UNIT - 2

SHEAR AND BENDING IN BEAMS

PART - A

1. Differentiate statically determinate and indeterminate beams.

 (AU April/May 2017)
Determinate beams are analysed just by the use of basic equilibrium
equations. By this analysis, the unknown reactions are found for the
further determination of stresses. Indeterminate beams are not capable
of being analysed by mere use of basic equilibrium equations. Along
with the basic equilibrium equations, some extra conditions are re-
quired to be used like compatibility conditions of deformations etc
to get the unknown reactions for drawing bending moment and shear
force diagrams.

2. Define point of contra flexure? In which beam it occurs? 

 (AU April/May 2017)
It is the point where the B.M is zero after changing its sign from posi-
tive to negative or vice versa. It occurs in overhanging beam.

3. Write the assumptions in the theory of simple bending? 

 (AU Nov/Dec 2016)
 The material of the beam is homogeneous and isotropic.
 The beam material is stressed within the elastic limit and thus obey
hooke‟s law.
 The transverse section which was plane before bending remains
plains after bending also.
 Each layer of the beam is free to expand or contract independently
about the layer, above or below.
 The value of E is the same in both compression and tension.
4. Define: Beam
BEAM is a horizontal structural member subjected to transverse loads.
36 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
5. How bending moment, shear force and intensity of loading are re-
lated?  (AU Nov/Dec 2015 & 16)
dF
= -w.
dx

dM
=F
dx

6. Define: Moment of resistance (AU Nov/Dec 2015)

Due to pure bending, the layers above the N.A are subjected to com-
pressive stresses, whereas the layers below the N.A are subjected to
tensile stresses. Due to these stresses, the forces will be acting on the
layers. These forces will have moment about the N.A. The total mo-
ment of these forces about the N.A for a section is known as moment
of resistance of the section.

7. What is Cantilever beam?  (AU Nov/Dec 2014)

A beam whose one end free and the other end is fixed is called
­cantilever beam.

8. What is simply supported beam?

A beam supported or resting free on the support at its both ends is
called simply supported beam.
Mechanics Of Solids 37
9. What is mean by over hanging beam?
If one or both of the end portions are extended beyond the support then
it is called over hanging beam.

10. What is mean by concentrated loads?

A load which is acting at a point is called point load.

11. What is uniformly distributed load (udl).

If a load which is spread over a beam in such a manner that rate of
loading „w‟ is uniform through out the length then it is called as udl.

12. What is mean by positive or sagging BM?

The BM is said to be positive if moment of the forces on the left side of
beam is clockwise and on the right side of the beam is anti-clockwise.
The BM is said to be positive if the BM at that section is such that it
tends to bend the beam to a curvature having concavity at the top.

13. Define shear force and bending moment? (AU Nov/Dec 2014)
SF at any cross section is defined as algebraic sum of all the vertical
forces acting either side of beam.
BM at any cross section is defined as algebraic sum of all the moments
of all the forces which are placed either side from that point.

14. When will bending moment is maximum?

BM will be maximum when shear force change its sign.

15. What is the maximum bending moment in a simply supported

beam of span ‘L’subjected to UDL of ‘w’ over entire span?
Max BM = wL2/8
38 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
16. In a simply supported beam how will you locate point of maximum
bending moment?
The bending moment is max. when SF is zero. Writing SF equation at
that point and equating to zero we can find out the distances „x‟ from
one end .then find maximum bending moment at that point by taking
moment on right or left hand side of beam.

17. What is shear force and bending moment diagram?

It shows the variation of the shear force and bending moment along the
length of the beam.

18. What are the types of beams?

’’ Cantilever beam
’’ Simply supported beam
’’ Fixed beam
’’ Continuous beam
’’ over hanging beam

19. What are the types of loads?

’’ Concentrated load or point load
’’ Uniform distributed load (udl)
’’ Uniform varying load(uvl)

20. Write the theory of simple bending equation?

The equatiuon of bending is :
M/I = σb/y = E/R
Where,
M = B.M. or moment of Resistance of the section in Nmm.\
I = MOI of the section about N.A. in mm4
σb = Bending stress at distance y from N.A. in N/mm2
y = distance of fibre from N.A. in mm
E = Young’s modulus of elasticity in N/mm2
R = Radius of curvature of N.A. in mm
Mechanics Of Solids 39
21. Define: Neutral Axis
The N.A of any transverse section is defined as the line of intersection
of the neutral layer with the transverse section.

22. What is mean by transverse loading on beam?

If a load is acting on the beam which perpendicular to the central line
of it then it is called transverse loading.

23. Define: Section modulus

Section modulus is defined as the ratio of moment of inertia of a sec-
tion about the N.A to the distance of the outermost layer from the N.A.
Section modulus ( Z)
Z = I/Ymax
Where, I – M.O.I about N.A
Ymax - Distance of the outermost layer from the N.A

24. What is the formula to find a shear stress at a fiber in a section of

a beam?
The shear stress at a fiber in a section of a beam is given by

FAy
q=
Ib

Where , F = shear force acting at a section

A = Area of the section above the fiber
ў = Distance of C G of the Area A from Neutral axis
I = Moment of Inertia of whole section about N A b = Actual width at
the fiber

25. What is the shear stress distribution rectangular section?

The shear stress distribution in a rectangular section is parabolic and
is given by

F æç d 2 ö
çç - y ÷÷÷
2
q=
2I è 4 ÷ø
40 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
Where,
d - Depth of the beam
y - Distance of the fiber from NA

26. State the main assumptions while deriving the general formula for
shear stresses
’’ The material is homogeneous, isotropic and elastic .
’’ The modulus of elasticity in tension and compression are same.
’’ The shear stressis constant along the beam width
’’ The presence of shear stress does not affect the distribution of
bending stress.

27. Define: Shear stress distribution

The variation of shear stress along the depth of the beam is called shear
stress distribution

28. What is the ratio of maximum shear stress to the average shear
stress for the rectangular section?
Qmax is 1.5 times the Qavg.

29. What is the ratio of maximum shear stress to the average shear
stress in the case of solid circular section?
Qmax is 4/3 times the Qavg.

30. What is the shear stress distribution value of Flange portion of the
I-section?
F æç D 2 ö
q= ç - y÷÷÷
ç
2I è 4 ø÷
Where, D- depth
y- Distance from neutral axis

31. Where the shear stress is max for Triangular section?

In the case of triangular section, the shear stress is not max at N A. The
shear stress is max at a height of h/2
Mechanics Of Solids 41
32. What are the different sections in which the shear stress ­distribution
is to be obtained?
Rectangular section
Circular section
I- section
T- section
Miscellaneous section

33. What do you mean by shear stress in beams?

The stress produced in a beam, which is subjected to shear forces is
known as shear stress.

34. What is the shear stress distribution Circular section?

q = F/3I [R2-y2]

35. What is the value of maximum of minimum shear stress in a rect-

angular cross section?
Qmax=3/2 * F/ (bd)

36. How will you obtained shear stress distribution for unsymmetri-
cal section?
The shear stress distribution for Unsymmetrical sections is obtained
after calculating the position of N A.
42 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
PART-B
1. (AU April/May 2017)
1kN 2kN 4kN
m

A C D G E F B

1m 1m 2m 1m 1m

RA = 6m RB =
5.5kN 3.5kN

3.5 kN
3.5 kN

2.5 kN

(+)

SFD (-)

1.5 kN
1.5 kN

PaRbolic curve 5.5 kN

6 kBm
7 kNm
Straight line
(+)
3.5 kBm
5.5kkN
m

BMD
0

Reactions (RA & RB)

Take moment about – ‘A’
æ2 ö
+ (R B ´ 6) - (4´5) - (2´ 2)çç + 2÷÷÷ - (1´1) = 0
çè 2 ø

+ 6 RB – 20 – 12 – 1 =0
6 RB = 33
RB = 55kN
R A + R B = 1 + ( 2 ´ 2) + 4
å­ =å ¯
R A = 9 - 5.5 = 8.5kN
Mechanics Of Solids 43
SFD [(+ ↓ (-) ↑]
SF @ ‘B’
To ‘R’ of ‘B’ = 0
To ‘L’ of ‘B’ = - 5.5kN
SF @ ‘E’’ = -1.5kN
SF @ ‘D’ = -1.5 + (2 × 2)
SF @ ‘C’ = + 2.5kN
To ‘R’ of ‘C’ = + 2.5kN
To ‘L’ of ‘C’ = + 3.5kN
SF @ ‘A’
To ‘R’ of ‘A’ = +3.5kN
To ‘L’ of ‘A’ = 0
SF @ ‘F’
To ‘R’ of ‘F’ = -5.5kN
To ‘L’ of ‘F’ = -5.5 + 4
= -1.5kN
BMD [(-) ↓ (+) ↑]
BM @ ‘B’ = 0
BM @ ‘F’ = + (5.5 × 1) = 5.5 kNm
BM @ ‘E’ = + (5.5 × 2) – (4 × 1)
= + 7kNm
BM @ ‘D’ = + (5.5 × 4) – (4 × 3) – (2 × 2) × )2/2)
= 22 – 12 – 4 = +6 kNm.

æ2 ö
BM @ ‘C’ =+(5.5 × 5) – (4 × 4) – (2 × 2) çç + 1÷÷÷ = + 3.5kNm
çè 2 ø
BM @ ‘A’ = 0.
44 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

2. Draw SFD and BMD for a cantilever beam carrying point load
(W) At the free end. (AUC NOV / DEC 2016)

Let Fx = Shear force at X, and

Mx = Bending moment at X.
Take a section X at a distance x from the free end. Consider the right
portion of the section.
The shear force at this section is equal to the resultant force acting on the
right portion at the section X is W and acting in the downward direction.
But a force on the right portion acting downwards is considered positive.
Hence shear force at X is positive.
FA = + W
The shear force will be constant at all sections of the cantilever between A
and Bas there is no other load between A and B. The shear force diagram
is shown in Fig. 6.14 (b).

Bending Moment Diagram

The bending moment at the section X is given by

M x = -W ´ x ......(i)

(Bending moment will be negative as for right portion of the section, the
moment of W at X is clockwise. Also the bending of cantilever will take
place in such a manner that convexity will be at the top of the beam).
Mechanics Of Solids 45
From equation (i), it is clear that B.M at any section is proportional to the
distance of the section from the free end.
At x = 0 i.e., at B, B.M. = 0
At x = L i.e. at A, B.M, = W × L
Hence B.M follows the straight line law. The B.M diagram is shown in
Fig. 6.14 (c). At point A, take AC = W × L in the downward direction. Join
point B to C.

3. A channel section made with 120mmx10mm horizontal flanges

and 160mmx10mm vertical web is subjected to a vertical shearing
force of 120kN. Draw the shear stress distribution diagram across
the section (AU Nov/Dec 2015)
ll Drive methods are in mm
120

10 0
.

. Y1
80
Y2
160
Τmzax
10

10

0 Shear stress distribution

FAy
t=
Ib

Where
F = Shear Force = 120kN = 120 × 103N
BD3 bd 3
I = M.I = - Þ
12 12
B = 120 D = 180
b = 110 d = 160
46 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
B = Width at N.A = 10mm
Ay = Area moment about N.A
Ay = A1 y1 + A 2 y 2 = éë(120´10´85) + (10´80´ 40)ùû

4. A cantilever beam 1.5m long, fixed at A is carrying point loads of

1000kg at B,C and D each at distances of 0.5m, 1.0m and 1.5m
from the fixed end. Calculate the shear force and bending mo-
ments at salient points. (AU Nov/Dec 2014)
1000 kg 1000 kg 1000 kg

A B C
0.5 m D

1m

1.5 m

3000 kg
3000 kg

2000 kg 2000 kg

1000 kg
(+)
1000 kg

0 0

SED

0
(-)

500 kgm

1500 kgm

BMD
3000 kgm

SFD [Consider From left to Right]

SF @ D1
TO ‘R’ of ‘D’ = 0 [(+) ↓ (-) ↑]
Mechanics Of Solids 47
To ‘L’ of ‘D’ = + 1000 kg
SF @ ‘C’
To ‘R’ of ‘C’ = +1000kg
To ‘L’ of ‘C’ = + 2000kg
SF @ ‘B’
To ‘R’ of ‘B’ = +2000 kg
To ‘L’ of ‘B’ = + 3000kg
SF @ ‘A’
To ‘R’ of ‘A’ = +3000 kg
To ‘L’ of ‘A’ = 0
BMD [(-)↓ (+)↑]
BM @ ‘D’ = 0
BM @ ‘C’ = -(1000 × 0.5) kg m
BM @ ‘B’ = - (1000 × 1) – (1000 × 0.5) kgm
BM @ ‘A’ = - (1000 × 1.5) – (1000 ×1) – (1000 × 0.5) kgm

5. Draw SFD and BMD for a simply supported beam carrying point
load (W) at center.
w

A B
C

RA=W/2 X
X

ℓ/2 ℓ/2

W (+)
2

(-) W
2

Wl
4

(+)
48 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

w
RA = RB = (t ) Total load = Total reaction
2
At section x; distance x from ‘A’
Fx = +R A
w
\ Fx = + .(cons tan t )
2
w
\ FA = + and
2
w
Fc (lcH ) = +
2
For portion CB ( x > L / 2)
Fx = +RA - W
w
=+ -w
2
W
\ Fx = - (cons tan t )
2
B.M.D
For the portion AC,
W
M x = R A .x; = x
2
At x = 0; MA = 0
 W 
At x = ; Mc = .
2 2 2
W.
Mc =
4

For the portion CB,

æ ö
M x = R A .x - W çç x - ÷÷÷
çè 2ø
W æ 1ö
= .x - W çç x. ÷÷÷
2 çè 2 ø
At x = .
 Mechanics Of Solids 49
6. Draw SFD and BMD for a simply supported
X
beam carrying non
central point load (W). w

A B
C

X
X
a b

(+)
Wb


(-) Wa


Wab


(+)

Taking moment about A

(R a ´  ) - ( W ´ a ) = 0
Wa
\ Ra = (¯)

We know, Total load = RA + RB .
å v = 0.
WR
RA = W -

Wb
\ RA = (­)


SHARE FORCE DIAGRAM:

Wb
S.F. @ A :- FA = R A - w

S.F. @ C :- Fc = RA – W
Fc = (-) R A - W
Wb
= (+) -W

Wa
\ FC = -

 Fc = (-) R A - W
Wb
50 = (+) -W Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

Wa
\ FC = -

S.F @ B :- FB = (+) RA –W - RB
Wb Wa
= (+) -W-
 
Wb æç Wa Wb ö÷ Wa
=+ - ç- + ÷-
 çè   ÷ø 
Wb Wa Wb Wa
=+ + - -
   
FB = 0

BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM:

B.M. @ B :- MB = 0
B.M. @ C:- MC = (RB × b) – (W × 0)
-Wa
= ´b


7. Draw SFD and BMD for a simply supported beam carrying udl
for the entire span.

Let RA = Reaction at A, and

RB = Reaction at B
Mechanics Of Solids 51

w.L
RA = RB =
2
Consider any section X at a distance x from the left end A. The shear force
at the section (i.e. Fx) is given by,
w.L
Fx = +R A -w.x = + -w.x ........(i)
2
From equation (i) it is clear that the shear from varies according to straight
line law.
The values of shear force at different points are:

w.L w.0 w.L

At A, x = 0 hence FA = + - =+
2 2 2
w.L w.L
At B, x = L hence FB = + -w.L = -
2 2
w.L L
At C, x = L/2 hence FC = + -w. = 0
2 2
The shear force diagram is drawn as shown in Fig. 6.27 (b).
The bending moment at the section X at a distance x from left end A is
given by,
x
M x = +R A .x - w.x.
2
w.L w.x 2 æ ö
= .x - çç R A = w.L ÷÷........(ii)
2 2 çè 2 ÷ø

The values of B.M at different points are:

w.L w.0
At A, x = 0 hence M A = .0 - =0
2 2
w.L w
At B, x = L hence M B = .L - .L2 = 0
2 2
2
w.L L w æç L ö÷ w.L2 w.L2 w.L2
At C, x =L/2 hence M C = . - .ç ÷÷ = - =+ .
2 2 2 çè 2 ø 4 8 8

w.L
Thus the B.M increases according to parabolic law from zero at A to + 8
at the middle point of the beam and from this value the B.M decreases to
52 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
zero at B according to the parabolic law.

8. Draw SFD and BMD for a simply supported beam as shown in

figure.
4KN 10KN
6KN

C
D E
A B

1m 2m 1m 2m

ℓ = 6m

11

3
3 (-) 11

11

25

22

11
(+)

𝛆m = 0
Taking moment about π:
6 R B - (8´ 4) - (10´3) - (4´1) = 0
6 R B = 66KN. R B = 11KN.

Εv = 0 RA + RB =Total load
RA = 22 -11
RA = 11KN.
SHARE FORCE DIAGRAM:
S.F. At A:- FA = RA =11KN.
S.F. at C:- FC = RA – 4 = 11 – 4
Mechanics Of Solids 53
FC = 7KN.
S.F at D:- FD = RA – 4 -10 = (11 – 4 -10)
FD = -3KN.
S.F. at E:- FE = RA – 4 -10 = 11 – 4 – 3 -10) -8
FE = -11kN.
S.F at B:- FB =RA – 4 -10 – 8 + RB = 11 – 4 – 10 – 8 + 11\
FB = 0

BENDING MOMENT DIAGRAM:

B.M. at B:- MB = 0
B.M. at E:- ME = RB × 2 =11 × 2 = 22KN.m
B.M. at D:- MD = (RB × 3) – (8 × 1) = 33 – 8
MD = 25KN.m
B.M at C:- MC= (RB × 5) – (8 × 3) – (10 × 2)
= 55 – 24 – 20.

9. Draw SFD and BMD for a simply supported beam carrying loads
as shown in figure.

Sol, First calculate the reactions RA and RB. Taking moments of all forces
about A, we get
54 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

æ 4ö
R B ´10 = 50´ 2 + 10´ 4´çç2 + ÷÷÷ + 40 (2 + 4)
çè 2ø
= 100 + 160 + 240 = 500
500
\ RB = = 50kN
10
R A = Total load on beam - R B
= (50 + 10´ 4 + 40) - 50 = 130 - 50 = 80kN

S.F Diagram
The S.F at A, FA = RA =+80kN
The S.F. will remain constant between A and C and equal to + 80kN
The S.F just on R.H.S. of C = RA -50 = 80 – 50 = 30kN
The S.F. just on L.H.S. of D = RA -50 -10 × 4 =80 -50 -40 = -10kN
The S.F between C and D varies according to straight line law.
The S.F. just on R.H.S. D = RA – 50 -10 × 4 – 40 = 80 -50 -40 - 40 = -50kN
The S.F. at B = -50kN
The S.F. remains constant between D and B and equal to – 50kN
The shear force diagram is drawn as shown in Fig. 6.31 (b).
The shear force is zero at point E between C and D.
Let the distance of E from point A is x.
Now shear force at E = RA- 50 – 10 × (x – 2)
= 80 – 50 – 10x + 20 =50 -10x
But shear force at E=0
50
\ 50 -10x = 0 or x = = 5m
10

B.M Diagram
B.M. at A is zero
B.M. at B is zero
B.M. at C, MC = RA × 2 = 80 ×2 =160kNm
B.M. at D, MD = RA × 6 – 50 × 4 – 10 × 4 × 4/2
 Mechanics Of Solids 55
= 80 × 6 – 200 – 80 = 480 -200 – 80 =200kNm
At E, x = 5m and hence B.M. at E,
æ 5 - 2 ö÷
M E = FA ´5 - 50 (5 - 2) -10´(5 - 2)´çç
çè 2 ÷÷ø
3
= 80´5 - 50´3 -10´3´ = 400 -150 - 45 = 205kNm
2

The B.M. between C and D varies according to parabolic law reaching a

maximum value at E. The B.M. between A and C also between B and D
varies according to linear law. The B.M. diagram is shown in Fig. 6.31(c).
Maximum B.M
The maximum B.M is at E, where S.F becomes zero after changing its sign.

Maximum B.M. = ME = 205 kNm. Ans

10. Draw SFD and BMD for a cantilever beam carrying loads as
shown in figure.
56 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
Shear Force Diagram
The shear force at D is + 800 N. This shear force remains constant between
D and C. At C, due to point load, the shear force becomes (800 + 500) =
1300 N. Between C and B, the shear force remains 1300 N. At B again, the
shear force becomes (1300 + 300) = 1600N. The shear force between B and
A remains constant and equal to 1600 N. Hence the force at different points
will be as given below:

S.F. at D, FD = + 800N
S.F. at C, FC = + 800 + 500 = + 1300N
S.F. at B, FB = +800 + 500 + 300 = 1600N
S.F. at A, FA = +1600N.
The shear force, diagram is shown in Fig. 6.15 (b) which is drawn as:
Draw a horizontal line AD as base line. On the base line mark the points B
and C below the point loads. This the ordinate DE = 800N in the upward
direction. Draw a line EF parallel to AD. The point F is vertically above
C. Take vertical line FG = 500N. Through G, draw a horizontal line GH in
which point H is vertically above B. Draw vertical line HI = 300N. From I
draw a horizontal line IJ. The point J is vertically above A. This completes
the shear from diagram.

Bending Moment Diagram

The bending moment at D is zero:
i) The bending moment at any section between C and D at a distance x and
D is given by,
Mx =- 800 × x Which follows a straight line law.
At C, the value of x = 0.8m.
B.M at C, Mc = - 800 × 0.8 = - 640Nm.
ii) The B.M at any section between B and C at a distance x from D is given
by (At C, x = 0.8 and at B, x = 0.8 + 0.7 = 1.5m. Hence here x varies from
0.8 to 1.5)
Mx= -800 x – 500 (x – 0.8) ………(i)
Bending moment between B and C also varies by a straight line law.
 Mechanics Of Solids 57
B.M at B is obtained by substituting x = 1.5m in equation (i),
MB = - 800 × 1.5 – 500 (1.5 – 0.8)
= - 1200 – 350 = - 1550 Nm.
iii) The B.M at any section between A and B at a distance x from D is given
by (At B, x = 1.5 and at A, x = 2.0m. Hence here x varies from 1.5m to
2.0m)
Mx = - 800x – 500(x – 0.8) – 300(x – 1.5) ………..(ii)
Bending moment between A and B varies by a straight line law.
B.M. at A is obtained by substituting x = 2.0m in equation (ii),
MA= - 800 × 2 – 500(2 – 0.8) – 300(2 – 1.5)
= - 800 ×2 – 500 × 1.2 – 300 × 0.5
= - 1600 – 600 – 150 = - 2350 Nm.
Hence the bending moment at different points will be as given below:
MD = 0
MC = - 640 Nm
MB= - 1550 Nm
And MA = - 2350 Nm.

11. Draw SFD and BMD for a cantilever beam carrying loads as
shown in figure.
A cantilever of length 2m carries a uniformly distributed load of 1.5 kN/m
run over the whole length and a point load of 2 kN at a distance of 0.5m
from the free end. Draw the S.F and B.M diagrams for the cantilever.
Sol, Given:
Length, L = 2m
U.D.L, 𝛚 = 1.5 kN/m run
Point Load, W = 2kN
Distance of point load from free end = 0.5m\Refer of Fig. 6.19
58 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

Shear Force Diagram

i) Consider any section between C and B at a distance x from the end. The
shear force at the section is given by,
Fx = + ω. X ( + ve sign is due to downward Force on right portion)
= 1.5 × x ……. (i)
In equation (i), x varies from 0 to 0.5. The equation (i) shows that shear
force varies by a straight line law between B and C.
At B, x = 0 hence FB =1.5 × 0 = 0
At C, X = 0.5 hence Fc= 1.5 × 0.5 = 0.75kN
(ii) Now consider any section between A and C at a distance x from free
end B. The shear force at the section is given by
Fx = + ω.x + 2kn ( +ve sign is due to downward
On right portion of the section)

= 1.5x + 2 ……..(ii)
In equation (ii), x varies from 0.5 to 2.0. The equation (ii) also shows that
shear force varies by a straight line law between A and C.
At C, x = 0.5 hence FC =1.5 × 0.5 +2 =2.75kN
At A, x = 2.0 hence FA = 1.5 × 2.0 + 2 = 5.0kN
Now draw the shear force diagram as shown in Fig. 6.19 (b) in which CD
= 0.75kN,
 Mechanics Of Solids 59
DE = 2.0kN or CE = 2.75kN and AF = 5.0kN. The point B is joined to point
D by a straight line whereas the point E is also joined to point E is also
joined to point F by a straight line.

Bending Moment Diagram

i) The bending moment at any section between C and B at a distance a from
the free end B is given by
x
M x = -(w.x ).
2
x
= -(1.5´ x ). (\ w = 1.5kN / m)
2
= -0.7x 2 .....(iiii)

(The bending moment will be negative as for the right portion of the
moment at the section is clockwise).
In equation (iii), x varies from 0 to 0.5 Equation (iii) shows that B.M varies
between C and B by a parabolic law.
At, B, x = 0 hence MB =-0.75 × 0 =0
At C, x = 0.5 hence MC = -0.75 × 0.52 = -0.1875kNm.
ii) The bending moment at any section between A and C at a distance x
from the free end B is given by
x x
M x = -(w.x ). - 2 ( x - 0.5) = -(1.5´ x ). - 2 ( x - 0.5)
2 2
(\ w = 1.5kN / m)
= -0.75x 2 - 2 ( x - 0.5) .......(iv)

In equation (iv), x varies from 0.5 to [Link] (iv) shows that B.M
varies by a parabolic law between A and C.
At C, x = 0.5 hence MC = 0.75 × 0.52 – 2(0.5 – 0.5) =-0.1875 knm
At A, x = 2.0 hence MA = 0.75 × 22 -2(2.0 – 0.5) kNm = -3.0 – 3.0 =
-6.0kNm2
Now the bending moment diagram is drawn as shown in Fig.6.19 (c). In
this diagram line CC1 = 0.1875 and AA1 = 6.0. The points A1, C1 and B are
on parabolic curves.
60 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
12. What are the assumptions made in theory simple bending and
derive the bending equation.
ASSUMPTIONS MADE IN THEORY OF SIMPLE BENDING:
(i) The material of the beam is homogeneous and isotropic.
(ii) The value of young’s modulus of elasticity is the same in tension and
compression.
(iii) The transverse sections, which were plane before bending, remain
plane after bending also.
(iv) The beam is initially straight and all longitudinal filaments bend into
circular arcs with a common centre of curvature.
(v) The radius of curvature is large compared with the dimensions of the
cross-section.
(vi) Each larger of the beam is free to expand(or) contract, independently
of the larger, above or below it.
A1 C1

A C C1 1
A1 N
N1
H
A HC
N1
N1 D1
H H B1
B D D1
∆x B1
B D
∆x O

O
Q
A C C1
A1
Q
R
M C M C1
A A1
H H N1
N1 R
M M
Y
EH FH 1 1
NF1
1
EN
Y
E F F1 D1
E1
B D B1
D1
B D B1

Let us consider a beam acted upon by two equal moments (M) at the ends
as shown in Fig.
The B.M induced by the moments tends to bend in a concave manner.
So, the top surfaces (AC) are subjected to compressive stresses and contract
while the bottom
Surfaces (BD) are subjected to tensile stresses and extend.
Mechanics Of Solids 61
However, there is a layer M.n in between the top and bottom, which will
remain its original length even after bending (N: N)
`R’ is the radius of curvature of the portion of the neutral layer in bend
beam.
The following steps are involved in the development of bending theory.
(i) Determination of strain in layer E1 F1
(ii) Evaluation of stress in this layer by means of young’s modulus.
(iii) Determination of load carried by the strip of cross-section at a distance
“y” from neutral plane.
(iv) Calculating the moment produced by this load about neutral plane, and
summation of the total moment of all such strip loads.

(i) Determination of strain in layer E1 F1:

Strain in layer EF =
change in length
=
Original length
E ' F' - EF
=
EF
But, we know, EF = N – N
N – N = N ’ – N’
Expressing the above equation in terms of R and 𝛉,

The arc length E1 F1 = (R + y) 𝛉

The arc length N1 – N1 = R𝛉

E1F1 - N1 N1
\ strain in layer E1F1 =
N1 N1
( R + y ) q - Rq
=
Rq
Rq + yq - Rq
=
Rq
yq
=
Rq
y
Strain in layer E1F1 =
R
62 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
(ii) Stress (𝛔) in layer E1 F1:
We know young’s modulus,
stress (s)
E=
strain (e)
stress (s) = E ´ e
y é yù
s = E´ ê e = ú
R êë R úû
s y
=
E R

Let a – Area of c/s of strip at E1 F1

We know that,
Load
Stress =
Area
Load = stress ´ Area
E ( y)
= ´A
R
E
= ´ Ay
R
E
\ Load ( y) = .Ay
R

(iv) Moment of Layer at E1 F1:

Moment (M) of the load on this strip about neutral layer,
M =load × distance
æE ö
= çç ´ Ay÷÷÷´ y
çè R ø
E 2
= Ay
y

The total moment of the beam section trade up of all such moments
E
=å Ay 2
R
E
= å Ay 2
R
Mechanics Of Solids 63

E M2
\ = ......(2)
R I

Combining these two equations, we can get bending equation,

M s E
= =
I y R

Where,
M = Moment of resistance ……… [Link]
I = Moment of inertia ……. Mm4
σ = Bending stress…….. N/mm2
Y = Centroidal distance …..mm
E = young’s modulus ……… N/mm2.

13. Draw the S.F. and B.M. diagram for the overhanging beam ­carrying
uniformly distributed load of 2kN/m over the entire length and a
point load of 2kN as shown in Fig. 6.36 locate the point of contraf-
lexure.
Sol. First calculate the reactions RA and RB.
Taking moments of all forces about A, we get
RB × 4 = 2 × 6 × 3 + 2 × 6 = 36 + 12 =48

48
RB = = 12kN
4
And RA = Total load – RB = (2 × 6 + 2) – 12 = 2kN
64 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers

S.F. Diagram
S.F. at A = + RA = + 2kN
i) The S.F. at any section between A and B at a distance x from A is given
by,
Fx = + RA – 2 × x
= 2 – 2x …….(i)
At A, x = 0 hence FA = 2 -2 × 0 = 2kN
At B, x = 4 hence FA = 2 – 2 × 4 = -6kN
The S.F. between A and B varies according to straight line law. At A, S.F. is
positive and at B, S.F. is negative. Hence between A and B, S.F. is zero. The
point of zero S.F. is obtained by substituting Fx= 0 in equation (i).

2
\ 0 = 2 - 2x or x = = 1m
2
The S.F. is zero at point D. Hence distance of D from A is 1m.
ii) The S.F. at any section between B and C at a distance x from A is given
by,
Fx= + RA – 2 × 4 + BB – 2(x-4)
=2 – 8 + 12 – 2(x-4) = 6 – 2(x-4) ……..(II)
Mechanics Of Solids 65
At B, x = 4 hence FB = 6 -2(4 – 4) = +6kN
At C, x =6 hence FC = 6 – 2(6 – 4) = 6 -4 =2Kn
The S.F. diagram is drawn as shown in Fig. 6.36(b).

B.M. Diagram
B.M. at A is zero
(i) B.M. at any section between A and B at a distance x from A is given by,
MA = RA × x -2 × x × x/2=2x – x2 …...(iii)
The above equation shows that the B.M. between A and B varies
according to parabolic law.
At A, x = 0 hence MA= 0
At B, x = 4 hence MB = 2 × 4 -42 = - 8kNm
Max. B.M. is at D where S.F. is zero after changing sign
At D, x = 1 hence MD = 2 × 1 – 12 = 1kNm
The B.M. at C is zero. The B.M also varies between B and C according
to parabolic law. Now the B.M diagram is drawn as shown in Fig. 6.36 (c).

Point of Contraflexure
The point is at E between A and B, where B.M. is zero after changing its
sign. The distance of E from A is obtained by putting Mx= 0 in equation
(iii).
0 = 2x – x2 = x(2 –x)
2 –x = 0
And x = 2m. Ans.
66 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
14. A flitched beam is made up of a wooden joist 100mm wide and
200mm deep strengthened by two steel plates 10mm thick and
20cm deep as shown in figure. If the maximum stress in the wooden
joist is 7N/mm2 Find the corresponding maximum stress attained
in steel, find also the moment of resistance of the composite sec-
tion. Take young’s modulus for steel = 2x105 N/mm2 and for wood
= 1x104 N/mm2.
Let suffix 1 represent steel and suffix 2 represent wooden joist.
Width of wooden joist, b2 =10cm
Depth of wooden joist, d2 = 20cm

Width of one steel plate, b1 = 1cm

Depth of one steel plate, d1 = 20cm
Number of steel plates =2
Max. stress in wood, σ2 = 7N/mm2
E for steel, E1 = 2 × 105 N/mm2
E for steel, E2 = 1 × 104 N/mm2
Now M.O.L. of wooden joist about N.A
Mechanics Of Solids 67

b 2 d 2 2 10´ 202
I2 = =
12 12
= 6666.66 cm 4
= 6666.66´104 mm 4

M.O.I of two steel plates about N.A.,

2´ b1d12 2´1´ 202
I1 = =
12 12
= 1333.33cm = 1333.33´104 mm 4 .
4

Now modular ratio between steel and wood is given by,

E1 2´105
m= = = 20
E 2 1´104

The equivalent moment of inertia (I) is given by equation (7.13).

s2
\ M= ´I
y
7 ´104 ´33333.2
= (\ y = 10cm = 10´10mm)
10´10
2
= 233332.4´10 Nmm = 23333.24 nm. Ans.

15. Draw the shear stress distribution diagram for various sections

(I) RECTANGLE
(II) SOLID CIRCLE

(III) T - SECTION (IV) HOLLOW SECTION

(VII) COMPARATIVE SECTION

(V) L- SECTION
68 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
16. A simply supported beam of span 10m carries a concentrated load
of 10kN at 2m from the left support and a uniformly distributed
load of 4 klN/m over the entire length. Sketch the shear force and
bending moment diagram for the beam.
[Madras univ – EEE – Apr -95] (AU Nov/Dec 2016)
Given: As shown in Fig. 2.35 (a)

10 KN
4 KNm

A C
B

2m 8m
28 KN
20 KN
+ve
10 KN
x
-ve
SFD
22 KN
60.5 kN -m

48 kN -m

+ve

BMD
To draw: SFD and BMD
Solution: Taking moment about A.
Mechanics Of Solids 69

10
R c ´10 = 4´10´ + 10´ 2
2
R C = 22kN
R A + R C = 4´10 + 10 = 50
R A = 50 - R C
= 50 - 22 = 28kN

SF solution
SF at C = -RC = - 22kN
SF at B (without point load)
= - 22 + 4 × 8 = 10kN
SF at B (with point load)
= 10 + 10 = 20kN
SF at A = RA = 28kN
Join all values as shown in Fig. 2.35 (b).
BM calculation
BM at C = 0
8
BM at B = R C ´8 - 4´8´ = 48kN - m
2
BM at A = 0

The SF changes its sign at a distance of ‘x’ m from c.

SF equation at that point is
SFx = - 22 + 4 x =0
X = 5.5m from C
The maximum BM,
5.5
M max = 22´5.5 - 4´5.5´ = 60.5kN - m
2
70 Unit Wise Solved Question Papers
17. An overhanging beam ABC of length 8m is simply supported at B
& C over a span of 6m and the portion AB overhangs by 2m. Draw
SFD and BMD if it is subjected to udl of 3kN/m over the portion
AB and 4kN/m over the portion BC.
KN x KN
3 4
A m B m
e

RB = 19 KN Rc = 11 KN
2m 6m
13 KN x

(+)
o
(-) (-)
11 KN
6 KN SEQ 15-125 KN

Parabolic
(+) curve
(-)
6 KNm
Reaction (RB& Rc)
Take moment about – ‘c’[(-) ↓ (+) ↑]
4 (RB× 6) – (3 × 2)(1 + 6) – (4 × 6) × (6/2) = 0
6RB – 4Z – 72 = 0
RB = 19KN
δV = 0 Σ ↑= Σ ↓

RB + Rc = ( 3 × 2 ) + ( 4 × 6)
Rc = 11KN
SFD [(+)↓ (-)↑]
SF @ ‘c’
To ‘R’ of ‘c’ = 0
To ‘L’ of ‘c’ = -11 KN
Mechanics Of Solids 71
SF @ ;B’
To ‘R’ of ‘B’ = - 11 + (4 × 6) = 13KN
To ‘L’ of ‘B’ = + 13 – 19 = - 6KN
SF @ ‘A’ = 0
BMD [(-) ↓ (+) ↑]
BM @ ‘c’ = 0
BM @ ‘B’ = + (11 × 6) – (4 × 6) (3)
= -6KNm
BM @ A = 0

Point of contraflexure AU 2015

Maximum B.M
Consider a section xx at a distance ‘x’ from the right support ‘C’
SF @ xx = - 11 + (4 × x) = 0
4x = 11
x = 2.75 m
 2.75 
B.M @ xx = + (11 × 2.75) – (4 × 2.75)   = 15.125 KNm
 2 