HUMANRI

GHTS
Obj
ect
ives
Toi
mpar
tthebasi
cideasabouthumanr
ight
satpostgr
aduat
ionl
evel
.Thi
spaper
pr
ovi
desdi
ff
erentaspect
sofhumanr
ight
swhi
chi
ncl
udeschi
l
[Link]
udent
scan
l
ear
nnotonl
ybasi
cri
ght
sbutal
socanunder
standt
hedut
iest
obecar
ri
edouti
ntheday
sto
come.
Uni
tI:
Int
roduct
iont
oHumanRi
ght
s
Humanr
ight
s:Meani
ng–Def
ini
ti
ons–Or
igi
nandGr
owt
hofhumanr
ight
sint
hewor
ld–Need
andt
ypesofHumanRi
ght
s–UNHRC(Uni
tedNat
ionsHumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
on)–Human
Ri
ght
sinI
ndi
a.
Uni
tII
:Cl
assi
fi
cat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s
Ri
ghtt
oli
ber
ty–Ri
ghtt
oLi
fe–Ri
ghtt
oEqual
i
ty–Ri
ghtt
odi
gni
ty–Ri
ghtagai
nstExpl
oit
ati
on
–Educat
ional
Right
s–Cul
tur
alRi
ght
s–Educat
ional
Right
s–Economi
cRi
ght
s–Pol
i
tical
Ri
ght
s–Soci
alRi
ght
s.
Uni
tII
I:Ri
ght
sofWomenandChi
l
dren
Ri
ght
sofWomen–Femal
efet
ici
deandI
nfant
ici
deandsel
ect
iveabor
ti
on–Phy
sical
assaul
t
andsexual
har
assment–Domest
icVi
olence–Vi
olenceatwor
kpl
ace–Remedi
alMeasur
es
Ri
ght
sofChi
l
dren–Pr
otect
ionr
ight
s,sur
viv
alr
ight
s–Par
ti
cipat
ionr
ight
s–Dev
elopmentr
ight
s
–Rol
eofUNonconv
ent
iononr
ight
sofchi
l
dren
Uni
tIV:
Mul
ti
-Di
mensi
onal
aspect
sofHumanr
ight
s
Labourr
ight
s–Bodendl
abour–Chi
l
dLabour–Cont
ractLabour–Mi
grantLabour–Domest
ic
WomenLabour–GenderEqui
ty–Ri
ght
sofEt
hni
cref
ugees–Pr
obl
emsandr
emedi
es–Rol
eof
t
radeuni
oni
npr
otect
ingt
heunor
gani
zedl
abour
ers
Uni
tV:
Gri
evanceandRedr
essal
Mechani
sm
Redr
essal
Mechani
smsatnat
ional
andi
nter
nat
ional
lev
els–St
ruct
ureandf
unct
ionsofNat
ional
andSt
atel
evel
HumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
on–const
it
uti
onal
remedi
esanddi
rect
ivepr
inci
plesof
st
atepol
i
cy.

1
 UNI
T1
Meani
ngofHumanRi
ght
s

HumanRi ghtsrefertothe“ Basi

cRight sandFr eedomst owhi challHumansar eenti
t l
ed.
Human r i
ghtsinclude Civiland Pol i
ti
calr i
ghts,such ast he r
ightt olife and f
reedom of
expr
essi on,equali
tybef or
el aw,thensocial,cul
turalandeconomi cr ight
si ncl
udingther i
ghtt o
part
ici
pat eincult
ure,therighttofood,therighttowork, andri
ghttoeducat i
on.
I
nI ndia,t
hepr otect
ionofHumanRi ghtsact1993def inesHumanr ightsofthei ndi
vidual
guaranteedbyt heIndianConst i
tuti
onasembodi edint heFundament alri
ghts.

Defi
nit
ionf orHumanRi ghts
Var i
ousdefini
tionsofhumanright
shav ebeenoffer
edbydifferentschol
ars,theyare:
“Ari
ghtisacl ai
mr ecognizedbysoci
etyandenforcedbythestat
e”.BOSANQUET.
“Anypar t
icularri
ghtwhi ch we have,i
sa capaci tyofenjoyi
ng some par ticul
arst atusor
employingsomepar t
icul
arpowerofaction,whi
chhasbeensecur edandguar anteedtomeby
l
aw”.EARNESTBARKER.

Origi
nofHumanRi ghtsinthewor l
d
Theemer genceofr ightsinpoliti
calt houghtisgenerallyregardedasr elati
velyr
ecent
,
thoughanyhi stori
calstudyofrightsreveal
showi ndet
erminat
et hephil
osophi calcharti
ngofthe
evoluti
onofr i
ghtshasbeen( Rentel
n,1988) .Humanr i
ghtsar econsideredt heof fspr
ingof
naturalright
s,whicht hemselvesev olv
edf rom t heconceptofnat [Link] urall
aw,which
haspl ayedadomi nantrol
ei nWest er
npol i
ticaltheoryforcenturi
es,isthatst andardofhigher
-
ordermor al
i
tyagai nstwhichallotherlawsar eadj [Link] estthei njusti
ceofhuman-
madel aw, onewast oappealtothegreateraut horit
yofGodornat urall
aw.

Event
ual
lythi
sconceptofnat urallawev olvedi
ntonatur
alr i
ghts;t
hischangerefl
ect
eda
shif
tinemphasi sfrom societytot heindividual
.Wher easnaturallaw provi
dedabasi sfor
curbi
ngexcessivestatepoweroversoci ety,naturalr
ight
sgavei ndivi
dualstheabil
it
ytopress
cl
aimsagai nstthegov er
nment( Renteln,1988) .
1Themoder nconcept ionofr i
ghtscanbe
tr
acedbackt oEnli
ghtenmentpol i
ti
calphi l
osophyandt hemov ement,primari
l
yi nEngl
and,
France,andtheUni t
edSt at
es,toest abli
shl imit
edformsofr epr esent
ativ
egov er
nmentthat
wouldrespectthefr
eedom ofindi
vidualciti
zens.

JohnLocke,i nhisSecondTr eati

seonGov er
nment( 1690),descr ibeda“ stateofnat ur
e”
priort othecreati
onofsoci etyinwhichindi
vidualsf
endedf orthemsel vesandl ookedaf t
ert hei
r
owni nterest
[Link]
hisstate,eachpersonpossessedasetofnat uralrights,i
ncludingtherightsto
l
ife,[Link],wheni ndivi
dualscamet ogetherinsocialgroups,
themai npurposeoft heirunionwast osecuretheseri
ghtsmor eef fectivel
[Link] ly
,they
cededt ot hegovernment stheyestabli
shed“ onl
ytherighttoenf orcet hesenat uralr
ightsand
nott her i
ghtsthemselves”(“HumanRi ghts:
Hi st
ori
calDevelopment ,
”n.d.).

Locke’sphi l
osophy,knownascl assicalli
beral
i
sm,hel pedf osteranew wayoft hi
nking
aboutindiv
iduals,government s,andt her ightsthatlinkt het [Link] eviously
,headsofst ate
cl
aimedt orulebydi v
ineright,tr
acingtheiraut hori
tythroughgeneal ogytot heul
ti
matesour ce
tosomedi [Link] r
uef orRomanemper orsasi twasChi neseandJapanese
[Link] heoryofdi v
iner i
ghtwasmostf or
cefull
yasser teddur ingtheRenaissanceby
monarchsacr ossEurope,mostnot ori
ousl yJamesIofEngl and( 1566-1625)andLoui sXIVof

2
Fr
ance(
1638-
1715)
.

Locke’
spr i
ncipl
eswereadoptedbythefoundi
ngf
ather
soft
heUni
tedSt
atesi
nthe
Decl
arat
ionofIndependence(
1776)
,whi
chst
ated:

Wehol dt hesetruthstobesel f
-ev
ident,thatallmenar ecreat
edequal ,thattheyare
endowedbyt hei
rCr eat
orwithcert
ainunal
ienableRights,
t hatamongt heseareLife,Liber
tyand
thepursui
tof Happi ness.
—Thattosecur etheserights,Gov ernmentsar
ei nsti
tutedamong
Men,deriv
ingthei
rjustpowersfrom t
heconsentoft hegov erned…2

The echoes of Locke are unmistakableint he language of t

he Decl arati
on of
I
[Link]
arl
y,thelanguageusedbot hbyLockeandbyt heFoundingFathersclear
ly
f
oreshadowst hecreat
ionofadocumentl iket heUniver
salDeclar
ati
[Link]
f
urtherexpoundedandenshrinedintheU.
[Link] i
tut
ion(1787)andBil
lofRight
s(1789) .

Naturalri
ght
stheor i
stshaveassertedt heexistenceofspeci fi
crights—mostnot ablythe
ri
ghtt osel f-
preser
vation(Hobbes)andt her ightt oproper ty( Locke).Becausesucht heor i
sts
taket hev alidi
tyoff undamentalrightst obesel f
-evident,t herehast r
adit
ional
l
ybeenl i
ttl
e
tolerancef [Link] arnot est hatnat uralr i
ghts“ seemedpecul i
arlyvul
ner abl
et o
ethicalskeptici
sm”(Wal dr
on1984:3) .Nev ertheless,naturalri
ght swerenotwidelycontestedas
theywer easser t
edinal i
miteduniverseofshar edWest ernv alues( Rentel
n,1988).

Ty
pes/Kinds/Classif
icati
onofHumanRi
ghts.
Themanyandv ariedri
ght
sofmanarebroadl
yclassi
fi
edint
otwocat
[Link]
e
Moral
andLegalr
[Link]
ght
sar
efurt
herdivi
dedintoci
vi
landPol
i
tical
rights.

Mor al
Ri ghts
Theser i
ghtsarebasedont heethi
calandmor al sect
ionofthesocietyanddonotposses
anylegal backi
[Link]
hattheycannotbeenf orcedthroughthelawsofcour t
[Link]
sancti
onbehi ndthemostr i
ghti
sthepoweroft hesociety.
Forexampl e,
itisoneoftheright
softhechildthathe/ sheshouldbeprotectedbyhis/
her
[Link]
entsdonotpayduet oatt
enti
ontot hechildrenandtherebyviol
atethese
ri
ghts,theycannotbef orcedbythelawtocompl ywit
hhi sr
equirement.

Legal Rights
Thel egal
rightsincont
rasttotheMoralr
ight
sarerecogni
zedbythestateandcanbe
enforcedt hrought helawofcourts.I
ncasether
eisaclashbetweenthelegal
right
sandmoral
ri
ghts, thelegalri
ghtscanbef urt
herdivi
dedint
ocivi
landpoli
ti
calr
ight
s.

A)Ci vi
l r
ights
TheCi vi
lr i
ghtsr ef
ertothoser ightswhichpr ov i
deconditi
onsofci v
il
[Link]
enjoymentoft heser i
ghtsf acil
it
atest heallr
ounddev elopmentofani ndiv
idual’
sper sonali
ty.
Someoft hei mpor tantcivilr
ightsincludeRi ghttoLive, Pr
opert
yright,Ri
ghttoWor k,
Education, Speech, Expression,Religi
on,Fami lyetc.t
heRi ghttoLiveistheforemosthuman
ri
[Link] iv
eli
hoodandoppor tunit
iesforunf oldi
ngpersonali
[Link] i
ghtsar e
avail
ablet otheci t
izensofal mostal l
[Link] dertheRi ghttoLifeast he
mostf undament al
sofal lciv
ilri
ghts.

B)Pol
i
ticalr
ights
ThePol i
ti
cal r
ightsrefertot heprivi
legesofciti
[Link]
cipat
e
inthepolit
icalaffair
soft hest at
[Link] i
ghtsareavail
abletotheciti
zensalone.
Most l
ypoliti
calrightsareav ail
ableunderDemocr ati
csystem [Link]
importantpolit
icalri
ghtsi ncludeRighttoVote,Contesti
nEl ecti
on,
holdpubli
c
off
ice,Cri
tici
zet heGov ernmentet [Link]
seoft heseri
ghtsthe

3
 gov
ernmentcanbemader
esponsi
blet
othepubl
i
copi
nion.

UnitedNat i
onsHumanRi ght sCounci l(UNHRC)
Thecor eoft heUni t
edNat ions( UN)2006pol icyref orm wast heest abl i
shmentofanew
humanr i
ghtsbody .TheUni tedNat ionsHumanRi ghtsCounci l(UNHRCorCounci l
)wascr eated
byUNGener alAssembl yResol ut
ion60/ 251of3Apr i
l2006.I tcamei ntoexi stencet oreplace
themuchdi screditedUN Commi ssionofHumanRi ghts( UNCHR orCommi ssi
on)and“ t
o
preserveandbui l
doni tsachi evement sandt oredressi t
sshor tcomings".Theest ablishmentof
theUNHRCwasmetwi t
hent husi
asm,f r
om bot hNonGov er nmentalOr ganizations( NGOs)and
themaj orit
yofst at edel [Link] er ,i
tisuncleari fthecr eati
onoft heUNHRCi sar eal
stepf orwar dinthepr otect i
onandpr omot ionofhumanr [Link] oll
owi ngr esearchpaperwi l
l
attemptt oanswert hi
squest i
onbyadopt i
ngat wowayappr [Link]
y ,t
hemai ni nsti
tuti
onal
reformst hatt heUNHRCi sintroducingt ot heUNhumanr ight smachiner ywillbeaddr essedand
analyzedt oidentifywhet heritprov idesf orbetterresult
[Link] y,someoft hewor kcar r
ied
outbyt heUNHRCwi llbet akenintoaccounti nor dertoev aluatethepr acti
calper for manceof
the instituti
[Link] nall
y ,a st atementbased on t he findingsoft he abov e anal yseswi l
lbe
present ed.

Insti
tut
ional ref
ormsSt at
usofUNHRC
TheUNHRCwascr eat
edasasubsi diaryoft heGener alAssembl y ,asopposedt ot he
Commi ssion,whichwasasubsi diaryoft heEconomi candSoci alCouncil(ECOSOC) .Pr
otection
ofhumanr i
ghtsisthusdef actopr omotedt ooneoft hepill
arsoftheUN,t ogetherwi t
hpeace,
securit
y and dev elopment,st ressi ng the r eal
izati
on t hat the f our aref undament all
y
i
nt er
dependent .Thisacknowl edgementoft hei mportanceofhumanr i
ghtsisi nitsel
fast ep
ahead,si nceal lUN member st hatsuppor ted resoluti
on (170 outof192 v oteswi l
lhav e
diffi
cul
tiesignoringthenew inst i
tut i
[Link] ncreasedaut hori
tyoft hemai nUNhumanr ights
bodywi llgiveitmorewei ghinpr omot i
onandpr ot
ectionofhumanr ightswor l
[Link] eov er,
thewor kingaspectsoft heCommi ssion,suchast heSpeci alProceduresandNGOpar t
ici
pation
willberetained.

Howev er
,thereweresomepr obl
[Link] sraelwer
eamongt he
i
mpor t
antact
orsthatvot
ednot ot
heresol
uti
on(ev
enthoughtheypromisedcooperat
ewiththe
UNHRC, t
husexpressi
ngthei
rdoubt
[Link]
thermore,theUSannouncedthat
,
fort
hefir
stti
mei nsi
xtyy
ears,i
twoul
dnotseekaseatonthehumanr i
ghtsbody.

Composi ti
on
I
twasdeci dedt hatt heUNHRC wi l
lbeani nt ergov ernment albodywi t hfor tysev en
member s,si xl ess than t he Commi [Link] al locat ion ofseat sr esponds t o equi t
able
geogr aphicdistributi
oncr i
teri
[Link] sar eel ectedf ort hreey earsbyanabsol utemaj orityof
theGener alAssembl y( 96outof192v otes)t hroughsecr etballot i
[Link] ocessofel ecting
member si ssignifi
cant lyimpr ovedsincet heret hreshol di ssi gnificant
lyhighercompar etot hat
oft heCommi ssion( 26outof52v otesf r
om ECOSOC) .Ev ent hought hi
sdoesnotguar antee
thatonlyst ateswi threspect ablehumanr ecordswi llbeel ected, thechancei sbetterwhenmor e
statesar einvolvedi nt hev oti
[Link] eover ,t
hesecr etbal lotallowsst atestov otehonest lyand
withoutf eartheymi ghtof fendt radi
ngpar tnersoral l
[Link] i
onforev i
cti
ngv i
olatorsfrom
theCounci li
salsoi ntroduced–i trequir
est wot hirdsmaj or i
tyoft heGener alAssembl y.
Wi t
ht henew numberandal locati
onofseat s,howev er ,therei sonepot enti
alpr oblem –t he
Afri
canandAsi angr ouphav eanabsol utemaj orit
y,pr ov idedt heydeci det owor ktoget herand
mani pulatetheagendaandr esoluti
onadopt [Link] ncet hebul kofoppr essivegov ernment sar e
l
ocat edi nAsi aandAf ri
ca,thismaj ori
tymi ghtbeut il
izedt opr eventtheadopt i
onofsome
resoluti
[Link] herpossi bl
ei ssuei sthef actt hati tr emai nsmuchmor ediffi
cultt oousta
viol
atort hant oelectone.

Member
shi
pcr
it
eri
a

4
 New member shi
p cr i
ter
iai s al
so adopt
[Link] i
eflyitcan be summar i
zed as:
“member sel
ectedtotheCounci lshallupholdthehighestst andar
dsinthepr omoti
onand
prot
ecti
on ofhuman right s".Even though i
sr at
herv ague,consider
ing t
he factthatthe
Commi ssi
ondidnothavet hisfeatureatall
,i
tcanbeconsi der
edasasi gni
fi
cantimprovement,
combinedwit
hthenewel ect i
onprocedure.

However
,criti
ci
sm hasal r
eadyhasbeenexpr essedovertheambi gui
tyoft
hecri
teri
a.
Anotherpot
enti
alissueisthefactthataft
ertwotermsst at
esarenoteli
gibl
eanymore,
sothere
mightbeadef ici
tofwel l
-sui
tedcandidatesaft
ercount ri
eswithrespectabl
ehumanrights
recor
dshavealreadyservedthei
rpermissi
bletwoterms.

Univer
sal Periodicreview
Anot hernewmechani sm,createdt oamendt heall
egedsel ectivi
tyoftheCommi ssionis
theUni versalPer i
odi cRev iew (UPR) .Undert heUniversalperiodicalr evi
ew stateswi llbe
revi
ewedf ort hei
rhumanr ight
sobl igationsandcommi t
ment s“ i
namannerwhi chensur es
univ
ersalit
yofcov erageandequalt reatmentwithrespectt oallSt ates".UndertheUPRal l
memberst ateswi l
lber ev
iewed,includingt hemembersoft heUNHRC,whi chwillbeevaluated
duri
ngt heirtermi nof fi
[Link] ocedurebywhi cheachst at
eisev al
uat edwi l
lnotbelookedat
i
n [Link] er,onei mportantf actorshould bement ioned:independenthuman r i
ghts
expert
sandgr oups, aswel lasNGOsar eal l
owedtocontri
butetothepr ocess.

Theadopt ionofUPRcanbeseenasasi gni

fi
cantimprovement,si
nceitguar
anteest hat
nostatewi l
lescapescruti
ny,nomatteri
fitisamemberoft [Link],the
par
ti
cipati
onofi ndependentexpert
sandgr oupsbr i
ngsaboutt heimpar t
ial
i
tyofther eview.
However,therei
soneaspectoft heUPRwhichi snotelabor
atedwellenough–t hef
actthatt he
samet i
mei sdedicat
edtobothnotori
ousvi
olatorsandcountri
eswit
hgoodhumanr i
ghtsr ecord
i
sinequit
able.

Frequencyofmeet i
ngs
Majoramendmenti s also t
he ext ensi
on ofmeet ing sessi
ons f r
om one,f orthe
Commi ssion,to atleastthree fort he Council,and f
rom sixto no lesst han t
en weeks
respect
ively
.Inadditi
on,specialsessionscanbehel dbytheCouncilprovi
dedonet hir
dofits
member ssuppor t
sthepropositi
[Link] si
scl ear
lyaposit
ivedevel
opment,sincetheCounci
lwil
l
havemor et i
meoni t
shandst oaddr esshumanr ight
sviol
ati
ons,andifnecessarytorespond
ti
mel yi
ntheev entofacri
sis.

Ingeneral,theinsti
tuti
onalreformst hatUNHRCi nt
roducesinthefi
eldofhumanr i
ghts,
al
thoughcont ainingsomepot enti
alflawscanbeconsi der
edasi gni
fi
cantst
epaheadf r
om the
pr
acticesoft heCommi ssi
[Link] er,t
hepr act
icalwor
kcar r
iedoutbytheCounciliseven
morei mport
anti ndeterminingitssuccess.

Performanceoft heUNHRC
Thissecti
ondoesnotdenythev aluableworkcar
ri
edoutbytheCouncil;more,ittr
iesto
i
dent i
fyifitmanagedtoamendtheflawedpr act
icesoft
[Link] enthoughthecr eat
ionof
thenewbodywasmetwi t
hgreatexpectati
ons,i
thasshownsomedi stur
bingpract
icessuchas
select
ivi
ty,quest
ionabl
ehumanr i
ghtsrecordofmember sandfai
l
uret oaddressgr osshuman
ri
ghtsv i
olati
on.

Membershi
poftheCounci l
,asoutl
inedinther esol
utionest abl
ishingthebody,shoul
dbe
charact
eri
zedbyhighstandardsinhumanr ight
sr [Link] er,t
hecur rentmembershipof
thecouncili
nvol
vessomewel lknownv i
olator
ssuchasPaki stan,ChinaandSaudiAr abiato
nameaf [Link]
hermore,aresearchcar
ri
edoutbyt heGenev abasedNGOUNWat chfoundout
thatonl
ysevenoutofthefourteencandi
dates(runni
ngf orfourteenseat s)fortheper
iod2007–

5
2010onlyfourarewellquali
fi
ed,whil
et heother
sar eeitherquest
ionabl eornotquali
fi
[Link]
thetwentycandi
datesf ortheperiod2008-2011( f
ift
eent obeel ected)twelv
ear equal i
fi
ed
accor
dingtoUNWat [Link] thetwentycandidates(eight
eent obeel ect
ed)fortheper i
od
2009 – 2012 only seven are consi
dered quali
[Link] conclusi on isthateven t hough
member shi
pcri
teri
aandi mpr
ovedv ot
inghav ebeeni ntr
oduced,violatorsofhumanr ightssti
ll
managet ofi
ndaseati ntheCouncil
.

Anotherproblem t hatseemst oper sistisselectivi

[Link]
violatorswhileomitt
ingt oev enment ionot [Link] r
iki
ngexampl eisIsrael –subjectof
27outof33or80%ofal lcondemnat oryresol uti
[Link] t
herment i
onedanyPal esti
nianmi l
it
ant
[Link] spr
opor ti
onat ef ocusonI sraelwascondemnedbymanyst at esincludingtheUS
andt heEUcount ri
es.I ncont rasttot hef ocusonI srael
,somepr essingissueswer ecompl etel
y
[Link] nst ancei st hef ailureoft heCounci ltoaddr esst hebr utalhandli
ngof
Ir
ani an protestor
si n Teher [Link] herv iolat
or s such as Sudan and Sr iLanka hav e been
commendedont hei
rpr ogr essi nhumanr ightsprotection,event houghSudanr efusedt ogrant
visasofanUNHRCf actf indingmi ssi onsentt oinv est
igatetheDar furcrisi
[Link] eonlya
few i nst
ancesi nwhi cht heCounci ldi dnotr eact,otherexampl esar eChi na’scensor shi
p,US
pract i
cesintheGuant anamoBayandAbuGhar ibpri
sonsandot her.

Despi
tesomeoft hev
aluablewor koftheCouncil
,itisshowingaconcer ni
ngtrendof
taki
ngt hesamebi asedandpoli
tici
zeddecisionsasit
spr edecessor
.Unlessthereisenough
poli
ti
calwil
lforchange,
theUNHRCmi ghtfol
l
owt hest
epsoft heCommi ssi
on.

HumanRi ghtsi nIndia

TheConst i
tutionofI ndia, whi chcamei ntoef fectin1950, incor por ated" Fundament al
Right s"oft heci ti
zens.
InIndia,thepr otectionofHumanRi ghtsAct ,1993def i
nesHumanRi ghtsast her i
ght s
relatingt oliberty,equality,anddi gnit yoft hei ndividual guar ant eedbyt heI ndianConst i
tut i
onas
embodi edint heFundament al Ri
ght sandt heI nternat i
onal Cov enant s'.0
Humanr i
ghtsasaconcept ,i
st her esul tofahi storicalpr ocess.I nt hecour seoft hat
ev olution,humanr i
ghtshav ebeencl assi fiedi ntermsoft hreegener [Link] edbyt he
aut hor sofTheFaceofHumanRi ghts, “thehi storyofhumanr ight si sref lectedi ntheirstruct ure.
Ther ightsthathav efoundt hei rwayi nt otheUni versal Decl arationofHumanRi ghtsandhuman
ri
ght sconv ent i
onscanbedi videdi nt osev eralgener ations, accor di ngt ot heirtimeofor igin”.
Humanr i
ghtsar ecommonl ydi videdi ntot hreegener at
ions:
1)Fi rstGener ation{ civilandpol it
ical ri
ghts}
2)SecondGener ation{ economi c,soci alandcul tural r
ights}
3)Thi r
dGener ation{ col l
ect i
ver i
ght s}
4)
FirstGener ation
Thef ir
stgener ationr ef erst oci vilandpol i
tical ri
ght [Link] ight sar eessent i
all
ydesi gned
topr ot ectthei ndivi
dual agai nstst atei nterference, andar ei mmedi atelyappl [Link] nclude
guar ant eesl i
nkedt ot hepr ot ectionofl ife( suchast her ightt olife, andt hepr ohibit
ionoft orture
andi nhumant r
eatmentorpuni shment );thepr otectionagai nstdi scr imi nationpr ocedur al
guar ant ees( i
ncludingguar ant eesoff airtrialandt her ightt oadef ense) ; fr
eedoms( suchas
freedom ofmov ement ,
andf reedom ofopi ni
on)andpol iti
cal ri
ght s( i
ncl udingt her i
ghtt ov ot e
andt obeel ected).

SecondGener ati
on
Thesecondgener at
ioncompr iseseconomi c,social,
cultur
[Link] ight
s
appearedatasl i
ghtlyl
aterstageasar esponsetot hegradualimpov erishmentofi ndiv
iduals
andclassstrugglesofthe19t [Link],t
hef ul
fil
l
mentofwhi chrequiresacti
ve
measur es,
inthef or
m ofspecifi
clegislati
on,pol
iciesandpr ogrammer s,byStates,incl
ude,
economi cri
ghtssuchast her i
ghttowor k,andthepr ot
ect i
onofpr oper t
y;soci
al r
ights,suchas

6
ther
ighttohealt
handsocialsecur
it
y;andcul
tur
alr
ight
s,whi
chi
ncl
udet
her
ightt
oeducat
ion
andtotakepartincul
tur
all
if
e.

ThirdGener ation
Thet hirdgener ati
onofr ightsreferstocollecti
v eright s(alsoknownassol idari
tyri
ghts).
Theserights, whichwer econcei vedi nthesecondhal foft he20t hcent ury,covert herightto
devel
opment ,peace, andacl eanandheal thyenvironment .Howev er,andwi t
ht heexcept ionof
theAfr
icanChar teronHumanandPeopl es’Rights(1981) , suchr ightshav enoty etbeen
i
ncorporatedi ntoanyhumanr ightstreaty.
Despi tet hedivisionofr ightsint ogenerati
ons, allr
ight sshoul dbeconsi der edtobeof
equali
mpor tanceandaguar anteeofal i
feliv
edindi gnityandr espect .Indeed,thissepar ati
onof
ri
ghtsi
nt odif f
erentgener ati
onsi s,toacer tai
ndegr ee,artificial
,especi all
yinthecaseoff ir
st
andsecondgener ati
onr [Link] nstance,therighttojoi nat r
adeuni oni susual lyconsidereda
ri
ghtbelongingt ot heeconomi c,socialandcul t
uralgener at i
on, yetitcanal sobeseenasaci vi
l
andpoliti
cal ri
ght,giveni tsli
nkwi t
hf reedom ofassoci ationandf r eedom ofassembl [Link]
humanr ightsar eindivisi
bl eandi nterdependent;thef ull
enj oy mentofonegener ationofrightsi
s
i
mpossi blewi thoutther espectandf ul f
il
lmentofot hers.

UNI
T2
Rightt oLiber ty
Ther i
ghtt oliber tycanbet racedbackt otheEngl ishMagnaChar t
a( 1215)andt heUni ted
StatesDecl ar ati
onoft heRi ghtsofManandCi ti
zen( 1789) .Ev enthought heMagnaChar t
aonl y
guarant eedr i
ght stoal i
mi t
edgr oupofpeopl e,namel yfeudal noblemen,itnev erthel
essr equired
thatar restordet entionbel awf ul
,andpr otectedt hei ndi vi
dualagainstt heexcessesofhi s/her
rul
[Link] ot
ectionagai nstar bit
raryarrestanddet entionasoneoft hemai ndi mensionsoft he
ri
ghtt ot helibertyoft heper sonwasf urt
herest ablishedi nthe17t hcentur yBillofRights(1689)
andHabeasCor pusAct s( 1640,1679) .Ther i
ghtwasf urtherdevelopedandi tsscopeof
applicationwi denedaf tertheFr enchRev olution,i nt heFr enchDecl arationofRi ght s(1789)
wher et herightt oli
ber tywasguar anteedtoal lnational si ntheconst i
tutionsofnat ionalstates.
Ther ighttol ibertyplay edamaj orroleintheMexi canr evolution(1915)wher e‘ landandl iberty
’
(Tier
rayLi ber tad)wast hesl oganoft herevoluti
on.

Att heinternat
ionall
evel,
therighttol
ibert
yandsecuri
tyoft hepersonfounditsfi
rstlegal
formulationinAr ti
cle9 oft heUni ver
salDeclarat
[Link] t
icleprohibit
sar bi
tr
aryarr est
,
detenti
onorexi l
ebymeansofashor tandv agueprovi
sion,butithassi ncebeenf urther
elabor
at eduponbyanumberofi nt
ernati
onalhumanr i
ght
sinstr
ument satt heint
ernat
ionaland
theregionallevel.

Theri
ghttoli
ber
tyandsecurit
yoftheperson,astheti
tl
esuggests,entai
lstwodist
inct
r
ight
s:ther
ighttol
i
bert
yofthepersonandtheri
ghttopersonalsecur
it
[Link]
ari
fyhow
t
hesetwor ight
sareunder
stoodunderhumanr i
ghtslaw,ashor tdescri
pti
onofeachr ight
f
oll
ows.

Ther ighttolibertyoft heper son,asf oundi ninternat i

onalhumanr ightsinstr
ument s,
doesnotgr antcompl et
ef reedom from arrestordet enti
[Link] ivat
ionofl i
ber tyi
sal egiti
mat e
for
m ofst at econtr
olov erper sonswi thi
ni tsjurisdicti
[Link] ead,therightt ol i
ber
tyact sasa
subst antiv
eguar anteet hatarrestordet entionwi l
lnotbear bi
traryorunlawf [Link] al,any
deprivation ofl i
bertyisonl yallowed ifi ti scar ried outi n accordance wi t
h a procedur e
establishedbydomest i
cl awandi fthefollowi ngmi nimum guar anteesar erespect ed:a)ev er
y
detainedper sonshallbei nformedpr ompt l
yoft hereasonsf orher /hisarr
est ;b)everydet ained
personshal lbeenti
tledt otakehabeascor puspr oceedingsbef oreacour t(whi chhast odeci de
wit
houtdel ayandor derr el
easei fthedet entioni sunlawf ul);c)ev erydetainedper sonhasan
enforceabl er i
ghttocompensat i
oni fdetentionwasunl awf ul;andd)per sonshel di ncust ody

7
shallbebr oughtpromptly
,thatiswi t
hinaf ew days,bef
oreaj udgewhomustei t
herr elease
them oraut hor
isepre-
tr
ialdetent
[Link] eentit
ledt
otrialwit
hinareasonabletimeandt o
rel
easei nexchangeforbailorsomeot herguaranteetoappearfortr
ial
.Inotherwords,pre-t
rial
detentionshallnotbet hegeneralruleandshal lbeasshor taspossi bl
e,dependingont he
compl exi
tyofthecase.

Therighttopersonalsecurit
yhasnotbeendef inedascl earl
yast her i
ghtt
ol i
bertyand
themeani ngoft hi
srightdiffer
sint hediffer
enthumanr ight sConv enti
[Link] heICCPR,
whichgivesitthebroadestmeani ng,therighttopersonalsecur ityisunderstoodasther i
ghtto
theprotecti
onoft helaw int heexer ci
seoft her i
ghtt [Link] hatther i
ghtto
secur
ityextendst osi
tuati
onsot herthant heformaldepr i
vat i
onofl iber
[Link]
anceast ate
maynoti gnoreaknownt hreattothelifeofaper sonunderi tsjurisdi
cti
on;ithasanobl i
gat
ionto
takereasonableandappropriatemeasur estoprotectthatper son.

RighttoLife
[Link] eryone’
sr i
ghttoli
feshallbeprotect
edbyl [Link]
lbedepriv
edofhislif
e
i
ntentionall
ysaveintheexecut
ionofasentenceofacour
tfol
l
owi
nghisconv
ict
ionofacr
ime
forwhicht hepenal
tyi
sprovi
dedbylaw.

[Link] i
vat
ionoflif
eshal lnotber egardedasi nfl
ict
edi ncontr
av ent
ionoft hi
sArti
clewhenit
resul
tsfrom theuseoff orcewhichi snomor et
hanabsol ut
elynecessary:
 indef enceofanyper sonfrom unlawf ulv
iol
ence
 inordert oeffectal awfularrestortopr ev
entt heescapeofaper sonlawf
ull
ydetai
ned,
and
 inact i
onlawfull
yt akenforthepur poseofquell
ingar i
otorinsurrect
ion.

RighttoDigni
ty
In cl
assi
calMor al
,et hi
cal,l egal
,and pol i
ti
caldiscussi
ons the conceptofdi gnit
y
expressestheideathatabei nghast heri
ghttobev al
uedandr espect
ed,andt obet r
eated
ethi
call
[Link] ext,dignit
ycanf unct
ionasanext ensi
onoft heEnli
ghtenment-
era
conceptsofinher
ent
,inali
enablerights.

Humandi
gni
tycanbev
iol
atedi
nmul
ti
pleway
[Link]
ncat
egor
iesofv
iol
ati
onsar
e:

Humi li
ation
Violati
onsofhuman di gni
tyi nt ermsofhumi l
iat
ion r efert o actst hathumi l
iateor
diminisht hesel f
-worthofapersonoragr [Link] li
ationar econt extdependentbutwe
normal lyhav eani ntui
ti
veunder st
andingwher esuchav iol
ationoccur [Link] ernot ed,“it
hasbeengener al
lyassumedt hatav iol
at i
onofhumandi gnitycanber ecogni zedev eni fthe
abstractt erm cannotbedef i
ned.‘Iknow i twhenIseei tev eni fIcannott el
ly ouwhati tis’”.
Mor egener all
y,etymologyofthewor d“ humi l
iat
ion”hasauni versalchar acter
ist i
cint hesense
thatinal llanguagest hewor dinvolves“ downwar dspatialorientat i
on”inwhi ch“ somet hingor
someonei spusheddownandf orcefull
yhel dt her
e”.Thi sappr oachi scommoni nj udicial
decisionswher ejudgesr ef
ertov i
olati
onsofhumandi gnit
yasi nj
ur i
estopeopl e'sself-wor thor
thei
rsel f-
est eem.

Inst
rument al
izat
ionorobject
if
ication
Thisaspectrefer
st otreat
ingapersonasani nstr
umentorasmeanstoachi
evesome
[Link] sapproachbui l
dsonI mmanuelKant'
smoralimper
ati
vesti
pul
ati
ngthatwe
shouldtreatpeopleasendsorgoal sinthemsel
ves,namel
yashavingul
ti
matemoralwort
h
whichshoul dnotbeinstr
ument al
ized.

Degr
adat
ion
Vi
olat
ionsofhumandi
gni
tyasdegr
adat
ionr
efert
oact
sthatdegr
adet
hev
alueofhuman

8
bei
[Link] eact
sthat,ev
enifdonebyconsent,conveyamessaget hatdiminishesthe
i
mpor t
anceorv al
ueofallhumanbei
[Link]
stofpracti
cesthathumanbei ngsshould
notbesubj ect
edto,r
egardl
essofwhethersubj
ect
ivehumili
ati
onisinvol
ved,suchassel l
ing
oneselftoslaver
y,orwhenast ateauthor
it
ydeli
berat
elyputsprisoner
si ninhumanl iv
ing
condit
ions.

Dehumani zat
ion
Theseareactst hatst
ri
paper sonoragr oupofthei
rhumancharacter
ist
ics.I
tmay
i
nvolvedescribi
ngortreati
ngthem [Link]
shas
occurredingenoci
dessuchast heHol
ocaustandi
nRwandawher et
heminor
it
ywer ecompar
ed
toinsects.

Rightagai nstExploitati
on
Ther ightagainstexpl oi
tat
ioni soneoft hemosti mpor t
antfundamentalri
ghtsgivenby
theconst ituti
on.
Theser ight saim atpr otecti
ngcitizensfrom beingsubjugatedtoenvironmental
,domesti
cand
workhazar ds.
Arti
cle23and24oft heI ndi
anConst i
tut
ionsafeguardwomenandchi ldrenandothersagainst
exploit
ationofv ar
iousf orms
Arti
cle23: Prohibit
ionoft raff
ici
nhumanbei ngsandf orcedlabour.
Arti
cle24: Prohibit
ionofempl oymentofchi l
dreninfactori
esetc.Nochildbelowtheageof14y rs
shallbeempl oy
edt owor kinanyf actororinanyotherhazardousempl oyment.

Ri
ghtt
oEducat i
on
 Ever yonehast herightt oeducati
[Link] i
onmustbef ree,atleastinelementaryand
fundament alst
[Link] ement ar
yeducat i
onshallbecompul sory.
 Techni calandpr ofessionaleducat
ionshal lbemadegener all
yav ai
lableandhigher
educat ionshallbeequal lyaccessi
bletoal l
onthebasisofmer i
t.
 Educat ionshallbedi r
ect edtoful
ldevelopmentofhumanper sonalityandt o
strengtheningofr espectf orhumanr i
ghtsandf undamental f
reedom.
 Par entshav eapr i
orrighttochooset hekindofeducationthatshall begiventothei
r
children.
[
Indi
anconst i
tuti
on,Art
icl
e21{A} ,
UDHRAr ticl
e26]

Cult
ural Ri
ghts
Thei nt
ernational cov enantonEconomi c,social,andcul tural
rightsi
sconsistof31ar t
icl
es
whichar edivi
dedi ntof ivepar [Link] swi tht herightsofpeopl estosel
f-determinati
on.
Thenther earesomear t
icleswhi char egi v
enbel owt hatdeal switheconomic,social,
cultural
ri
ghtsofcov enant sar eincl udedi npartIII.
[Link] ghttowor k.(Ar t
icle6) .
[Link] ghttoj ustandf av or
abl econdi tionsofwor k.(
Ar ti
cle7).
[Link] ghttof orm andj oint radeuni ons.( Arti
cle8) .
[Link] ghttosoci al secur it
y.( Arti
cle9) .
[Link] ghtrelatedt omot her hoodandchi ldhood, mar ri
ageandt hefamil
y.(Art
icle10).
[Link] ghttoadequat efood, clothi
ng, housi ngandst andardofl i
vingandfreedom from
hunger .(
Ar t
icle11) .
[Link] ghttophy sical andment alhealth.(Ar t
icle12).
[Link] ghttoeducat ioni ncludingapl anf orimpl ement ingcompul sorypri
mar yeducation.
(Arti
cle13) .

EconomicRight
s
Economicri
ghtsar
erefert
othoser
ight
sarerel
atedt
oeconomiccondi
ti
onofaHumani
n
thesoci
ety
.Economicneedsarer
ightt
owork,r
ightt
oeducat
ionet
c.

9
 RighttoWor k:-(
Article6(1) )
.
[Link] herightt owor k,tofreechoiceofempl oyment,tojustandf avor
able
conditi
onsofwor kandt opr otecti
onagai nstunemployment .
[Link] at
epar ti
estot hepr esentcov enantrecognizetheri
ghttowor k,whichincl
udesthe
ri
ghtofev er
y onetot heoppor t
unit
yt ogainhisli
vingbywor kwhichhef reelychoosesor
accepts,andwi l
ltakeappr opri
atest epstosafeguardthi
sright.
[
Indianconst i
tutionArti
cle41,UDHRAr ti
cle23(1)]

RighttoAdequateWages: -(
Arti
cle7(a)(i
)).
[Link],
withoutanydiscri
minati
on, hastherighttoequalpayforequalwork.
[Link] remunerati
onf orworkofequal valuewit
houtdist
inct
ionofany
ki
nd, i
nparti
cularwomenbei ngguaranteedcondi t
ionsofworknotinfer
iortothose
enjoyedbymen, wit
hequal payforequal work.
[
Indi
anConst it
utionArti
cle39(d),UDHRAr t
icl
e23(2)]

Ri
ghttoReasonableHoursofWor k:-(
Arti
cle7(b) )
.
1.I
nthisri
ghttheemployeehasthesaf eandHeal thyWorki
ngCondit
ion.
[Link] i
xmini
mum hour sofwor [Link]
ea)fi
xthenumberofhour
sof
worktoconsti
tut
ethenormali
ty.B)providewor kfor7daysaweek.
[
Indi
anConstituti
onArticl
e42] .

RighttoFairWorkingCondi ti
ons:
-(Ar t
icle7( d)).
[Link] i
ghttor estandleisure,includi
ngreasonabl
elimit
ati
onofWor
king
hoursandper i
odicholi
day swithpay .
[Link],lei
sur
eandr easonabl eli
mit
ationofwor kinghoursandperiodi
choli
day
swit
hpay,
aswel lasr
emuner ati
onf orpubli
chol idays.
[I
ndianConst i
tutionAr ti
cle42,UDHRAr ti
cle24]
.

Poli
ti
calRights
Thecov enantsonCi vi
l andPol iti
calrightsconsi stsof53ar ti
clesandi sdi
v i
dedint
osixpart
s.
Art
icl
e1r eferstot her i
ght sofpeopl et oself-det erminat [Link] ear esomear t
icl
esdealswit
h
thi
stheyaregi venbel [Link] e
1)Ther i
ghttol i
fe.(Article6)
2)Freedom f rom inhumanordegr adingt reat ment .(Ar t
icle7).
3)Freedom f rom slav ery ,
ser vi
tudeandf or cedl abour .(
Ar ti
cle8) .
4)Rightt oLibertyandsecur ity.(Arti
cle9) .
5)Rightofdet enuet obet reatedwi thhumani ty.(Ar t
icle10) .
6)Freedom f rom impr i
sonmentf orinabilityt ofulf
illacont r
act ualobli
gat
ion.(
Arti
cle11)
.
7)Freedom ofmov ementandt ochoosehi sresidence.( Arti
cle12) .
8)Freedom ofal i
ensf r
om ar bitr
aryexpul si on.(Article13) .
9)Rightt ofairtri
al.(Article14) .
10)
Non- retr
oact i
veappl i
cationofcr iminal law.( Article15) .
11)
Rightt orecogni t
ionasaper sonbef oret helaw.( Arti
cle16) .
12)
Rightt oprivacy,fami ly,homeorcor respondent .(Ar t
icle17) .
13)
Freedom oft hought ,consci enceandr el igion.(Ar ti
cle18) .
14)
Freedom ofopi nionandexpr ession.(Ar ticl
e19) .
15)
Prohi bi
ti
onofpr opagandaofwar s.(Article20) .
16)
Rightofpeacef ulassembl y.(Arti
cle21) .
17)
Freedom ofassoci ation.(Ar ti
cle22) .
18)
Rightt omar r
yandf oundaf amily.(Article23) .

10
 19)
Rightsofthechi
ld.(Arti
cle24).
20)
Righttotakepartintheconductofpubl
i
caf
fai
rs,
tov
oteandt
obeel
ect
.(Ar
ti
cle25)
.
21)
Equalit
ybefor
ethel aw.(Arti
cle26)
.
22)
Rightstominori
ties.(
Arti
cle27).

SocialRight s
Soci alri
ghtsguar anteedbyor di
narylegisl
ati
oni ncludethebenef it
sspecifi
edi nthe
socialsecur i
tylegisl
ati
oni mplement edbyKel [Link] i
tuti
onguar anteeseconomi c,social
andcul t
ur al(ESC)r i
ghts,suchast her i
ghttowor k,educati
on,indispensablesubsistenceand
care,socialsecurityandadequat esoci al
,heal
thandmedi calservi
ces,whi chtheauthoriti
esare
requir
ed t o guaranteeand pr omot [Link] otecti
on offered bysomeot herprovisionson
fundament alri
ghts,suchasequalt r eat
ment,equal i
ty,goodadmi nistrat
ionandduepr ocess,
extendsal sotoESCr i
ghts.

Outoft hehumanr ightst r

eatieswhi chhav ebeeni mpl i
mentednat ionall
yandwhi char e
bi
ndingonFi nland,theUN I nternati
onalCov enantonEconomi c,Soci alandCul turalRights
(I
CESCR)andt heEur opeanSoci alChar terspecifi
cal
lyguaranteeESCr i
ghts,suchast herightto
work,goodheal th,housingandsoci alsecurit
[Link] t
ion,theEuropeanConv enti
ononHuman
Rightsandt heUN I nter
nationalCov enantonCi vi
landPol i
ti
calRights( ICCPR)al soinclude
provi
sionswhichar ei mportantwithr egardtosoci alr
ights,suchaspr ovi
sionsondi scrimi
nat i
on
and fairtr
ial
.Ensur ing thatsoci alr ightsaref ulf
il
led ispr i
maril
yt her esponsibili
tyoft he
Parli
[Link] liamentshal lissuet henecessar ylegisl
ati
onf orthef ul
fi
lmentofsoci al
ri
ghts.

UNI
T3

RightsofWomen
Women'srightsaretheri
ghtsandent i
tl
ementsclaimedf orwomenandgi rl
swor l
dwide,
andf ormedthebasisf ort
hewomen' srightsmov ementint henineteent
hcent ur
yandf eminist
mov ementduringt he20thcent ur
[Link] ri
es,theser i
ghtsar einsti
tut
ional
izedor
suppor t
ed by l
aw,l ocalcust
om,and behav i
or,whereas in otherst hey areignored and
[Link] f
ferfr
om broadernot i
onsofhumanr ightsthroughcl ai
msofani nherent
hi
storicalandt
radit
ionalbi
asagainsttheexerciseofri
ghtsbywomenandgi r
ls,i
nfavorofmen
andboy s.

I
ssuescommonl yassociat
edwi thnot i
onsofwomen' srightsincl
ude,thougharenot
l
imit
edto,t
heright
:tobodi
lyint
egri
tyandaut onomy;t
obef reefr
om sexualviol
ence;t
ovote;
to
hol
dpubli
coffi
ce;t
oenterint
olegalcontr
acts;tohaveequalri
ghtsinfamil
ylaw;towork;
tofair
wagesorequalpay;
tohaverepr
oductiv
erights;toownpropert
y;t
oeducat i
on.

Femal eFeti
cide
Thepat r
iar
chal
socialst
ruct
ureinIndiaandt
hesociet
y’spref
erencetowardsamalechi
ld
i
st hemaj orr
easonbehindfemalefoeti
[Link]
ryf
orwardthegenerati
on,famil
iesi
ngener
al
preferthebir
thofsonsov erdaughter
[Link] echi
ldisalsorequir
edbyt heHindufami
lyto

11
perf
ormthelastr
it
esoffatheri
ntheabsenceofwhi
ch,i
tisbel
i
evedt
hatt
hef
atherwoul
dnot
att
ainsal
vat
ionaf
terdeat
h.

Femal eFeti
cideandSel ecti
veAbor t
ion
Femalef eti
cidetakesplacewhenaf oetusisabor t
edaf teritisdet ermi
nedt obef emal e.
Undert hi
sil
legalpr act
ice,t
hesexoft heunbor nchildisdeterminedbyusi ngthet echni
queof
ul
trasoundandi fi
thappenst obeaf emalefoetus,itisabortedt hroughmedi cineorsur [Link]
i
soneoft hemostr ampantsocialev i
lsinthecount ry.I
tisr oot edint hepatriar
chalmi ndset
whereboy sar epr efer
redov ergir
lsforv ar
iousirrati
onalreasons,notonl yinruralbutur ban
[Link] et orai
seawar enesslevel
sagai nsttheregressiv epracticeoffemal efeti
cide,
enforcelawsf armor estri
ngentl
yandpr ovi
demuchmor eincentiv estot hehousehol dsforthe
bi
rthofagi r
lchild.

Menaceofdowr y
Inmostt r
adi t
ional
,conserv
ati
vefamili
es,agirlchil
di smor eorlessconsi
deredal i
abil
it
y
orabur den,duet ot hefr
equentdemandsofhugesum i nthef orm ofdowryatthet i
meofher
marri
[Link] heot herhand,iti
sseent hatthefatheroft hemal echildbargai
nsv eryhardto
maximizet hebenef i
tsofmar r
iageforhi
[Link] hepar entshavetofacesimi l
arordeal
s
i
nget t
ingtheirkidseducat edandsettl
edintheirli
ves,whet hertheyareboysorgirls,however,
themi ndsetinclinedt owardsthebabyboyr efusest ogo,gi vi
ngwayt okil
li
ngoff emale
foet
uses.

Sexdeterminati
ont est
sputtowronguse
Withtheprogressofsci
enceandtechnol
ogy,i
tisquit
eeasytof i
ndoutthegenderoft he
foet
[Link] ortunatel
y,some unscrupul
ous medicalpr acti
ti
oner
s are also f ound t
o be
i
ncreasingl
yi nvolv
ed intheil
legalt
radeofcar r
ying outsex-det
erminat
ion testsand lat
er
complyingwi t
ht hewishesoftheparentsforaborti
onoft hefoet
us,ifitisfoundoutt obe
female.

FemaleInfanti
cide
Femal einfant
icideisthedel i
ber
ateki
lli
ngofnewbor nfemalechil
dren.I
ncount
ri
eswi t
ha
hi
stor
yoff emaleinfanti
cide,themoder npracti
ceofsex-select
iveabort
ionisof
tendiscussed
asacl oselyrel
atedi [Link] einf
anti
cideisamaj orcauseofconcer ninsever
alnations
suchasChi na,Indi
aandPaki stan.I
thasbeenar guedthatthe"l
owst at
us"inwhi
chwomenar e
vi
ewedi npatri
archalsocieti
escr eat
esabiasagainstfemales.

I
n1978,ant hr
opol ogistLai l
aWi l
li
amson,inasummar yofdat ashehadcol latedonhow
widespreadi nf
antici
dewasamongbot ht r
ibalanddev el
oped,or" civ
ili
zed"nat i
ons,f oundt hat
i
nfanti
cidehadoccur r
edonev erycont i
nentandwascar ri
edoutbygr oupsr angingfrom hunt er
gather
erst ohighlydev elopedsoci eti
esandt hatratherthanthispracticebei nganexcept i
on,it
hasbeencommonpl [Link] acti
cehasbeenwel l
document edamongt heindigenouspeopl es
ofAustr al
ia,NorthernAl askaandSout hAsi a,andBar baraMi l
lerar guest hepr acticetobe
"al
mostuni ver
sal"
,ev eni nt heWest .Mill
ercontendst hatinr egionswher ewomenar enot
employedi nagr i
cult
ureandr egionsinwhi chdowr i
esar ethenor mt henf emal einfantici
dei s
commonpl ace,andin1871i nTheDescentofMan,andSel ecti
oni nRel at
iont oSex,Char les
Darwinwr otethatthepr acti
cewascommonpl aceamongt heabor i
ginal t
ri
besofAust rali
a.

I
n1990, Amar t
yaSenwr i
ti
ngi ntheNewYor kRevi
ewofBooksest imat
edthatther
ewer e
100mi ll
ionf ewerwomeni nAsiat hanwoul dbeexpected,andthatt hi
samountof" missi
ng"
women" tell
[s]us,qui etl
y,at err
iblest or
yofi nequal
i
tyandnegl ectleadi
ngtot heexcess
mortali
tyofwomen. "I ni
ti
all
ySen' ssuggest i
on ofgenderbiaswascont est
ed and itwas
suggestedt hathepatit
isBwast hecauseoft healter
ati
oninthenaturalsexr
ati
[Link] eri
tis
nowwi delyaccept edthatt henumer icalworl
dwidedefi
citi
nwomen,i sduetogenderspecif
ic
abort
ions,infanti
cideandnegl ect.

12
 I
nsev ent h-
cent
uryAr abi
a,befor
eIslami
cculturebecameestabli
shed,f
emaleinf
anti
cide
waswidelypr acti
[Link] sattr
ibutedbyscholarstot hefactthatwomenwer edeemed
"
proper
ty"withi
nt hosesocieti
[Link]
atedthattopr
eventthei
rdaught
ersfr
om a
l
if
eofmi ser
y,t hemot her
swoul dkillt
hechil
[Link]
valofI
slamicrul
ethepract
icewas
madeil
legal
.

Physi
cal AssaultandSexual Harassment
Everysecondgi r
linthewor ldhastofacesuchsi t
uati
onsdail
[Link] hedi
ff
iculti
esi n
understandingsexualharassmentisthatiti
nvolvesarangeofbehavi
or,andisoft
endiff
icultfor
therecipienttodescr i
bet ot hemselv
es,andt oot her
s,exactl
ywhatt heyareexperiencing.
Moreov er,behavi
orandmot ivesvarybetweenindiv
idual
harasser
s.

Ef
fectsofsexualharassmentcanv ar
ydependingont heindivi
dual,andt hesev er
ityand
durat
ionoft hehar [Link]
en,sexualharassmenti ncident
sf allint
ot hecat egoryoft he
“merelyannoying.”However,manysituat
ionscan,anddo,hav elif
e-alt
eri
ngef fectspar t
icularly
whent heyinv ol
vesev er
e/chr
onicabuses,and/ orretal
i
ationagai nstav i
cti
m whodoesnot
submittothehar assment,orwhocompl ainsaboutitopenly .I
ndeed,psy chologist
sandsoci al
workersreportthatsever
e/chr
onicsexualharassmentcanhav ethesamepsy chologicaleffects
asrapeorsexual assault
.

Sexualharassmenti
sil
l
egal
.Ifagirli
sbei
ngharassedthensheneednottobeaf
rai
dbut
tr
ytofightagai
nstitandgett
heharasserpuni
shed.I
fsheisbeingsexual
l
yharassedt
henshe
shoul
dt el
lsomeonewhocouldhel
[Link]
oll
owingst
eps:

Compl ai
ntt heAuthori
ty:
 Fil
eawr it
tenorverbalcompl ai
nttot hehi
ghestauthor
it
ylike
theprinci
pal
,t eacher,manager,bossory ourparentsspeci fy
ing thewholesituati
on with
accur
atetimeanddat e.I
fpossi
ble,
showt heproof
s,l
ikealetteroranysl i
p.
Fil
eaCompl ai
ntWi t
haGov ernmentAgency :InI
ndiatherear enotmanyl awsregardi
ngthe
[Link] oundgui lt
ycanbepuni shedundersecti
on294andsec509ofI [Link]
y,in
2006,SexualHar assmentofWomenatWor kpl
ace(Prevent
ion,Pr ohi
biti
onandRedressal
)Bi l
l
,
2006hasbeenpassed.

Accordi
ngtoIndi
a’
sconsti
tuti
on,sexualharassmenti
nfr
ingest
hefundament
alri
ghtofa
womantogenderequal
it
yunderArti
cle14oft heConstit
uti
onofIndi
aandherri
ghttoli
feand
l
iv
ewit
hdignit
yunderAr
ticl
e21oftheConstitut
ion.

Evenaft
ersomanyef for
tsoftheGover
nmentofI ndiathecasesforsexualharassment
have seen no decl i
[Link] people who ar
e assi
gned f orourhelp,thatist he copsand
Gov ernmentempl oy
ees,are now themsel
vesare seen ashar asser
si n [Link]
provisionscontai
nsev er
alloophol
eswhichcanbeexpl oi
tedeasi
lybytheharasserinhisfavor.
Clearlytheprovi
sionsandlawsneedt obemorecompr ehensi
vetoprovi
deameansofj usti
ceto
thosewhohav ebeenv ict
imsandameansofpr otecti
onf orthosewhocoul dbepot ent
ial
vict
ims.

Domest i
cViol
ence
TheProtect
ionofWomenf r
om Domest i
cViolenceAct2005i sanActoft hePar li
ament
ofIndiaenactedtopr ot
ectwomenf rom domest i
cv i
[Link] oughtintof orcebyt he
Indi
angov er
nmentf rom 26Oct [Link] ovi
desf orthef ir
stt imeinI ndianlaw a
defi
nit
ionof"domesticviol
ence",wit
hthisdefi
nit
ionbeingbr oadandi ncludingnotonl yphy si
cal
viol
ence,butalsoot herformsofv i
olencesuchasemot i
onal/v
erbal,sexual ,andeconomi c
[Link]
saci v
ill
awmeantpr imaril
yforprot
ecti
onor dersandnotmeantt openalizecr i
minall
y.
Theactdoesnotext endt oJammuandKashmi r
,whichhasi t
sownl aws, andwhi chenact edin
2010theJammuandKashmi rProtecti
onofWomenf rom Domest i
cVi olenceAct ,
2010.

13
Viol
enceatWor kPlace
Recently,mattersofwor kplaceharassmenthav egainedi nterestamongpr acti
tioners
andr esearchersasi tisbecomi ngoneoft hemostsensi ti
v ear easofef fecti
v ewor kplace
management .I n Asian countri
es,i t at
tracted lots of attention from r esearchers and
government ssincethe1980s,becauseasi gnif i
cantsourceofwor kstressisassoci atedwi th
aggressiv
ebehav i
orsatwor kpl
[Link] l
dcount ri
esaref arbehi ndAsi ancount ri
esi nthat
ther
ear elimitedef f
ortst oinv
esti
gatet hequest ionsonwor kpl acehar assment .Itisalmost
unseenandt heexecut i
veleaders(manager s)ar ealmostrel
uct antorunconsci ousabouti tin
the thi
rd wor l
d count r
[Link] ionalheal t
h and saf et ylaws ar ound t he wor ld,
workplace harassmentand wor kplace bullyi
ng ar eident
if
ied as bei ng cor e psychosoci al
hazards.

Remedi alMeasures
Recommendat i
onsf orCombatingVi
olenceAgainstWomen
Mental i
ll
ness
Psychi
at r
icil
lnessshouldbei dent
if
iedandt reat
edpr [Link]
ient
swi t
hacti
v esymptoms
shouldbekepti napr otectedenvir
onmentt il
lsubstanti
[Link]
pati
entsmayneedl i
fe-
longpr ot
ect
ione.g.t
hosesuf feri
ngf r
om mentalret
ardat
ionorchroni
c
schi
zophr eni
a.

Womenwi t
hsev erement ali ll
nessneed speci alat tenti
[Link] icawar enessneedst o be
createdwi threspectt ot hef ollowi ng:
 Womenneedpr otect i
onbutt hosewi thment al i
llnessneedmor ecar eandpr ot
ection.
 Ther eal probl em isnotment alil
lness, butt henegat i
veat t
itudet owar di t.
 Manymedi cal i
ll
nessescr eat emor epr oblemsi nmar ri
age, thanment al i
ll
nesses.
 Ther eshoul dnodoubl est andar d?I fawomancancont i
nuet hemar ri
ageaf terher
husbanddev elopsament al il
lness, socant [Link] mi l
arly,
peopl eshoul dbemade
tounder standt hati fiti sr ightt omar ryasonordaught erwi t
hment alil
lness,thent he
reversei sal sot [Link] erin-lawwi thment al i
ll
nessshoul dalsobeaccept ed.
 Goodf ami l
ysuppor tgr eat l
yi mpr ov esthepr ognosi s.
 Manywomenwi thment ali l
lnesspr ovet obebet termar riagepar tner sanddaught er-i
n-
l
awst hant hosewi thoutment ali
llness.
 I ft hehusband' sf ami lyaccept st hewomanwi t
hment ali l
lness,t hesoci et
ywi l
lal so
foll
ow
 Womanwi thment alil
lnessshoul dbeaccept edwi thherill
ness.
 Vi olencei snott hesol ut [Link] alil
lnessi nthev i
cti
m( [Link] ession)orper pet r
ator
([Link] ism orschi zophr enia)shoul dbepr ompt lytr
eat ed.
Restrictiononuseofal cohol
Ther eshoul dbepr ohibitionofal coholusei nmassgat heringsi ni nstituti
ons,publ i
c
placesl iket r
ai [Link] coholout l
etsshoul dbedecr [Link] or
purchasi ng al coholmaybe r ai sed t o 30 y [Link] alchecks on f estive occasi ons ar e
recommendedwi tht hehel pofbr eat hanal [Link] oluntarytreatmentofper sonswi thal cohol
dependenceshoul dbecar ri
edout .

Controlonmedia
Sexualmater
ialshoul
[Link] hemes,whi
chcondemnviol
enceandgl
ori
fy
rehabil
i
tati
on ofthe vict
im,should be pr
oject
[Link] on por
nographyshoul
d be st
ri
ctl
y
i
mpl [Link]
tesmaybebl ocked.

Marri
ages
Mar ri
ageofboy
sandgirl
sshoul
dpref
erabl
ybeinear
ly20s,assoonasf
easi
ble,sot
hat
sexualneedscoul
dbesat
isf
iedi
nasocial
l
yappropr
iat
emanner.

14
St
rengt
heningthei
nsti
tut
ionofmar
ri
age
Str
ong marit
albond woul
d actasa det
err
ent
.The“
Shi
v-Par
vat
i”modelshoul
d be
pr
omotedf orHi
ndus.

Lawenforcement
Eff
icientand account
ablelaw enfor
cementmachi
ner
yatal
llev
els(
admi
nist
rat
ion,
gover
nment ,pol
i
ceandjudici
ary
)isneeded.

Legislati
on-Changei nmindsetofthej
udiciary
Thisistheneedoft heday .I
ndir
aJai si
ng,Addit
ionalSoli
cit
orGeneralofIndia,aptly
stat
ed“ I
t'
stimef orIndi
a'
scourt
st ogazei nwardandt hrow outdeeplyembeddedpat ri
archal
noti
onst hatstopjudgmentsfr
om beingf [Link] sm withi
nt hesystem hastogo
beforei tdoesmor edamageint hecountr
y .”
[44]AHighCour tjudgeinOr i
ssainhisjudgment
oncef amouslyheld“ I
twasnotpossiblef oraman,act ingalone,tor apeawomani ngood
health.”[
44]

Amendment sinexist
inglegi
slat
ions
TheHinduMar ri
ageAct( 1955)
:[
45]Mentali
l
lnessmayber emovedf
rom condit
ionsof
Hindumar r
[Link]
ngaboutpastil
lnessofmentali
l
lnessshoul
dnotbeagr oundfor
null
it
yofmar ri
age.

PWDVA, 2005andDPA, 1961:Assessmentforment

ali l
lnessmaybeincor
por
atedi
nthe
codecivi
lproceduresot hatthement alil
l
nessisident
if
iedi nt hevi
cti
m( woman)and/
or
perpet
rat
or(
mal erel
ati
ve)andpromptl
ytreat
[Link]
swayviolencecanbeprevent
ed.

Newl egisl
ati
ons
New legislat
ionisneededt oprovideforgrant
ing“I
nteri
m Reli
ef”(
Abi gsum ofmoney
thatispaidbyt heper petr
ator
)toav i
cti
m ofsev er
esexualassaul
[Link] i
li
zed
forrehabil
it
ationoft hevict
[Link]
lit
ationofthevi
cti
msofbr ut
alsexualassaul
tsshoul
dbe
theState'sresponsibil
it
[Link]
slat
ionshouldprovi
deforenhancedpunishmentforviol
ence
perpetr
atedagai nstwomenwi thmentalil
lness.

Appropri
ateappl
icat
ionoflawsi nthesetti
ngofment alil
l
ness
Thi
sisoftenv er
ydifficul
t,never
thelessver
yi mportant
.Judi
ciaryhandl
i
ngsuchcases
shoulddesir
abl
yhavebot hlegal(LLB)aswel lasmedical(
MDPsy chi
atry
/DPM)qual
i
ficat
ions.

Codeofconduct
Codeofconductatwor kplace,schoolandhome,wit
hrespectt
oint
eract
ionwi
th
per
sonsofopposit
esexshoul
dbeoutli
nedandimplement
ed.

Gendersensi
ti
zat
ion
Gendersensi
ti
zat
ionbyparent
sandt
eacher
sisneededr
egar
dingt
hesensi
ti
vi
ti
esand
boundar
iesofman-womanrel
ati
onshi
ps.

Educat
ionandempl
oyment
Improv
ementi
nqual
it
yofeducat
ionandempl
oymentoppor
tuni
ti
esf
ory
out
h.

Recr
eati
onandtal
ent
Recr
eat
ionalav
enuesandoppor
tuni
ti
esf
ort
alentdev
elopmenti
nyoungpeopl
e.

Moralandrel
i
giousv
alues
Parent
sandteacher
sshoul
dst
ri
vet
oinf
usegoodmor
alandr
eli
giousv
aluesi
nchi
l
dren
andserveasrol
emodels.

15
Populati
oncontrol
Last
,butnottheleast
,Ifwear
esi
ncer
ewewi
l
lgett
her
esul
[Link]
lsay“
No”t
o
vi
olenceagainstwomen.

Chil
dr ens’Rights
Chil
dren'sr i
ght sarethehumanr i
ghtsofchi l
drenwi t
hpar ti
cularat tentiontother i
ght sof
speci alprotecti
onandcar eaf fordedt omi nors.[1]The1989Conv entionont heRight soft he
Chil
d( CRC)def i
nesachi l
das" anyhumanbei ngbel owt heageofei ght eeny ear
s,unl essunder
thel aw appl i
cablet ot hechi l
d,maj orit
yisat t
ainedear l
ier.
"[2]Chi ldren'sr ightsincludest heir
ri
ghtt oassociationwi t
hbot hpar ent s,humani dent it
yaswel last hebasi cneedsf orphy sical
protect i
on,food,uni versalstate-paideducat i
on,heal thcare,andcr i
mi nall awsappr opri
atef or
theageanddev elopmentoft hechi l
d,equalpr ot ecti
onoft hechi ld'sci vi
lr i
ghts,andf r
eedom
from di scr
iminationont hebasi soft hechil
d'srace,gender ,sexualor i
ent ation,genderi dent it
y,
nati
onalor i
gin,religion,disabil
ity,col or,et
hnicity,orot herchar acteristics.I nt
erpretati
onsof
chil
dr en'srightsr angef r
om al l
owi ng chil
dren t hecapaci tyf oraut onomousact ion tot he
enfor cementofchi ldrenbei ngphy sicall
y,ment allyandemot i
onallyf reef rom abuse,t hough
whatconst i
tutes" abuse"i samat terofdebat [Link] herdefi
nitionsi ncludet her i
ghtstocar eand
nurtur i
ng.

Uni
v ersall
ychi l
dright
sar edef i
nedbyt heUni t
edNationsandUni tedNat ionsConv enti
on
ont heRi ghtsoft heChi ld(UNCRC) .According tot heUNCRC Chi l
d Rightsar emi nimum
enti
tl
ement s and f reedoms thatshoul d be af f
orded to al
lper sons below t he age of18
regardl
essofr ace,colour,gender,language,reli
gion,opi
nions,origins,weal t
h,bi r
thst atusor
abil
it
yandt herefor
eappl ytoallpeopl [Link] indst heserightsi nterdependent
andindivi
sible,meani ngthatarightcannotbef ulfi
ll
edattheexpenseofanot herright.

ThepurposeoftheUNCRCi stooutl
inethebasichumanri
ghtst
hatshouldbeaff
ordedto
chi
[Link]
fi
cati
onsoft heseri
ght
[Link]
iescoveral
l
ci
vi
l,poli
ti
cal,
social
,economicandcult
uralri
ghtsofever
ychil
d.

RighttoSur vival:Achi
ld'
srighttosurvi
valbeginsbef
oreachil
di sbor
[Link]
Gover
nmentofI ndia,achildl
ifebeginsaft
ertwentyweeksofconcepti
[Link]
sur
viv
ali sinclusiv
eoft hechi
l
dr i
ghtstobebor n,r
ighttomini
mum standar
dsoffood,shelt
er
andclothing,andther ightt
oli
vewithdigni
ty.

Rightt
oPr ot
ecti
on:Achi
ldhast
her
ightt
obepr
otect
edf
rom negl
ect
,expl
oit
ati
onand
abuseathome,andelsewher
e.

Ri
ghttoPartici
pat
ion:A chil
dhasar ighttoparti
cipat
einanydeci si
onmakingthat
i
nvol
veshim/herdi
rect
lyorindi
rect
[Link]
ear
ev ar
yingdegreesofpar
ti
cipat
ionaspertheage
andmatur
it
yofthechil
d.

RighttoDev el
opment :Chi
ldr
enhavet her
ighttoallf
ormsofdev el
opment :Emoti
onal
,
MentalandPhy si
[Link]
opmentisful
fi
ll
edbypropercareandl oveofasupport
syst
em, mentaldev
elopmentt hr
ougheducat
ionandlearni
ngandphysi
caldevelopmentt
hrough
recr
eati
on,pl
ayandnut r
it
ion.

RoleofUNConv enti
ononChi l
dren’s’Ri
ghts
Overhistorytherehav ebeenanumberofi nt
ernati
onalt reati
esanddocument st hat
outl
inetheri
ghtsofachi [Link] ldWarI It
heLeagueofNat i
onshadadopt edtheGenev a
Declarat
ionoft heRi ght
soft heChi l
di [Link] tedNat ions( UN)tookitsf i
rstst ep
towardsdecl
ar i
ngthei mportanceofchi ldri
ghtsbyestabl
ishi
ngt heUni t
edNationsInt
ernational
Chil
dren'
sEmer gencyFundi n1946( Thenamewasshor tenedtoUni t
edNati
onsChi l
dren'sFund
i
n1953,butkeptt hepopul aracr onym UNI CEF).Twoy ear
sl atert heUN GeneralAssembl y

16
adopted t
heUniver
salDeclar
ati
on ofHuman Ri
ght
s,maki
ng i
tthef
ir
stUN documentt
o
recogni
sechi
l
dren'
sneedforprot
ect
ion.

Thef i
rstUN documentspeci allyfocusedonchi ldri
ghtswast heDeclarati
onont he
RightsoftheChi l
d,butinsteadofbei ngal egall
ybindingdocumenti twasmor eli
keamor al
guideofconductf [Link] i
l1989t hattheglobalcommuni t
yadopt edthe
UnitedNationsConv enti
onont heRight soft heChild,makingitt hefi
rstint
ernati
onallegally
bindingdocumentconcer ningchil
dr [Link] entionconsistsof54ar t
icl
escov eringall
fourmajorcategoriesofchildr
ights:Righttolife,
Righttodevelopment,Rightt
opr ot
ection,and
Righttoparti
cipat
ion.I
tcamei ntoforceont he2ndSept ember1990.

Thei niti
ati
vetocr eateabodyofr ightsforchildr
encamef rom t hedr aftdocument
submi ttedbyt heGov ernmentofPol andtotheCommi ssiononhumanr [Link]
wasspentdr afti
ngtheConv enti
onbyanal li
anceofanumberofsmal lNGOsi ncl
udi ngRadda
Bar nen of Sweden,t he I nternati
onalChi ld Catholi
c Bureau,and Def ence forChi l
dren
International,andUni tedNat i
onshumanr [Link] entionhasbeenr at
if
ied
by192count r
iesbecomi ngt hemostr at
if
iedofal li
nternat
ionalHumanRi ghtstreaties.I
ndia
signedandr ati
fi
edtheconv [Link] ytwocount ri
eswhohav enotr atif
iedthe
treatyar et heUni t
edSt atesandSomal i
[Link] iahasbeenunabl etoratifyduet ot helackofa
stablegov ernmentandt heUShassi gnedthet r
eatyshowingtheiri
ntent
iont or at
ify
.

Foll
owi
ngisanov erviewoftheconventi
on.
Preamble:Recognisesmanyoft hepr i
nci
plesoutl
i
nesi ntheDecl
arat
ionontheRi
ghtsof
theChi
ldsuchasf amilyasthebestenv i
ronmentf orachil
dt ogrow,t
hei mpor
tanceofchi
ld
prot
ect
ion,besti
nterestofthechi
l
d,recognisi
ngchildpart
ici
pati
on,et
c.

Arti
cle1:Accor
dingtotheconv
enti
onachil
disanyper
sonhowhasnotreachedt
heage
ofei
ghteenunlessadif
fer
entageofmatur
ityi
sspeci
fi
edi
nanycount
ry'
slaw.

Art
icl
e2:Itisthedut yoft hestat
e(eachcount ry)toupholdthear t
icl
esint heconventi
on
andappl yittoallchil
dr enregardl
essoft hechi l
d'
sort hefamily'
srace,colour,sex,language,
rel
igi
on,polit
icalorot heropinion,nati
onal,ethni
corsoci alor
igin,propert
y,disabil
i
ty,bir
thor
otherstat
[Link] ateshouldpr otectt
hechildagainstal
lformsofdi scr
iminat
ion.

Art
icle3:thestatewi
llal
way sacti
nthebestinter
estoft
hechil
dwhil
etaki
nginto
consi
der
ationtheright
sanddutiesoftheguar
[Link]
eshal
lensur
eal
linst
it
uti
ons
gover
nmentornotadheretot
hisdict
um.

Arti
cle4:Thestat
emustmakelaws,i
mplementpoli
ciesandprogr
ammesandunder
take
ot
hermeasurestounsur
ether
ight
ssetouti
ntheconvent
ionareful
fi
ll
ed.

Ar
ti
cle5:Thest
atewi
llkeepinmindtheri
ght
softheguar
diansoft
hechi
l
doranyot
her
f
ami
l
ymemberorcommuni t
yasi naccor
dancewi
thl
ocal
customs

Art
icl
e6:Statesr
ecogniset
hatev
erychi
ldhast
hei
nher
entr
ightt
oli
fe,
andmustwor
kto
ensur
ethesurv
ivalanddevel
opmentoft
hechil
d.

Arti
cle7:Ever
ychi
ldhast heri
ghtt
oaname,bi r
thregi
str
ationandnati
onal
i
[Link]
aras
possi
bleeverychi
ldhast
herighttoknowandbecaredforbyhis/herpar
ent
[Link]
eshoul
d
makelawsandpr ovi
si
onsespecial
lyf
orst
atel
esschi
ldr
en.

Ar
ti
cle8:Achi
l
dhast her
ightt
opreser
vehi
s/heri
dent
it
yincl
udi
ngnat
ional
i
ty,
nameand
f
ami
l
yrel
ati
onswit
houtunl
awfuli
nter
fer
ence.

17
 Ar t
icle9:Everychil
dhast her i
ghtnottobesepar atedfrom t
heirparent
sagai nsthi
s/her
willunlessi ti
sinhis/herbesti
[Link] ati
onshallbeat t
endedby
allinv
olvedpar ti
esincludi
[Link] i
ghttomaintaincontactwithhi
s/her
parentasl ongasi t
'snotagainsthis/herbestinterest
.I fthestat
eist hecauseofsepar at
ion
thanthepar ent
s,chil
doranyot herfamil
ymemberhast her i
ghttoknowt hewher eaboutsofthe
absentmember .

Arti
cle10:Everychil
dandf ami
lyhastheri
ghttoenterorleaveastateatanytimethey
wishaslongasi ti
sinaccordancewit
hthelawsofeachstate.I
fachi l
disinthedi
ff
erentstat
e
astheparentsthechil
dhast heri
ghtt
omai nt
aincont
actwithhi
s/ herpar
entaslongasit'
snot
agai
nsthis/
herbestinter
est

Ar
ti
cle11:
Thest
ateshal
lcombatchi
l
dtr
aff
icki
ng.

Arti
cle12:Thest ateshallensurethechild'
srightt
oform andexpressvi
ewswi t
hr egar
d
tothingsthataffecthim/ herinaccordancewiththemat ur
it
yandageoft hechil
[Link] l
dshall
henceweal l
owed to behear dinanyj udi
cialproceedi
ng concer
ning thechi
ld di
rectl
yor
i
ndirectl
ythroughar epresentati
ve

Art
icl
e13:Chil
drenhavear
ightt
ofreeexpr
essi
onandthisi
ncl
udesrightt
oinfor
mation
andi
deasofallki
[Link]
sisonlyr
est
ri
ctedbyt
hev i
olat
ionofot
hersri
ghts
orat
hreattonati
onal
securi
ty.

Ar
ticl
e14:Everychi
ldhastheri
ghttofreedom oft
hought,conscienceandrel
i
[Link]
statemustrespectt
heparent
s'ri
ghtt
oguidethechil
dinthi
[Link] tomanif
estones
rel
igioni
sonlyrest
ri
ctedi
ftheacti
sharmfult
oot her
s.

Art
icl
e15:Ever
ychildhastheri
ghttof
reedom ofassoci
ati
onandpeacef
ulassembl
y
unl
esstheacti
sil
l
egalorharmf
ult
oothers.

Art
icl
e16:Childr
enhavet
her
ightt
opr
ivacyandt
her
ightt
obepr
otect
edbyl
awagai
nst
suchi
nter
ferenceofatt
acks

Arti
cle17:Thest at
eshal
lensuret
hatachi ldhasaccesstonati
onalandint
ernat
ional
i
nformat i
ont hati
sai medatthechil
d'[Link]
mediat oproduceprogrammesthatar
einf
ormationalf
orchi
ldr
enandencouraget
heproducti
on
ofchi
ldren'sbooksandmagazines.

Ar
ti
cle18:Thestateshal
lensur
et herecogniti
onofresponsi
bil
i
tyofbothparent
stocare
forachil
daslongasi ti
sinher/hi
[Link]
eshallgi
veappropr
iat
eguidanceand
assi
stancetoparentstoupholdtherightsoft [Link]
ldr
enofwor ki
ngparentshavethe
ri
ghttoaccesschil
d-car
eservi
ces.

Arti
cle19:Thestateshallt
akealltypesofact
ionstoprotectthechil
dfr
om anyform of
abuse,expl
oit
ati
onornegl ect
.Thest at
eshal lcr
eat
esy st
em t oensurethechil
drecei
vesall
neededsupporti
nform ofprevent
ion,
protecti
onandrehabi
l
itat
ion.

Arti
cle20:Chi
ldrenhavet heri
ghttopr ot
ecti
onbyt hest
atewhentheyt emporari
lyor
permanentlydepri
vedoft hei
rfamilyenvir
onmentori ft heenvir
onmenthaspr ov ento be
[Link] at
eshallfi
ndalter
natecareforthechil
dsuchasfostercare,adopti
on
orkafalahofIsl
[Link]
al,l
i
nguist
icandreli
giousbackgr
oundofthechil
dshoul dbe
conti
nuedasf araspossibl
e.

Ar
ti
cle21:Al
lst
atesshal
lper
mitandr
ecogni
set
hepr
ocessofadopt
[Link]
ionwi
l
lbe

18
carri
edoutonl ybyacompet entaut
horit
ywhowi llsuret headoptionispermissi
[Link]
-
countryadopti
onwi l
lbeper
mittedasanalterf
orm ofcareonlyifthatcarecannotbeprov i
ded
forinthechil
d'
sowncount r
[Link]
emustensuret hatint
er-
countryadopti
ondoesnotr esul
t
i
nf i
nancialgai
n,and thatboth nat
ionaland i
nternati
onaladoption i
s heldtot he same
safeguardsandstandar
ds.

Art
icl
e22:Chi l
drenseeki ngrefugeestatusandrecogni
sedasr efugeswit
horwithout
thei
rparentsshallbegr antedsuchast atusbythestat
eandhav et
hesamer i
ght
sasal
lchi
ldren
i
naccor dancewi t
ht hi
sconv ent
ionandanyot herhumanr i
ghtstr
[Link]
eshal
lwit
ht he
assist
anceofot herinternati
onalbodiest r
yandr euni
tet
hechildwit
hhi sfamil
yorpr
ovi
det he
chil
dwi t
htheappr opri
atecar e.

Arti
cle23:Statesr ecogni
sethatchi
ldrenwi
thdisabi li
ti
es(mentalorphy sical
)hav et
he
ri
ghttoal i
fewithdignit
yandal lot
herri
ghtsofthi
sconv ent i
[Link] at
eal sorecognisest
he
needtopr ovi
dechildrenwi t
hdisabi
li
ti
eswi t
hspecialcare,f amil
yassistance,fr
eeeducat i
on,
heal
th,tr
aini
ng,etcinaccor dancewiththefamil
y'
sf i
nanci alsit
uati
onandai mf orthechil
d's
soci
alint
egrat
[Link] eshal
lal
sotakemeasuretoprev entthedisabil
i
tiesinchil
dren.

Art
icl
e24:Ev erychil
dhast herighttoaccesshealthservi
cesandat t
ainthehighest
degreeofheal [Link] hestat
eshal lreducetheinf
antmortali
tyrate,ensuremedical
assist
ance,provideprenatalandpostnat alcareofmothersandchil
d,combatdi seasesand
malnutri
ti
on,cr eate awareness ofcorrectheal t
h pr
acti
ses,and developmentpr event
ive
measur etopr otectchil
drenfrom possibl
er i
[Link]
lalsoabol i
shalltradi
ti
onal
practi
sesdetri
ment alt
oachi l
d'sheal
th.

Ar
ti
cle25:
All
treat
ment
sadmi
nist
eredt
ochi
l
drenar
esubj
ectt
oper
iodi
crev
iew.

Ar
ti
cle26:Ever
ychil
dhastheri
ghtt
osoci
alsecur
it
yandsoci
ali
nsur
[Link]
it
sunder
st
atel
awsshouldtakeint
oaccountt
heeconomi
candsocial
needsoft
hefamil
ies.

Art
icl
e 27:Ev er
y chi
ld has the ri
ghtto a st andar
d ofl ivi
ng requir
ed forhis/
her
[Link]
shavethedutytoensurethisstandardtothebestoftheirabil
it
[Link]
ate
shallassi
stparentsorothersresponsibl
eforthechi l
dwhor equir
ethehel p,andsecurethe
maintenanceofthechil
dfrom t
hosefinanci
all
yresponsibl
ewithinthestat
eorabr oad.

Arti
cle28:Al
lchil
drenhavetherighttoeducat
[Link] at
eshallendeavourtoprov
ide
fr
eeprimaryeducati
on,encour
agediff
erentfor
msofsecondar yeducat
ion,makehigherfor
ms
ofeducati
onaccessi
ble,makevocati
onalinf
ormati
onav ai
l
ableandencour ageschoolret
ent
ion
andpreventdr
[Link]
sci
pli
neshouldnotbeinv i
olat
ionofchil
dr i
ght
s.

Art
icl
e29:Chil
deducati
onshoul dbegear edtowardsthecompletedevelopmentoft he
chil
d,i
naccordancewit
hthechil
d'
scul t
uralidenti
tyandhumanright
st r
eati
es,andt oprepare
thechi
ldf
orresponsi
bleli
fei
nsociety
.Itshouldnotbedet r
iment
altotheenv i
[Link]
maybeallowedtoest
abli
sheducati
onalinst
it
utesinaccor
dancewiththesestandards.

Ar
ticl
e30:Chil
drenofminor
it
ycommuniti
eshav
ether
ightt
opr
act
iseandadoptt
he
cul
tur
e,l
anguagesandtr
adi
ti
onsoft
heircommuni
ty.

Ar
ti
cle31:Ever
ychildhastheri
ghtt ol
eisur
e,pl
ayandpar
ti
cipat
ioni
ncul
tur
alev
ent
s.
Thest
ateshoul
dencouragechi
ldpar
ti
cipat
ioni
nsuchevent
s.

Arti
cle32:Chil
drenhav ether
ightt
obepr otect
edfr
om economicexport
ati
onoranywork
t
hati
sharmfultothei
rphysicalandmentaldevel
opmentorconsider
edhazardousordanger
ous
wor
[Link]
emustconst ituteadaythatdi
ctatesmini
mum ageofempl oy
ment,condi
ti
onsof

19
empl
oymentandhour
sofempl
oymentwi
thr
egar
dst
ochi
l
dren.

Ar
ti
cle33:Thestat
eshoul
dtakemeasur
etoprotectchi
l
drenf r
om subst
anceabuseand
pr
eventt
heuseofchil
drenint
hei
ll
egalt
raf
fi
cki
ngofsuchsubstances.

Ar
ti
cle34:Ever
ychildhasther
ighttobeprot
ectedfr
om sexualexploit
ati
onandsexual
[Link]
entt
hecoerci
onandprosti
tut
ionofchil
drenforsuchact
ivi
ti
es
aswellassafeguar
dchil
drenfr
om por
nographi
cperf
ormancesandmat eri
als.

Ar
ti
cle35:St
atesshal
ltakemeasur
etopr
eventt
heabduct
ionorsal
eofchi
l
drenf
orany
pur
pose.

Ar
ti
cle36:
Thest
ateshal
lpr
otectchi
l
drenagai
nstanyot
herf
orm ofexpl
oit
ati
on.

Arti
cle37:Thestateshal
lensuret
hatnochil
di ssubjecttotor
tur
eoranyot hercruel
i
nhumant reat
ment,nochildisdepr
ivedofhi
sl i
ber
tyunlawfull
y,andachil
ddepri
vedofhi s
l
i
bertyisenti
tl
edtopropercar
eandhumanecircumstances,
andbepr ovi
dedwit
hlegalconsult
i
fnecessary.

Arti
cle38:Thestateensur
esandrespectsther
ulesofhumani
tarianlawduri
ngti
mesof
conf
li
[Link]
soensur
ethatchildr
enbel
ow15donopar t
icipatei
nthehost
il
it
ies,
andref
rainfr
om recr
uit
ingthem i
nar
medf orces.

Art
icl
e39:Thestateshouldensur
etherecov
ery
,rehabi
l
itat
ionandr
eint
egr
ati
onofchi
l
d
v
ict
imsofnegl
ect
,expl
oit
ati
on,orabuse,
etc.

Article40:Thest ateshal lrecogniset herightofev er

ychil
dwhohascommi t
tedacr ime
undert hel aw t oapr opercar eandr ei
ntegrati
oni ntosociet
[Link] l
dshal lbeaccusedor
penalisedf oranactwhi chi snotar ecognisedcr i
[Link] l
dwhohasbeenaccusedofacr ime
arepr esumedi nnocent,shoul dbei nformedoft hechar gesagai
nsthim/her,havethejuvenil
e
j
usticepr oceedingi mmedi atel
ywi thoutdelay ,
notbecompel l
edtogivetest
imonyoradmi tguil
t
and t he r ightt o pri
vacy ofal lpr [Link] ates shoul
d endeavourto establ
ish laws
specificallycater edtot heneedsofchi ldrenwhohav ebeenaccusedorf oundgui l
tyofany
cri
mi nal activi
tyandest ablishami nimum ageofgui lt.

Arti
cle41:Theart
icl
esoft
hisconvent
ionwil
lnott
akepr
ior
it
yov
eranyl
awsnat
ionalor
i
ntent
ionalt
hatbett
ersaf
eguar
dtheri
ghtsofachi
ld.

Art
icl
es 42-
54:out
li
ne the est
abl
i
shment
,composi
ti
on and r
esponsi
bil
i
ties oft
he
Commi
tt
eeontheRight
softheChi
ld.

20
 UNI
T–I
V
LabourRi
ght
sasHumanRi
ght
s
BondedLabourandHumanRi
ght
s
Debtbondagehasbeendef
inedbyt
heUni
tedNat
ionsasaf
orm of"
moder
ndaysl
aver
y"
andi
spr
ohi
bit
edbyi
nter
nat
ionall
aw.I
tisspeci
fi
cal
l
ydeal
twi
thbyAr
ti
cle1(
a)oft
heUni
ted
Nat
ions1956Suppl
ement
aryConv
ent
ionont
heAbol
i
tionofSl
aver
y.I
tper
sist
snonet
hel
ess
especi
all
yindev
elopi
ngnat
ions,whi
chhav
efewmechani
smsf
orcr
edi
tsecur
it
yorbankr
upt
cy,
and wher
efewerpeopl
e hol
dfor
malt
it
let
oland orpossessi
[Link]
ding t
o some
economi
sts,f
orexampl
eHer
nandodeSot
o,t
hisi
samaj
orbar
ri
ert
odev
elopmenti
nthose
count
ri
es-ent
repr
eneur
sdonotdar
etaker
isksandcannotgetcr
edi
tbecauset
heyhol
dno
col
l
ater
alandmaybur
denf
ami
l
iesf
orgener
ati
onst
ocome.
Wher
echi
l
drenar
efor
ced t
o wor
kbecauseofdebtbondageoft
hef
ami
l
y,t
hisi
s
consi
der
ednotonl
ychi
l
dlabor
,butawor
stf
orm ofchi
l
dlabori
nter
msoft
heWor
stFor
msof
Chi
l
dLabourConv
ent
ion,
1999oft
heI
nter
nat
ional
LabourOr
gani
zat
ion.
Despi
tet
heUNpr
ohi
bit
ion,
Ant
i-
Slav
eryI
nter
nat
ionalest
imat
est
hat"
bet
ween10and20mi
l
li
on
peopl
ear
ebei
ngsubj
ect
edt
odebtbondaget
oday
."
SomeI
nter
nat
ional
HumanRi
ght
sConv
ent
ions
The pr
act
ice ofbonded l
abourv
iol
ates t
he f
oll
owi
ng I
nter
nat
ionalHuman Ri
ght
s
Conv
ent
ionswher
easI
ndi
aisapar
tyt
oal
loft
hem andsuchi
slegal
l
yboundt
ocompl
ywi
th
t
hei
rter
[Link]
e:
 Conv
ent
ionont
heSuppr
essi
onofSl
aveTr
adeandSl
aver
y,1926;
 Suppl
ement
aryConv
ent
ionont
heAbol
i
tionofSl
aver
y,t
heSl
aveTr
adeandI
nst
it
uti
ons
andPr
act
icesSi
mil
art
oSl
aver
yTr
ade,
1956;
 For
cedLabourConv
ent
ion,
1930;
 I
nter
nat
ional
Cov
enantonCi
vi
landPol
i
tical
Right
s(I
CCPR)
,1966;
 I
nter
nat
ional
Cov
enantonEconomi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alRi
ght
s(ECOSOC)
,1966;
 Conv
ent
ionont
heRi
ght
soft
heChi
l
d(CRC)
,1989
C)LawandI
ssuesRel
atedt
oBondedLabouri
nIndi
a
Bondedl
abouri
swi
del
ypr
eval
enti
nmanyr
egi
onsi
nIndi
[Link]
nfeat
ureoft
he
sy
stem i
sthatt
hedebt
orpl
edgeshi
sper
sonort
hatamemberofhi
sfami
l
yforal
oanandi
s
r
eleasedont
her
epay
mentoft
hedebt
.
Bondedl
abouri
sref
err
edt
obydi
ff
erentnamesi
ndi
ff
erentr
egi
[Link]
ayaper
umal

21
Commi
tt
eement
ionst
hef
oll
owi
ng:
 Got
hii
nOr
issa;
 Machi
ndar
iinMady
aPr
adesh;
 Sagr
iinRaj
ast
han;
 VetBegarandSal
bandi
inMahar
ast
ha;
 Jana,
Mani
hiorI
jhar
iinJammuandKashmi
r;
 Jeet
hai
nMy
sor
e;
 Vet
tii
nTami
lNadu;
 Kami
yaorKut
hiy
ainChat
ti
sgar
h.
I
nthe begi
nni
ng oft
he t
went
iet
h cent
uryt
he sy
stem combi
ned t
he el
ement
s of
expl
oit
ati
on,pat
ronageandpr
otect
ionatl
easti
nsomer
egi
[Link]
thi
ncr
easi
ngt
rend
t
owar
dst
hemoney
-economyandchangesi
nthet
ypesofuset
owhi
chagr
icul
tur
all
andi
sput
,
t
heel
ementofpat
ronagedi
sappear
edandt
hatofexpl
oit
ati
onper
sist
ed.
Somer
elat
edLegal
Prov
isi
onsr
egar
dingt
obondedl
abour
,namel
y:
TheConst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
a,1950
Pr
eambl
e:TheConst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
aguar
ant
eesal
lci
ti
zensoci
al,
economi
candpol
i
ticalj
ust
ice,
f
reedom oft
houghtandexpr
essi
on,equal
i
tyofst
atusandoppor
tuni
tyandf
rat
erni
tyassur
ing
di
gni
tyoft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
;
Fundament
alRi
ght
sPar
t–I
IIoft
heConst
it
uti
on
Ar
ti
cle14,
15and16:
Thesear
ti
clesguar
ant
eeequal
i
tyandequal
treat
ment
;
Ar
ti
cle19(
1)(
g):
Thear
ti
cleguar
ant
eesf
reedom oft
radeandpr
ofessi
on;
Ar
ti
cle21:
Thear
ti
cleguar
ant
eesr
ightt
oli
feandl
i
ber
ty;
Ar
ti
cle23:Pr
ohi
bit
ionoft
raf
fi
cinhumanbei
ngsandf
orcedl
abour-Tr
aff
ici
nhuman
bei
ngsandbegarandot
hersi
mil
arf
ormsoff
orcedl
abourar
epr
ohi
bit
edandanycont
rav
ent
ion
oft
hispr
ovi
sionshal
lbeanof
fencepuni
shabl
einaccor
dancewi
thl
[Link]
hingi
nthi
sar
ti
cle
shal
lpr
eventt
heSt
atef
rom i
mposi
ngcompul
sor
yser
vicef
orpubl
i
cpur
poses,andi
nimposi
ng
suchser
vicet
heSt
ateshal
lnotmakeanydi
scr
imi
nat
ionongr
oundsonl
yonr
eli
gion,
race,
cast
e
orcl
assoranyoft
hem.
Ar
ti
cle24:Thear
ti
clepr
ohi
bit
stheempl
oymentofchi
l
drenwhet
herasbondedl
abouror
ot
her
[Link]
her
,Ar
ti
cle23andAr
ti
cle24ar
epl
aceundert
heheadi
ng“
Rightagai
nst
Expl
oit
ati
on”
,oneofI
ndi
a’
sconst
it
uti
onal
l
ypr
ocl
aimedf
undament
alr
ight
s.
Di
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cy–Par
t–I
Voft
heConst
it
uti
on:
TheDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesdi
rect
stheSt
atet
ost
ri
vet
osecur
e,i
nteral
i
a:(
a)Justand
humancondi
ti
onsofwor
k(Ar
ti
cle42)
;(b)Educat
ionalandeconomi
cint
erestoft
heSchedul
ed
Cast
eandSchedul
edTr
ibeandot
herweakersect
ionoft
hesoci
ety(
Art
icl
e46)
.
UnderAr
ti
[Link]
ovi
sionf
orj
ustandhumanecondi
ti
onsofwor
kandmat
erni
tyr
eli
ef-

22
TheSt
ateshal
lmakepr
ovi
sionf
orsecur
ingj
ustandhumanecondi
ti
onsofwor
kandf
or
mat
erni
tyr
eli
ef.
UnderAr
ti
[Link]
vi
ngwage,et
c.f
orwor
ker
s-TheSt
ateshal
lendeav
ourt
osecur
e,by
sui
tabl
elegi
slat
ionoreconomi
cor
gani
zat
ionori
nanyot
herway
,toal
lwor
ker
s,agr
icul
tur
al,
i
ndust
ri
alorot
her
wise,wor
kandl
i
vingwage,condi
ti
onsofwor
kensur
ingadecentst
andar
dof
l
i
feandf
ullenj
oymentofl
eisur
eandsoci
alandcul
tur
aloppor
tuni
ti
esand,
inpar
ti
cul
art
heSt
ate
shal
lendeav
ourt
opr
omot
ecot
tagei
ndust
ri
alonani
ndi
vi
dualorco-
oper
ati
vebasi
sinr
ural
ar
eas.
D)I
ndi
anPenal
Code,
1860
E)Sect
[Link]
awf
ulcompul
sor
ylabour-Whoev
erunl
awf
ull
ycompel
sanyper
sont
o
l
abouragai
nstt
hewi
l
loft
hatper
son,shal
lbepuni
shabl
ewi
thi
mpr
isonmentofei
ther
descr
ipt
ionf
orat
erm whi
chmayext
endt
ooney
ear
,orwi
thf
ine,
orwi
thbot
h,al
so;
Chi
l
dLabour-Chi
l
dren(
Pledgi
ngofLabour
)Act
,1933:
Chi
l
dren(
Pledgi
ngofLabour
)Act
,1933say
sthatunl
esst
her
eissomet
hingr
epugnanti
n
t
hesubj
ectorcont
ext-“
anagr
eementofpl
edgi
ngt
hel
abourofchi
l
d”meansanagr
eement
wr
it
tenoror
al,expr
essori
mpl
i
ed,wher
ebyt
hepar
entorguar
dianofachi
l
d,i
nret
urnf
orany
pay
mentorbenef
itr
ecei
vedort
ober
ecei
vedbyhi
m,under
takest
ocauseoral
l
owt
heser
vices
oft
hechi
l
dtobeut
il
izedi
nanyempl
oyment
.Pr
ovi
dedt
hatanyagr
eementmadewi
thout
det
ri
mentt
oachi
l
d,andnotmadei
nconsi
der
ati
onofanybenef
itot
hert
hanr
easonabl
ewages
t
obepai
dfort
hechi
l
d’sser
vicesandt
ermi
nabl
eatnotmor
ethanaweeksnot
ice,i
snotan
agr
eementwi
thi
nthemeani
ngoft
hisdef
ini
ti
on.I
tal
sosay
sthat“
Whoev
er,bei
ngt
hepar
entor
guar
dianofachi
l
d,makesanagr
eementt
opl
edget
hel
abouroft
hatchi
l
d,shal
lbepuni
shed
wi
thf
inewhi
chmayext
endupt
ofi
ft
yrupees”
.
Basedont
hosepr
ovi
sions,
thesy
stem ofbondedl
abouri
sthust
otal
l
yincompat
ibl
ewi
th
t
heai
m ofanegal
i
tar
iansoci
o-economi
cor
derundert
heConst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
[Link]
stem i
s
al
soani
nfr
ingementoft
hebasi
chumanr
ight
sanddest
ruct
ionoft
hedi
gni
tyofhumanl
abour
.
I
nor
dert
ogi
veef
fectt
otheconst
it
uti
onalpr
ohi
bit
ionofbondedl
abourasspeci
fi
ed
underAr
ti
cl
e23ofI
ndi
anConst
it
uti
on,BondedLabourSy
stem (
Abol
i
tion)Actwaspassedi
n
1976.

LabourRi
ght
sandt
heI
ndi
anConst
it
uti
on
Theconst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
aconf
ersi
nnumer
abl
eri
ght
sfort
hepr
otect
ionofl
abour
.Indi
an
const
it
uti
ont
hroughv
ari
ousar
ti
clespr
otect
s,suppor
ts,andact
sasagui
del
i
net
ovar
ious
l
abourl
awsf
ort
hei
ref
fect
ivei
mpl
ement
ati
onandf
unct
ioni
ng.
The r
elev
ance oft
he di
gni
ty ofhuman l
abourand t
he need f
orpr
otect
ing and
saf
eguar
dingt
hei
nter
estofl
abourashumanbei
ngshasbeenenshr
inedi
nChapt
er-I
II(
Art
icl
es

23
16,19,21,23&24)andChapt
erI
V(Ar
ti
cles39,39-
A,41,42,43,43A,46,47&54)oft
he
Const
it
uti
onofI
ndi
akeepi
ngi
nli
newi
thFundament
alRi
ght
sandDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
ate
Pol
i
cy1whi
chsetanai
mtowhi
cht
heact
ivi
ti
esoft
hest
atear
etobegui
ded.
TheseDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plespr
ovi
de:•f
orsecur
ingt
heheal
thandst
rengt
hofempl
oyees,
menandwomen;•t
hatt
het
enderageofchi
l
drenar
enotabused;•t
hatci
ti
zensar
enotf
orced
byeconomi
cnecessi
tyt
oent
erav
ocat
ionsunsui
tedt
othei
rageorst
rengt
h;•j
ustandhumane
condi
ti
onsofwor
kandmat
erni
tyr
eli
efar
epr
ovi
ded;
and•Thatt
heGov
ernmentshal
ltakest
eps,
bysui
tabl
elegi
sl
ati
onori
nanyot
herway
,tosecur
ethepar
ti
cipat
ionofempl
oyeei
nthe
managementofunder
taki
ngs,est
abl
i
shment
sorot
heror
gani
sat
ionsengagedi
nanyi
ndust
ry.
Labouri
saconcur
rentsubj
ecti
ntheConst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
a.I
ndi
anConstgov
ernment
sar
e
compet
entt
olegi
sl
ateonl
abourmat
ter
sandadmi
nist
ert
hesame.
Thebul
kofi
mpor
tantl
egi
slat
iveact
shav
ebeenenact
edbyt
hePar
li
ament
.Indi
an
Const
it
uti
on t
hrough v
ari
ous ar
ti
cles pr
ovi
des t
he l
abourr
ight
[Link] notdi
rect
lybut
i
ndi
rect
lyt
hear
ti
cl
espr
otect
sthel
abourr
ight
[Link]
ti
cle14oft
heconst
it
uti
onofI
ndi
apr
ovi
des
t
heconceptofEqual
i
tybef
orel
[Link]
i
tyi
str
ulyst
atedbyDr
.Jenni
ngswi
th
t
hewor
ds,“
Equal
i
tybef
oret
hel
aw meanst
hatamongequal
sthel
aw shoul
dbeequaland
shoul
dbeequal
l
yadmi
nist
ered,
thatl
i
keshoul
dbet
reat
edal
i
ke.
I
nthecaseofRandhi
rSi
[Link]
onofI
ndi
a2,
theSupr
emeCour
thel
dthatt
hought
he
pr
inci
pleof‘
equalpayf
orequalwor
k’i
snotexpr
essl
ydecl
aredbyourconst
it
uti
onasa
f
undament
alr
ight
,buti
tist
hegoalofconst
it
uti
onbyAr
t.
14,16and39(
c).Sot
hisr
ightcanbe
enf
orcedi
ncasesofunequalscal
esofpaybasedoni
rr
ati
onalcl
assi
fi
cat
ion.I
nMewaRam v
.
A.
I.
[Link]
calSci
ence3,
theSupr
emeCour
thel
dthatt
hedoct
ri
neof'
equalpayf
orequalwor
k'i
s
notanabst
ractdoct
ri
[Link]
i
tymustbeamongequal
s,unequalpeopl
ecannotcl
aim equal
i
ty.
I
ndi
anConst
it
uti
ont
hroughar
ti
cles21,
23,
24,
38,
39,
39-
A,41,
42,
43,
43-
Aand47gi
vesani
dea
oft
hecondi
ti
onsunderwhi
chl
abourcanbehadf
orwor
kandal
sooft
her
esponsi
bil
i
tyoft
he
Gov
ernment
,bot
hCent
ralandSt
ate,t
owar
dst
hel
abourt
osecur
efort
hem soci
alor
derand
l
i
vingwages,keepi
ngwi
tht
heeconomi
candpol
i
ticalcondi
ti
onsoft
hecount
ryanddi
gni
tyof
t
henat
[Link]
ti
cl
es21,
23,
and24f
orm par
toft
heFundament
alRi
ght
sguar
ant
eedunderpar
tII
I
oft
heConst
it
uti
on.
Wher
easAr
ti
cles38,
39,
39-
A,41,
42,
43,
43-
Aand47f
orm par
toft
heDi
rect
ivepr
inci
ples
ofst
atepol
i
cyunderpar
tIVoft
heconst
it
uti
[Link]
hesear
ti
clesi
tist
hedut
yoft
heSt
atet
o
pr
omot
ethewel
far
eoft
hepeopl
e,bysecur
ingandpr
otect
ingasoci
alor
deri
nwhi
chj
ust
ice
soci
al,economi
candpol
i
ticalshal
linf
orm al
lthei
nst
it
uti
onsoft
henat
ionall
i
fe;t
omake
ef
fect
ivepr
ovi
si
onf
orsecur
ingt
her
ightt
owor
k,educat
ionandpubl
i
cassi
stancei
ncasesof
empl
oyment
,et
c.,subj
ectt
oli
mit
sofi
tseconomi
ccapaci
tyt
omakepr
ovi
sionf
orj
ustand
humanecondi
ti
onofwor
kandf
ormat
erni
tyr
eli
ef;
toendeav
or,
tosecur
ebysui
tabl
elegi
slat
ion

24
oreconomi
cor
gani
zat
iont
oal
lwor
ker
swor
k,l
i
vingwage,
condi
ti
onsofwor
kensur
ingadecent
st
andar
dofl
i
feandf
ullenj
oymentofl
eisur
eandsoci
alandcul
tur
aloppor
tuni
ti
es,t
opr
omot
e
cot
tagei
ndust
ri
esonani
ndi
vi
dualorcooper
ati
vebasi
sinr
uralar
eas,andt
orai
set
hel
evelof
nut
ri
ti
onandt
hest
andar
dofl
i
vingandi
mpr
ovepubl
i
cheal
thet
c.21982AI
R87931989AI
R
1256Ar
ti
cl
e23oft
heConst
it
uti
onpr
ohi
bit
str
aff
ici
nhumanbei
ngandbeggarandot
hersi
mil
ar
f
ormsoff
orcedl
abour
.'Tr
aff
ici
nhumanbei
ngs'
meanssel
l
ingandbuy
ingmenandwomenl
i
ke
goodsandi
ncl
udesi
mmor
alt
raf
fi
cinwomenandchi
l
drenf
ori
mmor
al"orot
herpur
poses.
Ar
ti
cle24oft
heConst
it
uti
onpr
ohi
bit
sempl
oymentofchi
l
drenbel
ow14y
ear
sofagei
n
f
act
ori
esandhazar
dousempl
oyment
.Thi
spr
ovi
sioni
scer
tai
nlyi
nthei
nter
estofpubl
i
cheal
th
andsaf
etyofl
i
feofchi
l
[Link]
ti
cle39oft
heConst
it
uti
oni
mposesupont
heSt
ateanobl
i
gat
ion
t
oensur
ethatt
heheal
thandst
rengt
hofwor
ker
s,menandwomen,andt
het
enderageoft
he
chi
l
drenar
enotabusedandt
hatci
ti
zensar
enotf
orcedbyeconomi
cnecessar
ytoent
er
av
ocat
ions unsui
ted t
othei
rage orst
rengt
h.I
ndi
an Const
it
uti
on pr
otect
s and pr
ovi
des
saf
eguar
dst
othel
abour
[Link]
ti
cles,
thoughnotdi
rect
lybuti
ndi
rect
ly,
prot
ect
sther
ight
sof
l
abour
[Link]
eri
tisi
ndeedneededt
obei
mpl
ement
edpr
act
ical
l
yandt
heact
ionsmustbe
soughti
ncaseofav
oidanceoft
hepr
inci
ples.
Chi
l
dLabour
Ther
ear
ecl
earconst
it
uti
onalpr
ovi
sionsagai
nstchi
l
dlabour
.Indi
ahasnotr
ati
fi
edt
he
t
woI
LO f
undament
alconv
ent
ionsonchi
l
dlabour
,buthasr
ati
fi
edsev
eralol
derconv
ent
ions
speci
fi
ctoi
ndust
ryandmi
[Link]
htheMi
nesActandFact
ori
esActhav
ecl
earpr
ovi
sions
agai
nstchi
l
dlabour
,al
thoughwi
thdi
ff
erentagel
evel
sset
.TheChi
l
dLabour(
Prohi
bit
ionand
Regul
ati
on)Act
,1986 pr
ohi
bit
s chi
l
dlabour(
under15 y
ear
s)i
n cer
tai
nindust
ri
es and
occupat
ions,
andper
mit
schi
l
dlabouri
not
hersect
ors,
wit
hsaf
eguar
ds.
Const
it
uti
onal
prov
isi
onsSev
eral
clausesoft
heConst
it
uti
onar
erel
evant
:[Link]
l
dbel
owt
he
ageoff
our
teeny
ear
sshal
lbeempl
oyedt
owor
kinanyf
act
oryormi
neorengagedi
nanyot
her
hazar
dousempl
oyment
.[Link]
ateshal
l
,inpar
ti
cul
ar,di
recti
tspol
i
cyt
owar
dssecur
ing(
..
.)
(
e)t
hatt
heheal
thandst
rengt
hofwor
ker
s,menandwomen,
andt
het
enderageofchi
l
drenar
e
notabusedandt
hatci
ti
zensar
enotf
orcedbyeconomi
cnecessi
tyt
oent
erav
ocat
ionsunsui
ted
t
othei
rageorst
rengt
h;(
f)t
hatchi
l
drenar
egi
venoppor
tuni
ti
esandf
aci
l
iti
est
odev
elopi
na
heal
thymannerandi
ncondi
ti
onsoff
reedom anddi
gni
tyandt
hatchi
l
dhoodandy
out
har
e
pr
otect
edagai
nstexpl
oit
ati
onandagai
nstmor
alandmat
eri
alabandonment
.
Rel
evantI
LO st
andar
dsTher
ear
etwof
undament
alconv
ent
ions,notr
ati
fi
edbyI
ndi
a:
Mi
nimum AgeConv
ent
ion,1973(
No138)42Appl
i
est
oal
lsect
orsofeconomi
cact
ivi
ty;st
ates
mustdecl
areanat
ionalmi
nimum agef
oradmi
ssi
ont
oempl
oyment
;al
lchi
l
drenar
ecov
ered
whet
herornott
heyar
eempl
oyedf
orwages;
stat
esmustpur
sueanat
ionalpol
i
cyt
oensur
ethe
ef
fect
iveabol
i
tionofchi
l
dlabour
;themi
nimum agef
orent
ryi
ntowor
kshal
lnotl
esst
hant
he

25
compl
eti
onofcompul
sor
yschool
i
ng,al
thoughal
oweraget
han14y
ear
smaybeadopt
edf
or
l
i
ghtwor
k,f
orcount
ri
eswhi
char
elessdev
eloped;anagel
evelof18i
ssetf
orhazar
douswor
k.
Pr
ohi
bit
ionandI
mmedi
ateEl
i
minat
ionoft
heWor
stFor
msofChi
l
dLabourConv
ent
ion,1999
(
No182)St
atest
odr
awupat
imeboundpr
ogr
ammef
ort
heel
i
minat
ionoft
hewor
stf
ormsof
chi
l
dlabour
;whi
l
etheconv
ent
ioni
tsel
fgi
vesal
i
st,
stat
esshal
lal
sodr
awupt
hei
rownl
i
stoft
he
wor
stf
orms.
Ther
ear
esomeol
derr
elev
antconv
ent
ions,whi
chhav
ebeenr
ati
fi
edbyI
ndi
a:Mi
nimum
Age(
Indust
ry)Conv
ent
ion,1919(
No.5)Ni
ghtWor
kofYoungPer
sons(
Indust
ry)Conv
ent
ion,
1919(
No.6)Ni
ghtWor
kofYoungPer
sons(
Indust
ry)Conv
ent
ion(
Rev
ised)
,1948(
No.90)
Mi
nimum Age(
Under
groundWor
k)Conv
ent
ion,1965(
No.123)-Mi
nimum agespeci
fi
ed:18
y
ear
s
Compani
esshal
ldev
eloporpar
ti
cipat
einandcont
ri
but
etopol
i
ciesandpr
ogr
ammes
whi
chpr
ovi
def
ort
het
ransi
ti
onofanychi
l
dfoundt
obeper
for
mingchi
l
dlabourt
oenabl
eheror
hi
mtoat
tendandr
emai
ninqual
i
tyeducat
ionunt
ilnol
ongerachi
l
d;"
chi
l
d"and"
chi
l
dlabour
"
bei
ngdef
inedi
ntheappendi
ces.
Chi
l
drenandy
oungper
sonsunder18shal
lnotbeempl
oyedatni
ghtori
nhazar
dous
condi
ti
[Link]
i
ciesandpr
ocedur
esshal
lconf
ormt
othepr
ovi
sionsoft
her
elev
antI
LO
st
andar
ds.43Def
ini
ti
ons(
int
heappendi
xtot
hebasecode)Chi
l
dAnyper
sonl
esst
han15y
ear
s
ofageunl
essl
ocalmi
nimum agel
awst
ipul
atesahi
gheragef
orwor
kormandat
oryschool
i
ng,
i
nwhi
chcaset
hehi
gherageshal
lappl
y.I
fhowev
er,
localmi
nimum agel
awi
ssetat14y
ear
sof
agei
naccor
dancewi
thdev
elopi
ngcount
ryexcept
ionsunderI
LOConv
ent
ionNo.138,
thel
ower
wi
l
lappl
[Link]
sonAnywor
kerov
ert
heageofachi
l
dasdef
inedabov
eandundert
heage
[Link]
l
dlabourAnywor
kbyachi
l
dory
oungper
sony
oungert
hant
heage(
s)speci
fi
edi
nthe
abov
edef
ini
ti
ons,
whi
chdoesnotcompl
ywi
tht
hepr
ovi
sionsoft
her
elev
antI
LOst
andar
ds,
and
anywor
kthati
sli
kel
ytobehazar
dousort
oint
erf
erewi
tht
hechi
l
d'sory
oungper
son'
s
educat
ion,ort
obehar
mfult
othechi
l
d'sory
oungper
son'
sheal
thorphy
sical
,ment
al,spi
ri
tual
,
mor
alorsoci
aldev
elopment
.4.
4Nat
ionall
egi
slat
ionTheMi
nesActSect
ion40pr
ohi
bit
sthe
empl
oymentofanyi
ndi
vi
dualbel
ow t
heageof18,i
n“anymi
neorpar
tther
eof
”,whi
chwoul
d
i
ncl
udeabov
eorbel
ow gr
ound,t
hel
att
eri
nli
newi
tht
heMi
nimum Age(
Under
groundWor
k)
Conv
ent
ion,
1965.
Sect
ion45pr
ohi
bit
sthepr
esenceofper
sonsbel
ow18y
ear
sofagei
nami
ne.I
tst
ates
“
noper
sonbel
ow18y
ear
sofageshal
lbeal
l
owedt
obepr
esenti
npar
tofami
neabov
egr
ound
wher
eanyoper
ati
onconnect
edwi
thori
nci
dent
alt
oanymi
ningoper
ati
oni
sbei
ngcar
ri
edon”
.
Thi
smi
ghtappeart
ober
epet
it
ionoft
hepr
ohi
bit
ionofchi
l
dlabourcr
eat
edbysect
ion40.
Howev
er,anot
herr
eadi
ngoft
hissect
ionwoul
dbet
hatnochi
l
drenshoul
dbeal
l
owedi
nthe
v
ici
nit
yofaquar
[Link]
imesy
oungpeopl
ear
efoundnearaquar
ryandconcer
nsar
erai
sed

26
aboutchi
l
dlabour
;andt
heansweri
sgi
ven“
butt
heyar
enotwor
king,
theyhav
ejustcomeaf
ter
school
”.Sect
ion45oft
heMi
nesActwoul
dseem t
orul
eoutt
hisr
esponsecompl
etel
y.
Fact
ori
esActSect
ion67oft
heactpr
ohi
bit
sachi
l
dwhohas“
notcompl
etedhi
s14t
h
y
ear
”fr
om wor
kingi
naf
act
ory
.44Sect
ions68t
o77set
soutt
hecondi
ti
onsunderwhi
ch
adol
escent
s(def
inedi
nsect
ion2oft
heactas“
aper
sonwhohascompl
etedhi
s15t
hyearof
agebuthasnotcompl
etedhi
s18t
hyear
”)ar
eal
l
owedt
owor
[Link]
eacer
ti
fi
cat
eof
f
it
nessi
ssuedbyacer
ti
fyi
ngsur
geonandmustcar
ryat
okent
othi
sef
fect
.Howev
er,
nof
emal
e
adol
escentoramal
eadol
escentwhohasnotat
tai
nedt
heageofsev
ent
eeny
ear
sshal
lbe
al
l
owedt
owor
kinanyf
act
oryexceptbet
ween6A.
M.and7PM unl
essspeci
fi
cal
l
ypr
ovi
ded
ot
her
wisebyt
heSt
ateGov
ernment
.
Ar
egi
stermustbemai
ntai
nedofchi
l
dwor
ker
sempl
oyedi
nthef
act
ory
.
TheChi
l
dLabour(
Prohi
bit
ionandRegul
ati
on)Act
,1986TheChi
l
dLabour(
Prohi
bit
ion
andRegul
ati
on)Act
,1986(
CLPRA)def
inesachi
l
dasanyper
sonwhohasnotcompl
etedhi
s
f
our
teent
[Link]
ohi
bit
stheengagementofchi
l
dren,asdef
ined,i
ncer
tai
n
occupat
ionsand r
egul
atest
hecondi
ti
onsofwor
kofchi
l
dren i
n cer
tai
n sect
[Link]
pr
ohi
bit
schi
l
drenf
rom wor
kingi
nanyoccupat
ionorpr
ocessl
i
stedi
naSchedul
e,andt
hese
i
ncl
udemi
nes(
under
groundandunderwat
er)andcol
l
ier
ies;
stonebr
eaki
ngandst
onecr
ushi
ng.
Cont
ractLabour
A Cont
ractl
abouri
sawor
kmanempl
oyedi
nori
nconnect
ionwi
tht
hewor
kofan
est
abl
i
shmentwhenhei
shi
redi
nori
nconnect
ionwi
thsuchwor
kbyort
hroughacont
ract
or,
wi
thorwi
thoutt
heknowl
edgeoft
hepr
inci
pleempl
oyer
.Thi
ssy
stem ofempl
oymenti
snotnew
t
oIndi
aev
ent
houghgl
obal
i
sat
ionhasst
rengt
henedi
tsr
oot
sinr
ecentt
[Link]
er,i
tis
i
nter
est
ingt
onot
ethatf
rom v
eryear
lyt
imest
hecr
it
iquesofcont
ractl
aboursy
stem wer
ein
pl
ent
y.
Empl
oyer
ssav
emoneybyengagi
ngl
abourwi
thouthav
ingt
oext
endsoci
alwel
far
e
benef
it
ssuchasl
eav
ewages,
Empl
oyees’
Stat
eInsur
anceorPr
ovi
dentFundcont
ri
but
ions,
and
[Link]
er,i
nal
lthi
sthewel
far
eofcont
ractl
abouri
signor
edandt
heybecomean
expl
oit
edanddepr
ivedl
ot.
The1970Actpr
ovi
desf
orabol
i
tionofcont
ractl
abourwher
everpossi
bleandpr
act
icabl
e
andwher
eitcannot
,pol
i
cyoft
heActi
sthatwor
kingcondi
ti
onsofcont
ractl
abourshoul
dbe
r
egul
atedsoast
oensur
epay
mentofwagesandessent
ialbenef
it
s.I
tgav
ethepr
erogat
iveof
t
heCour
ttodeci
deont
heabol
i
tionofcont
ractl
abourt
otheappr
opr
iat
eGov
ernmentaf
ter
consul
tat
ionwi
tht
headv
isor
yBoar
d.
Howev
er,t
her
ewer
ecer
tai
ngl
ari
ngomi
ssi
onsi
ntheAct
.Oneoft
hem deal
i
ngwi
tht
he
f
ateoft
heer
stwhi
l
econt
ractwor
kmenaf
tert
hecont
ractl
abouri
sabol
i
[Link]
acunael
ed
t
othecat
enaofconf
li
ctsbet
weent
hemanagementandt
hel
abour
.Ont
heabol
i
tionoft
he

27
cont
ractl
abour
,thel
abourseemedt
obei
nawor
seposi
ti
ont
hanbef
oreast
heycannei
therbe
empl
oyedbyt
hecont
ract
ornori
sther
eanyobl
i
gat
ioncastont
hepr
inci
pleempl
oyert
oengage
t
hem i
nhi
sest
abl
i
shment
.Ev
ent
hecour
tsl
eftt
hedeci
sionofabsor
pti
onont
hei
ndust
ri
al
adj
udi
cat
orwhoal
socoul
dtakeadeci
siononl
yifani
ndust
ri
aldi
sput
eint
hisr
egar
dwasr
aised
byt
her
egul
arempl
oyees!
I
nit
ial
l
y,t
hej
udi
ciar
yseemedr
eluct
antt
oint
erf
erei
ngi
vi
nganappr
opr
iat
erel
i
eft
o
cont
ractl
abourt
hrought
hei
rabsor
pti
onwhenev
ert
heyappr
oachedt
hecour
tthr
oughawr
it
pet
it
[Link]
nst
ancei
nB.
H.E.
LWor
ker
sAssoci
ati
on,
Har
dwarv
.UOI[
6]t
hecour
tobser
vedt
hat
t
oabol
i
shandabsor
blabourwasal
egi
slat
iveact
ivi
tywi
thwhi
cht
hecour
twasnotent
rust
ed
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it
uti
on.I
nCat
eri
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eaner
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nrai
l
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hecour
thel
dthatwr
it
ofmandamusdi
rect
ingcent
ralgov
ernmentt
oabol
i
sht
hecont
ractl
aboursy
stem cannotbe
i
ssued because sect
ion 10 had v
est
ed t
he poweri
nthe appr
opr
iat
e gov
ernment
.Int
he
ci
rcumst
ances,t
heappr
opr
iat
eor
dert
omakeaccor
dingt
oCour
t,wast
odi
rectt
heCent
ral
gov
ernmentt
otakesui
tabl
eact
ionundersec.10oft
heActwi
thi
nsi
xmont
hsf
rom t
hedat
eof
or
der
.Itwasal
soobser
vedt
hatwi
thoutwai
ti
ngf
ort
hedeci
sionoft
heCent
ralgov
ernment
,the
Sout
her
nRai
l
waywasf
reeoni
tsownmot
iont
oabol
i
sht
hesy
stem andr
egul
ari
set
heser
vices
oft
heempl
oyees.
Howev
er,i
nSankar
anMukher
jeev
.Uni
onofI
ndi
atheSupr
emeCour
twhi
chhadear
li
er
r
efusedt
oint
erf
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i
shandabsor
bcont
ractl
abourdi
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edt
heabol
i
tionand
subsequentabsor
pti
onofempl
oyeesst
ressi
ngont
hef
actt
hatt
heCLRAAct
,1970shoul
dbe
const
ruedl
i
ber
all
ysoast
oef
fect
uat
eit
sobj
ect
[Link]
mil
arl
y,i
nR.
[Link]
.SAI
L,t
hecour
thel
d
t
hatnor
mal
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uri
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cti
onunderAr
ti
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oadj
udi
cat
eov
er
mat
ter
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pti
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scasei
tdi
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edt
hatt
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ractl
abouraswer
econt
inui
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n
r
espondent
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oymentf
ort
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ast10y
ear
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teofchangeofcont
ract
orsshoul
dbe
absor
bedasr
egul
arempl
[Link]
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nNat
ionalFeder
ati
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l
wayPor
ter
s,Vendor
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Bear
ersv
.UOI,
thecour
tgav
edi
rect
ionst
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ari
seempl
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epor
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ral
Assi
stantLabourCommi
ssi
oner
.
Thenextmaj
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heGuj
aratEl
ect
ri
cit
yBoar
[Link]
ndMazdoorSabha wher
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dthatonl
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iat
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ernmentcanabol
i
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ractl
abouri
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dancewi
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[Link]
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terofabsor
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t
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emeCour
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vedt
hatont
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i
tionoft
hecont
ractl
abour
,thel
abourseem t
obe
i
nawor
seposi
ti
ont
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oreast
heycannei
therbeempl
oyedbyt
hecont
ract
ornori
sther
e
anyobl
i
gat
ioncastont
hepr
inci
pleempl
oyert
oengaget
hem i
nhi
sest
abl
i
shmentbyt
heCLRA
Act
,[Link]
ri
edt
ogauget
hel
egi
slat
ivei
ntenti
nthi
sregar
dandconcl
udedt
hatno
pr
ovi
si
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oraut
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pti
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eart
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ovi
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damount
t
ofor
cingt
hecont
ractl
abouroft
hepr
inci
pleempl
oyer
.Thecour
tconcl
udedt
hati
nthi
sregar
d

28
t
hei
ndust
ri
aladj
udi
cat
orcoul
dbeofhel
[Link]
hej
uri
sdi
cti
ont
ochanget
hecont
ract
ual
r
elat
ionshi
pandal
somakenew cont
ract
sbet
weent
heempl
oyerandempl
oyeesundert
he
I
ndust
ri
aldi
sput
esAct1947.
But
,whocoul
drai
sesuchani
ndust
ri
aldi
sput
e?Sect
ion10appl
i
esonl
ywher
ether
e
exi
stsagenui
necont
ract
.Ifcont
racti
snotgenui
net
hent
hewor
ker
soft
hesocal
l
edcont
ract
or
canr
aiseani
ndust
ri
aldi
sput
efordecl
ari
ngt
hatt
heywer
eal
way
sempl
oyeesoft
hepr
inci
ple
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oyerandcanaskf
orsubsequentabsor
pti
[Link]
er,
incaset
headj
udi
cat
ordeci
dest
hat
t
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ractwasgenui
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kment
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ernmentf
orabol
i
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Theabov
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act
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eam ofr
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ngt
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rgr
iev
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ly,Ai
rIndi
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atut
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por
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.Uni
tedLabourUni
on r
uledt
hatont
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abol
i
tionoft
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eent
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ledf
orabsor
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cour
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t.
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ker
[Link]
eisno
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DActf
oradj
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rom i
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ernmenti
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dert
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age i
nvest
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on by empl
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eltj
ust
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ied i
nthei
ract
ions.
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ort
unat
ely
,Ai
rIndi
adeci
sionwasov
err
uledbySt
eelAut
hor
it
yofI
ndi
aLt
[Link]
ionalUni
on
Wat
erf
rontWor
ker
s&Ot
her
saf
ivej
udgebench,wher
eint
hecour
thel
dthatev
eni
nthecases
wher
ethesy
stem ofcont
ractl
abouri
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i
shed,
theer
stwhi
l
econt
ractl
abourwhomi
ghthav
e
putupy
ear
sofser
viceascont
ractl
abourundert
hesamepr
inci
palempl
oyercannotbe
absor
bedasamat
terofr
ightast
her
ewasnosuchpr
ovi
sioni
ntheAct
.
TheSecondNat
ionalCommi
ssi
onhasr
ecommendedt
hatt
hedeci
siont
oabol
i
shcont
ract
l
abourshoul
dnotbeanexecut
iveonebasedont
her
ecommendat
ionsofCont
ractLabour

29
Adv
isor
y Boar
d concer
ned butmustbe a j
udi
cialone.I
tis unabl
eto agr
ee wi
tht
he
r
ecommendat
ionoft
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udyGr
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est
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or
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ecommendat
iononabol
i
tionshoul
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edt
oor
derabsor
pti
onbyt
he
pr
inci
pal
empl
oyerofsuchnumber
sofcont
ractl
abourasconsi
der
edj
ustandr
easonabl
e.
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oymentofcont
ractl
abourhasbeencondemned andbeenr
efer
redt
oasar
chai
cby
t
heSupr
emeCour
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tshav
ecal
l
edi
tani
mpr
ovedv
ersi
onofbondedl
abourandsought
t
oabol
i
shi
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hegr
eat
estachi
evement
sofci
vi
li
zat
ioni
nthe20t
hCent
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accompl
i
shmentofhumanr
ight
sasani
ntegr
alpar
tofGov
ernanceoft
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[Link]
ent
hen
r
ight
ssuchast
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ghtt
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eedom ofAssoci
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oni
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ngt
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ofor
m andj
oint
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uni
onsf
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otect
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nter
est
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otect
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orced l
abouret
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efort
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.Const
it
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onal
mandat
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nthedi
rect
ivepr
inci
plest
othest
atepol
i
cy,enunci
ati
ng–“
Rightt
osecur
ejustand
humanecondi
ti
onsofwor
k(Ar
ti
cle-
42)
;Ri
ghtt
ojustandf
avour
abl
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ati
on,
condi
ti
onsof
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andar
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i
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oymentofl
eisur
e(Ar
ti
cle-
43)
;andRi
ghtt
oa
st
andar
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i
vingadequat
eforhi
m andhi
sfami
l
y(Ar
ti
cle-
39(
a)and47)
";r
emai
nsadr
eam f
or
t
hesehapl
esswor
ker
s.
Theat
ti
tudeoft
heSt
ate,
Empl
oyer
,Tr
adeUni
onandt
heJudi
ciar
yhast
obesy
mpat
het
ic
t
othecont
ractwor
ker
s,t
oenabl
ethem t
heenj
oymentoft
hei
rhumanandconst
it
uti
onalr
ight
s.
Anear
lyposi
ti
veact
ioni
nthi
sdi
rect
ioni
simper
ati
ve.
HumanRi
ght
sandMi
grantWor
ker
s
Al
lper
sons,r
egar
dlessoft
hei
rnat
ional
i
ty,r
ace,l
egalorot
herst
atus,ar
eent
it
ledt
o
f
undament
alhumanr
ight
sandbasi
claborpr
otect
ions,i
ncl
udi
ngmi
grantwor
ker
sandt
hei
r
f
ami
l
ies.
Mi
grant
sar
eal
soent
it
ledt
ocer
tai
nhumanr
ight
sandpr
otect
ionsspeci
fi
cal
l
yli
nkedt
o
t
hei
rvul
ner
abl
est
atus.
TheHumanRi
ght
satI
ssue
The human r
ight
s ofmi
grantwor
ker
s and t
hei
rfami
l
ies i
ncl
ude t
he f
oll
owi
ng uni
ver
sal
,
i
ndi
vi
sibl
e,i
nter
connect
edandi
nter
dependenthumanr
ight
s:
 Thehumanr
ightt
owor
kandr
ecei
vewagest
hatcont
ri
but
etoanadequat
est
andar
dof
l
i
ving.
 Thehumanr
ightt
ofr
eedom f
rom di
scr
imi
nat
ionbasedonr
ace,
nat
ionaloret
hni
cor
igi
n,
sex,r
eli
gionoranyot
herst
atus,i
nal
laspect
sofwor
k,i
ncl
udi
ngi
nhi
ri
ng,condi
ti
onsof
wor
k,andpr
omot
ion,
andi
naccesst
ohousi
ng,
heal
thcar
eandbasi
cser
vices.
 Thehumanr
ightt
oequal
i
tybef
oret
hel
awandequalpr
otect
ionoft
hel
aw,
par
ti
cul
arl
yin
r
egar
dtohumanr
ight
sandl
aborl
egi
slat
ion,
regar
dlessofami
grant
'sl
egal
stat
us.
 Thehumanr
ightt
oequal
payf
orequal
wor
k.

30
  Thehumanr
ightt
ofr
eedom f
rom f
orcedl
abor
.
 Thehumanr
ightt
opr
otect
ionagai
nstar
bit
rar
yexpul
sionf
rom t
heSt
ateofempl
oyment
.
 Thehumanr
ightt
oret
urnhomei
fthemi
grantwi
shes.
 Thehumanr
ightt
oast
andar
dofl
i
vingadequat
efort
heheal
thandwel
l
-bei
ngoft
he
mi
grantwor
kerandhi
sorherf
ami
l
y.
 Thehumanr
ightt
osaf
ewor
kingcondi
ti
onsandacl
eanandsaf
ewor
kingenv
ironment
.
 Thehumanr
ightt
oreasonabl
eli
mit
ati
onofwor
kinghour
s,r
estandl
eisur
e.
 Thehumanr
ightt
ofr
eedom ofassoci
ati
onandt
ojoi
nat
radeuni
on.
 Thehumanr
ightt
ofr
eedom f
rom sexual
har
assmenti
nthewor
kpl
ace.
 Thehumanr
ightt
opr
otect
iondur
ingpr
egnancyf
rom wor
kpr
ovent
obehar
mful
.
 Thehumanr
ightt
opr
otect
ionf
ort
hechi
l
dfr
om economi
cexpl
oit
ati
onandf
rom any
wor
kthatmaybehazar
doust
ohi
sorherwel
l
-bei
nganddev
elopment
.
 Thehumanr
ightofchi
l
drenofmi
grantwor
ker
stoeducat
ion.
 Thehumanr
ightofmi
grant
sandt
hei
rfami
l
iest
oreuni
fi
cat
ion.
I
nter
nat
ionalConv
ent
ionont
hePr
otect
ionoft
heRi
ght
sofAl
lMi
grantWor
ker
sandMember
sof
t
hei
rFami
l
ies,
 t
heMi
grat
ionf
orEmpl
oymentConv
ent
ion
 t
heMi
grantWor
ker
s(Suppl
ement
aryPr
ovi
sions)Conv
ent
ion
 t
heUni
ver
sal
Decl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s,
 t
heI
nter
nat
ional
Cov
enantonEconomi
c,Soci
alandCul
tur
alRi
ght
s,
 t
heI
nter
nat
ional
Cov
enantonCi
vi
landPol
i
tical
Right
s,
 t
heConv
ent
ionont
heEl
i
minat
ionofAl
lFor
msofDi
scr
imi
nat
ionAgai
nstWomen,
 t
heConv
ent
ionont
heEl
i
minat
ionofAl
lFor
msofRaci
alDi
scr
imi
nat
ion,
 t
heConv
ent
ionont
heRi
ght
soft
heChi
l
d,t
heI
LOFor
cedLabourConv
ent
ion,
 t
heI
LOFr
eedom ofAssoci
ati
onandPr
otect
ionoft
heRi
ghtt
oOr
gani
zeConv
ent
ion,
 t
heI
LOEqual
Remuner
ati
onConv
ent
ion,
"
Stat
esPar
ti
esunder
take.
..t
orespectandt
oensur
etoal
lmi
grantwor
ker
sand.
..t
hei
r
f
ami
l
ieswi
thi
nthei
rter
ri
tor
y..
.ri
ght
s..
.wi
thoutdi
sti
nct
ionofanyki
ndsuchassex,
race,
col
our
,
l
anguage,
rel
i
gion.
..
,nat
ional
,et
hni
corsoci
alor
igi
n,nat
ional
i
ty.
..orot
herst
atus.
..
.
Mi
grantwor
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sandmember
soft
hei
rfami
l
iesshal
lbef
reet
oleav
eanySt
ate,i
ncl
udi
ngt
hei
r
St
ateofor
igi
n..
.;
..
.shal
lhav
ether
ightatanyt
imet
oent
erandr
emai
nint
hei
rSt
ateofor
igi
n..
..
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grantwor
kerormemberofhi
sorherf
ami
l
yshal
lbesubj
ect
edt
otor
tur
eort
ocr
uel
,
i
nhumanordegr
adi
ngt
reat
mentorpuni
shment
..
..Nomi
grantwor
ker.
..shal
lbehel
dinsl
aver
y
orser
vit
ude.
..
;.
..shal
lber
equi
redt
oper
for
mfor
cedorcompul
sor
ylabour
..
..

Mi
grantwor
ker
sandmember
soft
hei
rfami
l
iesshal
lhav
ether
ightt
ofr
eedom oft
hought
,

31
consci
ence and r
eli
gion.
..
;..
.shal
lhav
ethe r
ightt
o equal
i
tywi
th nat
ional
s oft
he St
ate
concer
nedbef
oret
hecour
tsandt
ri
bunal
s..
.;shal
lnotbesubj
ectt
omeasur
esofcol
l
ect
ive
expul
sion.
..
.
Ev
erymi
grantwor
kerandev
erymemberofhi
sorherf
ami
l
yshal
lhav
ether
ightt
o
r
ecogni
ti
on ev
ery
wher
e as a per
son bef
oret
he l
aw.
..
;..
.shal
lenj
oyt
reat
mentnotl
ess
f
avour
abl
ethant
hatwhi
chappl
i
est
onat
ional
soft
heSt
ateofempl
oymenti
nrespectof
r
emuner
ati
on .
..ov
ert
ime,hour
s ofwor
k,weekl
yrest
,hol
i
day
s wi
th pay
,saf
ety
,heal
th,
t
ermi
nat
ionoft
heempl
oymentr
elat
ionshi
p..
.mi
nimum ageofempl
oyment
..
..St
atesPar
ti
es
r
ecogni
zet
her
ightofmi
grantwor
ker
s..
.
Tot
akepar
tinmeet
ingsandact
ivi
ti
esoft
radeuni
ons.
..
.Wi
thr
espectt
osoci
alsecur
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mi
grantwor
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rfami
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iesshal
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oyi
ntheSt
ateofempl
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hesame
t
reat
mentgr
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onat
ional
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arast
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ulf
ilt
her
equi
rement
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ovi
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orby.
.
appl
i
cabl
elegi
sl
ati
on.
..
.Mi
grantwor
ker
sandmember
soft
hei
rfami
l
iesshal
lhav
ether
ightt
o
r
ecei
veanymedi
calcar
ethati
sur
gent
lyr
equi
redf
ort
hepr
eser
vat
ionoft
hei
rli
feort
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av
oidanceofi
rr
epar
abl
ehar
mtot
hei
rheal
thont
hebasi
sofequal
i
tyoft
reat
mentwi
thnat
ional
s
oft
heSt
ateconcer
ned.
..
.Eachchi
l
dofami
grantwor
kershal
lhav
ether
ightt
oaname,t
o
r
egi
str
ati
onofbi
rt
handt
oanat
ional
i
ty.
..
;.
..shal
lhav
ethebasi
cri
ghtofaccesst
oeducat
ionon
t
hebasi
sofequal
i
tyoft
reat
mentwi
thnat
ional
soft
heSt
ateconcer
ned.
..
."
I
nter
nat
ional
Conv
ent
ionont
hePr
otect
ionoft
heRi
ght
sofAl
lMi
grantWor
ker
sandMember
sof
Thei
rFami
l
ies,
Ar
ti
cles7,
8,10,
11,
12,
18,
22,
24,
25,
26,
27,
28,
29,
and30
"
EachMember.
..under
takest
oappl
y,wi
thoutdi
scr
imi
nat
ioni
nrespectofnat
ional
i
ty,
r
ace,
rel
i
gionorsex,
toi
mmi
grant
slawf
ull
ywi
thi
nit
ster
ri
tor
y,t
reat
mentnol
essf
avour
abl
ethan
t
hatwhi
chi
tappl
i
est
oit
sownnat
ional
sinr
espectoft
hef
oll
owi
ngmat
ter
s:.
..r
emuner
ati
on,
...
hour
sofwor
k,ov
ert
imear
rangement
s,hol
i
day
swi
thpay
,rest
ri
cti
onsonhomewor
k,mi
nimum
agef
orempl
oyment
,appr
ent
iceshi
pandt
rai
ning,
women'
swor
kandt
hewor
kofy
oungper
sons;
.
..member
shi
poft
radeuni
onsandenj
oymentoft
hebenef
it
sofcol
l
ect
ivebar
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ning;.
..
accommodat
ion;
...soci
alsecur
it
y(.
..l
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ovi
sioni
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oymenti
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y,mat
erni
ty,
si
ckness,
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dage,
deat
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oyment
..
..
)"
Mi
grat
ionf
orEmpl
oymentConv
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ti
cle6

"
EachMember.
..under
takest
orespectt
hebasi
chumanr
ight
sofal
lmi
grantwor
ker
s..
..Each
Member.
..under
takest
o..
.pur
suea.
..pol
i
cydesi
gnedt
opr
omot
eandt
oguar
ant
ee.
..equal
i
ty
ofoppor
tuni
tyandt
reat
menti
nrespectofempl
oymentandoccupat
ion,ofsoci
alsecur
it
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t
radeuni
onandcul
tur
alr
ight
sandofi
ndi
vi
dualandcol
l
ect
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reedomsf
orper
sonswhoas
mi
grantwor
ker
sorasmember
soft
hei
rfami
l
iesar
elawf
ull
ywi
thi
nit
ster
ri
tor
y..
..EachMember

32
shal
l..
.for
mul
ateandappl
yasoci
alpol
i
cy.
..whi
chenabl
esmi
grantwor
ker
sandt
hei
rfami
l
ies
t
o shar
ein adv
ant
ages enj
oyed byi
ts nat
ional
s whi
l
etaki
ng account
,wi
thoutadv
ersel
y
af
fect
ingt
hepr
inci
pleofequal
i
tyofoppor
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tyandt
reat
ment
,ofsuchspeci
alneedsast
hey
mayhav
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othesoci
etyoft
hecount
ryofempl
oyment
;..
.takeal
lst
epst
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assi
standencour
aget
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for
tsofmi
grantwor
ker
sandt
hei
rfami
l
iest
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eser
vet
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rnat
ional
andet
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cident
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rcul
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rcount
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udi
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bil
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or
chi
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drent
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rmot
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ongue;.
..A Membermayt
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..andcol
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itat
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ker
slegal
l
yresi
dingi
nit
ster
ri
tor
y..
..
"
Mi
grantWor
ker
s(Suppl
ement
aryPr
ovi
sions)Conv
ent
ion,
Art
icl
es1,
10,
12,
and13
"
Nooneshal
lbehel
dinsl
aver
yorser
vit
ude.
..
.Ev
ery
onehast
her
ightt
ofr
eedom of
peacef
ulassembl
yand associ
ati
on.
..
.Ev
ery
one has t
he r
ightt
o wor
k,t
ofr
ee choi
ce of
empl
oyment
,toj
ustandf
avour
abl
econdi
ti
onsofwor
kandt
opr
otect
ionagai
nstunempl
oyment
.
Ev
ery
one,wi
thoutanydi
scr
imi
nat
ion,hast
her
ightt
oequalpayf
orequalwor
[Link]
ery
onewho
wor
kshast
her
ightt
ojustandf
avour
abl
eremuner
ati
onensur
ingf
orhi
msel
fandhi
sfami
l
yan
exi
stencewor
thyofhumandi
gni
ty,andsuppl
ement
ed,i
fnecessar
y,byot
hermeansofsoci
al
pr
otect
[Link]
ery
onehast
her
ightt
ofor
m andt
ojoi
ntr
adeuni
onsf
ort
hepr
otect
ionofhi
s
i
nter
est
[Link]
ery
onehast
her
ightt
orestandl
eisur
e,i
ncl
udi
ngr
easonabl
eli
mit
ati
onofwor
king
hour
s..
..Ev
ery
onehast
her
ightt
oast
andar
dofl
i
vingadequat
efort
heheal
thandwel
l
-bei
ngof
hi
msel
fandhi
sfami
l
y..
.andt
her
ightt
osecur
it
yint
heev
entofunempl
oyment
,si
ckness,
di
sabi
l
ity.
..orot
herl
ackofl
i
vel
i
hood.
..
."
Uni
ver
sal
Decl
arat
ionofHumanRi
ght
s,Ar
ti
cles4,
20,
23,
24,
and25
"
TheSt
atesPar
ti
es.
..r
ecogni
zet
her
ightt
owor
k,whi
chi
ncl
udest
her
ightofev
ery
onet
othe
oppor
tuni
tyt
ogai
nhi
sli
vi
ngbywor
kwhi
chhef
reel
ychoosesoraccept
s..
..
Unor
gani
zedSect
orLabour
ers
 Theunor
gani
zedl
abouri
sov
erwhel
mingi
nter
msofi
tsnumberr
angeandt
her
efor
ethey
ar
eomni
presentt
hroughoutI
ndi
a.
 Ast
heunor
gani
zedsect
orsuf
fer
sfr
om cy
clesofexcessi
veseasonal
i
tyofempl
oyment
,
maj
ori
ty oft
he unor
gani
zed wor
ker
s does nothav
e st
abl
e dur
abl
e av
enues of
empl
oyment
.Ev
en t
hosewho appeart
o bev
isi
blyempl
oyed ar
enotgai
nful
l
yand
subst
ant
ial
l
yempl
oyed,
indi
cat
ingt
heexi
stenceofdi
sgui
sedunempl
oyment
.
 Thewor
kpl
acei
sscat
ter
edandf
ragment
ed.
 Ther
eisnof
ormal
empl
oyer–empl
oyeer
elat
ionshi
p
 I
nrur
alar
eas,t
heunor
gani
zedl
abourf
orcei
shi
ghl
yst
rat
if
iedoncast
eandcommuni
ty
consi
der
ati
ons.I
nur
banar
easwhi
l
esuchconsi
der
ati
onsar
emuchl
ess,
itcannotbesai
d
t
hati
tisal
toget
herabsentast
hebul
koft
heunor
gani
zedwor
ker
sinur
banar
easar
e

33
 basi
cal
l
ymi
grantwor
ker
sfr
om r
ural
areas.
 Wor
ker
sint
heunor
gani
zedsect
orar
eusual
l
ysubj
ectt
oindebt
ednessandbondageas
t
hei
rmeageri
ncomecannotmeetwi
tht
hei
rli
vel
i
hoodneeds.
 Theunor
gani
zedwor
ker
sar
esubj
ectt
oexpl
oit
ati
onsi
gni
fi
cant
lybyt
her
estoft
he
soci
ety
.Theyr
ecei
vepoorwor
kingcondi
ti
onsespeci
all
ywagesmuchbel
owt
hati
nthe
f
ormalsect
or,ev
enf
orcl
osel
ycompar
abl
ejobs,i
e,wher
elabourpr
oduct
ivi
tyar
eno
di
ff
erent
.Thewor
kst
atusi
sofi
nfer
iorqual
i
tyofwor
kandi
nfer
iort
ermsofempl
oyment
,
bot
hremuner
ati
onandempl
oyment
.
 Pr
imi
ti
vepr
oduct
iont
echnol
ogi
esandf
eudalpr
oduct
ionr
elat
ionsar
erampanti
nthe
unor
gani
zedsect
or,andt
heydonotper
mitorencour
aget
hewor
kment
oimbi
beand
assi
mil
atehi
ghert
echnol
ogi
esandbet
terpr
oduct
ionr
elat
[Link]
gescal
eignor
ance
andi
l
li
ter
acyandl
i
mit
edexposur
etot
heout
sidewor
ldar
eal
sor
esponsi
blef
orsuch
poorabsor
pti
on.
 Theunor
gani
zedwor
ker
sdonotr
ecei
vesuf
fi
cientat
tent
ionf
rom t
het
radeuni
ons.
 I
nadequat
eandi
nef
fect
ivel
abourl
awsandst
andar
dsr
elat
ingt
otheunor
gani
zedsect
or.
Soci
alSecur
it
yMeasur
esf
ort
heUnor
gani
zedSect
orLabour
ers
 I
tisr
ight
lyt
ruet
hatwheni
ndependentI
ndi
a’
sconst
it
uti
onwasdr
aft
ed,soci
alsecur
it
y
wasspeci
all
yincl
udedi
nLi
stI
IIt
oSchedul
eVI
Ioft
heconst
it
uti
onandi
twasmadeas
t
heconcur
rentr
esponsi
bil
i
tyoft
hecent
ralandst
ategov
ernment
[Link]
rect
ive
pr
inci
plesofst
atepol
i
cyr
elat
ingt
oaspect
sofsoci
alsecur
it
ywer
eincor
por
atedi
nthe
I
ndi
an const
it
uti
[Link] i
nit
iat
ives i
nthe f
orm ofAct
s such as t
he Wor
kmen’
s
Compensat
ion Act(
1923)
,the I
ndust
ri
alDi
sput
esAct(
1947)
,the Empl
oyeesSt
ate
I
nsur
anceAct(
1948)
,theMi
nimum WagesAct(
1948)
,theCoalMi
nesPr
ovi
dentFunds
and Mi
scel
l
aneous Pr
ovi
sions Act (
1948)
,The Empl
oyees Pr
ovi
dent Fund and
Mi
scel
l
aneousPr
ovi
sionsAct(
1952)
,theMat
erni
tyBenef
itAct(
1961)
,theSeamen’
s
Pr
ovi
dentFundAct(
1966)
,theCont
ractLabourAct(
1970)
,
 ThePay
mentofGr
atui
tyAct(
1972)
,theBui
l
dingandConst
ruct
ionWor
ker
sAct(
1996)
et
c.r
evealt
heat
tent
iongi
vent
otheor
gani
zedwor
ker
stoat
tai
ndi
ff
erentki
ndsofsoci
al
secur
it
yandwel
far
ebenef
it
[Link]
thasbeenar
guedt
hatt
heabov
eAct
sar
edi
rect
ly
andi
ndi
rect
lyappl
i
cabl
etot
hewor
ker
sint
heunor
gani
zedsect
oral
so,
thei
rcont
ri
but
ion
i
sver
ynegl
i
gibl
etot
heunor
gani
zedwor
ker
s.
 I
nspi
teoft
hef
actt
hatnotmuchhasbeendonei
npr
ovi
dingsoci
alsecur
it
ycov
ert
othe
r
uralpoorandt
heunor
gani
zedl
abourf
orce,t
hecount
ryhasmadesomebegi
nni
ngi
n
t
hatdi
rect
[Link]
hthecent
ralandst
ategov
ernment
shav
efor
mul
atedcer
tai
nspeci
fi
c
schemest
osuppor
tunor
gani
zedwor
ker
swhi
chf
aili
nmeet
ingwi
tht
her
ealneedsand
r
equi
rement
soft
heunor
gani
zedsect
orl
abourf
orce.

34
  Thi
s becomes cl
earev
en when t
he hi
ghl
ypr
ocl
aimed Nat
ionalRur
alEmpl
oyment
Guar
ant
eeAct-
2005(
NREGA)
,thoughi
tisabr
eakt
hrough,doesn’
thav
ecommonwage
i
ndi
ff
erentst
atesandl
i
mit
sit
sel
fonl
ytohundr
edday
’swor
kfort
hoser
egi
ster
edwor
ker
undert
heAct
.Whataboutt
her
estoft
heday
sinany
ear
?Aspert
hisAct
,thewor
k
guar
ant
eeappl
i
esi
nrur
alar
easonl
y,whataboutt
heur
banpoor
?
 Andl
ooki
ngatt
her
ecentUnor
gani
zedSect
ors’Soci
alSecur
it
yAct(
2008),oner
eal
l
y
wonder
sift
her
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ovi
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oranunor
gani
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sActot
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hansome
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del
i
nesaboutt
heav
ail
abl
esoci
alsecur
it
yschemesi
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tbe
cal
l
edanActunl
essi
thast
hel
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ngandpr
ovi
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ight
sto wor
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ent
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lement
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t?Her
easpert
heActnot
hingi
sment
ionedaboutwhatconst
it
utes
appr
opr
iat
eandadequat
esoci
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it
yfort
hev
astmassofunor
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sand
t
hei
rdependent
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it
sthatt
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rfami
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iesar
eent
it
ledt
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ti
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lbet
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rangement
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onst
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meett
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[Link]
en’
ttheunor
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soft
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ent
it
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ight
s,ont
hescal
eandspr
eadadumbr
atedi
nther
elev
antI
LOconv
ent
ion
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ear
sago?Ther
efor
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awwhi
chdoesnotdealwi
tht
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ssue
ofunempl
oyment
,it
sregul
ati
on,wages,andcondi
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kandsooni
snotmer
ely
i
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etebutdy
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oceedst
odealwi
thsoci
alsecur
it
yonast
andal
one
basi
[Link]
,act
ual
l
y,suf
fer
sfr
om aser
iousl
ackofl
egi
slat
ivepol
i
cyandi
ntent
.
Ul
ti
mat
elyt
hisActi
saney
ewashwhi
chhasnei
thert
hecapaci
tyt
oaddr
essnort
he
i
nbui
l
tpr
ovi
si
ont
opr
ovi
desol
uti
onst
otheneedsoft
heunor
gani
zedsect
[Link]
ent
he
pr
ovi
sionsandpr
ocedur
eoft
heMi
nimum WagesAct(
1948)i
ssov
agueandf
uti
l
ethat
di
ff
erentst
atesofI
ndi
ahav
efi
xedaby
smal
l
ymeagr
ewagesandt
hatt
oowi
thsomuch
ofv
ari
ati
onsf
rom st
atet
ost
ate.
 I
nfactacompr
ehensi
veAct
,cat
eri
ngt
othesecur
it
yneedsoft
heunor
gani
zedsect
or
suchasFood,
Nut
ri
ti
on,
Heal
th,
Housi
ng,
Empl
oyment
,Income,
Lif
eandacci
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ager
emai
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eam i
nIndi
[Link]
il
lthecr
iesoft
heunor
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orgoesunat
tended
wi
tht
hegov
ernment
slay
ingr
edcar
pet
sfort
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por
atesandsocal
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edi
nvest
orsatt
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expenseandsacr
if
iceoft
hewor
kingcl
ass.
Domest
icWomenWor
ker
s
Tensofmi
l
li
onsofwomenandgi
rl
sar
oundt
hewor
ldar
eempl
oyedasdomest
icwor
ker
s
i
npr
ivat
ehousehol
[Link]
ean,cook,car
eforchi
l
dren,l
ookaf
terel
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ami
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ymember
s,
andper
for
m ot
heressent
ialt
asksf
ort
hei
rempl
oyer
[Link]
tet
hei
rimpor
tantr
ole,t
heyar
e
amongt
hemostexpl
oit
edandabusedwor
ker
sint
hewor
[Link]
tenwor
k14t
o18hour
sa

35
day
,sev
enday
saweekf
orwagesf
arbel
ow t
hemi
nimum [Link]
ockedwi
thi
n
t
hei
rwor
kpl
aceandsubj
ectt
ophy
sicalandsexualv
iol
[Link]
l
drenandmi
grantdomest
ic
wor
ker
sar
eof
ten t
hemostv
ulner
abl
e. An i
nter
nat
ionalt
reat
y– t
heDomest
icWor
ker
s
Conv
ent
ion – wasadopt
ed i
n June 2100,pr
ovi
ding t
he f
ir
stgl
obalst
andar
dst
o pr
otect
domest
icwor
ker
s.
Unor
gani
sedSect
or
Tr
adeuni
oni
sav
olunt
aryor
gani
sat
ionofwor
ker
sfor
medt
opr
otectandpr
omot
ethei
r
i
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est
sthr
oughcol
l
ect
iveact
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tmaybef
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ir
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r
egi
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acont
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f
ort
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poseofmai
ntai
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onsoft
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e
def
inet
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anassoci
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o Lest
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Atr
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tsmember
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adeUni
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inest
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onas“
acont
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associ
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sons i
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ormedpr
imar
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esent
”.

TheTr
adeUni
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nat
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whet
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radeorbusi
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eder
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etr
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”
Accor
dingt
oEdwi
[Link]
i
ppo“
alabouruni
onort
radeuni
oni
sanor
gani
sat
ionofwor
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s
f
ormedt
opr
omot
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otectandi
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ect
iveact
iont
hesoci
al,economi
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tsmember
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elat
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owages,hour
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ori
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ermt
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Tr
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TheUnor
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f
ormalsect
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oruni
[Link]
ker
sar
enotof
ten

36
or
gani
sedi
ntot
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udyconduct
edonbui
l
dingwor
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sbyt
heNat
ionalI
nst
it
uteof
Const
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ionManagementandResear
ch(
NICMAR)i
nDel
hishowst
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y8outof999
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iewed,st
atedt
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emember
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hihasatl
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egi
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epor
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tindi
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Uni
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000oft
hem
hav
ejoi
nedi
ntheKagadKanchPat
raKasht
kar
iPanchay
at,whi
chi
sat
radeuni
onofscr
ap
whi
chexhi
bit
sthef
actt
hatunor
gani
sedwor
ker
sar
eei
thernotawar
eoft
heUni
onsornot
i
nter
est
edt
oassoci
atet
hemsel
veswi
thUni
[Link]
onswor
kingf
ort
heunor
gnai
sedsect
or.

37
38
 UNI
T–V
HumanRi
ght
sRedr
essal
Mechani
sm
Theef
fect
ivenessofanyl
egalsy
stem dependsoni
tspower
sto‘
enf
orce’t
hel
awsand
nor
mst
hator
igi
nat
efr
om i
[Link]
aw r
elat
edt
oint
ernat
ionalhumanr
ight
sisnodi
ff
erent
.
Howev
er,
themanneri
n whi
ch i
nter
nat
ionalhuman r
ight
str
eat
iesar
eenf
orced i
sdi
ff
erent
f
rom t
he manneri
n whi
chdomest
icl
awsar
eenf
[Link]
nter
nat
ionalt
reat
ies,count
ri
es
comet
oget
herandagr
eet
oabi
debynor
ms/
standar
dsofconduct/r
ight
sandr
esponsi
bil
i
ties
t
hatt
heyar
ri
[Link]
eisnoi
nter
nat
ionalpol
i
cef
orcet
omoni
torcount
ri
es’
compl
i
anceswi
tht
heobl
i
gat
ionst
heyhav
eaccept
edunderv
ari
oushumanr
ight
str
eat
ies.
Exceptt
he I
nter
nat
ionalCr
imi
nalCour
t,whi
ch deal
s wi
thv
ery speci
fi
c cr
imes,and t
he
I
nter
nat
ionalCour
tofJust
ice(
ICJ)whi
chdeal
sonl
ywi
thdi
sput
esbet
weenst
ates,t
her
eisno
ot
heri
nter
nat
ionalcour
twher
eindi
vi
dual
smaypr
osecut
eper
pet
rat
orsf
orv
iol
ati
onsofhuman
r
ight
s.
Thei
ssueof‘
i
nter
nat
ionalenf
orcement
’iscont
rov
ersi
alandhi
ghl
yresi
stedbymany
st
[Link]
l
etheUni
tedNat
ionshasbeensuccessf
uli
nset
ti
ngst
andar
dsonmanyhuman
r
ight
sissues,i
tscr
eat
ionofmechani
sms,i
nst
it
uti
onsandpr
ocedur
est
o ensur
eef
fect
ive
enf
orcementi
sanongoi
ngef
for
t,asi
tlar
gel
ydependsont
heconsent/wi
l
lofst
[Link]
eryUN
MemberSt
atei
sapar
tyt
ooneormor
eoft
heni
nemaj
orhumanr
ight
str
eat
[Link]
eat
yBodi
es
ar
emoni
tor
ingmechani
smscr
eat
edunderv
ari
oust
reat
iesonhumanr
ight
stoensur
ethat
count
ri
esf
oll
owt
hei
robl
i
gat
ionsundert
het
reat
[Link]
eat
yBodi
esgi
ve“
teet
h”t
oeachhuman
r
ight
str
eat
[Link]
ght
sTr
eat
ieshav
ethr
eesy
stemst
oimpl
ementt
het
reat
y
obl
i
gat
ions.
[Link]
ti
ngSy
stem
B.I
nter
-st
ateCompl
aintSy
stem
C.I
ndi
vi
dual
Compl
aintSy
stem
Per
iodi
c r
epor
tsar
e r
epor
ts submi
tt
ed by each count
ry t
o t
he t
reat
y body
est
abl
i
shed under t
het
reat
ies t
hat t
hey hav
erat
if
[Link]
lrat
if
ying st
ates ar
e under
obl
i
gat
ion t
o submi
tper
iodi
crepor
ts,st
ati
ng i
n det
ailt
hei
rcompl
i
ance wi
tht
he t
reat
y
pr
ovi
si
[Link]
ncl
udel
egi
slat
ive,j
udi
cial
,admi
nist
rat
iveandot
hermeasur
esunder
taken
domest
ical
l
y,ser
vicespr
ovi
ded,budgetal
l
ocat
edandst
ati
sti
csandot
herdat
athatwoul
d
i
ndi
cat
esuchcompl
i
[Link]
reat
yhaspr
ovi
sionswi
thr
egar
dtosubmi
ssi
onofper
iodi
c
r
epor
ts.

Gener
alComment
s/Recommendat
ions–pr
ovi
det
het
reat
ybodi
es’
int
erpr
etat
ionsoft
he
cont
ent
sofspeci
fi
car
ti
[Link]
alComment
s/Recommendat
ionscl
ari
fyambi
gui
ti
es
t
hatmayexi
sti
nthet
reat
ythatcoul
dhi
ndert
hei
mpl
ement
ati
onofspeci
fi
car
ti
clesofat
reat
y.

39
Theypl
ayasi
gni
fi
cantr
olebypr
ovi
dingaut
hor
it
ati
vei
nter
pret
ati
onst
ovar
iouspr
ovi
sionsi
nthe
t
reat
[Link]
e,whi
l
eCEDAW doesnotexpr
essl
yment
ion v
iol
enceagai
nstwomen,
t
heCommi
tt
eef
orEl
i
minat
ionofDi
scr
imi
nat
ionagai
nstWomencl
ari
fi
ed,t
hroughaGener
al
Recommendat
ion, t
hat gender
-basedv
iol
encei
saf
orm ofgenderdi
scr
imi
nat
ionasi
tis
v
iol
encewhi
chi
s“di
rect
edagai
nstawomanbecauseshei
sawoman”
Concl
udi
ngComment
s/Obser
vat
ionsmadebyt
het
reat
ybodi
eswi
thr
egar
dtocount
ry-
speci
fi
cful
fi
ll
mentoft
reat
yobl
i
gat
ionsar
ehel
pfult
oensur
ethei
mpl
ement
ati
onoft
reat
[Link]
documenti
spr
epar
edaf
tert
het
reat
ybodyhasr
ecei
vedandr
eadt
heper
iodi
candshadow
r
epor
ts,and hear
d or
alr
epr
esent
ati
ons wi
thr
egar
dto a count
ry’
sful
fi
ll
mentoft
reat
y
obl
i
gat
[Link]
udi
ngComment
swor
kasadi
rect
ivet
otheconcer
nedgov
ernmenti
n
hi
ghl
i
ght
ingar
easf
orf
utur
eact
ion.
St
ruct
ureoft
heNat
ional
HumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
on
Thest
ruct
ureoft
heNHRChasbeenpr
ovi
dedf
ori
nawaysl
i
ght
lydi
ff
erentf
rom t
he
pat
ter
nor
dai
nedf
orot
herst
atut
orycommi
ssi
onsi
nthecount
[Link],aspert
hepr
ovi
sionsof
t
hePHRA,1993,t
heNHRCconsi
stsofaChai
rper
sonandf
ourot
hermember
swi
thdef
ini
te
qual
i
ficat
ionsst
ipul
atedf
oreachoft
[Link],whi
l
eit
sChai
rper
sonneedst
obeaf
ormer
Chi
efJust
iceofI
ndi
a,t
woofi
tsmember
sagai
nneedt
obeofj
udi
cialbackgr
ound–onea
si
tt
ingorf
ormerj
udgeoft
heSupr
emeCour
tandt
heot
herasi
tt
ingorf
ormerChi
efJust
iceofa
Hi
ghCour
[Link]
heAct
,theot
hert
wof
ullt
imemember
soft
heCommi
ssi
onshoul
dbe
‘
per
sonshav
ingknowl
edgeof
,orpr
act
icalexper
iencei
n,mat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
ohumanr
ight
s.’
Apar
tfr
om t
hat
,theNHRCi
stohav
etheChai
rper
sonsoft
hreeot
herNat
ionalCommi
ssi
ons,
namel
y,t
heNat
ionalCommi
ssi
onf
orMi
nor
it
ies,t
heNat
ionalCommi
ssi
onf
orWomenandt
he
Nat
ionalCommi
ssi
onf
orSchedul
edCast
esandSchedul
edTr
ibes,asi
tsex-
off
ici
omember
sin
or
dert
opr
ovi
def
oraf
ocusedandbal
ancedper
spect
ivei
nthef
unct
ioni
ngoft
heNHRC i
n
mat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
othemi
nor
it
ies,womenandt
heSCsandSTs.I
naddi
ti
ont
othemember
shi
p
oft
heCommi
ssi
on,
theActal
somadepr
ovi
sionsf
ort
wost
atut
oryadmi
nist
rat
iveof
fi
cesi
nthe
Commi
ssi
on,v
iz.
,theSecr
etar
yGener
alandt
heDi
rect
orGener
al(
Inv
est
igat
ions)t
oaf
for
dan
adequat
eadmi
nist
rat
ivesuppor
tsot
hatt
hef
unct
ionsoft
heCommi
ssi
onar
ecar
ri
edouti
nan
i
mpar
ti
alandef
fi
ci
entmanner
.Thus,
thest
ruct
ureoft
heNHRCappear
stobepr
ovi
dedf
orwi
th
t
heobj
ect
iveofensur
ingi
tsaut
onomyont
heonehandandat
tr
ibut
ingadmi
nist
rat
ivecapabi
l
ity
t
oit
sfunct
ioni
ngont
heot
her
.(Gopal
aswamy
:2000,
13)
Al
ookatt
hest
ruct
ureoft
heCommi
ssi
ondemonst
rat
esanumberoft
ypi
calf
eat
ures
pecul
i
art
othe NHRC as compar
ed t
o ot
hersuch commi
ssi
ons exi
sti
ng i
nthe count
ry.
(
Chakr
abar
tyandPandey
:2008,
217-
220)
Fi
rst
ly,
asoutoff
ivef
ullt
imemember
soft
heCommi
ssi
on,
thr
eeposi
ti
onsi
ncl
udi
ngt
hat
oft
heChai
rper
sonhasbeenr
eser
vedf
ort
hemember
soft
hehi
gherj
udi
ciar
y,t
hest
ruct
ural

40
or
ient
ati
onoft
heCommi
ssi
onappear
sto hav
ebecomesomewhatl
egal
i
sti
cwher
ebyt
he
pr
obl
emsoft
hev
iol
ati
onsofhumanr
ight
swoul
dtendt
obeseenf
rom t
hej
uri
spr
udent
ial
per
spect
iver
athert
hani
ncont
extoft
hepr
evai
l
ingsoci
o-economi
candcul
tur
alci
rcumst
ances
i
nthecount
ry.I
not
herwor
ds,t
hecasesoft
hehumanr
ight
svi
olat
ionsshoul
dsupposedl
ybe
t
akenupbyt
heCommi
ssi
onnotj
ustwi
tht
heobj
ect
iveofhandi
ngdownadef
ini
tev
erdi
ct
hol
dingsomebodygui
l
tyoft
hecr
imebutal
sowi
tht
hepur
poseofgoi
ngdowndeepi
ntot
he
pr
obabl
ereasonsf
ort
hecommi
tmentofsuchcr
imessot
hatsubt
leandper
manentr
emedi
al
measur
escoul
dbesuggest
edi
nor
dert
ocheckt
her
ecur
[Link]
er,
sucha
possi
bil
i
tyseemst
ober
emot
ewi
thabodyconsi
sti
ngpr
edomi
nant
lyoft
hepeopl
eint
hehabi
t
ofdel
i
ver
ingt
hef
inalv
erdi
ctr
athert
hanl
ooki
ngatt
hecausesandci
rcumst
ancesoft
he
par
ti
cul
arcase.
Secondl
y,t
hepr
ovi
siont
hatsi
tt
ingj
udgesmaybeappoi
ntedt
otheNHRC wi
tht
he
consentoft
heChi
efJust
iceofI
ndi
adoesnotseem t
ogowel
l
,ei
theri
ntheor
yorpr
act
ice,
wit
h
bot
htheheal
thoft
heCommi
ssi
onandt
hei
ndependenceoft
hej
udi
ciar
[Link]
ntmentofa
si
tt
ingj
udget
otheCommi
ssi
onmi
ghti
nal
lpr
obabi
l
ityl
eadt
oaki
ndoff
ri
cti
onamongstt
he
member
soft
heCommi
ssi
on ast
hesi
tt
ing j
udgemaysupposedl
ycar
rymor
ewei
ghti
n
compar
isont
otheot
hermember
swhi
chmaynotpr
ovegoodf
ort
heheal
thoft
heCommi
ssi
on.
Si
mil
arl
y,t
heappoi
ntmentofsuchaj
udget
otheCommi
ssi
onmi
ghtcastasper
sionsont
he
i
ndependenceoft
hej
udi
ciar
yast
hepr
ovi
sionmaybeusedbot
hascar
rotaswel
lasst
ickby
t
hegov
ernmenti
nthecour
seoft
[Link]
ull
y,t
her
efor
e,t
hegov
ernmenthasdesi
stedf
rom
appoi
nti
nganysi
tt
ingj
udgeast
hememberoft
heCommi
ssi
on,
maki
ngt
hepr
ovi
sionr
edundant
sot
hati
tmaydi
eanat
ural
deat
h.
Thi
rdl
y,i
ncont
rastt
othet
wonegat
ivef
eat
uresoft
hest
ruct
ureoft
heCommi
ssi
on,a
wel
comepr
ovi
si
onappear
stobet
hemet
hodol
ogyoft
hesel
ect
ionoft
heChai
rmanandt
he
member
soft
heCommi
ssi
[Link]
aiddowni
ntheAct
,theappoi
ntment
stot
heCommi
ssi
on
woul
dbemadeaCommi
tt
eeundert
heheadshi
poft
hePr
imeMi
nist
erandconsi
sti
ngoft
he
Uni
onHomeMi
nist
er,
Speakeroft
heLokSabha,
Deput
yChai
rper
sonoft
heRaj
yaSabhaandt
he
l
eader
sofOpposi
ti
oni
nbot
hthehousesoft
hePar
li
ament
.Suchaseemi
ngl
yimpar
ti
almet
hod
oft
heconst
it
uti
onoft
heCommi
ssi
oni
spar
ti
cul
arl
ypr
aisewor
thyduet
othef
actt
hatI
ndi
a
bei
ngapl
uralcount
rywi
thhi
ghdegr
eeofpol
i
ticaldi
scor
dandl
ackofunani
mit
yamongstt
he
pol
i
ticall
eader
s as t
o whatconst
it
utet
he v
iol
ati
on ofhuman r
ight
s,need t
o hav
ethe
par
ti
cipat
ionoft
heopposi
ti
onl
eader
ssot
hatt
heappoi
ntmentt
ocr
uci
albodyl
i
ket
heNHRC
whi
ch i
sbest
owed wi
thi
nvest
igat
ing and suggest
ing r
emedi
alst
epsi
nthecasesoft
he
v
iol
ati
onsofhumanr
ight
s,shoul
dbemadei
nsuchamannert
hati
tremai
nsabov
etheboar
din
t
hepol
i
ticaldi
scour
seoft
hecount
ryanddi
schar
gesi
tsf
unct
ionsasi
mpar
ti
all
yaspossi
ble,
i
rr
espect
iveoft
hecl
aimsandcount
ercl
aimsofv
ari
oussect
ionsoft
hepeopl
e.

41
 Fi
nal
l
y,agai
nasaposi
ti
vesi
gnofi
tsst
ruct
ure,t
hepr
ovi
sionsf
ort
heof
fi
cesoft
he
Secr
etar
yGener
alaswel
last
heDi
rect
orGener
al(
Inv
est
igat
ions)ast
hest
atut
oryadj
unctoft
he
Commi
ssi
onappeart
obet
hef
ulf
il
lmentofapr
e-r
equi
sit
eforef
fect
ivef
unct
ioni
ngoft
he
Commi
ssi
[Link]
l
e,t
hef
ormerof
fi
cerhasbeenmadet
headmi
nist
rat
iveheadoft
hemachi
ner
y
oft
heCommi
ssi
on,
thel
att
eri
smader
esponsi
blef
ort
heper
for
manceoft
hemostcr
it
icalt
ask
i
nthef
unct
ioni
ngoft
heCommi
ssi
oni
.e.t
hei
nvest
igat
ionoft
hecompl
aintofhumanr
ight
s
v
iol
ati
[Link]
heset
asksofr
unni
ngt
headmi
nist
rat
ionoft
heCommi
ssi
onandconduct
ing
t
hei
nvest
igat
ionsi
ntot
hecompl
aint
stobeout
sour
cedbyt
hegov
ernment
alagenci
esl
yi
ng
out
sidet
hedomai
noft
heCommi
ssi
on,t
heef
fect
ivedi
schar
geofsuchr
esponsi
bil
i
tieswoul
d
hav
ebeeni
ndoubt
,whi
chi
nfi
nalanal
ysi
shadgonei
ntar
nishi
ngt
hei
mageandef
fect
iveness
oft
heCommi
ssi
on.
Nat
ional
HumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
on[
NHRC]
I
ntr
oduct
ion:
-
 Aspert
hepr
otect
ionofHumanRi
ght
scour
tactpassedbyt
hegov
ernmentofI
ndi
ain
1993,
theNHRCwasest
abl
i
shedandcamei
ntof
orceon12.
10.
1993.
 Thi
scommi
ssi
onshal
lconsi
stofachai
rper
son,
whohasbeenachi
efj
ust
iceoft
he
Supr
emeCour
t,onememberwhoi
sorwhohasbeent
hechi
efj
ust
iceofhi
ghcour
t.
 Andt
woot
hermembert
obeappoi
ntedf
rom amongstt
heper
sonhav
ingknowl
edgeofor
pr
act
ical
exper
iencei
nmat
ter
srel
ati
ngt
ohumanr
ight
.
 Ther
eshal
lbeasecr
etar
ygener
alwhoshal
lbet
hechi
efexecut
iveof
fi
ceroft
he
commi
ssi
on.
 Thechai
rper
sonshal
lhol
dtheof
fi
cef
orat
erm off
ivey
ear
sfr
om t
hedat
eofent
eri
nghi
s
of
fi
cei
sal
so5y
ear
sandar
eel
i
gibl
eforr
eappoi
ntmentf
oranot
hert
erm of5y
ear
s.
 Whenachai
rper
soni
snoti
naposi
ti
ont
odi
schar
gehi
sfunct
ionsduet
ooner
easonor
t
heot
her
,oneoft
hemember
soft
hecommi
ssi
onmaybeaut
hor
izedbyt
hepr
esi
dentt
o
di
schar
get
hef
unct
ionofchai
rper
sonunt
ilt
hedat
eonwhi
cht
hechai
rper
sonr
esumes
hi
sdut
ies.
Funct
ionoft
heNat
ional
HumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
ons:
-
 Thecommi
ssi
onshal
lenqui
rysuomot
ooronapet
it
ionpr
esent
edt
oitbyav
ict
im or
anyper
sononhi
sbehal
f,i
ntocompl
aintof[
a]v
iol
ati
oni
nhumanr
ightorabat
ement
t
her
eof
;or[
b]negl
i
gencei
nthepr
event
ionofsuch-
viol
ati
onbyapubl
i
cser
vant
.
 Thecommi
ssi
ont
ooksuomot
ocogni
zanceoft
hecommunaldi
stur
bancei
nGuj
arat
commenci
ngwi
tht
hegodhar
atr
agedyonFebr
uar
y27,
2002andi
tsaf
ter
mat
h.
 Thecommi
ssi
onmayi
nter
venei
nanypr
oceedi
ngi
nvol
vi
nganyal
l
egat
ionofhuman
r
ight
spendi
ngbef
oreacour
twi
tht
heappr
oval
sofsuchcour
ts.
 Thecommi
ssi
onshoul
drev
iew t
hef
act
ors,i
ncl
udi
ngact
soft
err
ori
sm t
hati
nhi
bit

42
 exer
ciseofoneshumanr
ightaswel
last
hesaf
eguar
dscur
rent
lyi
nfor
ceandmake
appr
opr
iat
erecommendat
ions.
 Thecommi
ssi
onsshal
lst
udyt
het
reat
iesandot
heri
nter
nat
ionali
nst
rument
son
humanr
ightandmaker
ecommendat
ionf
ort
hei
ref
fect
ivei
mpl
ement
ati
ons.
Power
soft
heNat
ional
HumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
ons:
-
 Thecommi
ssi
onenj
oysal
lthepower
sofaci
vi
lcour
tundert
hecodeofci
vi
lpr
ocedur
es.
 Summoni
ngandenf
orci
ngt
heat
tendanceofwi
tnessesandexami
net
hem on
oat
h.
 Di
scov
eryandpr
oduct
ionofanydocument
.
 Recei
vi
ngev
idenceonaf
fi
dav
its/
-
 Requi
si
ti
oni
nganypubl
i
crecor
dorcopyt
her
efor
efr
om anycour
torof
fi
ce.
Thecommi
ssi
onshal
lhav
epowert
orequi
reanyper
sont
ofur
nishi
nfor
mat
iononsuch
poi
ntsormat
ter
sas,i
ntheopi
nionoft
hecommi
ssi
onsmaybeusef
ulf
or,orr
elev
antt
o,t
he
subj
ectmat
ter
soft
hei
nqui
ryandanyper
sonsor
equi
redshal
lbedeemedt
obel
egal
l
ybound
t
ofur
nishsuchi
nfor
mat
ionwi
thi
nthemeani
ngofsect
ion176andsect
ion177oft
heI
ndi
an
penal
code.
Thecommi
ssi
onshal
lpubl
i
shi
tsi
nqui
ryr
epor
ttoget
herwi
tht
hecomment
soft
he
concer
nedgov
ernmentoraut
hor
it
y,i
fany
,andt
heact
iont
akenorpr
oposedt
obet
akenbyt
he
appr
opr
iat
eaut
hor
it
yont
her
ecommendat
ionsoft
hecommi
ssi
ons.
St
ateHumanRi
ghtCommi
ssi
ons,
Tami
lNadu[
SHRC]
:-
 TheSHRCconsi
stsofachai
rper
son,
whohasbeenachi
efj
ust
iceofahi
ghcour
t,one
memberwhoi
shasbeenaj
udgeofhi
ghcour
t,andanot
hermemberwhoi
shasbeen
adi
str
ictj
udgei
nthatst
ateandt
woot
hermember
stobeappoi
ntedf
rom per
sons
hav
ingknowl
edgeofhumanr
ight
.
 Besi
dest
heabov
emember
s,Ther
eshal
lbea secr
etar
y,who i
sal
so t
hechi
ef
execut
ivesof
fi
ceroft
hest
atecommi
ssi
ons.
 Theheadquar
ter
soft
heSCHRshal
lbesuchpl
acedast
hest
ategov
ernmentmay
speci
fy.
 Thesecommi
ssi
onsmayi
nqui
rei
ntot
hemat
ter
sconcer
nedwi
thl
i
stI
IandI
IIoft
he
sev
ent
hschedul
etot
heI
ndi
anconst
it
uti
on.
 Thechai
rper
sonandot
hermemberofSCHRar
eappoi
ntedbyt
hegov
ernoroft
he
concer
nedst
ate.
 Ev
eryappoi
ntmentoft
hest
atecommi
ssi
onsi
smadeont
her
ecommendat
ionsofa
commi
tt
eeconsi
sti
ngoft
hechi
efmi
nist
eroft
hest
ate.
 Thespeakeroft
hel
egi
slat
iveassembl
yandt
hedeptofhomemi
nist
er.
 Thet
erm ofof
fi
cef
oreachmemberi
sfi
vey
ear
sorwhi
chheent
ersuponhi
sof
fi
ce.

43
  Nomembershal
lhol
dof
fi
ceaf
terhehasat
tai
nedt
heageof70y
ear
s.
 Thecommi
ssi
onshal
lbeassi
stedbyasecr
etar
y,i
nvest
igat
edof
fi
cer[
inspect
or
gener
alofpol
i
ce]and ot
hert
echni
caland sci
ent
if
ic st
affappoi
nted by t
he
commi
ssi
on.
 TheSCHRshal
lsubmi
tanannualr
epor
ttot
hest
ategov
ernmentconsi
sti
ngofi
ts
wor
kaswel
lasr
ecommendat
ionsonhumanr
ight
s.
 Thef
unct
ionsandpower
soft
hecommi
ssi
onsar
eli
ket
hatoft
hef
unct
ionsand
power
soft
heNHRC-
butatt
hest
atel
evel
.
 Thecommi
ssi
onshal
lal
socar
ryont
hedi
rect
ionsputf
ort
hbyt
heNHRC.
HumanRi
ghtCour
ts:
-
 Ast
hev
iol
ati
onofhumanr
ighthasbecomequi
tecommon,andt
hei
ncr
easi
ng
numberofcases and speedy t
ri
alofsuch of
fences hav
e war
rant
ed f
ort
he
est
abl
i
shmentofhumanr
ightcour
tsatt
hedi
str
ict
slev
el.
 Thest
ategov
ernmentbynot
if
icat
ionspeci
fi
esf
oreachdi
str
ictacount
:know as
humanr
ightcour
ttot
ryt
heof
fencesagai
nsthumanr
ight
.
 Apubl
i
cpr
osecut
ororanadv
ocat
ehav
ingatl
eastsev
eny
ear
sexper
ienceal
soi
s
appoi
ntedt
othesecour
ts.
 Hei
sinchar
geofconduct
ingcasesi
nthesecour
tsandi
tmayhel
pforspeedyt
ri
alof
of
fencesar
isi
ngoutofv
iol
ati
onofhumanr
ight
s.
Judi
ciar
yandHumanRi
ght
:-
 Humanr
ighthasbecomet
odayoneoft
hecent
ral
chal
l
engesofci
vi
li
zat
ion.
 Humanr
ight
scov
ert
err
it
ory
.Ci
vi
l,pol
i
tical
,economi
c,soci
alandcul
tur
alr
ight
sofan
i
ndi
vi
dual
arei
nher
enti
nournat
urewi
thoutwhi
chonecannott
hinkofl
i
vingashuman
bei
ngs.
 I
ndi
anj
udi
ci
arypl
aysav
italr
olei
nsaf
eguar
dinghumanr
ightwhenev
ert
heyar
e
[Link]
tenpeopl
efaceanumberofcr
uel
,degr
adi
ngandi
nhumani
l
l-t
reat
ment
.
 TheSupr
emeCour
thashel
dint
hatanyf
rom oft
ort
ureordegr
adi
ngt
reat
mentwoul
d
beof
fensi
vet
o human di
gni
tyand woul
d,t
her
efor
e,v
iol
ateAr
ti
cle21.
cust
odi
an
v
iol
encei
syetanot
heri
nst
anceofi
nhuman,
cruel
anddegr
adi
ngt
reat
ment
.
 I
ndi
anpol
i
ceper
sonnel
oft
enbr
eakt
hel
awsi
nthi
sregar
[Link]
ear
esomepol
i
cemen
whoar
ededi
cat
edt
otheser
viceandhonestt
oo.
 Judi
ci
alact
ivi
sm hasnotonl
ypr
otect
edt
hehumanr
ight
sofpeopl
e,buti
tal
sol
edt
o
t
hegr
ant
ingofexempl
arycompensat
iont
othev
ict
imsofpol
i
ceat
roci
ti
es,whi
ch
r
esul
tedi
nhumanr
ightv
iol
ati
on.
 Bot
hin Amer
ica and I
ndi
a,Supr
eme Cour
texer
cise wi
de powerofr
evi
ew of
l
egi
sl
ati
on,
especi
all
yint
hef
iel
dofhumanr
ight
s.

44
Rul
esandRegul
ati
onsofSt
ateHumanRi
ght
sCommi
ssi
on1997:
-
 Assucht
heTami
l
Nadugov
ernmentconst
it
utedSHRCi
n1997andt
hecommi
ssi
on
haspassedar
esol
uti
ont
hati
ttakesuomot
ocogni
zanceofanyhumanr
ightcour
ts
t
hatwer
esetupbyt
heTami
lnadugov
ernmenti
nMar
ch1996.
 Apol
i
ticalact
ivi
ti
stmov
edt
hehumanr
ightcour
tatEr
odeagai
nstt
heal
l
egedki
l
li
ngs
andsexual
abuseoft
het
ri
bal
sbyt
hepol
i
ceoft
heSTFsetupt
oappt
ehendv
eer
apan,
t
hesandal
woodsmuggl
er.
 Butt
hecour
tret
urnedt
hecompl
aint
,ast
hescopeofi
tsj
uri
sdi
cti
onwasnotcl
ear
.
 Themadr
ashi
ghcour
tdel
i
ver
edaj
udgmenton23,August1997t
omakeHuman
Ri
ghtcour
tswor
kabl
e.
 Aspeci
albenchobser
vedt
hatspeci
alpubl
i
cpr
osecut
orsshoul
dbeappoi
ntedf
ort
he
pr
osecut
ionofhumanr
ight
sof
fender
s.
 I
tis necessar
yto setup an i
ndependentagency
,di
rect
lyr
esponsi
blet
othe
gov
ernmentt
oinv
est
igat
ecust
odi
alv
iol
[Link]
her
wisehumanr
ightof
fender
swi
l
l
cont
inuet
ogoscotf
ree.
 Al
lthese,war
rant
stohumani
zet
hepol
i
[Link]
eisabi
gchal
l
engei
nfr
ontofus.i
e.
Towhatext
enthav
ewebeenabl
etopr
otectt
he“
Rightt
oLi
fe”ofourpeopl
e.
 Ther
uthl
essnessoft
hepol
i
ceseemst
obeuni
for
minbot
hrur
alandur
banI
ndi
a.
 Thehumanr
ightst
atusoft
hehumbl
epeopl
eissunkensi
ncet
hest
atehasl
osti
ts
sensi
ti
vi
ty.
Di
rect
ivepr
inci
pleofst
atepol
i
cy:
Thedi
rect
ivepr
inci
plesofst
atepol
i
cyhav
ebeeni
ncor
por
atedi
ntheconst
it
uti
ont
o
suppl
ement“
fundament
alRi
ght
s”i
nachi
evi
ngawel
far
est
atei
nIndi
[Link]
tIVoft
heI
ndi
an
const
it
uti
oni
s“TheDi
rect
ivePr
inci
plesofSt
atePol
i
cy”
.
Ar
ti
clef
rom 37t
o51deal
swi
thdi
rect
ivepr
inci
[Link]
ti
clesar
egi
venbel
[Link]
ar
efol
l
ows.
 Ri
ghtt
ofai
rwagesandequal
remuner
ati
onf
orwor
k.>>>>>>>>(
Art
icl
e39{
d})
 Ther
ightt
opr
otectchi
l
dhoodandy
out
hfr
om expl
oit
ati
on.
>>>(
Art
icl
e39(
f))
.
 Ri
ghtt
owor
k.>>>(
Art
icl
e41)
 Ri
ghtt
omedi
cal
car
e.>>>>(
Art
icl
e41and47)
 Ri
ghtt
osoci
alsecur
it
yinol
dage.
>>>(
Art
icl
e41)
 Ri
ghtt
osecur
it
ymat
erni
tyr
eli
ef.
>>>>(
Art
icl
e42)
 Ri
ghtt
odescentst
andar
dofl
i
fe.
>>>(
Art
icl
e43)
 Ri
ghtt
olei
sur
eandr
est
.>>>>>(
Art
icl
e430)
 Ri
ghtt
ofr
eeandcompul
sor
yeducat
ionf
orchi
l
dren.
>>>(
Art
icl
e45)
.
 Ri
ghtt
opr
oper
ty.
>>>>(
Art
icl
e430)

45
 Theuni
onofI
ndi
a,t
hest
atesanduni
ont
err
it
ori
eshav
edoneal
ott
oimpl
ementt
he
di
rect
ivepr
inci
plesofcr
eat
eanyj
ust
if
iabl
eri
ght
sinf
avor
soft
hei
ndi
vi
dual
[Link]
het
reeof
‘
Li
ber
tyWoul
dBl
oom i
nIndi
a’
.

46