LIMIT STATE OF COLLAPSE IN SHEAR

Nominal shear stress:- The shear stress obtained by dividing the ultimate design shear
Vu by the cross sectional area is known as nominal shear stress, τv, i.e.,
𝑉𝑢
𝜏𝑣 =
𝑏𝑑
where Vu = shear force due to design loads,
b = breadth of rectangular beams or
breadth of the web bw for flanged beams
d = effective depth

Fig.1.1a) Web shear progress Fig. 1.1b) flexure tension Fig 1.1c) flexure compression
along dotted lines (steel yields) (concrete crushes in
compression)
➢ The design shear strength of concrete 𝜏𝑐 is dependent on the crack control
parameters like grade of concrete and steel percentage Ast/bd. Typical values of
𝜏𝑐 is recommended in IS 456:2000 (table 19) that mainly depends on grade of
concrete and percentage of steel provided.
➢ Maximum shear stress (cls. 40.2.3, 40.5.1 and 41.3.1 of IS 456:2000):- Table 20 of
IS 456:2000 stipulates the maximum shear stress of reinforced concrete in beams
τc,max. Under no circumstances, the nominal shear stress in beams τv shall exceed
τc,max given for different grades of concrete.
 Design procedure for shear reinforcement
1) Determine the ultimate design shear force Vu.
2) Compute nominal shear stress on the section τv , dividing Vu by bd.
3) Determine the shear strength of concrete τc and hence the shear resisting
capacity of the unreinforced concrete section, Vc = τcbd.
4) Compare τv with τc,max. If τv > τc,max, redesign the cross section of the beam such
that τv < τc,max.

5) Compare Vu with Vc. If Vc ≥ Vu, no shear design is required. Provide nominal

reinforcement in the form of vertical stirrups throughout the beam at the
spacing Sv, given by
𝐴𝑠𝑣 0.4 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑓𝑦
= OR 𝑆𝑣 ≤
𝑏𝑠𝑣 𝑓𝑦 0.4𝑏
where Asv is the total cross sectional area of stirrups legs.
6) If Vu > Vc, provide shear reinforcement for resisting the design shear force Vus
given by Vus = Vu - Vc
7) Choose the diameter of stirrups bars, generally taken as 6,8,10 and 12 mm, and the
type of stirrup as follows:
For vertical stirrups
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑 0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣
Sv = or Sv =
𝑉𝑢𝑠 (𝜏𝑣 −𝜏𝑐 )𝑏
For bent up bars:-
If the tension steel is available for shear, bend one or more bars from tension steel at 45°
at a distance d from the supports. If bent up bars are provided then the shear force taken
by bent up bars is:
Vs = 0.87fyAsvsin (≤ 1/2𝑉𝑢𝑠 )
where Asv is the total cross sectional area of bent up bars.
Design shear force for the vertical stirrups is given by,
Vud = Vus - Vs
Where,
Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs or bent-up bars within a distance Sv,
Sv = spacing of stirrups
τv = nominal shear stress,
τc = design shear strength of concrete,
b = breadth of the section (for a flanged section, b = bw)
fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup or bent-up reinforcement ≤ 415 MPa
α = angle between the inclined stirrup or bent-up bar and the axis of the member,
not less than 45°
d = effective depth of the section
8) Check whether the spacing of stirrups obtained in steps
5,6 and 7 satisfies the code design requirements:-
a) Sv < 0.75d (spacing governed by depth of the beam)
b) Sv < Asvfy/0.4b (based on the min. shear reinforcement).
c) Sv > 60mm (suggested for better compaction of concrete)
d) Find the dist. from the support up to which designed stirrups are
required. For the rest of the portion provide min. shear reinforcement.
 Practical consideration
The minimum shear reinforcement is provided for the following:
(i) Any sudden failure of beams is prevented if concrete cover bursts
and the bond to the tension steel is lost.
(ii) Brittle shear failure is arrested which would have occurred without
shear reinforcement.
(iii) Tension failure is prevented which would have occurred due to
shrinkage, thermal stresses and internal cracking in beams.
(iv) To hold the reinforcement in place when concrete is poured.
1.) Minimum Shear Reinforcement (cls. 40.3, [Link] and [Link] of IS 456):- Minimum
shear reinforcement has to be provided even when τv is less than τc as recommended in
cl. 40.3 of IS 456:2000. The amount of minimum shear reinforcement, as given in
cl.[Link], is given below.
The minimum shear reinforcement in the form of stirrups shall be provided such that:
𝐴𝑠𝑣 0.4
=
𝑏𝑆𝑣 0.87𝑓𝑦

Where
Asv = total cross-sectional area of stirrup legs effective in shear,
Sv= stirrup spacing along the length of the member,
b = breadth of the beam or breadth of the web of flanged beam bw
fy = characteristic strength of the stirrup reinforcement
2) Maximum spacing:- The shear reinforcement are provided to prevent the
shear cracks in the beam. The max. spacing of stirrup as per code shall not
exceed:
a) 0.75d for vertical stirrups
b) d for inclined
Also the max. spacing shall be limited to 300mm.
3) Distance of first bent bar from support:- Usually the bars are bent at 45
or 60 to the longitudinal axis of the beam. So the first bent, if its
contribution to resist the shear at supports is to be counted, should start at
a distance from support between d and 2d.
When a beam requires compression reinforcement, as in case of doubly
reinforced section, the arrangement of shear reinforcement shall be as
follows to ensure the effective lateral restraint to the compression bars.
a) s > main /4 or 6mm
b) Sv < b (the width of beam); 16 times the dia. of smallest main bar; and
300mm
Here s is the dia. of stirrups, and main is the diameter of largest
main bar.
Example_1

Determine the shear reinforcement of the simply supported beam of

effective span 8 m whose cross-section is shown in Figure. Factored shear
force is 250 kN. Use M 20 and Fe 415.
Here, Ast = 2-25T + 2-20T gives the percentage of tensile reinforcement
100(1609)
𝑝= = 1.43
250(450)
From Table 19 of IS 456:2000 , τc= 0.67 + 0.036 = 0.706 N/mm2 by linear
interpolation).
𝑉 250×1000
𝜏𝑣 = 𝑏𝑑𝑢 = 250×450 = 2.22 𝑁/𝑚𝑚2 and τc, max= 2.8 N/mm2
Hence, τc < τv < τc,max.
So, shear reinforcement is needed to resist the shear force.
Vus = Vu–τcbd = 250 – 0.706 (250) (450) (10−3 ) = 170.575 kN

For 10 mm, 2 legged vertical stirrups, (Asv = 157 mm2), spacing

0.87 (415) (157) (450)
𝑆𝑣 = 170575
= 149.54 mm
According to cl. [Link] of IS 456, the maximum spacing of the stirrups = 0.75 d =
0.75 (450) = 337.5 mm OR 300 mm .
Spacing required for minimum shear reinforcement (for 10 mm bar) is given in cl.
[Link] of IS 456 and calculated below:-
𝐴𝑠𝑣 0.4
≥
𝑏𝑠
𝑣 0.87 𝑓
𝑦
0.87𝑓𝑦 ×Asv 0.87(415)×157
From the above,𝑠𝑣 = 0.4𝑏
= 0.4 (250)
= 566 𝑚𝑚
So, we select 10 mm, 2 legged stirrups @ 145 mm c/c
Example_2

A reinforced concrete beam of rectangular cross-section of 300 mm width and 550

mm overall depth is reinforced with 6 bars of 20 mm dia HYSD steel of grade Fe415,
placed at an effective cover of 50 mm. Out of 6 bars, 3 bars have been bent up at
45. Design the shear reinforcement if the beam is subjected to a uniformly
distributed factored load of 100 KN/m over a simply supported clear span of 7 m. the
concrete mix used is M20.
Solution:

For the given cross sectional dimensions and material properties,

b = 300 mm, d = 550 – 50 = 500 mm, fck = 20 Mpa and fy = 415 Mpa.
The max. factored shear force is calculated at a distance d from the face of the support.
Thus,
𝑤 (𝐿−2𝑑) 100×6
Vu = 𝑢 2 = 2 = 300 𝑘𝑁
Area of inclined bars i.e. bent up bars -> Ast(320 mm  ) => 942 mm2.
Area of tension reinforcement at the section of max. shear (i.e. the area of continuing
bars):
Ast (320 mm) => 942 mm2.
 100𝐴 𝑠𝑡 100×942
𝑝𝑡 = = = 0.628 percent
𝑏𝑑 300×500
For M20 grade concrete and for pt = 0.628 percent.
c = 0.524 MPa
Shear resisting capacity of the unreinforced concrete section
Vc = c bd
= 0.524 × 300 × 500 = 78600 N =78.6 kN
Max permissible shear strength with shear reinforcement,
c, max = 2.8 MPa
Nominal shear stress on the cross-section,
𝑉 300×1000
v = 𝑏𝑑𝑢 = 300×500 = 2.0 𝑀𝑃𝑎
Since, τc < τv < τc,max , the section is acceptable with shear reinforcement.
Design shear force Vus = Vu – Vc = 300 – 78.6 = 221.4 kN
Shear resistance of inclined bars bent up at the same cross section is:
Vui = 0.87 fyAst sin = 0.87 × 415 × 942 × sin45
= 240493 = 240.5 KN
Since Vus < Vui, it is resisted by 3 inclined bars. However, IS 456:2000 stipulate that half
of the design shear force (TO BE RESISTED BY STEEL) must be resisted by the vertical
stirrups. So the shear strength to be resisted by vertical stirrups
Vus = 0.5 221.4 = 110.7
Provide 8 mm  2-legged vertical stirrups having Asv = 100 mm2.
0.87𝑓𝑦 𝐴𝑠𝑣 𝑑
Spacing, Sv = 𝑉𝑢𝑠
0.87×415×100×500
= 110.7×1000
=163.08 mm
Max spacing governed by minimum shear reinforcement,
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 100×415
Sv = 0.4𝑏 = 0.4×300
= 345.83 mm

Maximum spacing based on the depth of the beam:-

Sv = 0.75d = 0.75  500 = 375 mm or 300 mm whichever is smaller.
Therefore provide 8 mm  2-legged vertical stirrups at 160 mm c/c. The first stirrup is
usually placed at a distance Sv /2 from the support to prevent any possible propagation
of shear crack.
Example_3

Determine the transverse or shear reinforcement required for a reinforced

concrete beam of T-shaped cross-section with a flange width of 1500 mm, a flange
depth of 100 mm, a web width of 300 mm and an effective depth of 500 mm. The
beam is reinforced with 6 bars of 25 mm dia. on the tension side. The
reinforcement continues uninterrupted into the supports. The beam supports a
uniformly distributed factored load of 75 kN/m over a clear span of 9 m. The
concrete used is of grade M20 and HYSD steel is of Grade Fe415.
 𝑤𝑢 (𝑙−2𝑑)
Vu Vc l
Vu =
2
= ; L= -d 75 𝑥 (9 − 2 × 0.5)
L L−x 2 wu = 75 kN/m = = 300 𝑘𝑁
2

A B
d d

VA Vu l=9m Vu VB

337.50 kN Vu 𝑙ൗ
Vc 2
L d

d x
𝑙
L= -d
2
Vc
Vu 337.50 kN
𝑙ൗ
2 SFD [kN]
Solution: -

The cross-sectional dimensions are:

bf = 1500 mm, bw = 300, Df = 100 mm, d = 500 mm

Ast (6 x 25 mm dia.) = 2945 mm2
The procedure for design of shear reinforcement for flanged section is similar to
that for a rectangular section of width equal to the web of the flanged section, i.e.,
b = bw.
The shear force is critical at a section at a distance of d from the face of the
support. It is given by

wu (l−2d) 75 x (9 −2×0.5)
Vu = = = 300 kN
2 2

Maximum nominal shear

𝑉𝑢 300×103
v = = = 2.0 MPa
𝑏𝑤 𝑑 300×500
Percentage of tension reinforcement is given as :
100𝐴𝑠𝑡
𝑝𝑡 =
𝑏𝑑
100×2945
= = 1.96
300×500
For 𝑝𝑡 = 1.96 per cent, the shear strength of concrete c from the Table 4.1 is 0.78
MPa.
Maximum shear strength of M20 grade concrete with shear reinforcement is:
c, max = 2.8 MPa
Since c < cv < c, max the section is acceptable with shear reinforcement.
Shear-resisting capacity of the un-reinforced concrete section is given by
Vc = c 𝑏𝑤 d
= 0.78 × 300 × 500 = 117000 N
= 117.0 kN
Consider 10 mm dia. 2-legged stirrups (Asv = 157 mm2)

0 . 8 7 𝑓𝑦 𝐴 𝑠 𝑣 𝑑
Sv =
𝑉𝑢 − 𝑉𝑐
0.87×415×157×500
= = 154.88 mm
(300 −117)×1000
Max spacing governed by minimum shear reinforcement:
𝐴𝑠 𝑓𝑦 157×415
Sv = = = 542.96 mm
0.4𝑏 0.4×300
Maximum spacing based on the depth of the beam:
Sv = 0.75d = 0.75  500 = 375 mm or 300 mm whichever is smaller.
Consider that the shear reinforcement is required up to x m from the support
on either end of the beam. Then from similar triangles, we have
𝑉𝑢 𝑉𝑐
=
𝐿 𝐿−𝑥
Or
(𝑉𝑢 −𝑉𝑐 )𝐿
𝑥=
𝑉𝑢
Where
L = Distance of the critical section from the center of the beam
l
= - d = 4.5 – 0.5 = 4 m
2
Thus,
300−117 4
𝑥=
300
= 2.44 m
Hence provide 10 mm dia. 2-legged stirrups @ 150 mm c/c in the distance of 2.94
(x + d) m from the support on either side. In the middle 3.12 m distance provide 10
mm dia. 2-legged stirrups @ 300 c/c.