Disadvantages of LCA
• 3. A conclusive result will not be given to the customers.

• Thus the LCA is unable to speak authoritatively about the

superiority of a product, since the results are not properly
quantified.
• 4. The methodologies used are inadequate to translate the
data obtained in terms of effects on health, ecosystem or
resources, since proper units and definitions of these
impacts are not formulated.
 CIRCULAR ECONOMY
• The circular economy refers to an economic model whose
objective is to produce goods and services in a
sustainable way, by limiting the consumption and waste of
resources (raw materials, water, energy) as well as the
production of waste.
• Products and services in a circular economy are designed in
a way that allows them to be reused, either in the
biological or technical cycles.
 CIRCULAR ECONOMY
• All products are manufactured in a way so they can be
disassembled and materials will either be broken down by
nature or returned to production.
• Biological material therefore consists of non-toxic, clean
feeds and technical materials are designed to be a resource
to be used industrially again.
• The goal is to throw nothing away and to reduce the need
for purchasing new commodities, while production and
transportation is best achieved with renewable energy.
CIRCULAR ECONOMY
 CIRCULAR ECONOMY
• A circular economy is fundamentally different from a
linear economy:
• To put it simply, in a linear economy we mine raw
materials that we process into a product that is thrown
away after use.
• In a circular economy, we close the cycles of all these raw
materials. Closing these cycles requires much more than
just recycling. It changes the way in which value is created
and preserved, how production is made more sustainable
and which business models are used.
 CIRCULAR ECONOMY
• Linear vs Circular economy – Value creation
• The circular system and the linear system differ from each
other in the way in which value is created or maintained.
• A linear economy traditionally follows the
“take-make-dispose” step-by-step plan. This means that
raw materials are collected, then transformed into products
that are used until they are finally discarded as waste. Value
is created in this economic system by producing and selling
as many products as possible.
 CIRCULAR ECONOMY
• Linear vs Circular economy – Value creation
• A circular economy follows the 3R approach: reduce,
reuse and recycle.
• Resource use is minimized (reduce).

• Reuse of products and parts is maximized (reuse).

• And last but not least, raw materials are reused (recycled) to
a high standard.
• This can be done by using goods with more people, such
as shared cars.
 CIRCULAR ECONOMY
• Linear vs Circular economy – eco-efficiency to
eco-effectiveness
• The perspective on sustainability is different in a circular
economy than in a linear economy.
• When working on sustainability within a linear economy,
the focus is on eco-efficiency.
• This is to minimise the ecological impact for the same
output.
 CIRCULAR ECONOMY
• Linear vs Circular economy – eco-efficiency to
eco-effectiveness
• Within a circular economy, sustainability is sought in
increasing the eco-effectiveness of the system.
• This means that not only the ecological impact is
minimized, but that the ecological, economic and social
impact is even positive.
• For example growing cattle for meat in a diary farm, results
in emissions of methane gas, a strong greenhouse gas.
 BIO-MIMICRY
• Bio-mimicry aims to take inspiration from natural
selection solutions adopted by nature and translate the
principles to human engineering.
• The bio-mimicry approach aims to favor “choices” tested
by nature which had millions of years to understand
what works best and what doesn’t.
• Designs following bio-mimicry will ultimately allow
human productions to be more efficient, resilient and
sustainable.
 BIO-MIMICRY
• Bio-mimicry is derived from bios, meaning “life” and
mimesis, meaning “to imitate”
• It refers to viewing nature as role model/teacher– nature
has already solved many of the technological and
sustainability problems that we face today.
• We need to learn from nature and not about nature

• We need to imitate nature’s processes and not products.

• Engineers can and have learned a lot from nature.

 BIO-MIMICRY
• The core idea is that nature has already solved many of
the problems we are grappling with.
• Animals, plants, and microbes are the consummate
engineers.
• Japan produces some of the most efficient and fast trains
of the world, with speeds in the excess of 300km/h.
However, when traveling at these speeds after emerging
from a tunnel the trains would produce a sonic boom, a
huge source of noise pollution that plagued local Japanese
residents.
 BIO-MIMICRY
• With the help of a little bio-mimicry, engineers turned to
an unlikely source, the Kingfisher.
• With their elongated beak, Kingfisher birds are able to
travel between the air and water with very little splash
while hunting for prey.
• Engineers redesigned the train in the image of the bird,
giving the train a long beak-like shape at the front of the
train.
BIO-MIMICRY
 BIO-MIMICRY
• With this simple upgrade, the engineers were able to
reduce the noise of the train with the added benefits of
having a train that uses 15% less electricity, and that is
10% faster than the original.
 BIO-MIMICRY
• The benefits of Bio-mimicry are:
1. Sustainability

2. Bio-mimicry leads to more sustainable designs as it

mimics the nature and natural processes itself, it mimics
the quality of nature to heal itself.
3. Preserves biodiversity

4. Bio-mimicry would not be possible without an

inspirational source to turn towards.
• The benefits of Bio-mimicry are: BIO-MIMICRY
5. By respecting nature and conserving it for generations to
come, we are securing a future for bio-mimicry and for
wildlife.
6. Conserving biodiversity preserves systems, processes and
elements that may have not had their bio-mimetic potential
discovered yet.
7. Business benefits

8. Bio-mimicry leads to increased profits and environmental

benefits that boast.
 BIO-MIMICRY
• The benefits of Bio-mimicry are:
9. It can encourage companies to come up with new
environmentally beneficial and less resource intensive
chemicals, processes and products that they can sell
worldwide.
ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a process of
evaluating the likely environmental impacts of a proposed
project or development, taking into account inter-related
socio-economic, cultural and human-health impacts, both
beneficial and adverse.
• UNEP defines Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) as
a tool used to identify the environmental, social and
economic impacts of a project prior to decision-making.
ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• It aims to predict environmental impacts at an early stage in
project planning and design, find ways and means to reduce
adverse impacts, shape projects to suit the local
environment and present the predictions and options to
decision-makers.
• Environment Impact Assessment in India is statutorily
backed by the Environment Protection Act, 1986 which
contains various provisions on EIA methodology and
process.
ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• Objective of EIA
• EIA focuses on the problems, conflicts or environmental
constraints that could affect the viability of a project.
• It can be used as a tool for assessing the undesirable acts in
advance i.e., before the implementation of the project itself.
 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• The main objectives of EIA can be summarized as follows:
1. To facilitate in decision making process

• EIA systematically examines the environmental

implications of a proposed action/project/activity.
• It also analyses the possible alternatives, before a decision is
taken.
• The EIA study is highly helpful in this context as it gives a
clear picture of the proposal, so that decision making
processes are easier.
 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• The main objectives of EIA can be summarized as follows:
2. To facilitate development

• During the evolution of concept of EIA process, there was

strong opposition from industries for fear of the process
being time consuming and costly.
• In reality, EIA is of great benefit to industrialists, since they
are getting an opportunity to identify the undesirable
impacts that may arise after the project execution, in
advance.
 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• The main objectives of EIA can be summarized as follows:
2. To facilitate development

• It is also possible to build good relations with the

community and planning authority if they are ready to
mitigate or minimise the possible adverse impacts.
 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• The main objectives of EIA can be summarized as follows:
2. To facilitate development

• It is also possible to build good relations with the

community and planning authority if they are ready to
mitigate or minimise the possible adverse impacts.
3. To support sustainable development

• Development was thought of as the assessment of benefits

in the social and economic aspects only earlier.
 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• The main objectives of EIA can be summarized as follows:
3. To support sustainable development

• In the concept of sustainable development, the

environmental benefits are also given equal weightage.
• EIA can be used as a good tool in achieving sustainable
development, prevention is better than cure.
• Activities which may be harmful to the environment have to
be avoided.
 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• The main objectives of EIA can be summarized as follows:
3. To support sustainable development

• In extreme cases, the project itself may be closed down, but

they can still leave residual environmental problems for
decades to come.
• Hence it would be better to mitigate the harmful effects in
advance, at the planning stage, or in some cases avoid the
particular development altogether.
 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• The main objectives of EIA can be summarized as follows:
3. To support sustainable development

• Sustainable economic and social development must be

placed in their environmental contexts.
4. Development of EIA in India:

• A signatory to the Stockholm Declaration (1972) on

Environment, India enacted laws to control water (1974)
and air (1981) pollution soon after.
 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• The main objectives of EIA can be summarized as follows:
4. Development of EIA in India:

• But it was only after the Bhopal gas leak disaster in 1984
that the country legislated an umbrella Act for
environmental protection in 1986.
• Under the Environment (Protection) Act, 1986, India
notified its first EIA norms in 1994, setting in place a legal
framework for regulating activities that access, utilise, and
affect (pollute) natural resources.
 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• The main objectives of EIA can be summarized as follows:
4. Development of EIA in India:

• Every development project has been required to go through

the EIA process for obtaining prior environmental clearance
ever since.
• The 1994 EIA notification was replaced with a modified
draft in 2006.
 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• The main objectives of EIA can be summarized as follows:
4. Development of EIA in India:

• Earlier in the year 2020, the government redrafted it again

to incorporate the amendments and relevant court orders
issued since 2006, and to make the EIA “process more
transparent and expedient.”
 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• The EIA Process
• EIA involves the steps mentioned below. However, the EIA
process is cyclical with interaction between the various
steps.
1. Screening:

• All proposed projects and activities may not require EIA,

as some of them may not pose an environmental threat.
 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• The EIA Process
1. Screening:

• Hence it would be wastage of time and resources for all the

proposed projects to go through the entire EIA procedure if
it is not actually required.
• First stage of EIA, which determines whether the proposed
project, requires an EIA and if it does, then the level of
assessment required.
 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• The EIA Process
2. Scoping:

• Scoping is a key stage of the ElA process in which those

impacts which might have significant effect on the
environment, and those to be addressed in the EIA, are
determined.
• This stage identifies the key issues and impacts that should
be further investigated. This stage also defines the
boundary and time limit of the study.
 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• The EIA Process
3. Impact analysis:

• The impact of an activity is a deviation (a change) from the

baseline situation that is caused by the activity.
• Environmental impacts involve the study of various
attributes, their complex interrelationships and consequent
changes in the attributes.
• Impact can be both positive and negative.
 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• The EIA Process
3. Impact analysis:

• All potentially significant environmental impacts (adverse

and beneficial) are identified and taken into account in the
process.
• This stage of EIA identifies and predicts the likely
environmental and social impact of the proposed project
and evaluates the significance.
 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• The EIA Process
4. Mitigation: This step in EIA recommends the actions to
reduce and avoid the potential adverse environmental
consequences of development activities.
5. Public Consultation and Participation:

• Consultation with public is to ensure the quality,

comprehensiveness and effectiveness of the EIA, as well
as to ensure that the views of public are adequately taken
into consideration in the decision-making process.
 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• The EIA Process
6. Reporting: This stage presents the result of EIA in a form
of a report to the decision-making body and other
interested parties.
7. Review of EIA: It examines the adequacy and
effectiveness of the EIA report and provides the
information necessary for decision-making.
8. Decision-making: It decides whether the project is
rejected, approved or needs further change.
 ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• The EIA Process
9. Post monitoring:

• This stage comes into play once the project is

commissioned.
• It checks to ensure that the impacts of the project do not
exceed the legal standards and implementation of the
mitigation measures are in the manner as described in the
EIA report.
ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• Importance of EIA
• EIA links environment with development for
environmentally safe and sustainable development.
• EIA provides a cost effective method to eliminate or
minimize the adverse impact of developmental projects.
• EIA enables the decision makers to analyse the effect of
developmental activities on the environment well before the
developmental project is implemented.
ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)
• Importance of EIA
• EIA encourages the adaptation of mitigation strategies in the
developmental plan.
• EIA makes sure that the developmental plan is
environmentally sound and within the limits of the capacity
of assimilation and regeneration of the ecosystem.
 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS
• In early 1950s ecologists believed that industry was on one
side and ecology on the other side.
• The prevalent idea was that the biosphere is away from
industry and is totally separate from industry.
• This led to the popular belief that industry is driven only by
profit motive and that environmentalists and ecologists have
to oppose industry for ensuring the safety of the biosphere.
• But industrial ecology runs contrary to these assumptions.
 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS
• It not only establishes a relation between industry and
biosphere but also works as a new ecosystem which
includes both industry and biosphere.
• Industrial ecology is a practical solution to sustainable
development.
• Industrial ecology studies the relationships between
industries, the earth and flow of materials and resources
through the system.
 INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS
• It models these relations as analogous to the network of
relations which exist within an ecosystem.
• INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY

• Industrial Ecology is the study of industrial systems aimed

at identifying and implementing strategies that reduce their
environmental impact.
• INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
• Industrial ecology conceptualises industry as a man-made
ecosystem that operates in a similar way to natural
ecosystems, where the waste or by product of one process is
used as an input into another process.
• Industrial ecology interacts with natural ecosystems and
attempts to move from a linear to cyclical or closed loop
system.
• INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
• Industrial ecology is a multidisciplinary field that combines
aspects of economics, engineering, sociology, technology
and environmental science.
• Features

• Industrial processes, from material extraction through to

product disposal, have an adverse impact upon the
environment.
• INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
• Features

• Industrial ecology aims to reduce environmental stress

caused by industry whilst encouraging innovation, resource
efficiency and sustained growth.
• Industrial ecology acknowledges that industry will continue
to operate and expand however, it supports industry that is
environmentally conscious and has less burden upon the
planet.
• INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
• Features

• It views industrial sites as part of a wider ecology rather

than an external, solitary entity.
• Within the industrial ecology concept, industry interacts
with nature and utilises the wastes and by products of other
industries as inputs into its own processes.
• Industrial ecology ranges from purely industrial ecosystems
to purely natural ecosystems with a range of hybrid
industrial/natural ecosystems in between.
• INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
• Features

• Covering both industrial management and technology,

industrial ecology encompasses other sustainability
concepts and tools such as material flows analysis;
environmentally sound technologies; design for
disassembly; and dematerialisation.
• INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
• The benefits of industrial ecology include:

cost savings (materials purchasing, licensing fees, waste

disposal fees, etc);
improved environmental protection;

income generation through selling waste or by products;

enhanced corporate image;

improved relations with other industries and organisations

and market advantages.
• INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY
• Limitations to industrial ecology include:

no market for materials;

lack of support from government and industry;

reluctance of industry to invest in appropriate technology;

perceived legal implications and

reluctance to move to another supplier.

• One of the earliest examples of industrial
ecology is in Kalundborg, Denmark. Several
industrial facilities are linked, sharing their
byproducts and waste heat.
• They include a power plant, an oil refinery, a
pharmaceutical plant, a plasterboard factory,
an enzyme manufacturer, a waste company,
and the city itself.
• INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS
• In biological sciences, symbiosis is an evolved interaction
or close living relationship between organisms from
different species, usually with benefits to one or both of the
individuals involved.
• An example is that of clown fish and sea anemone.

• The clown fish lives among the tentacles of the sea

anemone, and feeds on small organisms that can harm the
sea anemone.
• INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS
• In return, the clown fish is protected from predators because
the tentacles of the sea anemone are poisonous.
• The fish however has immunity to those toxins. In industry
too, we can club together different industries which can
share energy, by-products, waste, etc among each other.
• The waste from one industry can become an input for
another.
• So industrial symbiosis helps to reduce the amount of raw
material and decrease the energy consumption and wastage.
• INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS
• Industrial symbiosis is an outcome of industrial ecology.

• Industrial symbiosis engages traditionally separate

industries in a collective approach to competitive advantage
involving physical exchange of materials, energy, water,
and/or by-products.
• The key to industrial symbiosis are collaboration and the
synergetic possibilities offered by geographical proximity.
• The outcome of industrial symbiosis is industrial ecosystem.
• INDUSTRIAL SYMBIOSIS
• Advantages of industrial symbiosis

• 1. Utilisation of unused or discarded resources

• 2. Financial savings for more number of industries

• 3. Reduction in the use of raw materials, energy or water

• 4. Reduction in disposal to landfill

• 5. Social benefits like job creation

• 6. Reduction in emissions

• 7. Upholds the principles of sustainable development