PART – A (5 Marks Answers)
1. Extraction
Extraction:
Extraction is the process of separating active medicinal constituents of crude drugs by using a suitable
solvent called menstruum.
Methods of Extraction:
1. Maceration
2. Percolation
3. Infusion
4. Decoction
5. Digestion
Percolation (Steps):
1. Drug is powdered and moistened with menstruum.
2. It is kept for 24 hours for imbibition.
3. Drug is packed in percolator.
4. Menstruum is added slowly.
5. Liquid extract is collected from bottom.
2. Pharmacopoeia
Pharmacopoeia:
It is an official book containing standards of drugs and pharmaceutical preparations.
Salient Features of Indian Pharmacopoeia:
1. Contains official drug standards.
2. Describes tests for purity and strength.
3. Gives storage conditions.
4. Includes monographs of drugs.
5. Published by Government of India.
3. Plastic as Packaging Material
Advantages:
1. Light weight
2. Unbreakable
3. Cheap
4. Easy to mold
5. Resistant to chemicals
Disadvantages:
1. May react with drug
2. Permeable to moisture
3. Adsorption of drug
4. May release toxic substances
4. Pharmaceutical Aids
Pharmaceutical aids:
Substances used in preparation of medicines but have no therapeutic effect.
Types with Examples:
1. Preservatives – Benzalkonium chloride
2. Sweetening agents – Sucrose
3. Flavouring agents – Peppermint oil
4. Colouring agents – Tartrazine
5. Suspending agents – Tragacanth
5. Differences
(a) Hard vs Soft Gelatin Capsules
Hard Gelatin Soft Gelatin
Two-piece One-piece
Used for powders Used for liquids
Less flexible Flexible
Prepared by dipping method Prepared by rotary die method
(b) Quality Control vs Quality Assurance
Quality Control Quality Assurance
Product testing Process control
Detects defects Prevents defects
Lab based System based
6. Novel Drug Delivery System (NDDS)
NDDS:
Advanced drug delivery system designed to deliver drug at specific site.
Classification:
1. Controlled release systems
2. Targeted drug delivery
3. Implant systems
Advantages:
1. Reduces side effects
2. Improves patient compliance
3. Better therapeutic effect
7. Ball Mill
Construction:
A hollow cylindrical shell rotating on its axis containing steel balls.
Principle:
Works on impact and attrition.
Working:
When cylinder rotates, balls fall on material and reduce particle size.
PART – B (3 Marks Answers)
1. Pharmacy as a Career
Pharmacy is a profession related to preparation, dispensing and proper use of medicines. Career areas
include hospital pharmacy, community pharmacy, industry, research and teaching.
2. Preservative
Preservative: Substance added to prevent microbial growth.
Types:
1. Alcohols
2. Organic acids
3. Phenols
4. Quaternary ammonium compounds
3. Classification of Powders (IP)
1. Coarse
2. Moderately coarse
3. Moderately fine
4. Fine
5. Very fine
4. Theory of Filtration
Filtration is separation of solid particles from liquid using a porous medium. It works by sieving and
adsorption mechanism.
5. Freeze Drying
Freeze drying (Lyophilization) is removal of water by sublimation after freezing. Used for vaccines and
antibiotics.
6. Solution, Suspension, Emulsion
Solution: Homogeneous mixture.
Suspension: Insoluble solid dispersed in liquid.
Emulsion: Mixture of two immiscible liquids.
7. Glass Packaging
Glass is chemically inert, transparent and impermeable. Types: Type I, II, III.
8. Rubber Packaging
Used for closures and stoppers. Should be elastic, non-reactive and impermeable.
9. Sera, Vaccines, Toxoids
Sera: Contains antibodies.
Vaccines: Contain weakened microorganisms.
Toxoids: Inactivated toxins.
10. cGMP
Current Good Manufacturing Practice ensures quality manufacturing of drugs through proper procedures,
equipment and documentation.
11. Fluidized Bed Dryer
Principle: Fluidization.
Hot air passes upward to suspend particles and dry them uniformly.
PART – C (Answers Only)
1. c) International Pharmaceutical Federation
2. a) Menstruum
3. a) 66.7% w/w sucrose
4. b) Quality Assurance
5. c) Tuberculosis
6. c) [Link]
7. b) Shellac
8. d) 90% v/v ethanol
9. c) 1958
10. c) Mahadev Lal Schroff
Fill in the blanks
11. Pyrogens
12. Descending
13. Infusions
14. 000
15. G5
16. 4 : 2 : 1
17. COVID-19
18. Liquid preparation for external application with rubbing
19. Hydroalcoholic
20. Viscosity