Methods for increasing energy efficiency

of buildings
• Energy consumption in buildings can be categorized into
two types:
1. Direct energy consumption (during the useful life)
2. Energy consumed during the construction phase
• Energy efficiency helps control rising energy costs,
reduce environmental footprints, and increase the value
and competitiveness of buildings.
 Methods for increasing energy efficiency of buildings

• Some energy efficiency practices:

• 1. Ventilation
• Proper sizing, location and dealing of windows to keep the
sun and wind out of a building or allow them as and
when needed
• Location according to prevailing wind direction
• Openings at higher levels to venting out hot air
• Adequate air exchange and maximum exploitation of day
lighting should be achieved
 Methods for increasing energy efficiency of buildings
• Some energy efficiency practices:
• 2. Walls
• Light colour wall surface reflects more light and heat
• Proper thermal insulation and air cavities in walls to reduce
heat transmissions into the building
• 3. Roof
• Proper roof treatment is essential
• Can provide roof shading devices, application of light
coloured paints, green or vegetated roofs etc
 Methods for increasing energy efficiency of buildings

• Some energy efficiency practices:

• 4. Building materials
• Green materials such as bamboo, recycled metal, non-toxic
adhesives, reusable bricks, compressed soil blocks and
locally available and manufactured building elements
should be selected for the construction purposes
• 5. Location of water bodies
• Proximity of water bodies significantly cool the
microclimate that exist near the adjoining buildings
 Methods for increasing energy efficiency of buildings

• Some energy efficiency practices:

• 6. Building orientation
• In hot climate building should be oriented to minimize
solar gains and vice versa
• East or south is favoured in cold climate regions to gain
heat during the day time
• 7. Water conservation
• Installation of water conserving pumping fixtures will save
both money and energy together with water conservation
 Methods for increasing energy efficiency of buildings

• Some energy efficiency practices:

• 8. Building form (surface to volume ratio)
• Volume of space inside the building to be heated or cooled
is related to the surface area of the envelope enclosing the
volume considered
• More compact the shape, less will be heat gain or heat loss
• Compact buildings have low S/V ratio
• Also determines the air flow pattern around the building,
directly, affecting the ventilation
 Methods for increasing energy efficiency of buildings

• Some energy efficiency practices:

• 9. Landscaping
• Proper landscaping direct sun from striking and heating up
building surfaces
• Trees provide shade during summer and in winter they
shed leaves and allow sun to heat the building
• Trees also absorb carbon dioxide and releases oxygen and
prevent soil erosion
•
 Methods for increasing energy efficiency of buildings

• Some energy efficiency practices:

• 10. Reducing electricity consumption
• Installing energy efficient appliances for cooking, heating,
lighting, cooling etc reduces the energy consumption
• Occupancy sensors which will turn of fans, lights and other
accessories by sensing the absence of occupants can be
used
 Methods for increasing energy efficiency of buildings

• Some energy efficiency practices:

• 11. Use of renewable energy systems
• Use of photovoltaic system attached to the roof top of
building and solar water heating system will reduce
consumption of non-renewable energy sources but also
produces no harmful emissions
 GREEN BUILDINGS
• Construction uses large quantity of energy, water and other
natural resources.
• Improper planning causes huge losses in terms of
utilization of facilities at a particular site.
• Green buildings are those which use optimum resources
and energy, conserve the natural resources, generate less
waste and provide a healthy environment for its occupants.
• Green building design aims at achieving a balance between
sustainability needs and housing requirement.
 GREEN BUILDINGS
• Only with clear awareness and cooperation of the
individuals involved can such buildings be planned and
established.
• The first platinum green building in India as per the LEED
(Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design) rating
criteria is the CII-Sohrabji Godrej Green Business Centre
in Hyderabad.
 GREEN BUILDINGS
• The key features of a green building:
1. Proper site selection –
• The selection of site is very important due to many
reasons.
• Accessibility to roads, schools and other amenities
reduces the cost of living as well as unnecessary
utilization of resources.
• The selection of the site should take into account the
environmental concerns, i.e., whether there is any
destruction of forests, wetlands, agricultural land, etc.
 GREEN BUILDINGS
• The key features of a green building:
1. Proper site selection –
• Proper orientation of a house facilitates natural
ventilation, heating or cooling and thus energy
consumption for these purposes can be reduced.
• Also the possibilities for harnessing sunlight must also be
utilized in order to use it for natural lighting, heating or
electrification.
 GREEN BUILDINGS
• The key features of a green building:
2. Structural design efficiency –
• At the time of design it is very important to consider the
life-cycle of the materials used.
• Each building material and its effect on the occupants,
resources and environment must be checked properly.
• Materials harmful to the environment must be avoided
and alternatives must be used creatively. The design of
buildings should provide natural means ventilation,
maximum natural lighting, utilization of solar energy etc.
 GREEN BUILDINGS
• The key features of a green building:
3. Energy efficiency –
• The quest for energy efficiency must start from
installation and continue through each step of operation.
• Building techniques must be suitable for conditions at the
site.
• A design suitable for dry, hot region might not produce
the desired results at the site where climate is tropical.
• Thus, energy management solutions must be adopted
based on thorough study of such factors.
 GREEN BUILDINGS
• The key features of a green building:
3. Energy efficiency –
• At the time of construction, building materials and
processes must have low energy consumption.
• The utilization of daylight, solar energy for heating, right
placement and maintenance of trees for creating shadows,
etc are some of the methods to achieve energy efficiency
in a green building.
 GREEN BUILDINGS
• The key features of a green building:
4. Water efficiency –
• Reduction in consumption of water and protecting water
quality are equally important.
• In a green building, both these requirements must be
addressed.
• Facilities for water collection, treatment, recycling and
reuse are the important factors in the implementation of
green buildings.
 GREEN BUILDINGS
• The key features of a green building:
4. Water efficiency –
• Water harvesting must be done properly to collect fresh
water available from nature.
• Ultra low flush toilets can be installed which can save
water consumption by 50 percent.
• Usage of waste water for site irrigation will reduce the
expenses both for the treatment and usage of fresh water.
 GREEN BUILDINGS
• The key features of a green building:
5. Materials efficiency –
• Construction materials for green building include lumber,
bamboo and straw, recycled stone, and recycled metals. It
is expected building materials for green buildings are
non-toxic, reusable, renewable and recyclable.
• Industrial wastes like combustion products or foundry
sand are also used as building materials
 GREEN BUILDINGS
• The key features of a green building:
6. Indoor environmental quality enhancement –
• The three important parameters coming under this
objective are indoor air quality, thermal quality and
lighting quality. In indoor air quality, the main issues are
the reduction of volatile organic components and
moisture.
• Volatile organic components will cause bad odour and
toxic emissions, whereas moisture helps the presence of
bacteria and mould.
 GREEN BUILDINGS
• The key features of a green building:
6. Indoor environmental quality enhancement –
• Occupants should not be affected by any health problem
like asthma and allergy which are related to air quality.
7. Operation and maintenance optimization – Trained
personnel should be employed for optimum operations
and maintenance.
 GREEN BUILDINGS
• The key features of a green building:
7. Waste reductions –
• This is required during various phases of a building’s
life-cycle.
• During maintenance and demolition, it should not
generate much waste than those that are suitable for
recycling.
• Waste water, biodegradable wastes and others must be
effectively treated and energy must be generated from
this.
 Green Building Certification and Rating
• Green building certification is a system in which a building
is certified to have achieved certain environmental
performance with a pre-defined rating system called green
building rating system.
• The primary rating systems in India are:
• 1. GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
Assessment)
• Developed by TERI (The Energy and Resources Institute,
New Delhi)
 Green Building Certification and Rating
• 1. GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
Assessment)
• GRIHA attempts to minimize a building’s resource
consumption, waste generation, and overall ecological
impact to within certain nationally acceptable limits /
benchmarks.
• It evaluates environmental performance of a building
holistically over its entire life cycle.
 Green Building Certification and Rating
• 1. GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
Assessment)
• Going by the old adage ‘what gets measured, gets
managed’, GRIHA attempts to quantify aspects such as
energy consumption, waste generation, renewable energy
adoption, etc. so as to manage, control and reduce the same
to the best possible extent.
• GRIHA is a rating tool that helps people assesses the
performance of their building against certain nationally
acceptable benchmarks.
 Green Building Certification and Rating
• 1. GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
Assessment)
• It evaluates the environmental performance of a building
holistically over its entire life cycle, thereby providing a
definitive standard for what constitutes a ‘green building’.
• The rating system, based on accepted energy and
environmental principles, will seek to strike a balance
between the established practices and emerging concepts,
both national and international.
 Green Building Certification and Rating
• 1. GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
Assessment)
• Evaluation is done by a three tier process:
• 1. Submission of online application
• 2. Inspection by GRIHA team and report submission
• 3. Report is evaluated by evaluation committee and points
are assigned to each criterion
•
 Green Building Certification and Rating
• 1. GRIHA (Green Rating for Integrated Habitat
Assessment)
• The rating system consists of 34 criteria (mandatory, partly
mandatory and optional.
• GRIHA is a 100-point system consisting of some core
points, which are mandatory, while the rest are optional.
Based on the points obtained, there will be a star rating
ranging from one to five. Validity is 5 years from the date
of commissioning of the building.
 Green Building Certification and Rating
• 2. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design)
• LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design)
is the most widely used green building rating system in the
world.
• The five priorities of LEED India are sustainable site
development, water savings, energy efficiency, material
selection and indoor environmental quality.
 Green Building Certification and Rating
• 2. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design)
• The LEED Process:
Online Project Registration
Submission of documents to IGBC
Third party assessment
Final documentation
Site visit by IGBC
Final review and award of rating
 Green Building Certification and Rating
• 2. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design) - The LEED Process:
Acceptance of rating
IGBC issues certificate
• Organisations seeking certification should register through
the Indian Green Building Council (IGBC) website.
• This provides access to the required documents, templates,
important communications and other necessary
information.
 Green Building Certification and Rating
• 2. LEED (Leadership in Energy and Environmental
Design)
• After the preliminary submission, a third party assessment
will take place.
• Within 30 days, the reviewer’s comments will be provided.
• The firm must provide whatever clarifications are sought,
and another review followed by a site visit is conducted
within 30 days.
 Green Building Certification and Rating
• 3. BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency)
• The mission of BEE is to assist in developing policies and
strategies with a thrust on self-regulation and market
principles, within the overall framework of the Energy
Conservation Act, 2001 with the primary objective of
reducing energy intensity of the Indian economy.
• The agency’s function is to develop programs which will
increase the conservation and efficient use of energy in
India.
 Green Building Certification and Rating
• 3. BEE (Bureau of Energy Efficiency)
• The government has made it mandatory for certain
appliances to have BEE ratings.
• BEE developed its own rating system for buildings based
on a 1 to 5 star scale.
• More stars means more efficiency.
 GREEN ENGINEERING
• Green engineering is the design, commercialization, and
use of processes and products that minimize pollution,
promote sustainability, and protect human health without
sacrificing economic viability and efficiency.
• Green engineering or green technology is the application of
the entire spectrum of sciences to user in sustainable
development.
 GREEN ENGINEERING
• It includes the use of environmental engineering,
economics, chemistry, biological sciences, construction
technology, energy generation methods, computers and
electronics to monitor, model and conserve our
environment and the resources therein and if possible to
restore any imbalances which might have crept in due to
human activity.
 GREEN ENGINEERING
• It includes the entire spectrum of innovation made with this
objective in mind.
• Some examples of green technology include bio-filtration,
renewable energy generation, composting toilets,
purification of air using indoor plants, hydroponics, etc
• Some of the important focuses of green technology
include energy, construction, transportation, chemicals and
computing.
 GREEN ENGINEERING
• Green energy
• Green energy or renewable energy is the cornerstone of
sustainable engineering.
• It refers to methods of producing energy by renewable
resources which are replenished naturally or by human
activity.
• Some examples include energy harvested from the sun,
wind, geothermal energy, tides, waves etc.
 GREEN ENGINEERING
• Green construction
• Green construction or green building refers to the practice
of constructing buildings and civil structures using
materials and processes that pose no or minimal harm to
the environment.
• The techniques used in green construction are suited to
local conditions and may draw heavily on the traditional
concept in conjunction with the modern technology.
 GREEN ENGINEERING
• Green construction
• Laurie Baker, the famous architect who pioneered Baker
model construction, was one of the stalwarts of green
construction and appropriate technology in India.
• Green transportation
• Green transportation or sustainable transport refers to the
transportation systems which are sustainable in terms of the
technology used, energy sources and social impact.
 GREEN ENGINEERING
• Green transportation
• An efficient transportation system is one which is
imperative for economic development.
• A sustainable transportation system will be efficient and
effective for the public, while not having any negative
impact on the environment or climate.
• A sustainable, well-connected public transport network
also helps to reduce emissions resulting from consistent use
of personal vehicles.
 GREEN ENGINEERING
• Sustainable transportation system is defined as one
that:
• Allows the basic access and development needs of
individuals, companies and society to be met safely and in
a manner consistent with human and ecosystem health, and
promotes equity within and between successive
generations.
• Is affordable, operates fairly and efficiently, offers a choice
of transport mode, and supports a competitive economy, as
well as balanced regional development.
 GREEN ENGINEERING
• Sustainable transportation system is defined as one
that:
• Limits emissions and waste within the planet's ability to
absorb them, uses renewable resources at or below their
rates of generation, and uses non-renewable resources at or
below the rates of development of renewable substitutes,
while minimizing the impact on the use of land and the
generation of noise.
 GREEN ENGINEERING
• Sustainable transportation system is defined as one
that:
• The most important component of sustainable
transportation systems are the vehicles used.
• Clean vehicles include hybrid vehicles, wind-powered
sailing ships, solar and biodiesel vehicles, vehicles
powered by hydrogen, human powered transport such as
cycles and skates and animal powered transport.
• Transport infrastructure also needs to be upgraded to
incorporate sustainable practices.
 GREEN ENGINEERING
• Sustainable transportation system is defined as one
that:
• Walkways, separate lanes for cyclists, car restricted zones,
parking management, etc are of importance in urban
planning for sustainability.
• Green chemistry
• Green chemistry is the design of chemical products and
processes that reduce or eliminate the use or generation of
hazardous substances.
 GREEN ENGINEERING
• Green chemistry
• Green chemistry applies across the life cycle of a chemical
product, including its design, manufacture, use, and
ultimate disposal. Green chemistry is also known as
sustainable chemistry.
• Green chemistry has the following features:
• Prevents pollution at the molecular level
• Is a philosophy that applies to all areas of chemistry, not a
single discipline of chemistry
 GREEN ENGINEERING
• Green chemistry has the following features:
• Applies innovative scientific solutions to real-world
environmental problems
• Results in source reduction because it prevents the
generation of pollution
• Reduces the negative impacts of chemical products and
processes on human health and the environment
• Lessens and sometimes eliminates hazard from existing
products and processes
 GREEN ENGINEERING
• Green chemistry has the following features:
• Designs chemical products and processes to reduce their
intrinsic hazards
• Green computing
• We live in the information age.
• Now it is the ability to control and optimize the flow of
information that gives the competitive edge.
• Most of our work now is done using computers and
computer networks.
 GREEN ENGINEERING
• Green computing
• It is estimated that 2 percent of electricity generated is used
for powering computers and computer related equipment.
• Also, around 20 to 50 million tonnes of waste related to
computers and electronic equipment (e-waste) is generated
each year.
• In this context the concept of green computing has much
relevance.
• Green computing is the environmentally responsible and
eco-friendly use of computers and their resources.
 GREEN ENGINEERING
• Green computing
• In broader terms, it is also defined as the study of
designing, engineering, manufacturing, using and disposing
of computing devices in a way that reduces their
environmental impact.
• To promote green computing concepts at all possible
levels, the following four approaches are employed:
1. Green use: Minimizing the electricity consumption of
computers and their peripheral devices and using them in
an eco-friendly manner
 GREEN ENGINEERING
• To promote green computing concepts at all possible
levels, the following four approaches are employed:
2. Green disposal: Repurposing existing equipment or
appropriately disposing of, or recycling, unwanted
electronic equipment
3. Green design: Designing energy-efficient computers,
servers, printers, projectors and other digital devices
4. Green manufacturing: Minimizing waste during the
manufacturing of computers and other subsystems to
reduce the environmental impact of these activities
 SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION
• Industrialisation is an accelerator in the growth of
humanity.
• The developments of many great technologies coincide
with rapid industrialization.
• Industrialisation has helped mankind reduce their
efforts, increase comfort and change the impossible to
possible.
• Industrialisation promotes urbanization. Both are
indicators of economic growth and technological
advancements.
 SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION
• But the two phenomena change the environment radically
and contribute to pollution and rapid resource
degradation.
• Urbanisation refers to the population shift from rural to
urban areas.
• Though urbanization raises many questions about the
environment, preservation of traditional livelihoods and
cultural diversity, there are many advantages to it.
 SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION
• The positive features of the cities are as follows:
• Cities are pivotal points for introducing new ideas and
agendas
• Solutions to many technological challenges emerge from
cities
• Artistic and technological innovations can be introduced
and showcased more in cities
• Political and social changes are often pioneered in cities
• Cities are important economic forces. They generate a
majority of the nation’s taxes.
 SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION
• The positive features of the cities are as follows:
• Cities are the critical platforms for addressing the global
issues, challenges and developments
• There are effective discussions and promotions for
development strategies, since political leaders are much
influenced by cities
• Cities act as the engines for rural development
• SUSTAINABLE URBANIZATION refers to the
application of sustainability and resilient principles to the
design, planning and administration/operation of cities.
 SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION
• For sustainable urbanization the following points must
be kept in mind:
• 1. Economic sustainability has to be maintained by not
depleting the natural resources and by finding the
renewable sources.
• The ecological footprint of the community living in the
city must be minimized
 SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION
• For sustainable urbanization the following points must be
kept in mind:
• 2. Social sustainability demands fairness, inclusiveness
and cultural adequacy to promote equal rights on the
resources whether it is natural, physical or economic in
nature.
• Cultural heritages and cultural diversity must be
protected and respected.
 SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION
• For sustainable urbanization the following points must be
kept in mind:
• 3. Ecological sustainability is the most important factor to
be considered, since the impact on environment directly
influences the sustainability of the city.
• The carrying capacity of the land and other resources are
to be analysed properly, and the protection of these must
be given the prime importance.
 SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION
• For sustainable urbanization the following points must be
kept in mind:
• 4. The sustainability of the built environment is another
concern which questions the liveability of the city.
• Too many buildings, roads, flyovers and other
constructions may cause many environmental and health
issues.
 SUSTAINABLE URBANISATION
• For sustainable urbanization the following points must be
kept in mind:
• 5. Political sustainability has a superior role in all the
above because the governance of the city is important for
establishment of all the four sustainability criterion.
• The policies and decisions of governments including
those at the local level influence the better functioning of
the cities.
 SUSTAINABLE CITIES
• From 2007 onwards 50 per cent of the world population is
living in urban areas.
• The extrapolated population living in cities may reach 70
per cent by 2050.
• The concentration of a large number of people is expected
produce economic growth and social development as the
accessibility to all amenities will be more compared to
rural areas.
 SUSTAINABLE CITIES
• Also necessities like electricity, water supply,
educational institutions and other services are more
available in cities.
• But the most difficult part is the expansion of these
facilities in tune with the population increase.
• Also, pollution rates and waste disposal issues are more
serious in cities. So, sustainable cities are the need of the
hour. The definition of ‘city’ varies from country to
country depending on the population and the nature of
human activities.
• The urbanSUSTAINABLE CITIES
population has maximum consumption of
fuels, utilization of natural resources and more
degradation of the resources.
• The concept of sustainable city is necessary for the future,
since urbanization is a fast growing trend in the world.
• There are four pillars of sustainability:
• 1. Social development
• 2. Economic development
• 3. Environment development
• 4. Urban governance
 SUSTAINABLE CITIES
• In the first pillar, i.e., social development supports the
major concerns of education and health for all.
• Food and nutrition with good recreation facilities and
community support is necessary for a sustainable city.
• Green buildings should be the trade mark of sustainable
cities to reduce energy losses and avoiding resource
degradation.
• Effective and sustainable solutions for water and
sanitation are required for the community to be
sustainable.
 SUSTAINABLE CITIES
• Access to green energy should be attained by proper
planning.
• Economic development, which is a main factor, is the
second pillar. It deals with green productive growth,
creation of decent employment, production and
distribution of renewable energy and research and
development.
• All these will contribute to economic growth which in turn
will produce more opportunities.
 SUSTAINABLE CITIES
• The people moving to the cities by urbanization can be
satisfied only by the second pillar.
• Environmental management is an important pillar which
forms the basis of sustainability.
• Waste management, forest and soil conservation,
energy efficiency systems, air and water quality
management, reduction in factors contributing to
climate change etc must be practiced.
 SUSTAINABLE CITIES
• High density of population necessitates efficient urban
governance.
• Planning and decentralization is imperative to the
establishment and maintenance of a sustainable city.
• Civil and political rights must be strengthened to develop
a community with a healthy self-esteem.
• The reduction of inequities is very essential to maintain
harmony in a society which is the backbone of sustainable
cities.
 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT
• Sustainable transport is “transport that meets current
transport and mobility needs without compromising the
ability of future generations to meet these needs.
• Transportation systems give rise to the following issues:
• The combustion of fossil fuels cause air pollution and GHG
emissions which exacerbates environmental ills like
climate change and global warming
• If the fuels and energy sources used are non-renewable,
there is the possibility that they will get exhausted
 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT
• Transportation systems give rise to the following issues:
• Unsustainable transportation methodologies cause traffic
bottle necks due to the unforeseen increase in motorized
vehicles plying the roads
• Safety of pedestrians, physically challenged and users of
non-motorised vehicles cannot be ensured
• The development of roads is not at par with the huge
increase in vehicle population
 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT
• Transportation systems give rise to the following issues:
• Increase in private individual transport system like cars
by the middle class reduces the significance and efficiency
of public transport system.
• This also increases traffic problems due to excess
vehicles.
•
 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT
• In order to address the above issues, the following solutions
must be taken into consideration:
• 1. Need of god planning for sustainability.
• On the roads, priority must be given to pedestrians,
cyclists, public transport usage, specialist service vehicles
for emergency and waste disposal and other motor traffic in
that order.
 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT
• In order to address the above issues, the following solutions
must be taken into consideration:
• 2. The streets also must be provided with car free zones
giving priority to pedestrians and non-motorised vehicles.
• Cars must be used only when there is sufficient number of
travelers.
• Public transport systems should provide maximum
connectivity to schools and residential areas.
• Other motor vehicles must be limited to designated roads.
 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT
• In order to address the above issues, the following solutions
must be taken into consideration:
• 3. The vehicles which use alternative energy sources are
to be promoted for the sake of environment.
• This will reduce GHG emissions considerably.
• 4. Congestion on roads can be minimized by promoting
the use of rail and other public transport systems.
•
SUSTAINABLE
In order TRANSPORT
to address the above issues, the following solutions
must be taken into consideration:
• 5. The public transport system must be efficient.
• There should be well designed vehicles which use hybrid
energy principles.
• The public transport vehicles should be maintained
properly. Good personnel management is also essential for
providing better services.
• Metro rail and mono rail projects in cities will reduce the
congestion.
 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT
• In order to address the above issues, the following solutions
must be taken into consideration:
• 6. Walking and cycling for short distances are to be
made attractive by providing prioritized paths in streets and
cities.
• Walking and cycling will reduce the GHG emissions.
• Moreover it is healthy as well.
• Subways must be provided for the safety of the pedestrians.
 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT
• In order to address the above issues, the following solutions
must be taken into consideration:
• 7. Routing and scheduling of the public transport
system are to be modified according to public opinion.
• There must be easy access to the public by providing
online facilities for ticket booking and awareness about
the time schedules and routes.
• Modern communication systems are also to be used for
assisting the public to access the transport facilities.
 SUSTAINABLE TRANSPORT
• In order to address the above issues, the following solutions
must be taken into consideration:
• 8. On the roads there must be facilities like bus bays, bus
lines and special priority for public transport vehicles at
signals.
• 9. Taxes and charges must be imposed on private motor
vechicles in order to promote public transport system.
• 10. Offices and other institutions must be located as close
to each other as possible and thus movements of people
can be optimised.