1 Basic data types ▶
# Basic Data Types in Python
x = 10 # int
y = 3.14 # float
name = "Python" # str
flag = True # bool
nothing = None # NoneType
print(type(x), type(y), type(name), type(flag), type(nothing))
# <class 'int'> <class 'float'> <class 'str'> <class 'bool'> <class 'NoneType'>
#2List methods ▶
lst = [10, 20, 30]
[Link](1, 15) # insert at index
print(lst) # [10, 15, 20, 30]
[Link](40) # add at end
print(lst) # [10, 15, 20, 30, 40]
[Link](15) # remove by value
print(lst) # [10, 20, 30, 40]
print(len(lst)) # 4
[Link]() # remove last item
print(lst) # [10, 20, 30]
[Link]() # empty the list
print(lst) # []
#3Tuple operations ▶
t = (1, 2, 3)
# Add items (tuples are immutable — convert to list)
t = t + (4, 5)
print(t) # (1, 2, 3, 4, 5)
print(len(t)) # 5
print(3 in t) # True
print(t[0]) # 1 — access by index
print(t[1:3]) # (2, 3) — slicing
#4Dictionary methods ▶
d = {"name": "Alice", "age": 21, "city": "Delhi"}
print([Link]()) # all key-value pairs
print(d["name"]) # Alice — access item
print([Link]("age")) # 21 — safe access
d["age"] = 22 # change value
print(d["age"]) # 22
print(len(d)) # 3
#5Calculator menu with functions ▶
def add(a, b): return a + b
def sub(a, b): return a - b
def mul(a, b): return a * b
def div(a, b): return a / b if b != 0 else "Error"
print("[Link] [Link] [Link] [Link]")
ch = int(input("Choice: "))
a = float(input("Enter a: "))
b = float(input("Enter b: "))
ops = {1: add, 2: sub, 3: mul, 4: div}
print("Result:", ops[ch](a, b) if ch in ops else "Invalid")
#6Positive / negative check ▶
n = float(input("Enter a number: "))
if n > 0:
print("Positive")
elif n < 0:
print("Negative")
else:
print("Zero")
#7Filter even numbers ▶
nums = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8]
evens = list(filter(lambda x: x % 2 == 0, nums))
print(evens) # [2, 4, 6, 8]
#8Print date and time ▶
import datetime
today = [Link]()
now = [Link]()
print("Today:", today) # 2025-08-01
print("Now:", now) # 2025-08-01 14:35:22.123
#9Add days to current date ▶
import datetime
today = [Link]()
n = int(input("Days to add: "))
new_dt = today + [Link](days=n)
print("New date:", new_dt)
#10Count characters in string → dict ▶
s = input("Enter string: ")
freq = {}
for ch in s:
freq[ch] = [Link](ch, 0) + 1
print(freq)
# e.g. {'h':1, 'e':1, 'l':2, 'o':1}
#11Frequency of characters in file ▶
freq = {}
with open("[Link]", "r") as f:
for line in f:
for ch in line:
if ch != "\n":
freq[ch] = [Link](ch, 0) + 1
print(freq)
#12NumPy array properties ▶
import numpy as np
arr = [Link]([[1,2,3],[4,5,6]])
print(type(arr)) # <class '[Link]'>
print([Link]) # axes: 2
print([Link]) # shape: (2, 3)
print([Link]) # element type: int64
#13Concatenate DataFrames ▶
import pandas as pd
df1 = [Link]({"A":[1,2], "B":[3,4]})
df2 = [Link]({"A":[5,6], "B":[7,8]})
result = [Link]([df1, df2], ignore_index=True)
print(result)
#AB
#013
#124
#257
#368
#14Read CSV with Pandas ▶
import pandas as pd
df = pd.read_csv("[Link]")
print([Link]()) # first 5 rows
print([Link]()) # last 5 rows
#15Area of circle using math module ▶
import math
r = float(input("Enter radius: "))
area = [Link] * r ** 2
print(f"Area = {area:.2f}")
#16CSV line plot with matplotlib ▶
import pandas as pd
import [Link] as plt
df = pd.read_csv("[Link]")
profit = [Link]("Month")["Profit"].sum()
[Link]([Link], [Link],
color="blue", linewidth=2,
marker="o", linestyle="--",
label="Monthly Profit")
[Link]("Total Profit by Month")
[Link]("Month")
[Link]("Profit")
[Link]()
[Link](True)
plt.tight_layout()
[Link]()