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Statistics Notes

The document provides an overview of descriptive statistics, including frequency distribution, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of spread (range, variance, standard deviation, IQR), and measures of symmetricity (kurtosis, skewness). It outlines steps for creating frequency tables for both ungrouped and grouped data, as well as various data visualization techniques like line charts, pie charts, and histograms. Additionally, it discusses the concept of outliers and details the characteristics of mean, median, and mode as measures of central tendency.

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7 views14 pages

Statistics Notes

The document provides an overview of descriptive statistics, including frequency distribution, measures of central tendency (mean, median, mode), measures of spread (range, variance, standard deviation, IQR), and measures of symmetricity (kurtosis, skewness). It outlines steps for creating frequency tables for both ungrouped and grouped data, as well as various data visualization techniques like line charts, pie charts, and histograms. Additionally, it discusses the concept of outliers and details the characteristics of mean, median, and mode as measures of central tendency.

Uploaded by

sakshambp01
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Descriptive Statistics

• Frequency Distribution
• Measure of Central Tendency: Mean, Median and Mode
• Measure of Spread: Range, Variance, Standard deviation and IQR
• Measures of Symmetricity: Kurtosis and Skewness
• Five Number Summary
Frequency Distribution
• Frequency: It tells us how often something happened. The frequency of an observation
tells you the number of times the observation occurs in the data.
• Frequency Distribution Table
How to create Frequency Table?
• Step 1: Make a table with two columns—one with the title of the data you are organizing,
like grades, scores, temperatures, etc., and the other column for frequency.
• Step 2: Look at the items written in the data and decide whether you want to draw an
ungrouped frequency distribution table or a grouped frequency distribution table. If there
are many different values, we should go with the grouped frequency distribution table.
• Step 3: Write the data set values in the first column.
• Step 4: Count the number of times each item is repeating itself in the collected data. In
other words, we have to find the frequency of each item by counting.
• Step 5: Write the frequency in the second/third column corresponding to each item.
• Step 6: Write the total frequency in the last row of the table
FDT for Ungrouped Data
• Below are the scores of 35 students in a science test (out of 10). Arrange these in a tabular
form using tally marks: 5, 8, 7, 6, 10, 8, 2, 4, 6, 3, 7, 5, 8, 5, 1, 7, 4, 6, 3, 5, 2, 8, 4, 2, 6, 4, 2, 8,
9, 5, 4, 7, 5, 5, 8.
FDT for Grouped Data
• The following are age groups of 20 people in a concert.5, 65, 62, 48, 5, 23, 17, 40, 32, 34, 35,
51, 6, 18, 52, 28, 39, 41, 20,[Link] a grouped distribution table with class intervals 0–
10, 10–20 and so on.
Data Visualization
• Line Chart - Line charts are a fundamental chart type generally used to show change in
values across time.
• Pie Chart - Pie charts are used to compare the proportions of different groups or categories.
• Bar Graph - each bar represents a particular category, and the length of the bar indicates the
value. The longer the bar, the greater the value. All the bars have the same width, which makes it
easier to compare them.
• Histogram - used to plot frequency distributions.
• Scatter Plot - used to plot two different numerical features.
Building Histogram from FDT
Building Histogram from FDT
Outliers

• Abnormal observation or data point present in the data. It is an extreme


value.
• It can be exceptionally high or exceptionally low.
• Always glance through the data to keep check on it.
• They are present in the data because of unintentional errors or natural
errors.
Measures of Central Tendency

Average

Mean Median Mode


Mean
• The most common type of Average out there.
• Most influenced by the outliers.
• It changes when symmetricity of the distribution/graph is affected.
Median
• It is actually the middle value, dividing the data into 2 equal halves.
• Steps:
• Sort the data in ascending order

• It is not influenced by outliers.


Mode
• It works for both numerical and categorical data.
• Observation with highest frequency is the mode.
• A dataset can be unimodal or multimodal.
• For ungrouped data, we can count or direct observe in the table.
• For grouped data, we use

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