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Error Detection

The document outlines various error detection and correction techniques used in data transmission, including parity checks, checksums, cyclic redundancy checks (CRC), and Hamming codes. Each method has its strengths and limitations, with applications ranging from basic serial links to high-speed networks like Ethernet and Wi-Fi. The comparison table highlights the primary uses, error detection capabilities, overhead, and typical applications for each method.

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4 views3 pages

Error Detection

The document outlines various error detection and correction techniques used in data transmission, including parity checks, checksums, cyclic redundancy checks (CRC), and Hamming codes. Each method has its strengths and limitations, with applications ranging from basic serial links to high-speed networks like Ethernet and Wi-Fi. The comparison table highlights the primary uses, error detection capabilities, overhead, and typical applications for each method.

Uploaded by

kaneno karabu
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Caleb koech -DCS/4492/2026

Emmanuel-DCS/03414/2025

Key Points
Parity Check: Detects odd‑number bit errors with minimal overhead.
Checksum: Common in TCP/IP for detecting varied error patterns.
Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC): Powerful burst‑error detection used in
Ethernet and Wi‑Fi.
Hamming code: Corrects single‑bit errors in memory and satellite links.

Definition: Techniques used to identify when bits have been altered during
transmission over a noisy channel, ensuring data integrity.

Parity check
A single redundant parity bit is appended to each data unit.

Even Parity: Total number of 1s (including the parity bit) is even.


Odd Parity: Total number of 1s is odd.
Limitation: Detects only an odd number of bit errors; two flipped bits remain
undetected.

Two‑Dimensional Parity Check (Longitudinal


Redundancy Check)
Data is arranged in a rectangular table of rows and columns.

Parity bit calculated for each row.


Parity bit calculated for each column.
Strength: Improves detection of burst errors (multiple consecutive bit flips).
Checksum

Commonly used in upper‑layer protocols such as TCP/IP.


1. Generator (Sender):
Divide data into equal k‑bit segments.
Add segments using 1's complement arithmetic.
Complement the sum to obtain the checksum.
2. Receiver:
Add all received segments including the checksum.
If the final sum is all 1s (or 0 after a final complement), the data is
accepted.

Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC)


A powerful detection method employed in Ethernet, Wi‑Fi, etc., based on binary
division.

Generator Polynomial (G): Agreed upon by sender and receiver.


Process:
1. Append n zeros to the data, where n = degree of G.
2. Divide the extended data by G using XOR division.
3. The remainder becomes the CRC bits, replacing the appended
zeros.
Verification (Receiver): Divide the received frame by the same G; a zero
remainder indicates no error.

Hamming Code (Error Correction)


Extends error detection to also correct single‑bit errors.

Multiple parity bits are placed at positions that are powers of 2 (e.g., 1, 2, 4, 8,
…).
Allows identification and correction of one erroneous bit within the data word.

Comparison of Error Detection/Correction Methods


Method Primary Use Error Overhead Typical
Detection (extra bits) Application
Capability
Simple Parity Low‑noise links Detects 1 bit per unit Basic serial
odd‑number links
errors
Two‑Dimensional Burst‑error Detects Row + column Storage
Parity prone links multi‑bit bursts bits devices, RAID
Checksum Software Detects many Depends on TCP/IP, UDP
protocols error patterns segment size
CRC High‑speed Detects burst Degree of Ethernet, Wi‑Fi
hardware and random polynomial
errors
Hamming Code Error Detects & Multiple bits Memory
correction corrects 1‑bit (log₂n) systems,
errors satellite links

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