1.
] write the encryption and decryption operations of Advanced Encryption Standard algorithm to
explain its working
1. Encryption and Decryption Operations of AES Algorithm
The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) is a symmetric block cipher. The input plaintext block is
arranged as a 4 × 4 matrix of bytes, called the State. AES also uses a key expansion function, which
generates a number of round keys. Each round key is used as input to the AddRoundKey
transformation.
AES supports three key lengths. The number of rounds depends on the key size:
Key size Number of rounds
128 bits 10 rounds
192 bits 12 rounds
256 bits 14 rounds
For the normal 128-bit key, AES uses 10 rounds.
AES Encryption Operation
2.] what are the four operations of AES for one round and demonstrate the generation of
intermediate cipher text with an example.
3.] Explain the format preserving encryption mechanism to explain the encryption and decryption
with its feistel structure diagram
4] Apply Format-Preserving Encryption on any example and explain it with diagram.
5.] write the four operations of AES for one round and demonstrate the generation of intermediate
cipher text with an example.(same as 2)
6.] Utilize Electronic Codebook and Cipher Block Chaining for the secure data transmission
A block cipher takes a fixed-length block of text of length b bits and a key as input and produces a b-
bit block of ciphertext. If the amount of plaintext to be encrypted is greater than b bits, then the
block cipher can still be used by breaking the plaintext up into b-bit blocks. When multiple blocks of
plaintext are encrypted using the same key, a number of security issues arise. in a variety of
applications, five modes of operation have been defined.
Cipher Block Chaining
To overcome the security deficiencies of ECB, we would like a technique in which the same plaintext
block, if repeated, produces different ciphertext blocks. A simple way to satisfy this requirement is
the cipher block chaining (CBC) mode
7.] explain AES structure in detail(same as1)
8] Difference between Stream Ciphers. Cipher Block Chaining
Sl. Stream Cipher Cipher Block Chaining
No.
1 A stream cipher encrypts a digital data stream CBC encrypts data one block at a time
one bit or one byte at a time. using a block cipher.
2 It works on a continuous stream of plaintext It works on fixed-size plaintext blocks such
bits or bytes. as 64 bits or 128 bits.
3 It uses a keystream generated from a key- It uses a block encryption algorithm with a
controlled bit-stream generation algorithm. secret key and chaining between blocks.
4 Encryption is generally done by XORing Encryption is done by XORing the plaintext
plaintext with the keystream. block with the previous ciphertext block,
then encrypting.
5 Basic formula: Ci = Pi ⊕ Ki, where Ki is the Formula: Cj = E(K, Pj ⊕ Cj-1). For the first
keystream bit/byte. block: C1 = E(K, P1 ⊕ IV).
6 It does not require padding, because data can CBC requires padding if the last plaintext
be encrypted bit by bit or byte by byte. block is not a complete block.
7 It can operate in real time. For example, CBC is more suitable for complete
characters can be encrypted and transmitted messages or files divided into blocks.
immediately.
8 The ciphertext should be of the same length Ciphertext is produced block by block, and
as the plaintext, which is useful for stream the message length must match block
transmission. boundaries after padding.
9 Error or change in one bit usually affects only In CBC, one ciphertext block affects the
the corresponding decrypted bit, depending decryption of the current block and the
on the stream cipher design. next block because of chaining.
10 Stream ciphers are suitable for fast data CBC is suitable for encrypting messages
streams and situations where padding is not longer than one block because chaining
desired. hides repeated plaintext patterns.