Non-Flow process
1. A gas undergoes a thermodynamic cycle consisting of the following
processes: (i) Process 1–2: Constant pressure p= 1.4 bar, V 1 =
0.028 m 3, W 12 = 10.5 kJ (ii) Process 2–3: Compression with pV =
constant, U3 = U2 (iii) Process 3–1: Constant volume, U1 – U3 = –
26.4 kJ. There are no significant changes in KE and PE. Sketch the
cycle on a p–V diagram, Calculate the net-work for the cycle in kJ,
Calculate the heat transfer for process 1–2 and Show that ΣQ=ΣW?
2. A stationary mass of gas is expanded in a frictionless piston cylinder
device from 5 KPa to 100 KPa and 1m 3 following PV1.2=C. if the
specific internal energy decrease by 40 kJ/Kg, find i) heat
transferred, ii) Work done iii) Change in enthalpy and iv) change in
entropy
3. A closed system of constant volume experiences a temperature rise
of 25°C when a certain process occurs. The heat transferred in the
process is 30 kJ. The specific heat at constant volume for the pure
substance comprising the system is 1.2 kJ/kg°C, and the system
contains 2.5 kg of this substance. Determine: (i) The change in
internal energy; (ii) The work done.
4. A fluid system undergoes a non-flow frictionless process following
the pressure-volume relation as p = (5/V) + 1.5 where p is in bar
and V is in m3. During the process the volume changes from 0.15 m 3
to 0.05 m3 and the system rejects 45 kJ of heat. Determine: (i)
Change in internal energy; (ii) Change in enthalpy.
5. The following equation gives the internal energy of a certain
substance u = 3.64 pv + 90 where u is kJ/kg, p is in kPa and v is in
m3/kg. A system composed of 3.5 kg of this substance expands from
an initial pressure of 500 kPa and a volume of 0.25 m 3 to a final
pressure 100 kPa in a process in which pressure and volume are
related by pv1.25 = constant. (i) If the expansion is quasi-static, find
Q, ∆U and W for the process. (ii) In another process, the same
system expands according to the same pressure-volume
relationship as in part (i), and from the same initial state to the
same final state as in part (i), but the heat transfer in this case is 32
kJ. Find the work transfer for this process. (iii) Explain the difference
in work transfer in parts (i) and (ii).
6. 0.1 m3 of an ideal gas at 300 K and 1 bar is compressed
adiabatically to 8 bar. It is then cooled at constant volume and
further expanded isothermally so as to reach the condition from
where it started. Calculate : (i) Pressure at the end of constant
volume cooling. (ii) Change in internal energy during constant
volume process. (iii) Net work done and heat transferred during the
cycle. Assume cp = 14.3 kJ/kg K and cv = 10.2 kJ/kg K
7. 0.15 m3 of an ideal gas at a pressure of 15 bar and 550 K is
expanded isothermally to 4 times the initial volume. It is then cooled
to 290 K at constant volume and then compressed back
polytropically to its initial state. Calculate the net work done and
heat transferred during the cycle.
8. A gas of mass 10 kg expands within a flexible container such that
the p−v relationship is of the form pv 1.2 =constant. The initial
pressure is 1000kPa, and the initial volume is 1m 3. The final
pressure is 10kPa. If the specific internal energy of the gas
decreases by 100kJ/kg, what is the magnitude of the heat transfer?
9. A rigid tank contains a hot fluid that is cooled while being stirred by
a paddle wheel. Initially, the internal energy of the fluid is 800 kJ.
During the cooling process, the fluid loses 500 kJ of heat, and the
paddle wheel does 100kJ of work on the fluid. Determine the final
internal energy of the fluid. Neglect the energy stored in the paddle
wheel.
10. A fluid at a pressure of 3 bar, and with specific volume of 0.18
m3/kg, contained in a cylinder behind a piston exapnds reversibly to
a pressure of 0.6 bar according to a law, p = C/v2 where C is a
constant. Calculate the work done by the fluid on the piston.
Flow process (Steady flow energy equation)
1. In a gas turbine unit, the gases flow through the turbine is 15 kg/s
and the power developed by the turbine is 12000 kW. The
enthalpies of gases at the inlet and outlet are 1260 kJ/kg and 400
kJ/kg respectively, and the velocity of gases at the inlet and outlet
are 50 m/s and 110 m/s respectively. Calculate: (i) The rate at which
heat is rejected to the turbine, and (ii) The area of the inlet pipe
given that the specific volume of the gases at the inlet is 0.45
m3/kg.
2. In a gas turbine plant, the gas flow rate through the turbine is 17
kg/s and the power developed by the turbine is 14,000 kW. The
enthalpies of the gas at the inlet and outlet are 1,200 kJ/kg and 360
kJ/kg respectively. The velocities of the gases at the inlet and outlet
are 60 m/s and 150 m/s, respectively. Calculate the rate of heat
rejection from the turbine. Find also the area of the inlet pipe given
that the specific volume of the gases at the inlet is 0.5 m 3/kg.
3. In a turbo machine handling an incompressible fluid with a density
of 1000 kg/m3 the conditions of the fluid at the rotor entry and exit
are as given below:
If the volume flow rate of the fluid is 40 m 3/s, estimate the net
energy transfer from the fluid as work.
4. In an air compressor air flows steadily at the rate of 0.5 kg/s through
an air compressor. It enters the compressor at 6 m/s with a pressure
of 1 bar and a specific volume of 0.85 m 3/kg and leaves at 5 m/s
with a pressure of 7 bar and a specific volume of 0.16 m3/kg. The
internal energy of the air leaving is 90 kJ/kg greater than that of the
air entering. Cooling water in a jacket surrounding the cylinder
absorbs heat from the air at the rate of 60 kJ/s. Calculate : (i) The
power required to drive the compressor ; (ii) The inlet and output
pipe cross-sectional areas.