MODULE 7.

NATURE

Contents
MODULE 7. NATURE .......................................................................................................................... 1
VOCABULARY ................................................................................................................................... 2
Vocabulary 1. Natural disasters ...................................................................................................... 2
Vocabulary 2. Environment protection ............................................................................................. 4
Vocabulary 3. Pollution................................................................................................................... 6
PRONUNCIATION .............................................................................................................................. 8
GRAMMAR ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Grammar 1. Past tenses ................................................................................................................. 9
Grammar 2. Clauses .................................................................................................................... 10
READING ........................................................................................................................................ 13
Reading 1. Natural disaster ........................................................................................................... 13
Reading 2. Environment................................................................................................................ 14
WRITING ......................................................................................................................................... 20

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VOCABULARY
Vocabulary 1. Natural disasters
I. Match the disasters with the descriptions
1. tsunami a. a sudden, violent shaking of the earth’s surface
2. earthquake b. a mountain with a large opening at the top through which gases
and hot liquid rock are forced out into the air
3. drought c. a mass of snow, ice and rock that falls down the side of a
mountain
4. typhoon d. a large amount of soil or mud sliding down a mountain
5. flood e. an extremely large wave caused by a violent movement of the
earth under the sea
6. tornado f. a strong, dangerous wind that forms itself into an upside-down
spinning cone and is able to destroy buildings as it moves across
the ground
7. landslide g. a long period of time when there is little or no rain
8. volcanic h. a large amount of water covering an area that is usually dry
eruption
9. wildfire i. a very big fire that spreads quickly and burns natural areas like
woods, forests and grassland
10. avalanche j. a violent tropical storm with very strong winds

II. Choose the correct answer

1. After the underwater earthquake, a massive ____ struck the coastline, causing widespread destruction.
A. tsunami B. landslide C. avalanche D. drought
2. The ground shook violently, and buildings collapsed due to the ____ that hit the city.
A. tornado B. typhoon C. earthquake D. wildfire
3. The villagers struggled to find drinking water during the ____, as there had been no rain for months.
A. flood B. tsunami C. drought D. typhoon
4. The tropical storm intensified, bringing heavy rain and strong winds, turning into a powerful ____.
A. tornado B. typhoon C. volcanic eruption D. avalanche
5. Continuous heavy rainfall caused the river to overflow, leading to a devastating ____ in the town.
A. landslide B. flood C. tsunami D. wildfire
6. As the dark funnel cloud touched the ground, the ____ destroyed everything in its path.
A. earthquake B. tsunami C. tornado D. drought
7. Due to heavy rain and unstable soil, a ____ buried several houses at the foot of the mountain.
A. wildfire B. landslide C. avalanche D. typhoon
8. Molten lava and ash erupted from the mountain, signaling a ____.
A. flood B. volcanic eruption C. tornado D. avalanche
9. The dry, hot conditions caused a ____, which spread rapidly across the forest.
A. tsunami B. landslide C. wildfire D. typhoon
10. The sudden collapse of snow and ice down the mountainside resulted in a deadly ____.
A. avalanche B. earthquake C. drought D. flood

III. Complete the sentences with the words in the box.

warning predict property damage emergency kit
rescue workers victims whistle eruption violently
1. The sound of a(n) ______________ will attract rescue personnel to your location.

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2. An earthquake occurs when the land ______________ moves or shakes.
3. A volcanic ______________ is when gas and lava are released from a volcano.
4. As defined by UN, a disaster is a sudden event resulting in huge loss of life and ______________.
5. A(n) ______________ is a collection of basic items you may need in the event of an emergency.
6. The earthquake in Turkey on February 6th 2023 killed at least 41,000 people and caused immediate
______________ estimated at $33 billion.
7. Among the ______________, there were thousands of students who were killed when their dangerously
built schools collapsed.
8. Early ______________ system is an integrated system of hazard monitoring, forecasting and prediction.
9. Scientific and technological advances have improved the capability to ______________ most natural
hazards.
10. ______________ may include construction workers, police officers, firefighters, and emergency medical
service technicians.

IV. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.

1. The forest fire ______________ for twelve hours and thousands of wild animals died.
A. raged B. struck C. took D. put out
2. How can we know when an active volcano will ______________ again?
A. erupt B. destroy C. damage D. affect
3. Measured 9.5 on the Richter scale, the world’s largest ______________ occurred on May 22, 1960 in
southern Chile.
A. mudslide B. avalanche C. flood D. earthquake
4. Despite modern technologies available to us, we’re still ______________ against natural disasters.
A. homeless B. harmless C. helpless D. hopeless
5. The reporter said that ten people died and thirty were ______________ injured in the flood.
A. completely B. greatly C. powerfully D. seriously
6. A ______________ that is just a few centimetres high from the sea can rear up to heights of 30 to 50 meters
as it hits the shore.
A. typhoon B. tsunami C. tornado D. thunderstorm
7. Survivors of the flood were ______________ by helicopter.
A. collapsed B. buried C. shaken D. rescued
8. Many people are working to save species from extinction, animals from cruelty, natural ______________
from destruction.
A. disasters B. phenomena C. environment D. hazards
9. Most people had moved to the safe areas before the typhoon struck, so there were only a few minor
______________.
A. loss B. injuries C. impacts D. destruction
10. Aid agencies provided drinking water and food ______________ to the isolated residents.
A. guidelines B. aid C. supplies D. emergency

V. Supply the correct form of the word in the brackets.

1. As many as 111 people are dead or ______________ due to the hurricane. (miss)
2. Clearing trees by burning is highly ______________ of the forest environment. (destruct)
3. ______________ used a special device for finding people trapped in collapsed buildings. (rescue)
4. A massive volcanic ______________ could affect the climate of the whole planet. (erupt)
5. An earthquake is a sudden motion or ______________ of the ground produced by the abrupt displacement
of rock masses. (tremble)
6. They discussed ways of increasing the chance for ______________ during and after an earthquake.
(survive)
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7. Violent storms wreaked havoc on the village, leaving three people dead and dozens ______________.
(injure)
8. Different parts of the world have different ______________ and environmental conditions. (climate)
9. The Indonesian volcano is erupting ______________, and the lava flow is more than a kilometre. (violent)
10. The depletion of the ozone layer could have ______________ consequences for life on Earth. (disaster)

Vocabulary 2. Environment protection

I. Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.
1. We should ____ more trees to help combat deforestation and provide oxygen for the planet.
A. pick up B. protect C. plant D. reduce
2. It is important to ____ rubbish from the streets to keep our environment clean.
A. pick up B. turn off C. stop D. save
3. Governments and organizations work together to ____ endangered species from extinction.
A. avoid B. protect C. save D. build
4. To conserve energy, we should always ____ the lights when leaving a room.
A. turn off B. build C. reduce D. stop
5. Engineers and environmentalists are working to ____ more eco-friendly houses using sustainable
materials.
A. protect B. save C. build D. avoid
6. We can help the environment by choosing to ____ green products instead of harmful alternatives.
A. pick up B. buy C. stop D. plant
7. To preserve natural resources, it is important to ____ water whenever possible.
A. save B. turn off C. build D. avoid
8. To decrease pollution, people should ____ using single-use plastic products.
A. start B. buy C. change D. avoid
9. Using public transportation or walking instead of driving can help ____ our carbon footprint.
A. plant B. reduce C. protect D. turn off
10. In national parks and forests, visitors should ____ littering to keep nature clean and safe for
wildlife.
A. build B. save C. stop D. pick up

II. Choose the correct word to complete each sentence.

1. Throwing garbage onto the ground instead of into a trash can is known as ____.
A. air pollution B. littering C. habitat destruction D. ecosystem damage
2. A type of organism that is threatened by extinction is called a(n) ____.
A. carbon footprint B. endangered species C. plastic rubbish D. single-use product
3. The natural home or environment of an animal, plant, or other organism is known as its ____.
A. ecosystem B. carbon dioxide C. habitat D. littering
4. A biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment is called a(n)
____.
A. ecosystem B. habitat C. air pollution D. carbon footprint
5. Governments and environmental organizations are increasingly focused on energy conservation
and ____.
A. plastic rubbish B. environment protection C. littering D. single-use waste
6. The total amount of greenhouse gases emitted by human activity is known as a person's ____.
A. carbon footprint B. air pollution C. ecosystem D. habitat
7. Earth’s most important greenhouse gas, which absorbs and radiates heat, is called ____.
A. carbon dioxide B. plastic rubbish C. air pollution D. single-use plastic

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 8. Items designed to be used only once before being discarded are called ____.
A. littering products B. single-use items C. protection materials D. carbon dioxide goods
9. Cars, trucks, buses, and airplanes are all considered major sources of ____.
A. air pollution B. littering C. ecosystem destruction D. species decline
10. Waste materials such as plastic bags that remain in the environment for many years after being
used are classified as ____.
A. carbon dioxide B. plastic rubbish C. habitat waste D. ecosystem litter

III. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.

1. We should not only ____________ more trees but also put much more effort into protecting existing
forests.
A. plant B. reduce C. stop D. cut down
2. Lead and aluminium are common ____________ that can be found in drinking water.
A. contamination B. contaminated C. contaminates D. contaminants
3. People all over the world are working to help save ____________ animals from extinction.
A. danger B. endangered C. dangerous D. dangerously
4. A(n) ____________ is the total amount of greenhouse gases that are generated by our actions.
A. carbon footprint B. carbon dioxide C. global warming D. ecosystem
5. Some manufacturers offered incentives for return of batteries, so that they can ____________ or dispose
of them safely.
A. waste B. dump C. recycle D. throw away
6. ____________ power is the use of wind energy to generate useful work.
A. Natural gas B. Coal C. Oil D. Wind
7. ____________ pollution is the contamination of bodies of water such as lakes, rivers, oceans, and
groundwater.
A. Water B. Air C. Soil D. Noise8. Around
8. Around 7 million ____________ of plants and animals exist on the Earth.
A. means B. classes C. styles D. species
9. Forest fires do not only ____________ in environmental damage but also huge costs in extinguishing the
fires.
A. contribute B. result C. lead D. create
10. Cars and trucks pump out thousands of tonnes of poisonous ____________ every year.
A. pollutants B. exhaust pipes C. fumes D. chemicals

IV. Supply the correct form of the word in the brackets.

1. ____________ species, if not protected, could eventually become extinct. (danger)
2. Is afforestation the best way to ____________ the environment? (conservation)
3. Instead of ____________ the entire garden, just water the plants that need it. (water)
4. Cuc Phuong ____________ Park is a famous tourist destination in Ninh Binh province. (Nation)
5. Chemicals or particles in the air can ____________ the health of humans, animals, and plants. (harmful)
6. It’s estimated that the global ____________ of the world’s ecosystem services equals $125 trillion
annually. (valuable)
7. For many ____________, the world seems to be getting worse in their eyes. (environment)
8. Earth’s climate has remained continuously ____________ throughout 3 or 4 billion years. (habitat)
9. There should be ____________ of volunteers and active participation of young people in environmental
protection. (encourage)
10. The five major air ____________ are carbon monoxide, hydrocarbons, nitrogen oxides, sulfur oxides, and
airborne solid particles. (pollute)

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Vocabulary 3. Pollution
I. Write the correct type of pollution below the pictures.

1. 2. 3. 4.

5. 6. 7. 8.

II. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. The smoke from planes, cars, and factories causes ____.
A. water pollution B. soil pollution C. air pollution D. thermal pollution
2. There are many causes of ____ including nuclear explosions, nuclear accidents, and nuclear
waste.
A. radioactive pollution B. noise pollution C. air pollution D. thermal pollution
3. ____ can cause hearing loss and tinnitus.
A. Noise pollution B. Light pollution C. Air pollution D. Water pollution
4. ____ can be caused by unattractive views, such as power lines, billboards, street banners, open
storage of trash, and ugly buildings.
A. Thermal pollution B. Visual pollution C. Radioactive pollution D. Soil pollution
5. ____ can lead to the death of aquatic plants and animals.
A. Water pollution B. Light pollution C. Noise pollution D. Air pollution
6. ____ can happen when the temperature of a body of water increases.
A. Soil pollution B. Radioactive pollution C. Thermal pollution D. Visual pollution
7. There’s just so much ____ from the ground that we simply can’t see most of the stars.
A. noise pollution B. light pollution C. soil pollution D. thermal pollution
8. The ever-increasing use of chemicals such as pesticides and fertilizers is one of the main factors
causing ____.
A. soil pollution B. air pollution C. thermal pollution D. visual pollution

III. Choose the best answer to complete each sentence.

1. ____ or wastewater should be treated before it is discharged into the river or ocean.
A. Untreated B. Contaminated C. Aquatic D. Poison
2. More and more waste and ____ are poured into the water, the soil, and the air.
A. effects B. pollutants C. aquatic D. untreated
3. The ____ material is stored in a special radiation-proof container.
A. aquatic B. contaminated C. radioactive D. untreated
4. Oil spills can cause the death of ____ animals such as fish.
A. aquatic B. dead C. sewage D. dumped

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 5. ____ sewage can spread disease and contaminate drinking water sources.
A. Poison B. Aquatic C. Untreated D. Dead
6. Cholera is transmitted through ____ water.
A. effects B. dead C. contaminated D. dumped
7. The health ____ of air pollution include heart disease, lung cancer, and asthma.
A. pollutants B. effects C. radioactive D. sewage
8. Carbon dioxide is a dangerous air ____.
A. pollutant B. poison C. effect D. sewage
9. Over 150,000 tonnes of waste are ____ annually along the coastline.
A. dumped B. dead C. untreated D. contaminated
10. Up to 100,000 fish were found ____ along the river last week.
A. untreated B. dead C. radioactive D. aquatic

IV. Use the correct form of the word given to complete each sentence.
1. It’s evidence that this ocean is clean and environmentally . (pollute)
2. Diseases are primarily due to food and air. (contaminate)
3. While some Chemicals may be harmless others can cause _. (damage)
4. Life expectancy has gone down due to diseases caused by air pollution. (die)
5. In remote regions, the air is pure and the crops are free of _ insecticides. (poison)
6. Some scientists warn that light damages people and animals. (pollute)
7. Many Chemicals have a _ effect on the environment. (damage)
8. The dumping of sewage into the sea is a source of ocean pollution. (treat)
9. A _ is a substance that makes something dirty, polluted, or poisonous.
(contaminate)
10. Water pollution can lead to the _ of aquatic plants and animals. (die)
11. As an why do you oppose banning plastic bags?
(environment)
12. The radiation leak has had a effect on the environment. (disaster)
13. The water supply is being tested for _. (contaminate)
14. Heavy metals in water cut short millions of lives every year. (drink)
15. Scientists warn that plastic pollution in oceans will be one of the threats. (big)
16. Pollution is the process of making parts of the living environment . (dirty)
17. If thermal pollution continues for a long time, it can cause huge bacteria. (possible)
18. She became deaf after long-term to noise in the workplace. (expose)
19. Living near a busy road could cause high blood _. (press)
20. Wastewater_________ is a process used to remove contaminants from sewage. (treat)

V. Underline the correct preposition in each of the following sentences.

1. Water pollution can be harmful at / to fish and animals that live along the river.
2. Using drinking water to water the garden is a waste from / of natural resources.
3. Ways must be found to prevent the poisonous gases on / from polluting the air.
4. Textile factories dump tonnes of toxic waste into / at the Citarum River.
5. She’s come up to / with amazing new ideas to help protect the environment.
6. Noise pollution can have harmful effects on / in human health.
7. The overuse of pesticides causes damage in / to the environment.

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 8. Too much of light pollution results in / of increase in the energy consumption.
9. The river has been polluted with / from toxic waste from local factories.
10. Children should be aware at / of the environmental issues we’re facing.
PRONUNCIATION
I. Mark the stress in the following.
aquatic chemical atomic economic
botanical energetic traditional terrific
historical scientific medical athletic
classical dramatic practical characteristic
technical poetic national biological

II. Write the words from the box in the correct part of the table, according to the stress pattern.
historic specific musical scenic electrical artistic logical tragic natural
horrific scientific political comic physical technological heroic magic
global original systematic arrival emotional economical central
critical grammatical academic mathematical

Oo

Ooo

oOo

oOoo

ooOoo

III. Choose the word whose underlined part is pronounced differently from the others.
1. A. disease B. dead C. treatment D. sneeze
2. A. environment B. billboard C. visual D. litter
3. A. birth B. thermal C. earth D. further
4. A. poisoned B. died C. dumped D. caused
5. A. contaminant B. waste C. illustrate D. radiation

IV. Choose the word whose main stress pattern is placed differently.
1. A. environment B. temperature C. botanical D. contaminant
2. A. untreated B. aquatic C. pollution D. electronic
3. A. pollute B. poison C. damage D. illustrate
4. A. presentation B. radioactive C. environmental D. contamination
5. A. permanent B. Chemical C. dramatic D. herbicide

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GRAMMAR
Grammar 1. Past tenses
I. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.
1. He _______________ on an airplane when he _______________ a fire from the window.
A. was sitting - saw B. was sitting - was seeing
C. was sitting - was seeing D. sat – saw
2. While the other passengers _______________ to the exits, Brian _______________ out of the window.
A. ran - climbed B. run - was climbing
C. ran - was climbed D. were running – climbed
3. When it _______________ raining, we _______________ a nice hotel down the road to the town.
A. started - were finding B. was starting – found
C. started - found D. was starting - were finding
4. They ___________ close to the bottom of the mountain when Simpson suddenly ______________.
A. got - was slipping B. were getting – slipped
C. were getting - was slipping D. got – slipped
5. While Steven and Rachel _______________ around the Canary Islands, their boat _______________.
A. were sailing - sank B. sailed - was sinking
C. sailed - sank D. were sailing - was sinking
6. The sun _______________ when Hamilton _______________ at the beach in Da Nang on a beautiful morning.
A. shone - arrived B. was shining - was arriving
C. was shining - arrived D. shone - was arriving
7. While some rescue teams _______________ in Pakistan, others _______________ to a natural disaster in
Central America.
A. were helping - responded B. helped – responded
C. helped - were responding D. were helping - were responding
8. When we __________ out in the morning, we _________ surprised by what we ____________.
A. finally came - are - see B. were finally coming - were – saw
C. finally came - were - saw D. finally come - were - were seeing
9. It _______________ and windy when the ship, carrying about 200 passengers, _______________ a rock.
A. was snowing - was hitting B. was snowing – hit
C. snowed - was hitting D. snowed – hit
10. The sirens of the emergency services _______________ while people _______________ up the mess in
their gardens.
A. were wailing - were clearing B. wailed – cleared
C. were wailing - cleared D. wailed - were clearing
II. Choose the underlined part that needs correcting.
1. As the flight was taking off, passengers were seeing a fire from the window.
A. As B. was taking off C. were seeing D. from
2. The plane's captain realized that one of the two engines weren't working.
A. The place’s B. realized C. the two D. weren’t
3. While passengers were running towards the front exits. Maria chose the exit next the wing.
A. While B. were running C. chose D. next
4. Because the weather was getting worse, so the two climbers didn't stay long in the mountain.
A. was getting B. so C. didn’t stay D. in
5. John fell and break his knee while he was climbing down the mountain with his friend.
A. fell and break B. while C. was climbing D. with
6. Eric shouted up to John, but the wind was blown loudly and John couldn't hear him.
A. shouted B. but C. was blown D. couldn’t hear
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7. The rope were too heavy and it was pulling him down the mountain towards the cliff.
A. were B. heavy C. was pulling D. towards
8. When Eric realized John wasn’t coming, he decided to take a risk and searching for him.
A. When B. wasn’t coming C. decided D. searching
9. William was climbing a mountain alone while the storm began to strike.
A. was climbing B. a C. while D. began to trike
10. Those who were not caught by the wave was running uphill to save themselves.
A. Those B. were not caught C. was D. themselves

Grammar 2. Clauses
TIME CLAUSES
Time clauses are introduced with: after, as long as, as, as soon as, just as, before, by the time, until/
till, the moment (that), whenever, when, while…

CLAUSES OF PURPOSE (chỉ mục đích)

- To V
- In order not/ so as not + to V
- So that S + will/ can/ would/ could
- In case S + V (trong trường hợp…)
- For + N/ Ving
CLAUSES OF CONCESSION (chỉ sự nhượng bộ: tuy… nhưng)
- Although/ Even though/ Though + S-V (mặc dù…)
- Despite/ in spite of + N/ Ving (mặc dù…)
- While/ whereas + S-V (trong khi…)
- However/ Nevertheless/ Nonetheless, S-V (tuy nhiên,…)
CLAUSES OF RESULT (chỉ kết quả)
- such a(n) + adj + N that S-V = so adj/ adv that S-V
- too adj (for Sb) to V
- adj enough/ enough N (for Sb) to V
- As a result/ therefore/ as a consequence/ consequently, S-V
CLAUSES OF REASON (chỉ nguyên nhân)
- As/ since/ because + S-V
- Due to/ because of/ thanks to/ owing to + N

I. Match the part of the sentences and put the verbs into the correct tense.

II. Match the clauses.

1. There may have been life on Mars a. after the tree is cut down.

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 2. As soon as the temperature increases and is b. before they release it to the environment?
above 0oC,
3. Greenhouse gases trap some of the planet’s c. until it underwent climate change.
heat
4. Unplug power cords from the wall d. the ice begins to melt.
5. How much time do humans have e. after tornadoes and storms strike the South.
6. Some tree species aggressively sprout from f. until global warming makes the planet
the roots even unliveable?
7. Searches for victims continue a day g. until they are at risk of extinction.
8. A small action can make an enormous h. before it escapes into space.
difference
9. Do factories use filters to clean the air i. when millions of people do it.
10. Some species are not discovered j. when items aren’t in use.
III. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.
1. America says it ____________ until other countries ____________ more action.
A. won’t act - took B. won’t act – take
C. doesn’t act - will take D. acts - don’t take
2. ____________ you buy and use a plastic bag, ask yourself if you really need it.
A. Before B. When C. While D. After
3. ____________ the arrival of humans on Earth, species became extinct naturally.
A. Before B. Since C. After D. As soon as
4. ____________ my little cousin saw the tiger in the cage, he cried out.
A. Before B. Since C. When D. Until
5. As soon as we ____________ risks of climate change, we all ____________ together to fight against them.
A. realize - worked B. realized - worked C. realized - work D. will realize – work
6. ____________ I get to school, I will show you my writing about the habitat of polar bear.
A. As soon as B. While C. Until D. Till
7. ____________ fossil fuels are burnt, they release large amounts of carbon dioxide into the air.
A. Till B. Until C. Before D. When
8. Most species don’t receive protection ____________ their populations reduce to nearly zero.
A. as B. when C. before D. until
9. Until there ____________ heavy penalties for environmental violations, many factories disposing
pollutants into the air.
A. are - won’t stop B. will be - will stop
C. were - won’t stop D. are – stopped
10. The greenhouse effect ____________ after energy from the sun ____________ through the earth’s
atmosphere and ____________ its surface.
A. occurred - goes - heats B. occurs - went – heats
C. occurs - goes - heated D. occurs - goes - heats
IV. Choose the underlined part that needs correcting.
1. Solar energy needs to be converted into electricity after we can use it.
A. needs to be B. into C. after D. can use it
2. Will the climate still be in warming state after greenhouse emissions stopped?
A. still be B. warning C. after D. stopped
3. When a species of plants or animals are in danger of extinction, it is gradually disappearing.
A. When B. species C. are D. it
4. Who is responsible when climate change harms the world’s the poorest countries?
A. is B. when C. harms D. the poorest

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5. When fossil fuels are burnt, they released greenhouse gases - mostly carbon dioxide.
A. When B. burnt C. released D. mostly
6. We will contact the people in charge and will get back to you as soon as we could.
A. will contact B. will get back C. as soon as D. could
7. You will need to know your carbon footprint after you start reducing it.
A. need to know B. after C. reducing D. it
8. Technology has a long way to go before it could make a large impact in the atmosphere.
A. has B. to go C. it could make D. in
9. As soon as the snow will melt, spring wildflowers push their way up through the leaf litter.
A. As soon as B. will melt C. push D. litter
10. Single-use plastic products are thrown away immediately until they have served their purpose.
A. Single-use plastic B. away C. until D. their
VI. Match the two halves of the sentence.
1. Overfertilization contributes to soil pollution, a. because of aircraft noise.
2. Because there is so much light pollution from b. due to discharge of pollutants in the water
the ground, bodies.
3. Lake, river, ocean and ground water get c. everybody should try their best to reduce it.
contaminated d. as a result of the removal of vegetation.
4. Carbon monoxide is a poisonous gas e. so you only need to apply fertilizer
5. The soil is exposed and vulnerable to erosion once or twice per year.
6. The polluted fog became so thick f. people cannot see the stars in the night sky.
7. Since air pollution is a threat to human health, g. that people could only see a few meters in
front of them.
8. People living near the airport aren’t getting h. that can lead to health problems.
enough sleep
VII. Choose the best answer to complete the sentences.
1. The river water is severely polluted, mostly the dumping of raw sewage.
A. due to B. lead to C. because D. so
2. Sudden changes in water temperature can mass killings of fish, plants,
or amphibians.
A. come up B. result in C. dump into D. thank to
3. Water pollution the death of all forms of life in the water bodies.
A. occurs B. results of C. creates D. leads to
4. plastic takes so long to break down, it pollutes the land and ocean.
A. Because B. Due to C. Even if D. Although
5. Many flights were cancelled the smoke from forest fires.
A. so B. because C. because of D. result in
6. the garbage dump smells terrible, no one lives around there.
A. Because of B. As C. As a result of D. Even though
7. the grain consumption is rising, forests will be cut to provide more room for
planting crops.
A. Since B. Although C. Unless D. Due to
8. Grace didn’t love nature, she wasn’t happy when her group went camping in
a jungle.
A. but B. and C. because D. so
9. Thousands of fish were killed a discharge of poisonous Chemicals

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 from a nearby factory.
A. because B. lead to C. result in D. as a result of
10. the fog, there were no take-oils from the airport yesterday.
A. Since B. Because C. Owing to D. Thanks to
READING
Reading 1. Natural disaster
I. Choose the best answer
NATURE IS THE SOURCE OF LIFE
We human beings are a part of nature, and our quality of life depends on all the (1) ____ things that share
this planet with us. We must take care of nature because our well-being depends on it.
(2) ____ is always moving and changing. This happens in different ways, for instance, through natural
phenomena that (3) ____ quite regularly, such as rain, winds, earth tremors, or the natural processes of
soil erosion.
Earthquakes, floods, fires, (4) ____ eruptions, tropical storms, tornadoes, electric storms, landslides,
droughts, plagues, and other phenomena such as “El Niño” and “La Niña” are a part of nature, just like
the sun and the (5) ____.
These natural phenomena affect almost the entire Earth. In olden times, people used to come up with
legends to explain these phenomena. They would say that the volcano was angry, (6) ____ that the gods
were demanding a sacrifice.
Today, science, (7) ____ and history help us to understand these events instead of merely fearing them.
Scientists study patterns and collect data to predict when and where disasters might (8) ____.
However, such phenomena still turn into (9) ____, affecting lots of people in every corner of our planet
where a culture of prevention has not yet taken root. It is important to raise (10) ____ about these dangers
and educate communities on how to stay safe.
1. A. alive B. surviving C. existing D. living
2. A. Nature B. Environment C. Ecosystem D. Wildlife
3. A. happen B. take place C. occur D. develop
4. A. volcanic B. seismic C. explosive D. geological
5. A. rain B. wind C. clouds D. storms
6. A. or B. and C. but D. because
7. A. technology B. innovation C. engineering D. science
8. A. form B. appear C. strike D. occur
9. A. disasters B. crises C. catastrophes D. emergencies
10. A. awareness B. concern C. preparation D. warning
II. Read the passage and answer the questions.
Tropical Cyclones
A tropical cyclone is a circular air movement over the warm ocean waters in the warm part of Earth near
the equator. Most tropical cyclones are storms with strong winds and heavy rains. While some tropical
cyclones stay out in the sea, others pass over land. This can be dangerous because the winds and floods
can break things and drown people.
Tropical cyclones form when warm, moist ocean air rises. They begin as a group of storm winds when the
water gets as hot as 27°C or hotter. The Coriolis effect made by the Earth’s rotation causes the winds to
rotate. These storms usually move westward in the tropics, and later move north or south into the
temperate zone.
The term “tropical cyclone” is a general term and includes regionally specific terms such as “hurricane”
and “typhoon.” A tropical cyclone that forms in the Atlantic is called a hurricane. The same is true of those
that form in the eastern, central, and northern Pacific. In the western Pacific, a tropical cyclone is called a

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typhoon. In the Indian Ocean, they are called “cyclones.” The name for a tropical cyclone depends on its
location.
1. What is a tropical cyclone?
A. A strong earthquake that happens in the ocean
B. A circular air movement over warm ocean waters
C. A storm that only occurs over land
D. A type of volcano that erupts near the equator
2. What happens to some tropical cyclones that reach land?
A. They cause strong winds and flooding B. They disappear immediately
C. They turn into hurricanes D. They stop moving
3. What temperature is required for a tropical cyclone to form?
A. 24°C or higher B. 26°C or higher C. 27°C or higher D. 30°C or higher
4. What makes the winds of a tropical cyclone rotate?
A. The heat from the sun B. The movement of ocean waves
C. The Coriolis effect caused by the Earth’s rotation D. The presence of other storms nearby
5. What happens to tropical cyclones as they move?
A. They usually move eastward in the tropics
B. They stay in one place over the ocean
C. They move westward in the tropics and later shift north or south
D. They always travel in a straight line
6. What is the general term for hurricanes and typhoons?
A. Tornadoes B. Monsoons C. Tropical cyclones D. Storm surges
7. Where is a tropical cyclone called a "hurricane"?
A. In the Atlantic and parts of the Pacific B. In the western Pacific
C. In the Indian Ocean D. Near the equator only
8. Where is a tropical cyclone called a "typhoon"?
A. In the Indian Ocean B. In the western Pacific
C. In the Atlantic Ocean D. In the northern Arctic
9. What is a tropical cyclone called in the Indian Ocean?
A. Hurricane B. Typhoon C. Cyclone D. Storm
10. Which of the following is TRUE about tropical cyclones?
A. They can only form over land B. They are always called hurricanes
C. They are the same as tornadoes D. Their names depend on the location where they form
11. Match the words or phrases with their definitions.
1. equator a. to make something begin to exist
2. temperate zone b. an imaginary line around the earth at an equal distance from the North
and South Poles
3. drown c. an area of the earth that is not near the equator or the South or North
Pole
4. form d. the hottest part of the world which is around the equator
5. rotation e. movement in a circle around a fixed point
6. the tropics f. to cause to die by being unable to breathe underwater

Reading 2. Environment
I. Choose the best answer for each gap
Passage 1
Just off the coast of Queensland in Australia lies the largest (1) ____ nature reserve, the Great Barrier Reef.
A UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1981, this (2) ____ ecosystem runs across 2,600 km and is made of

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thousands of coral reefs and (3) ____ for a wide range of species. The breathtaking scene under the water
attracts and astounds snorkelers, divers, and (4) ____ enthusiasts.
Extending over 340,000 square kilometers, it provides shelter to a range of animal and vegetable variety
and (5) ____. Despite the effects of climate change, this area of the Pacific Ocean (6) ____ a cornerstone of
biodiversity.
The beauty of the nature reserve is that it can be explored by the sea and the sky. The diversity is unmatched
and unparalleled to any other and is a snorkeling and scuba diving haven for those who seek adventure at
every juncture.
For those who are not inclined (7) ____, you can see the beautiful coral formations in all their (8) ____ colors
from a plane. Every year, this World Heritage-listed site is frequented by about 1.5 million visitors.
Diving, snorkeling, and scuba diving are just some ways to (9) ____ this diverse and rich ecosystem. You
could also try sailing, scenic flights, and other activities to explore the getaway towns and scenic islands
along the reef.
Despite human activity and environmental threats, the Great Barrier Reef (10) ____ one of the world's most
magnificent natural wonders.
1. A. wildlife B. aquatic C. marine D. terrestrial
2. A. colorful B. splendid C. ugly D. dull
3. A. species B. habitats C. animals D. remains
4. A. wildlife B. experience C. adventure D. traveler
5. A. species B. environment C. remains D. coral
6. A. stays B. remains C. continues D. disappears
7. A. actively B. aquatically C. scientifically D. manually
8. A. splendid B. vivid C. murky D. faded
9. A. experience B. avoid C. abandon D. ignore
10. A. fades B. erases C. remains D. vanishes
Passage 2
Water Pollution and Its Effects
The planet’s water reserves are constantly polluted by waste from agriculture, industries, and (1) ____.
Since water is always circulating through the environment, it transports the (2) ____ it contains from one
area to the next. A pesticide that is (3) ____ on a field, for example, seeps into the groundwater, finds its way
to a stream, and finally (4) ____ in the ocean.
These toxic substances harm (5) ____ plants and animals and also infect the food chain, causing certain
plant and animal species to become (6) ____. They can also (7) ____ humans who eat fish. Even though (8)
____ garbage in the ocean is strictly forbidden, many countries release their (9) ____ sewer waste and
dispose of their garbage into the water. In addition to this, more than 6 million tons of oil are accidentally
(10) ____ into the ocean every year.
1. A. sewers B. sewage C. sewing D. sewerage
2. A. pollutants B. contaminant C. polluted D. pollution
3. A. crowded B. sprayed C. spread D. sprinkled
4. A. gives up B. turns up C. ends up D. comes up
5. A. dead B. marine C. aquatic D. poisonous
6. A. extinction B. extinct C. endangered D. vanished
7. A. impact B. defect C. affect D. effect
8. A. dumping B. clearing C. discarding D. collecting
9. A. processed B. untreated C. contaminated D. treated
10. A. littered B. floated C. spilled D. leaked
Passage 3
The Impact of Air Pollution

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Many human activities over the last 200 years have been responsible (1) ____ polluting the air and
damaging people’s health. Automobile engines and power plants burn combustible (2) ____ like gasoline
and coal and allow toxic gases and smoke to escape into the air.
Some pollutants destroy the ozone layer, which is the thin blanket of gases that (3) ____ Earth from the
Sun’s dangerous ultraviolet rays. Other pollutants contribute to (4) ____ warming by adding to the planet’s
natural greenhouse effect. Still others create acid rain, a phenomenon that has disastrous (5) ____ on
lake and forest habitats.
Air pollution is not limited to industrial areas. Depending on the direction of the wind and its force, air
pollutants may (6) ____ spread to other countries very far from the source of the pollution.
Big cities like Los Angeles and Mexico City are often covered by smog, a fog that occurs (7) ____ air
pollution. In 1952, the City of London, England, was enveloped by smog so thick that people on the
streets had to feel their way around by (8) ____ walls of buildings!
1. A. of B. to C. with D. for
2. A. fuels B. means C. matters D. chemicals
3. A. covers B. damages C. stops D. protects
4. A. environmental B. global C. temperature D. thermal
5. A. sources B. affects C. effects D. causes
6. A. hardly B. ever C. even D. never
7. A. due of B. instead of C. because of D. in spite of
8. A. climbing B. putting up C. touching D. walking
Passage 4
Light pollution is not (1)______________ serious as water or air pollution. (2)_____________, it is the
type of pollution that (3)______________ more in cities than in rural areas. In the past, we could sit out at
night and (4)____________ at glittering stars in the sky and light from objects in the out space. Nowadays,
cities are covered with lights from buildings, streets, advertising displays, many of which direct the lights
up into the sky and into many unwanted places. The real problem is that it is very (5)_______________ to
apply light to almost everything at night. Millions of tons of oil and coal (6)____________ to produce the
power to light the sky. Eye strain, (7)___________ of vision and stress are what people may get from light
pollution. (8)___________ light at night can harm our eyes and also harm the hormones that help us to see
things properly.
1. A. more B. as C. much D. only
2. A. Moreover B. However C. Therefore D. Nevertheless
3. A. happen B. occur C. occurs D. is occurred
4. A. watch B. see C. spend D. gaze
5. A. waste B. wastes C. wasting D. wasteful
6. A. used B. using C. is used D. are used
7. A. use B. lost C. loss D. losing
8. A. Very much B. Too much C. Too many D. So many
Passage 5
The major cause of water pollution in Vietnam is the weakness in industrial wastewater
management. Many factories (1)___________ fresh water to carry away waste (2)____________ their plants
into canals, rivers, and lakes. Most of them do not have (3)___________ wastewater treatment system.
Industrial waste water is directly discharged into canals, lakes, ponds, and rivers, causing serious
(4)________ of surface water. For example, (5)_________ 2008. Vedan factory, a sodium glutamate plant,
released their untreated industrial wastewater into the Thi Vai River and (6)___________ tons of fish and
ducks in the river to die.
Another cause of water pollution in Vietnam is the lack of awareness among citizens. Every day
people generate a lot of (7)__________, and they throw it directly into canals, rivers, and ponds. They

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(8)_________ water from these sources to do their laundry, wash dishes, and bathe, and then they throw the
dirty water that contain detergent and shampoo directly into them.

II. Read the passage and decide whether the statements are TRUE (T) or FALSE (F).
Passage 1
Plastic bags cause many negative effects for US and the environment. No one knows exactly how many
bags are littering the planet, but researchers estimate that 500 billion are used around the globe each year.
It sounds interesting when we could get money in exchange for our plastic trash.
This happens at a company called the Plastic Bank. The Bank creates social and environmental impact in
areas with high levels of poverty and plastic pollution by turning plastic waste into a currency. By
exchanging plastic for money, they can stop plastic from polluting the environment and help people living
in poverty to build their better future.
To do this, the Plastic Bank buy plastic waste at a high price so that they can encourage people to collect
it. People can exchange plastic waste for money, items, or services. Plastic collected through the Bank is
recycled and processed into new raw material feedstock, called Social Plastic, which can be purchased by
manufacturers to produce more environmentally and socially ethical products. In this way, new
opportunities are created for the world’s most disadvantaged communities and recycling becomes
dignified work.
1. ____ Researchers can know exactly how many plastic bags are littering the planet.
2. ____ People could get money in exchange for their plastic trash at a company called the Plastic Bank.
3. ____ The Plastic Bank give money and plastic bags to the poor.
4. ____ The Plastic Bank has good effects on people and the environment.
5. ____ The Plastic Bank helps to stop plastic from polluting the environment.
6. ____ Manufacturers purchase plastic raw materials from many collectors.
7. ____ Social Plastic is the material recycled and processed by Plastic Bank.
8. ____The Plastic Bank creates nothing for disadvantaged communities, but dignified work.
Passage 2
According to Greenpeace, more than 100,000 sea creatures and a million sea birds die
every year after eating plastic or getting trapped in plastic rubbish. Sometimes, when baby turtles
get trapped in plastic the shape of their Shell changes when they grow. Some sea creatures make
their homes in plastic rubbish, such as the hermit crabs that live on polluted Pacific beaches.
Every year, the world produces more than 300 million tonnes of plastic! In a minute,
people around the globe use more than a million plastic bags and they throw away more than a
million plastic bottles. Where will all this plastic end up? About 10% of it will be recycled, and
some will go to landfill, but a lot of it will end up polluting the oceans. Experts estimate that there
are already 200 million tonnes of plastic in the world’s oceans, and this will increase by about 7
million tonnes every year.
Because plastic isn’t biodegradable it won’t decompose naturally, so all the plastic that
we have now in the world will exist forever. That means we’ll need to clean up the oceans if we
want to protect our sea creatures. Better still, if we don’t use so much plastic, it won’t end up in
the ocean! Experts are warning that if we don’t take urgent action, there might be more plastic
than fish in the sea by 2050.
A. Match the words to their definitions.
1. getting trapped a. finish, arrive
2. shell b. make something free from pollutants
3. end up c. able to decay naturally by bacteria
4. landfill d. being unable to escape from
5. clean up e. the hard part on the back of a turtle
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 6. biodegradable f. a place in the ground to put rubbish
B. Decide whether the following statements are true (T) or false (F).
1. Plastic rubbish kills a million birds every year.
2. The hermit crabs living on Pacific beaches die because of plastic pollution.
3. Around the world, people use more plastic bottles than bags.
4. Less than half of plastic bottles and bags end up getting recycled.
5. Plastic rubbish will disappear naturally over time.
6. It is predicted that there will be more plastic than fish in the oceans by 2050.
Passage 3
There are many causes that lead to water pollution. One main cause of this issue is waste water
coming from many factories and then being directly pulled out into water bodies, especially into rivers or
seas without any treatment because this is the most convenient way of disposing waste water. Industrial
waste consists of some kind of chemical substance such as sulphur, which is harmful for marine life. Lead
is known as the main reason for cancer disease. Cancer has become a popular disease in several
communes which is called “cancer villages. Another cause is the awareness of citizens, people always use
water for many purposes and then they dump waste water or garbage directly into rivers, canal, and ponds
and so on. In 2004, because of bird fly outbreak in Vietnam, people threw poultry to water body that made
water highly polluted.
Task 1: Match a word in column A with its definition in column B, writing the answer in each blank.
Answer A B
______ 1. convenient (adj) A. birds, like hens, ducks, geese… that are kept for eggs and meat.
______ 2. marine (adj) B. knowledge
______ 3. awareness (n) C. connected with the sea
______ 4. outbreak (n) D. suitable or practical for a particular purpose
______ 5. poultry (n) E. the sudden beginning of something unpleasant
Task 2: Read the passage again, and then decide whether the statements are true (T) or false (F).
T F
6. Waste water from many factories which is dumped into water bodies  
directly causes water pollution.
7. Dumping waste directly into water is the most convenient way of  
disposing waste water.
8. Sulphur is believed the main reason for cancer.  
9. Cancer villages occurred in 2004.  
10. Due to lack of awareness, people poisoned water with dead poultry  
when there was bird flu outbreak in 2004.
III. Read the passage carefully and do the tasks.
There are many kinds of pollution. Air, water, and land can be polluted. Some pollution is
caused by nature, such as floods, forest fires, and volcanoes. People are the major Cause of
pollution. We pollute the air with our cars, homes, and factories. Smoke from factories and car
exhaust makes the air looks gray and smoggy. Some people cannot go outside when the air is
very bad! We pollute the water by dumping garbage and Chemicals in the water. Plants and
animals die because of the pollution in the water. We pollute the soil with Chemicals and
garbage. We harm the land by cutting down trees in the forest, especially to build roads and new
houses without careful planning and thinking.
The only way to save our environment is to think about pollution. How can you stop or limit
pollution? How do we protect our environment? Conservation is one way to protect our
environment. Conservation is the wise use and protection of our environment. We can control
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 water pollution by not producing as much as waste and by proper disposal of sewage and
garbage. We can take care of recreation land by cleaning up, after ourselves and not causing
more pollution. Carpooling and public transportation will help reduce air pollution.
Recycling is a type of conservation. Recycling is reusing items over again or in a new way.
Recycling can help us conserve our natural resources so they will last many more years.
A. Find the word in bold in the passage that means:
1. the protection of the natural environment _
2. have a bad effect on something _
3. a large amount of water covering an, area that usually dry _
4. sharing a car ride with other people _
5. waste gases that come out of an engine _
6. the process of making air, water, soil, etc. dirty _
7. get rid of _
B. Choose the correct answers.
8. According to the passage, pollution
A. is always caused by humans. B. can only be caused by nature.
C. is mainly caused by humans. D. may sometimes cause natural disasters.
9. What kind of pollution may a car cause?
A. Air pollution B. Water pollution C. Soil pollution D. Light pollution
10. Which of the followings is not an example of soil pollution?
A. Land development B. Waste disposal
C. Pesticide or fertilizer use D. Exhaust from traffic
11. How can we help save our environment?
A. Stop pollution. B. Dump garbage into the river.
C. Drive cars everywhere. D. Cut down trees in the forests.
12. How does recycling help the environment?
A. It expands landfills. B. It saves natural resources.
C. It increases water pollution. D. It causes air pollution.
13. What can we do to help reduce air pollution?
A. Walk or bike B. Carpool to work or school
C. Use public transport D. All of the above
14. What is the main idea of this article?
A. The air is dirty because of cars and factories.
B. The soil gets polluted from littering.
C. People cause pollution, but they can also stop or limit it.
D. Conservation is the only way to stop environmental pollution.
IV. Read the following passage
Space Pollution
The launch of Sputnik I and Yuri Gagarin, the first human being in space, marked the beginning of
space exploration and the beginning of a new and unfamiliar type of pollution.
Satellites, solar panels, rocket bodies and fragments from space shuttles that are floating in space
and are no longer functional are considered space debris. This pollution of man-made objects in space
affects us here on Earth as well and will continue to affect us in future travel. In 1978, the Soviet Union
Kosmos 954, which contained a nuclear power source, reentered over Canada and left debris over an area
the size of Austria. In 1969, five Japanese sailors were injured by pieces of space debris that hit their ship.
The largest piece, weighing one thousand pounds, landed in Australia in 1979.

19
 Many solutions are being considered by scientists and engineers. However, the challenge to finding
a solution lies within all of the nations which take part in the space exploration.
Task 1: Match a word in column A with its definition in column B, writing the answer in each blank.
Answer A B
______ 1. shuttle A. broken pieces of something larger
______ 2. functional B. made by people
______ 3. debris C. a vehicle in which people travel into space and pack again
______ 4. man-made D. a way of finding an answer to a problem
______ 5. solution E. working; being used
Task 2. Choose the best answer for each question:
6. What are some examples of space pollution?
A. Satellites, solar panels, and rocket fragments that are no longer functional
B. Dust and gases from meteors and asteroids
C. Air pollution from space shuttles during launch
D. Spacecraft that successfully land back on Earth
7. What are the effects of space pollution?
A. It only affects astronauts in space
B. It has no effect on Earth
C. It can harm people on Earth and impact future space travel
D. It makes space look untidy but causes no real danger
8. What did Kosmos 954 cause in Canada?
A. It exploded in the air and disappeared completely
B. It scattered debris over an area the size of Austria
C. It caused a major earthquake
D. It released harmful gases into the atmosphere
9. Why were Japanese sailors injured in 1969?
A. Their ship crashed into a satellite
B. They were hit by pieces of space debris
C. They were exposed to harmful space radiation
D. They were involved in a space mission
10. Is it easy for all nations involved in space exploration to find solutions to space pollution?
A. Yes, because everyone agrees on a single approach
B. No, because only one country is responsible for space debris
C. Yes, because all nations have the same technology and resources
D. No, because multiple nations are involved, making cooperation challenging

WRITING
I. Choose the sentence whose meaning is closest to the first sentence.
1. The rivers and canals are dry because there are many dams in the upstream.
A. If there were no dams, the rivers and canals would still be dry.
B. Many dams have been built upstream, so the rivers and canals are dry.
C. The rivers and canals are dry in order to have more dams upstream.
D. Since the rivers and canals are dry, people built more dams upstream.
2. The ocean water became contaminated by liquid petroleum as a result of the oil spills.
A. Oil spills made the ocean water evaporate faster.
B. The ocean was polluted by petroleum, so oil spills occurred.
C. The oil spills happened because the ocean water was already polluted.
D. The ocean water was contaminated by liquid petroleum because of the oil spills.
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3. Unless treated wastewater is used and managed properly, health effects will occur.
A. Health effects occur even when treated wastewater is used properly.
B. Treated wastewater must be used because health effects are always dangerous.
C. If treated wastewater is not used and managed properly, health effects will occur.
D. If treated wastewater is used, it will cause health effects.
4. If people continue using plastic, there will be more plastic than fish in the ocean.
A. If there is plastic in the ocean, people will stop using it.
B. People must continue using plastic to have more fish in the ocean.
C. The more plastic people use, the more fish there will be.
D. Unless people stop using plastic, there will be more plastic than fish in the ocean.
5. The reason why endangered species become extinct is that humans are careless and lack
knowledge.
A. Since endangered species are extinct, humans become careless.
B. If humans were not careless, endangered species would still become extinct.
C. Since humans are careless and lack knowledge, endangered species become extinct.
D. Endangered species become extinct even though humans take care of them.
6. We can’t slow down climate change unless we stop using fossil fuels.
A. Climate change will stop even if we keep using fossil fuels.
B. We must continue using fossil fuels to slow down climate change.
C. The more fossil fuels we use, the less climate change happens.
D. If we stop using fossil fuels, we can slow down climate change.
7. Let’s encourage our friends to use reusable bags instead of plastic ones.
A. Why do our friends encourage us to use plastic bags?
B. Why should we stop using reusable bags and buy plastic ones?
C. Why don’t we encourage our friends to use reusable bags instead of plastic ones?
D. Why is it important to avoid using reusable bags?
8. It’s a good idea for the governments to punish the polluters with large fines.
A. The governments should reward polluters with large fines.
B. The governments should stop fining polluters.
C. The governments should encourage polluters to continue their actions.
D. The governments should punish polluters with large fines.
9. We should evacuate immediately after we hear the tsunami warning.
A. As soon as we hear the tsunami warning, we should evacuate.
B. We should evacuate before we hear the tsunami warning.
C. When we evacuate, we will hear the tsunami warning.
D. If we hear the tsunami warning, we must wait before evacuating.
10. The wildfire spread quickly while firefighters were trying to contain it.
A. Before firefighters tried to contain it, the wildfire had already spread.
B. The wildfire spread quickly after the firefighters put it out.
C. The wildfire was spreading as the firefighters were trying to contain it.
D. Firefighters started putting out the wildfire after it had stopped spreading.
11. Many animals left the forest as soon as the floodwaters started rising.
A. The floodwaters rose first, and then the animals left the forest.
B. When the floodwaters started rising, many animals immediately left the forest.
C. The animals left the forest before the floodwaters started rising.
D. The floodwaters stopped rising before the animals left the forest.
12. We should turn off the lights before we leave the room to save energy.
A. We should leave the room first and then turn off the lights.
B. We should turn off the lights when we leave the room.
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 C. We should not turn off the lights until we leave the room.
D. Before we leave the room, we should turn off the lights to save energy.
13. People will not realize the seriousness of climate change until they experience extreme weather
events.
A. As soon as people experience extreme weather events, they will understand climate change.
B. People will realize the seriousness of climate change before they experience extreme weather
events.
C. When people experience extreme weather events, they will still ignore climate change.
D. People will always understand climate change, even if they don’t experience extreme weather
events.
14. The government will take action to reduce pollution after the environmental report is published.
A. The government will take action before the environmental report is published.
B. When the environmental report is published, the government will immediately take action.
C. The government will reduce pollution while the environmental report is being published.
D. After the environmental report is published, the government will start taking action.
15. While the hurricane was approaching, residents hurried to reinforce their homes.
A. Residents started reinforcing their homes before the hurricane had formed.
B. The hurricane hit first, and then the residents reinforced their homes.
C. As the hurricane was getting closer, residents rushed to strengthen their homes.
D. The hurricane stopped approaching as soon as residents reinforced their homes.
II. Complete the second sentences so that it has a similar meaning to the first one.
1. The forest fire was so big that its smoke could be seen from space.
→ It was such
2. How long is it since you last saw a storm?
→ When
3. No other tsunami in the 20th century was as high as Lituya Bay megatsunami.
→ Lituya Bay megatsunami was
4. Due to the heavy rains on the hills, water in the lake started to rise.
→ As it
5. I think you should use energy efficient light bulbs.
If I
6. He produced a great idea for our environmental project.
He came
7. Because she was absent from the meeting, she didn’t know the resolution.
Because of
8. I won’t take part in the volunteer program because I don’t have enough free time.
If I
9. We need to reduce our plastic waste, otherwise we’ll threaten our own existence
If we _
10. Due to the hurricane last night, I was without electric power.
Since there _
11. Air pollution deaths will double by 2050 if nations don’t act.
Unless _
12. As the world’s temperatures rise, the Arctic keeps losing its ice.
Due to _
13. I live by the sea, so I’m really worried about global warming.
If I _

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