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Integration Formulas
A Complete Reference Sheet
Covers: Basic · Trigonometric · Inverse Trig · Exponential & Logarithmic
Hyperbolic · Integration by Parts · Special · Reduction Formulas
Note: C denotes the constant of integration. All formulas assume standard domains unless stated.
1. Basic Standard Integration Formulas
These are the fundamental building blocks of integral calculus.
Formula Name Formula Notes / Condition
Constant ∫ k dx = kx + C k is any constant
Power Rule ∫ xⁿ dx = xⁿ⁺¹/(n+1) + C n ≠ −1
Reciprocal ∫ (1/x) dx = ln|x| + C x≠0
Constant Multiple ∫ k·f(x) dx = k · ∫ f(x) dx k constant
∫ [f(x) ± g(x)] dx = ∫f dx ± ∫g
dx
Sum / Difference Linearity of integration
Zero Function ∫ 0 dx = C
Identity ∫ 1 dx = x + C
2. Trigonometric Integration Formulas
Standard integrals of the six trigonometric functions.
Formula Name Formula Notes / Condition
Sine ∫ sin x dx = −cos x + C
Cosine ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C
Tangent ∫ tan x dx = ln|sec x| + C = −ln|cos x| + C
Cotangent ∫ cot x dx = ln|sin x| + C
∫ sec x dx = ln|sec x + tan x| +
C
Secant
Cosecant ∫ csc x dx = ln|csc x − cot x| + C = −ln|csc x + cot x| + C
Sec² ∫ sec²x dx = tan x + C
Csc² ∫ csc²x dx = −cot x + C
Sec·Tan ∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
Csc·Cot ∫ csc x cot x dx = −csc x + C
sin²x ∫ sin²x dx = x/2 − sin(2x)/4 + C Use half-angle identity
Formula Name Formula Notes / Condition
cos²x ∫ cos²x dx = x/2 + sin(2x)/4 + C Use half-angle identity
tan²x ∫ tan²x dx = tan x − x + C Use tan²x = sec²x − 1
sin(ax) ∫ sin(ax) dx = −cos(ax)/a + C a≠0
cos(ax) ∫ cos(ax) dx = sin(ax)/a + C a≠0
2.1 Product of Trig Functions
Formula Name Formula Notes / Condition
sin·cos ∫ sin x cos x dx = sin²x/2 + C = −cos²x/2 + C
sinᵐ·cosⁿ (odd n) Substitute u = sin x If n is odd
sinᵐ·cosⁿ (odd m) Substitute u = cos x If m is odd
sin(mx)cos(nx) Use product-to-sum identity ½[sin(m−n)x + sin(m+n)x]
3. Inverse Trigonometric Integration Formulas
These arise frequently from rational and radical integrands.
Formula Name Formula Notes / Condition
Arcsin form ∫ 1/√(1−x²) dx = sin⁻¹x + C |x| < 1
Arccos form ∫ −1/√(1−x²) dx = cos⁻¹x + C |x| < 1
Arctan form ∫ 1/(1+x²) dx = tan⁻¹x + C
Arccot form ∫ −1/(1+x²) dx = cot⁻¹x + C
Arcsec form ∫ 1/(x√(x²−1)) dx = sec⁻¹|x| + C |x| > 1
∫ −1/(x√(x²−1)) dx = csc⁻¹|x| +
C
Arccsc form |x| > 1
General arcsin ∫ 1/√(a²−x²) dx = sin⁻¹(x/a) + C a>0
∫ 1/(a²+x²) dx = (1/a)tan⁻¹(x/a)
+C
General arctan a≠0
∫ 1/(x√(x²−a²)) dx =
(1/a)sec⁻¹(x/a) + C
General arcsec a > 0, x > a
4. Exponential & Logarithmic Integration Formulas
Formula Name Formula Notes / Condition
eˣ ∫ eˣ dx = eˣ + C
e^(ax) ∫ e^(ax) dx = e^(ax)/a + C a≠0
aˣ ∫ aˣ dx = aˣ/ln(a) + C a > 0, a ≠ 1
∫ a^(bx) dx = a^(bx)/(b·ln a) +
C
a^(bx) a > 0, a ≠ 1, b ≠ 0
ln x ∫ ln x dx = x ln x − x + C x>0
∫ log_a(x) dx = x(log_a x −
log_a e) + C
log_a(x) a > 0, a ≠ 1
Use integration by parts
repeatedly
xⁿ·eˣ Tabular method helpful
eˣ·sin x ∫ eˣsin x dx = eˣ(sin x−cos x)/2
Formula Name Formula Notes / Condition
+C
∫ eˣcos x dx = eˣ(sin x+cos x)/2
+C
eˣ·cos x
5. Hyperbolic Function Integration Formulas
Hyperbolic functions follow patterns analogous to trigonometric integrals.
Formula Name Formula Notes / Condition
sinh x ∫ sinh x dx = cosh x + C
cosh x ∫ cosh x dx = sinh x + C
tanh x ∫ tanh x dx = ln(cosh x) + C
coth x ∫ coth x dx = ln|sinh x| + C x≠0
sech x ∫ sech x dx = tan⁻¹(sinh x) + C
csch x ∫ csch x dx = ln|tanh(x/2)| + C x≠0
sech²x ∫ sech²x dx = tanh x + C
csch²x ∫ csch²x dx = −coth x + C
∫ sech x tanh x dx = −sech x +
C
sech·tanh
∫ csch x coth x dx = −csch x +
C
csch·coth
5.1 Inverse Hyperbolic Integrals
Formula Name Formula Notes / Condition
1/√(x²+1) ∫ 1/√(x²+1) dx = sinh⁻¹x + C = ln(x+√(x²+1)) + C
1/√(x²−1) ∫ 1/√(x²−1) dx = cosh⁻¹x + C x>1
1/(1−x²) ∫ 1/(1−x²) dx = tanh⁻¹x + C |x| < 1
∫ 1/(x²−1) dx =
(1/2)ln|(x−1)/(x+1)| + C
1/(x²−1) x ≠ ±1
6. Integration by Parts
Choose u and dv using the LIATE rule: Logarithmic → Inverse trig → Algebraic → Trig → Exponential.
Formula Name Formula Notes / Condition
IBP Formula ∫ u dv = uv − ∫ v du Core IBP formula
x·eˣ ∫ x eˣ dx = eˣ(x − 1) + C u=x, dv=eˣdx
∫ x sin x dx = sin x − x cos x +
C
x·sin x u=x, dv=sin x dx
∫ x cos x dx = cos x + x sin x +
C
x·cos x u=x, dv=cos x dx
x²·eˣ ∫ x²eˣ dx = eˣ(x²−2x+2) + C Apply IBP twice
ln x ∫ ln x dx = x ln x − x + C u=ln x, dv=dx
x·ln x ∫ x ln x dx = x²(2ln x−1)/4 + C u=ln x, dv=x dx
∫ xⁿln x dx = xⁿ⁺¹[(ln
x)/(n+1)−1/(n+1)²] + C
xⁿ·ln x n ≠ −1
∫ sin⁻¹x dx = x sin⁻¹x + √(1−x²)
+C
sin⁻¹x
∫ tan⁻¹x dx = x tan⁻¹x −
½ln(1+x²) + C
tan⁻¹x
Tabular Method For ∫ Pₙ(x)·eˣ, use tabular IBP Repeat until 0 derivative
7. Rational Function & Partial Fraction Formulas
Use partial fractions to decompose complex rational integrands before integrating.
Formula Name Formula Notes / Condition
1/(x+a) ∫ 1/(x+a) dx = ln|x+a| + C a constant
∫ 1/(x²+a²) dx = (1/a)tan⁻¹(x/a)
+C
1/(x²+a²) a≠0
∫ 1/(x²−a²) dx = (1/2a)ln|
(x−a)/(x+a)| + C
1/(x²−a²) x ≠ ±a
x/(x²+a²) ∫ x/(x²+a²) dx = ½ln(x²+a²) + C
Formula Name Formula Notes / Condition
∫ 1/(ax+b) dx = (1/a)ln|ax+b| +
C
1/(ax+b) a≠0
∫ 1/(ax+b)² dx = −1/[a(ax+b)]
+C
1/(ax+b)²
Distinct linear A/(x−a) + B/(x−b) Partial fraction form
Repeated linear A/(x−a) + B/(x−a)² Repeated root form
Irreducible quad. Ax+B)/(x²+bx+c) Complete the square
8. Special & Radical Integration Formulas
Formula Name Formula Notes / Condition
∫√(a²−x²) dx = (x√(a²−x²))/2 +
(a²/2)sin⁻¹(x/a) + C
√(a²−x²) a>0
∫√(x²+a²) dx = (x√(x²+a²))/2 +
(a²/2)ln|x+√(x²+a²)| + C
√(x²+a²) a>0
∫√(x²−a²) dx = (x√(x²−a²))/2 −
(a²/2)ln|x+√(x²−a²)| + C
√(x²−a²) x>a>0
1/√(a²−x²) ∫ 1/√(a²−x²) dx = sin⁻¹(x/a) + C a > 0, |x|<a
∫ 1/√(x²+a²) dx = ln|x+√(x²+a²)|
+C
1/√(x²+a²)
∫ 1/√(x²−a²) dx = ln|x+√(x²−a²)|
+C
1/√(x²−a²) x>a>0
√x · f(x) Try substitution u = √x, x = u² dx = 2u du
x^(1/n) form Substitute u = x^(1/n) Rationalise surd
9. Reduction Formulas
Reduction formulas express ∫f(x)ⁿ in terms of ∫f(x)ⁿ⁻² — apply repeatedly to reach a base case.
Formula Name Formula Notes / Condition
∫sinⁿx dx = −sinⁿ⁻¹x·cosx/n +
(n−1)/n·∫sinⁿ⁻²x dx
sinⁿx reduction n≥2
∫cosⁿx dx = cosⁿ⁻¹x·sinx/n +
(n−1)/n·∫cosⁿ⁻²x dx
cosⁿx reduction n≥2
∫tanⁿx dx = tanⁿ⁻¹x/(n−1) −
∫tanⁿ⁻²x dx
tanⁿx reduction n≥2
∫secⁿx dx = secⁿ⁻²x·tanx/(n−1)
+ (n−2)/(n−1)·∫secⁿ⁻²x dx
secⁿx reduction n≥2
xⁿeˣ reduction ∫xⁿeˣ dx = xⁿeˣ − n·∫xⁿ⁻¹eˣ dx n≥1
∫xⁿcos x dx = xⁿsin x −
n·∫xⁿ⁻¹sin x dx
xⁿcos x reduction n≥1
xⁿsin x reduction ∫xⁿsin x dx = −xⁿcos x + n≥1
Formula Name Formula Notes / Condition
n·∫xⁿ⁻¹cos x dx
∫(ln x)ⁿ dx = x(ln x)ⁿ − n·∫(ln
x)ⁿ⁻¹ dx
(ln x)ⁿ reduction n≥1
10. Definite Integral Properties
These properties apply to definite integrals ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx.
Formula Name Formula Notes / Condition
Reversal of limits ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx = −∫ᵦₐ f(x) dx
Same limits ∫ₐᵃ f(x) dx = 0
Additivity ∫ₐᵇ f dx = ∫ₐᶜ f dx + ∫ᶜᵇ f dx a≤c≤b
Constant multiple ∫ₐᵇ k·f(x) dx = k·∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx
Sum / difference ∫ₐᵇ [f±g] dx = ∫ₐᵇf dx ± ∫ₐᵇg dx
Even function ∫₋ₐᵃ f(x) dx = 2∫₀ᵃ f(x) dx f(−x) = f(x)
Odd function ∫₋ₐᵃ f(x) dx = 0 f(−x) = −f(x)
Periodic function ∫₀ⁿᵀ f(x) dx = n·∫₀ᵀ f(x) dx T = period
King's property ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx = ∫ₐᵇ f(a+b−x) dx Very useful in exams!
FTC Part I d/dx[∫ₐˣ f(t) dt] = f(x) Fundamental Theorem
FTC Part II ∫ₐᵇ f(x) dx = F(b) − F(a) F'(x) = f(x)
11. Standard Substitution Techniques
Choosing the right substitution converts a hard integral into a standard form.
Formula Name Formula Notes / Condition
Linear ∫ f(ax+b) dx — sub u = ax+b dx = du/a
Trig sub: sin √(a²−x²) — sub x = a sin θ dx = a cos θ dθ
Trig sub: tan √(a²+x²) — sub x = a tan θ dx = a sec²θ dθ
Trig sub: sec √(x²−a²) — sub x = a sec θ dx = a sec θ tan θ dθ
Reciprocal ∫ f(1/x)/x² dx — sub u = 1/x du = −dx/x²
Exponential ∫ f(eˣ)·eˣ dx — sub u = eˣ du = eˣ dx
Logarithm ∫ f(ln x)/x dx — sub u = ln x du = dx/x
Half-angle (Weierstrass) sub t = tan(x/2) Converts trig to rational
Quick Reference: Most Important Formulas
∫ xⁿ dx = xⁿ⁺¹/(n+1) + C | ∫ eˣ dx = eˣ + C | ∫ 1/x dx = ln|x| + C | ∫ u dv =
uv − ∫ v du
∫ sin x dx = −cos x + C | ∫ cos x dx = sin x + C | ∫ sec²x dx = tan x + C | ∫
csc²x dx = −cot x + C
∫ 1/√(1−x²) dx = sin⁻¹x + C | ∫ 1/(1+x²) dx = tan⁻¹x + C | ∫ ln x dx = x ln x − x
+C
— End of Integration Formula Sheet —