3.
Uniform Plane Waves in
Time Domain in Free Space
3.4-1
Infinite Plane Current Sheet Source:
J S = − J S ( t ) ax
for z = 0
Example: J S (t ) = J S 0 cos t ax
3.4-2
B D
×E = − ×H = J +
t t
For a current distribution having only an x-component of
current density that varies only with z,
ax ay az ax ay az
B D
0 0 =− 0 0 =J+
z t z t
Ex Ey Ez Hx Hy Hz
3.4-3
Ey Bx H y Dx
− =− − = Jx +
z t z t
Ex B y H x Dy
=− =
z t z t
Bz Dz
0=− 0=
t t
The only relevant equations are:
Ex B y H y Dx
=− − = Jx +
z t z t
Thus, E = Ex ( z, t ) ax H = H y ( z, t ) a y
3.4-4
In the free space on either side of the sheet, Jx = 0
B y H y _
Ex H y Dx Ex
=− = − 0 = = 0
z t t z t t
2 Ex H y
Combining, we get = − 0
z 2
z t
H y
= − 0
t z
Ex
= − 0 − 0
t t
2 Ex 2 Ex
= 0 0 2 Wave Equation
z 2
t
3.4-5
Solution to the Wave Equation:
( ) (
Ex ( z , t ) = Af t − z 0 0 + Bg t + z 0 0 )
Ex
= A ( − ) f (t − z )
z
0 0 0 0
+ B g (t + z )
0 0 0 0
2 Ex
= Af ( t − z ) + g ( t + z )
z 2
0 0
0 0 0 0
2 Ex
= 0 0 2
t
3.4-6
z z
Ex ( z, t ) = Af t − + Bg t +
v v
p p
1
Where vp = = 3 108 m/s = c, velocity of light
00
(
f t− z vp ) represents a traveling wave propagating in the
+z-direction.
(
g t+ z vp ) represents a traveling wave propagating in the
–z-direction.
3.4-7
Examples of Traveling Waves:
f ( t − z vp ) = ( t − z 5 )
2
1
t=0 t=
5
1
25
z
−1 0 1 2
1
vp = = 5 m/s
15
3.4-8
g ( t + z vp ) = e
− 2t + z −2 t + z 2
=e
g
1
1
t=
2
t=0
z
−3 −2 −1 0 1 2
1
vp = = 2 m/s
12
3.4-9
Ex H y
From = − ,
z 0 t
H y 1 Ex
=−
t 0 z
1 z z
= Af t − − Bg t +
0 vp vp vp
1 z z
H y ( z , t ) = Af t − − Bg t +
0 vp
v p
where 0 = 0 0 = Intrinsic impedance
= 120 377 ohms
3.4-10
Thus, the general solution is
z z
Ex ( z, t ) = Af t − + Bg t +
vp vp
1 z z
H y ( z , t ) = Af t − − Bg t +
0 vp vp
For the particular case of the infinite plane current sheet in the
z = 0 plane, there can only be a (+) wave for z > 0 and a (−)
wave for z < 0. Therefore,
A
Af ( t − z vp ) ax for z 0 f ( t − z vp ) a y for z 0
E ( z, t ) = H ( z, t ) = 0
Bg ( t + z vp ) ax for z 0 − B g ( t + z vp ) a y for z 0
0
3.4-11
Applying Faraday’s law in integral form
to the rectangular closed path abcda is
the limit that the sides bc and da→0,
Lim
b E .d l + d E . d l = Lim d
a c
bc →0 bc →0 − B . dS
da →0 da →0 dt abcda
( ab ) Ex z =0+ − ( dc ) Ex z =0− =0
Af (t ) = Bg (t ) = say, F (t )
3.4-12
Therefore,
z
E ( z, t ) = F t ax for z 0
vp
1 z
H ( z, t ) = F t a y for z 0
0 vp
Now, applying Ampere’s circuital law in integral form to the
rectangular closed path efgha is the limit that the sides fg and
he→0,
Lim
f H . d l + h H .d l
e g
fg →0
he →0
Lim d
= fg →0
he →0
efghe J . d S + dt efghe D . d S
3.4-13
(ef )H y z =0+ − (hg )H y z =0− = (ef ) JS (t )
1 1
F (t ) − − F (t ) = J S (t )
0 0
0
F (t ) = J S (t )
2
Thus, the solution is
0 z
E ( z, t ) = JS t ax for z 0
2 vp
1 z
H ( z, t ) = JS t a y for z 0
2 vp
Uniform plane waves propagating away from the sheet
to
either side with velocity vp = c.
3.4-14
x
y z
0 z 0 z
E ( z, t ) = J S t + ax E ( z , t ) = J S t − ax
2 vp 2 vp
1 z 1 z
H ( z, t ) = − JS t + a y H ( z, t ) = − JS t − a y
2 vp 2 vp
JS ( t )
z=0
3.4-15
z<0 z>0 x
z
JS ( t ) y
→z
z = 0
3.4-16
(a ) Ex (t ) for z = 300 m
(b) H y (t ) for z = −450 m
3.4-17
(c) Ex ( z) for t = 1s
(d) H y ( z) for t = 2.5 s
3.5
Sinusoidally Time-Varying
Uniform Plane Waves in
Free Space
3.5-1
Sinusoidal Traveling Waves
f ( t − z vp )
= cos ( t − z vp ) + +
= cos (t − z + + )
g ( t + z vp )
= cos ( t + z vp ) + −
= cos (t + z + − )
where = vp = 0 0
3.5-2
f ( z, t ) = cos (t − z )
f t= t=
4 2
1
t =0
0 z
2
−1
3.5-3
g ( z, t ) = cos (t + z )
g
t= t=
2 4
1
t =0
−z 0
2
−1
3.5-4
For JS ( t ) = − JS 0 cos t ax for z = 0,
The solution for the electromagnetic field is
0 J S 0
E= cos w ( t z vp ) ax for z 0
2
E = 0 J S 0 cos (t z ) ax for z 0
2
cos ( t z vp ) a y for z
JS 0
H= 0
2
JS 0
H= cos (t z ) a y for z 0
2
where = w vp = w 0 0
0 J S 0
E= cos ( t z vp ) ax for z 0
2
3.5-5
Parameters and Properties
1. t z + = Phase,
2. = radian frequency =
t
= rate of change of phase with time
for a fixed value of z. (movie)
f = = frequency
2
= number of 2 radians of phase change
per sec.
3.5-6
3. = phase constant =
z
= magnitude of rate of change of phase with
distance z for a fixed value of t. (still photograph)
4. vp = phase velocity =
= velocity with which a constant phase progresses
along the direction of propagation.
follows from d (t z ) = 0
3.5-7
2
5. = wavelength =
= distance in which the phase changes by 2
for a fixed t.
6. Note that
2 f
vp = = =f
2
in m f in MHz = 300
Ex+ Ex−
7. 0 = + = − −
Hy Hy
= Ratio of the amplitude of E to the amplitude
of H for either wave.
3.5-8
8. E × H (Poynting Vector, P)
ax × a y = az for (+) wave
→
ax × −a y = −az for (−) wave
is in the direction of propagation.
x x
E E
H
z P z
H P
y y
3.5-9
Example:
Consider E = 37.7 cos ( 6 108 t + 2 z ) a y V m.
Then
= 6 10 , f =
8
= 3 108 Hz
2
2
= 2 , = = 1m
6 108
vp = = 3 108 m s
2
Direction of propagation is –z.
H = 0.1 cos ( 6 108 t + 2 z ) ax A m
3.5-10
Array of Two Infinite Plane Current Sheets
JS1 JS 2
z=0 z= 4
J S 1 = − J S 0 cos t ax for z = 0
J S 2 = − J S 0 sin t ax for z = 4
For JS1 ,
0 J S 0
2 cos (t − z ) ax for z 0
E1 =
0 J S 0 cos (t + z ) a for z 0
2 x
3.5-11
For JS 2 ,
0 J S 0
sin t − z − ax for z
2 4 4
E2 =
0 J S 0 sin t + z − a for z
2 x
4 4
0 J S 0
2 sin t − z + 2 ax for z 4
=
0 J S 0 sin t + z − a for z
2 x
2 4
0 J S 0
2 cos (t − z ) ax for z 4
=
− 0 J S 0 cos (t + z ) a for z
2
x
4
3.5-12
For both sheets,
E = E1 + E2
E1 + E2 for z 4
z 0 z 4
= E1 z 0 + E2 z 4 for 0 z 4
E1 z 0 + E2 z 4 for z 4
0 J S 0 cos (t − z ) ax for z 4
= 0 J S 0 sin t sin z ax for 0 z 4
0 for z 0
No radiation to one side of the array.
“Endfire” radiation pattern.
3.6
Polarization of Sinusoidally
Time-Varying Fields
3.6-1
The electric field has only an x-component. We can visualize the sinusoidal
variation with time of this field at a particular point in the field region by a vector
changing in magnitude and direction. Since the tip of the vector moves back and
forth along a line, which in this case is parallel to the x-axis, the field is said to be
linearly polarized in the x-direction.
For fields having more than one component, the polarization can be linear,
circular, or elliptical
3.6-2
Polarization is the characteristic which describes
how the position of the tip of the vector varies
with time.
Linear Polarization:
Tip of the vector
describes a line.
Circular Polarization:
Tip of the vector
describes a circle.
3.6-3
Elliptical Polarization:
Tip of the vector
describes an ellipse.
(i) Linear Polarization
F1 = F1 cos (t + ) a x
Magnitude varies Direction remains
sinusoidally with time along the x axis
Linearly polarized in the x direction.
3.6-4
F2 = F2 cos (t + ) a y
Direction remains
Magnitude varies along the y axis
sinusoidally with time
Linearly polarized in the y direction.
If two (or more) component linearly polarized vectors
are in phase, (or in phase opposition), then their sum
vector is also linearly polarized.
Ex: F = F1 cos (t + ) a x + F2 cos (t + ) a y
3.6-5
y F2 cos (t + )
F2 F = tan –1
F1 cos (t + )
x
–1 F2
F1 = tan
F1
= constant
(ii) Circular Polarization
If two component linearly polarized vectors are
(a) equal to amplitude
(b) differ in direction by 90˚
(c) differ in phase by 90˚,
then their sum vector is circularly polarized.
3.6-6
Example:
F = F1 cos t ax + F1 sin t a y
F = ( F1 cos t ) + ( F1 sin t )
2 2
= F1 , constant
F1 sin t
= tan −1 y
F1 cos t
( tan t ) = t
−1 F2
= tan F
F1 x
3.6-7
Representation of a right circularly polarized wave. The electric field vector
(in white) will rotate toward the y axis as the entire wave moves through the
xy plane in the direction of k
3.6-8
(iii) Elliptical Polarization
In the general case in which either of (i) or (ii) is not
satisfied, then the sum of the two component
linearly polarized vectors is an elliptically polarized
vector.
Ex: F = F1 cos t a x + F2 sin t a y
F2
F
F1 x
3.6-9
Example: F = F0 cos t a x + F0 cos (t + 4)a y
y
F0
F2 F
/4
–F0 F1 F0 x
–F0
3.6-10
D3.17
F1 = F0 cos ( 2 108t − 2 z ) ax
F2 = F0 cos ( 2 108t − 3 z ) a y
F1 and F2 are equal in amplitude (= F0) and differ in
direction by 90˚. The phase difference (say ) depends
on z in the manner –2z – (–3z) = z.
(a) At (3, 4, 0), = (0) = 0.
( F1 + F2 ) is linearly polarized.
(b) At (3, –2, 0.5), = (0.5) = 0.5 .
( F1 + F2 ) is circularly polarized.
3.6-11
(c) At (–2, 1, 1), = (1) = .
( F1 + F2 ) is linearly polarized.
(d) At (–1, –3, 0.2) = = (0.2) = 0.2.
( F1 + F2 ) is elliptically polarized.
3.7
Power Flow and Energy
Storage
3.7-1
In Sec. 3.4, we obtained the solution for the EM
field due to an infinite plane current sheet situated
in the plane, for arbitrary time variation, and then
in Sec. 3.5 we considered the solution for the
sinusoidal case. For a surface current flowing in
the negative x-direction, we found the electric
field on the sheet to be directed in the positive x-
direction. Since the current is flowing against the
force due to the electric field, a certain amount of
work must be done by the source of the current to
maintain the current flow on the sheet.
3.7-2
(*)
3.7-3
Evaluating the surface integral of over the surface of the rectangular
box, we obtain the E x H power flow out of the box as (same as (*))
3.7-4
the quantity E x H as the power flow density vector associated with
the electromagnetic field. It is known as the Poynting vector
Time-average Poynting vector
3.7-5
Poynting’s theorem:
- The first term: rate of decrease in energy stored in the electric and magnetic fields.
- The second term is the power dissipated because the medium is conducting (≠ 0)
Electric stored energy density and the magnetic stored energy density