SHRI

S VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI
S
VINAYAK
H ACADEMY ORAI, H
RI RI
VI BIOLOGY CLASS – X (CH - 3) VI
N N
A How do organisms reproduce A
Y Y
A Reproduction A
K K
A
The production of new organism from their existing organmism, is known as reproduction. A
C NOTE- Reproduction is essential for the survival of a species on the earth. The process of a reproduction C
A A
ensures the continuity of life on the earth.
D D
E Types of reproduction E
M M
Y There are two types of reprodution Y
O 1-Asexual reproduction O
R R
AI 2-Sexual reproduction AI
S
H
Asexual reproduction S
H
RI The reproduction in which only one parent is involved is known as asexual reproduction. RI
VI VI
N
or
N
A The reproduction in which gametes are not involved is called the known as asexual reproduction. A
Y Y
A Types of Asexual Reproduction A
K There are six types of asexual reprodution K
A A
C 1- Fission C
A 2- Budding A
D D
E 3- Spore formation E
M 4- Fragmentation M
Y Y
O
5- Regeneration
O
R 6- Vegetative propagation R
AI AI
S 1- Fission S
H It is a mode of asexual reproduction in which a simple unicellular organism splits into two for more H
RI RI
VI Organisms, It has two types VI
N Binary fission N
A A
Y In this mode of reproduction a single celled animal splits into more than two new organisms. This fission is Y
A takes place in the unfavourable conditions. In this fission is takes place by karyokinesis followed by A
K K
A cytokinesis. A
C Ex- Amoeba, paramecium, Euglena, monosystis etc. C
A A
D D
E E
M M
Y Y
O O
R R
AI AI
, ,

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SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI
VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI,
 SHRI
S VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI
S
VINAYAK
H ACADEMY ORAI, H
RI RI
VI
Multiple fission VI
N In this mode of reproduction a single celled animal splits into more than two new organisms. This N
A reproduction is takes place in the unfavourable conditions. In this method is takes place by karyokinesis A
Y Y
A followed by cytokinesis. In this reprodution the organism aqqure a cyst on its body and the nucleus is A
K devide in to many parts. In favourable conditions the cyst brusts and a number of organisms produce from K
A A
C a single organism. C
A Ex- Amoeba, paramecium, Euglena, monocystis etc. A
D D
E E
M M
Y Y
O O
R R
AI AI
S S
H H
RI RI
VI VI
N N
A A
Y 2- BUDDING Y
A It is a mode of asexual reproduction. It occurred in simple multicellular organisms. In this process a small A
K K
A outer growth arises from the parent body and after maturation it deattach from the parent body and A
C forms a new [Link] reproduction is found in hydra, sponge and yeast. In hydra only one bud is C
A A
D produced but in yeast a chain of bud is [Link] buds are attached by Mucous in [Link] this D
E reproduction organism does not lose its parental identity. E
M M
Y Y
O O
R R
AI AI
S S
H H
RI RI
VI VI
N N
A A
Y Y
A A
K K
A A
C C
A A
D D
E E
M M
Y 3- SPORE FORMATION Y
O O
R Spores are the microscopic bodies which are covered by a hard protective Coat. It mainly occurs in fungus. R
AI The fungal body divided into two parts- Mycelium and Hyphea. Mycelium is a bulb like structure which AI
, countains spores (sporangium). After maturation of spores the sporangium bursts and the spores release ,
in air. These spores grows in favourable conditions and develop in to new organism. This process is called
spore [Link]- mucor, bread mould, rhizopus, moss, penecillium, yeast, fern etc
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SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI
VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI,
 SHRI
S VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI
S
VINAYAK
H ACADEMY ORAI, H
RI RI
VI VI
N N
A A
Y Y
A A
K K
A A
C C
A A
D D
E E
M M
Y Y
O O
R R
AI 4- REGENERATION AI
S S
H This mode of Asexual production is found in lower multicellular organisms. the process of getting back a H
RI full organism from its cut body parts it called rtegeneration. RI
VI VI
N EX- hydra, planaria (flat worm), sponge, sea anemone etc. N
A A
Y Y
A A
K K
A A
C C
A A
D D
E E
M M
Y Y
O O
R R
AI Q. Why the Complex multicellular organism like human cannot reproduce by the process of regeneration? AI
S Ans. The complex multicellular organisms like human cannot reproduced by regeneration because they S
H H
RI have a number of tissues in their body and all the tissues are not developed by a small part of the body. RI
VI
N
4- FRAGEMENTATION VI
N
A This is the another method of asexual [Link] reproduction is found in filamentous Algae like A
Y Y
A
spirogyra and ulothrix. In this reproduction the new organisms are developed by the breaking of mature A
K fragments of the body. Tjhis type of reproduction is found in sea anemone. K
A A
C C
A A
D D
E E
M M
Y Y
O O
R R
AI AI
, ,

4- VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION
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VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI,
 SHRI
S VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI
S
VINAYAK
H ACADEMY ORAI, H
RI The process in which new plant are obtained by the vegetative partS of the plant like root, stem and leaf RI
VI VI
N without the help of seed (which is a reproductive part of the plant). vegetative propagation is of two types N
A 1- Natural vegetative propagation A
Y Y
A 2- Artificial vegetative propagation A
K Natural vegetative propagation takes placed by roots in lemon and [Link] vegetative propagation K
A A
C
takes placed by stem in potato (tuber) and doob grass. Natural vegetative propagation takes placed by
C
A leaves in bryophyllum and bigonia. A
D D
E Artificial vegetative propagation E
M The process of growing many plants from one plant by man made methods is called artificial vegetative M
Y Y
O propagation. It has three types O
R 1- Cutting R
AI AI
S 2- Layering S
H 3- Grafting H
RI RI
VI 1- CUTTING VI
N In this process a small part of the plant cut with the help of knife and grow in the soil after sometime it N
A A
Y develop into new plant Y
A Root cutting occur in lemon and dahalia. Stem cutting takes place in rose and sugercane and leaf cutting A
K K
A
takes place in pepromia. A
C C
A A
D D
E E
M M
Y Y
O O
R R
AI AI
S S
H H
RI
2- LAYERING RI
VI The method in which a small branch of a plant is pulled towards the ground and covered with the soil and VI
N N
A
rest of the part of branch remain in air after sometime the root arises in the burried part and the branch is A
Y separated from the parent plant and it becomes a new plant. Y
A EX- strawberry, Raspberry, hibiscus, guava lemon, Jasmine, bougainvillea etc. A
K K
A A
C C
A A
D D
E E
M M
Y Y
O O
R R
AI AI
, ,

2- GRAFTING
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SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI
VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI,
 SHRI
S VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI
S
VINAYAK
H ACADEMY ORAI, H
RI it is a method in which the cut stems of two different plants (one with root other without root) are jointed RI
VI VI
N together in such a way that they formed a single plant. The rooted part is called stock and the shooted part N
A is called scion A
Y Y
A EX- Mango Apricot, Apple peach, pear, fig etc A
K K
A A
C C
A A
D D
E E
M M
Y Y
O O
R R
AI AI
S ADVANTAGES OF ARTIFICIAL VEGETATIVE PROPAGATION S
H H
RI 1- The new plant produce exactly like the parent plant. RI
VI 2- It is a fast growing techniques than seeds. VI
N N
3- The plant grow by these method need less attention.
A A
Y 4- A number of plants can be grown by single plant. Y
A 5- we can also get seedless plant by these method. A
K K
A TISSUE CULTURE A
C C
A The production of new plant from a small piece of plant tissue removed from growing tips of plant and A
D kept in a suitable growth medium is called tissue culture. This process is occurs as follows:- D
E E
M :- A small piece of plant taken from growing tips of plant and kept in a suitable Jelly containing plant M
Y hormone. In this jelly the cells are rapidly divides and formed a lamp of mass called callus. Y
O O
:- The callus is again transferred in another jelly. in this jelly the roots are developed in callus.
R R
AI :- This rooted callus transfer in another Jelly and shoot depelops in callus. AI
S :- The rooted and shooted callus is called plantlets. these plantlets planted in the soil and develop into S
H H
RI mature plants. RI
VI This method is also called micropropagation. It is mainly used in the VI
N N
A propagation of ornamental plants. A
Y
A
ADVANTAGES OF TISSUE CULTURE Y
A
K 1. It is a very fast technique. K
A 2. Thousands of plants can be grown by a single plant. A
C C
A 3. The new plantS are disease free. A
D 4. New plants are weather resistant. D
E 5. Very little space is needed for this method. E
M M
Y SEXUAL REPRODUCTION Y
O The reproduction in which two parents are needed is called sexual reproduction. O
R R
AI OR AI
, The reproduction in which gametes are involved is called sexual reproduction. ,
The plants which take part in sexual reproduction are called flowering plants.
They are also called angiosperms. The sex organs of the plant are present in flower. The function of flower
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SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI
VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI,
 SHRI
S VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI
S
VINAYAK
H ACADEMY ORAI, H
RI is to make male gamete and female gamete of the plant. The sexual reproduction in plants takes place in RI
VI VI
N following steps:- N
A :- The male part of flower is called stamen which produce male gamete. A
Y Y
A :- The female part of flower is called carpal with produce female gamete. A
K :- Male gamete fuses with female gamete in fertilization and produce zygote. K
A A
C
:- Zygote further divides and produces embryo.
C
A :- Embryo convert into seed which produce new plant. A
D D
E PARTS OF A FLOWER E
M A flower has following parts M
Y Y
O 1-Receptacle O
R R
AI It is the base of flower by receptical all the part of flower attach with the stem of the plant. AI
S
H
2-Sepal S
H
RI The green leaf like structure present in the outermost circle of flower called sepal. They are collectively RI
VI VI
called calyx. They protect the flower in Bud condition
N N
A 3-Petal A
Y Y
A There are many colourful leaves present in the flower are called petals. They are collectively called Corolla. A
K They have many attractive colours so they attract the insects for pollination. K
A A
C 4-Stamen C
A A
D It is a male reproductive part of a flower. They are collectively called androecium. Each stamen has two D
E parts. The upper swollen part is called anther and lower tube like part is called filament. The anther E
M M
Y
contain pollen grains and the Pollen grains contain male gamete. Y
O
R
5-Carpel O
R
AI It is a female reproductive part of the plant. It is also called pistil or gynoecium. It has three parts stigma, AI
S style and ovary S
H H
RI Stigma is a platform like structure which receives pollen grains during pollination. Style is a tube like RI
VI structure and ovary is Swollen structure. Overy contain ovule and ovule contain female gamete. VI
N N
A A
Y Y
A A
K K
A A
C C
A A
D D
E E
M M
Y Y
O O
R R
AI UNISEXUAL FLOWER AI
, The flower which contain only one type of reproductive organs (either male or female) are called unisexual ,
flower.
Example - papaya, onion etc
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VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI,
 SHRI
S VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI
S
VINAYAK
H ACADEMY ORAI, H
RI RI
VI BISEXUAL FLOWER VI
N The flower which contain both male and female reproductive organs are called bisexual flower. N
A A
Y Example – mustard, mango etc Y
A
K
POLLINATION A
K
A The transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of a flower is called [Link] is of thwo types. A
C C
A Self pollination A
D The transfer of pollen grains from anther to the stigma of same flower or different flower of same plant is D
E E
M called self pollination. M
Y Y
O Cross pollination O
R The transfer of pollen grains from anther to stigma of different plant of same species is called cross R
AI AI
S pollination. S
H H
RI RI
VI VI
N N
A A
Y Y
A A
K K
A A
C C
A A
D D
E E
M FERTILIZATION M
Y Y
O After pollination the pollen grains come to stigma. Stigma secretes a viscous liquid called mucus. The O
R Pollen grains absorb mucus and a pollen tube arises from a Pollen Grain. this pollen tube moves towards R
AI AI
S
the ovary through style. Inside the ovary the Pollen tube release two male gamete in the ovary (ovule). S
H One male gamete fuses with egg cell and form zygote. This process is called fertilization. Another male H
RI RI
gamete fuses with secondary nucleus and form endosperm. This process is called triple fusion and both
VI VI
N processes are together called double fertilization. N
A A
Y Y
A A
K K
A A
C C
A A
D D
E E
M M
Y Y
O O
R R
AI AI
, ,

CHANGES AFTER FERTILIZATION

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S
VINAYAK
H ACADEMY ORAI, H
RI After fertilization The sepals, petals, stigma, style all are dried out and the ovary of the flower convert into RI
VI VI
N fruit and ovule of the flower convert into seed. N
A
Y
SEED A
Y
A A seed is a reproductive part of the plant which can be used to grow a new plant. A seed has four parts:- A
K K
A
seedcoat, plumule, radicle and cotyledons. The seedcoat is the outermost protective layer of seed. The A
C plural is called future shoot. The radical is called future root and cotyledons store the food. C
A A
D D
E E
M M
Y Y
O O
R R
AI AI
S S
H H
RI RI
VI VI
N N
A A
Y Y
A A
K K
A A
C C
A
D
GERMINATION OF SEED A
D
E The beginning or the growth of seed is called germination of seed. Water is the important component for E
M germination of seed. M
Y Y
O SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN ANIMALS O
R R
AI MALE AI
S S
H The animal which produce male gamete or sperm is called a male. H
RI
VI
FEMALE RI
VI
N The animal with produce female gamete or ova is called female. N
A A
Y GAMETES Y
A The germs cells or sex cells which takes part in sexual reproduction are called gametes. The male gamete is A
K K
A called sperm and the female gamete is calld ovum or egg. A
C the male gamete is motile. It has head, neck and tail. The female gamete is oval which contain nucleus and C
A cytoplasm. The female gamete is 1000 times larger than male gamete. A
D D
E FERTILIZATION E
M M
Fusion of male gamete with female gamete to form zygote is called fertilization “Or”
Y Y
O The fusion of sperm and ova to form a gygote is called fertilization. O
R TYPES OF FERTILIZATION R
AI AI
, 1-External fertilization ,
This type of fertilization takes place outside the female body. Example- fish, frog etc.

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VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI,
 SHRI
S VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI
S
VINAYAK
H ACADEMY ORAI, H
RI RI
VI 2-Internal fertilization VI
N This type of fertilization takes place inside the female body. Example word dog etc. N
A A
Y SEXUAL REPRODUCTION IN HUMAN (ANIMAL) Y
A A
K This reproduction takes place as follows- K
A :- Male animal produce male gamete called sperm. A
C C
:- Female animal produce female gamete called ova.
A A
D :- The sperm fuses with ova in fertilization and forms zygote. D
E :- Zygote divides to form embryo. E
M M
Y :- Embryo convert in foetus. Y
O :- The foetus converts in newborn baby. O
R R
AI PUBERTY AI
S S
H The age at which boys and girls become sexually mature called puberty. H
RI Or RI
VI VI
The age at which secondary sexual characters apper in boys and girls called puberty.
N N
A In india the puberty age of boys is 13 to 14 years and in girls is 10 to 12 years. A
Y Y
A THE MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM A
K The human male reproductive system is consist of following parts:- Testis, scrotum, epididymis, vas K
A A
C difference (sperm duct), seminal vesicles, prostate gland and penis. C
A Testis are the oval-shaped organs which are present outside the abdominal cavity of man. A man has two A
D D
E testis. The main function of testis is to make sperms and male sex hormones. The testis produce sperms E
M from puberty onwards, throughout the life. The testis are present outside because they require 3 degree M
Y Y
O
less temperature than body temperature in sperm formation.
O
R R
AI AI
S S
H H
RI RI
VI VI
N N
A A
Y Y
A A
K K
A A
C C
A A
D D
E E
M The sperms formed in testis come out in a coiled tube called epididymis. In this tube sperms get store M
Y Y
temporarily and get matured. From this tube the sperms are carried by a long tube called vas deferece. In
O O
R the path of vas deference the seminal vesicles and prostrate glands add their secretions in sperms and the R
AI sperms are called seme. This secretion give nutrition to the sperms and make their transport easier. AI
, Urethrea forms a common passage for sperms and urine. It carries sperm to an organ called penis which ,
opens outside the body.

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SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI
VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI,
 SHRI
S VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI
S
VINAYAK
H ACADEMY ORAI, H
RI RI
VI THE FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM VI
N The female reproductive system is more Complex then Male reproductive system. It consist of following N
A A
Y part- Two ovaries, Fallopian tube (Oviduct), uterus, cervix and vagina. Y
A There are two Ovaries present in the abdominal cavity of human female. Ovaries rae oval shaped organs. A
K K
A
The main function of ovaries is to make ova and female sex hormones. Each ovary is composed of several A
C thuusands follicles (Unripe ova). At puberty the overy start to release ova. Just above the ovaries the tubes C
A are present called fallopian tubes. They are not directly connected with ovary but they covered the ovary A
D D
E by funnel saved opening. The fertilization of ova takes place in oviduct. E
M The ovaries are connected with a bag like organ call uterus or womb. The growth and development of baby M
Y Y
O take place in uterus. The uterus opens outside through a narrow opening called cervix and cervix opens O
R outside through a tube called vagina. It is also called birth canal because the baby is born out through it. R
AI AI
S S
H H
RI RI
VI VI
N N
A A
Y Y
A A
K K
A A
C C
A A
D D
E FERTILIZATION E
M M
Y The fusion of sperms and ova to form zygote is called fertilization. It takes place in oviduct or fallopian Y
O tube. O
R R
AI AI
S S
H H
RI RI
VI VI
N N
A A
Y Y
A A
K K
A A
C C
A DEVELOPMENT OF EMBRYO A
D When the ovum get [Link] zygote is formed. This zygote devides rapidly and forms a hollow ball which D
E E
embeddedin the uterus wall. The embedding of embryo in the uterus wall is called Implantation.
M M
Y After implantation a disc like tissue develops between embryo and uterus wall. This is called Placenta Y
O (Umbillical cord). Through placenta all the requirments of foetus like nutrition, respiration and excretion O
R etc. are met from the mother’s body R
AI AI
, GESTATION PERIOD ,
The time period from fertilization up to birth of the baby is called gestation period. It is about 9 monthes
or 38 weeks in human.
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SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI
VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI,
 SHRI
S VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI
S
VINAYAK
H ACADEMY ORAI, H
RI RI
VI PARTUATION VI
N The time of birth of baby is called partuation. N
A A
Y FOETUS Y
A A
K The stage of embryo after eight weeks in which all the organs of body develops is called foetus. K
A
C
AMNION A
C
A The thin covering of foetus is called amnion. It is filled with amniotic fluid. It protects the baby from A
D mechanical injury. D
E E
M MENSTRTUATION M
Y Y
O The breakdown and removal of the inner thick and soft lining of the uterus along with it’s blood vessels in O
R the form of vaginal bleeding is called menstrual flow or menstruation. R
AI AI
S It occurs after every 28 days in a month and stops after 3 to 5 days. It is controlled by hormones. It stops in S
H the time of pregnency and restarts after the birth of the baby. H
RI RI
VI MENARCHE VI
N N
The first occurrence of menstruation is called menarche. It starts at puberty age (10 to 12 ) years.
A A
Y MENOPAUSE Y
A A
K The permanent stoppage of menstruation is called menopause. It’s age is 45 to 50 years. K
A A
C BIRTH CONTROL C
A Birth control can be done by preventing pregnency in females. A
D D
E BIRTH CONTROL METHODS E
M M
Y
The prevention of pregnency in female is contraception. There are following methods of contraception. Y
O 1-Barrier methods O
R R
2-Chemical methods
AI AI
S 3-Surgical methods S
H 4-IUCD methods H
RI RI
VI BARRIER METHODS VI
N N
A It is a physical method of contraception. In this method the physical devices such as condom and A
Y diaphragm for contraception. This method also stops STD’s. Y
A A
K CHEMICAL METHODS K
A In this method pills are used for contraception. There are two types of pills oral pills and vaginal [Link] A
C C
A contain spermicides and kill sperms but this method is not suitable for preventing STD’s. A
D SURGICAL METHODS D
E E
M It is the permanent method of contraception. In this method surgical operations can be done in male and M
Y female. In male a small part of vas defrence cut and ligated called vasectomy. In female a small part of Y
O fallopion tube cut and ligated called tubectomy but this method is not suitable for preventing STD’s. O
R R
AI IUCD (INTRA UTERINE CONTRACEPTIVE DEVICES) AI
, ,
In this method copper-T is used which is placed inside the uterus. In this method of contraception STD’ are
not prevented.

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SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI
VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI,
 SHRI
S VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI VINAYAK ACADEMY ORAI, SHRI
S
VINAYAK
H ACADEMY ORAI, H
RI RI
VI STD (SEXUALLY TRANSMITTED DISEASES) VI
N The diseases which are spread by sexual contact are called STDS. N
A A
Y Example- Gonorrhora(Bacteria), Syphilis(Bacteria), Trichomoniasis(Protozoa), AIDS(Virus), Warts(Virus) etc. Y
A All the diseases are curable exept AIDS. AIDS is caused by HIV virus and damage the immune system of the A
K K
A
body. There is no cure for AIDS. A
C FEMALE FOETICIDE C
A A
D The killing of the unborn girl child is called female foeticide. D
E E
M SEX RATIO M
Y The number of females per thousand of male is called sex ratio. Y
O O
R Made by R
AI AI
S ASHISH S
H H
RI GUPTA RI
VI VI
N N
A A
Y Y
A A
K K
A A
C C
A A
D D
E E
M M
Y Y
O O
R R
AI AI
S S
H H
RI RI
VI VI
N N
A A
Y Y
A A
K K
A A
C C
A A
D D
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