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Skills in Mathematics for
JEE MAIN & ADVANCED

arihant
ARIHANT PRAKASHAN (Series), MEERUT
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Skills in Mathematics for
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PREFACE
“THE ALGEBRAIC SUM OF ALL THE TRANSFORMATIONS OCCURRING INA CYCLICAL
PROCESS CAN ONLY BE POSITIVE, OR, AS AN EXTREME CASE EQUAL TO NOTHING"
MEANS IF YOU CONTINUOUSLY PUT YOUR EFFORTS ON AN ASPECT YOU HAVE VERY
GOOD CHANCE OF POSITIVE OUTCOME i.e. SUCCESS

It is a matter of great pride and honour for me to have received such an overwhelming response to
the previous editions of this book from the readers. In a way, this has inspired me to revise this
book thoroughly as per the changed pattern of JEE Main & Advanced. I have tried to make the
contents more relevant as per the needs of students, many topics have been re-written, a lot of new
problems of new types have been added in etcetc. All possible efforts are made to remove all the
t
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printing errors that had crept in previous editions. The book is now in such a shape that the
e.

students would feel at ease while going through the problems, which will in turn clear their
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concepts too.
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A Summary of changes that have been made in Revised & Enlarged Edition
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• Theory has been completely updated so as to accommodate all the changes made in J EE Syllabus &
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Pattern in recent years.

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• The most important point about this new edition is, now the whole text matter of each chapter has
been divided into small sessions with exercise in each session. In this way the reader will be able to go
through the whole chapter in a systematic way.
• Just after completion of theory, Solved Examples of all JEE types have been given, providing the
students a complete understanding of all the formats of JEE questions & the level of difficulty of
questions generally asked in JEE.
• Along with exercises given with each session, a complete cumulative exercises have been given at the
end of each chapter so as to give the students complete practice for JEE along with the assessment of
knowledge that they have gained with the study of the chapter.
• Last 13 Years questions asked in JEE Main &Adv, IIT-JEE & AIEEE have been covered in all the
chapters.
However I have made the best efforts and put my all Algebra teaching experience in revising this
book. Still I am looking forward to get the valuable suggestions and criticism from my own
fraternity i.e. the fraternity of JEE teachers.
I would also like to motivate the students to send their suggestions or the changes that they want to
be incorporated in this book.
All the suggestions given by you all will be kept in prime focus at the time of next revision of
the book.

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Skills in Mathematics for
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CONTENTS
1. COMPLEX NUMBERS 1-102
LEARNING PART Session 4
Session 1 • nth Root of Unity
• Integral Powers of Iota (i) • Vector Representation of Complex Numbers
• Switch System Theory • Geometrical Representation of Algebraic
Operation on Complex Numbers
Session 2
• Rotation Theorem (Coni Method)
• Definition of Complex Number
• Shifting the Origin in Case of Complex
• Conjugate Complex Numbers
Numbers
• Representation of a Complex Number in
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• Inverse Points
Various Forms
e.

• Dot and Cross Product

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Session 3
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• Use of Complex Numbers in Coordinate

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• amp (z)- amp (-z)=± p, According as amp (z) Geometry

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is Positive or Negative
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PRACTICE PART
• Square Root of a Complex Number
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• JEE Type Examples

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• Solution of Complex Equations

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• Chapter Exercises
• De-Moivres Theorem
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• Cube Roots of Unity

2. THEORY OF EQUATIONS 103-206

LEARNING PART Session 4
Session 1 • Equations of Higher Degree
• Polynomial in One Variable • Rational Algebraic Inequalities
• Identity • Roots of Equation with the
• Linear Equation Help of Graphs
• Quadratic Equations Session 5
• Standard Quadratic Equation • Irrational Equations
Session 2 • Irrational Inequations
• Transformation of Quadratic Equations • Exponential Equations
• Condition for Common Roots • Exponential Inequations
Session 3 • Logarithmic Equations
• Quadratic Expression • Logarithmic Inequations
• Wavy Curve Method PRACTICE PART
• Condition for Resolution into Linear Factors • JEE Type Examples
• Location of Roots (Interval in which Roots Lie) • Chapter Exercises
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3. SEQUENCES AND SERIES 207-312

LEARNING PART Session 5
Session 1 • Mean
• Sequence Session 6
• Series • Arithmetico-Geometric
• Progression Series (AGS)
• Sigma (S) Notation
Session 2
• Natural Numbers
• Arithmetic Progression
Session 7
Session 3
• Application to Problems of Maxima and
• Geometric Sequence or Geometric Minima
Progression
PRACTICE PART
Session 4 • J EE Type Examples
• Harmonic Sequence or Harmonic Progression t• Chapter Exercises
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4. LOGARITHMS AND THEIR PROPERTIES 313-358

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LEARNING PART Session 3

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Session 1 • Properties of Monotonocity of Logarithm

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• Graphs of Logarithmic Functions

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• Definition
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• Characteristic and Mantissa PRACTICE PART

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Session 2 • JEE Type Examples

• Principle Properties of Logarithm • Chapter Exercises

5. PERMUTATIONS AND COMBINATIONS 359-436

LEARNING PART Session 5
Session 1 • Combinations from Identical Objects
• Fundamental Principle of Counting Session 6
• Factorial Notation •. Arrangement in Groups
Session 2 • Multinomial Theorem
• Divisibility Test • Multiplying Synthetically
• Principle of Inclusion and Exclusion
Session 7
• Permutation
• Rank in a Dictionary
Session 3 • Gap Method
• Number of Permutations Under Certain [when particular objects are never together]
Conditions
PRACTICE PART
• Circular Permutations
• JEE Type Examples
• Restricted Circular Permutations
• Chapter Exercises
Session 4
• Combination

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• Restricted Combinations
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6. BINOMIAL THEOREM 437-518

LEARNING PART Session 4
Session 1 • Use of Complex Numbers in Binomial
• Binomial Theorem for Positive Integral Index Theorem
• Pascals Triangle • Multinomial Theorem
• Use of Differentiation
Session 2 • Use of Integration
• General Term • When Each Term is Summation Contains the
• Middle Terms Product of Two Binomial Coefficients or
• Greatest Term Square of Binomial Coefficients
• Trinomial Expansion • Binomial Inside Binomial
Session 3 • Sum of the Series
• Two Important Theorems PRACTICE PART
• Divisibility Problems • JEE Type Examples
• Chapter Exercises
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519-604
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7. DETERMINANTS
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LEARNING PART the Same Order

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• System of Linear Equations

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Session 1
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• Definition of Determinants • Cramers Rule

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• Expansion of Determinant • Nature of Solutions of System of Linear

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Equations
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• Sarrus Rule for Expansion

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• Window Rule for Expansion • System of Homogeneous Linear Equations

Session 2 Session 4
• Minors and Cofactors • Differentiation of Determinant
• Use of Determinants in Coordinate Geometry • Integration of a Determinant
• Properties of Determinants • Walli s Formula
• Use of S in Determinant
Session 3
• Examples on Largest Value of a PRACTICE PART
Third Order Determinant • JEE Type Examples
• Multiplication of Two Determinants of • Chapter Exercises

8. MATRICES 605-690
LEARNING PART Session 2
Session 1 • Transpose of a Matrix
• Definition • Symmetric Matrix
• Types of Matrices • Orthogonal Matrix
• Difference Between a Matrix and a Determinant • Complex Conjugate (or Conjugate) of a Matrix
• Equal Matrices • Hermitian Matrix
• Operations of Matrices • Unitary Matrix
• Various Kinds of Matrices • Determinant of a Matrix
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Session 3 Session 4
• Adjoint of a Matrix • Solutions of Linear Simultaneous Equations
• Inverse of a Matrix Using Matrix Method
• Elementary Row Operations
PRACTICE PART
• Equivalent Matrices
• JEE Type Examples
• Matrix Polynomial • Chapter Exercises
• Use of Mathematical Induction

9. PROBABILITY 691-760
LEARNING PART Session 4
Session 1 • Binomial Theorem on Probability
• Some Basic Definitions • Poisson Distribution
• Mathematical or Priori or Classical Definition • Expectation
of Probability et • Multinomial Theorem
• Odds in Favours and Odds Against the Event • Uncountable Uniform Spaces
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Session 2 PRACTICE PART

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• Some Important Symbols • JEE Type Examples

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• Conditional Probability • Chapter Exercises

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Session 3
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• Total Probability Theorem

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• Bayes Theorem or Inverse Probability

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10. MATHEMATICAL INDUCTION 761-784

LEARNING PART PRACTICE PART
• Introduction • JEE Type Examples
• Statement • Chapter Exercises
• Mathematical Statement

11. SETS, RELATIONS AND FUNCTIONS 785-836

LEARNING PART Session 3
Session 1 • Definition of Function
• Definition of Sets • Domain, Codomain and Range
• Representation of a Set • Composition of Mapping
• Different Types of Sets • Equivalence Classes
• Laws and Theorems • Partition of Set
• Venn Diagrams (Euler-Venn Diagrams) • Congruences
Session 2 PRACTICE PART
• Ordered Pair • JEE Type Examples
• Definition of Relation • Chapter Exercises
• Ordered Relation
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• Composition of Two Relations
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Skills in Mathematics for
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SYLLABUS FOR JEE MAIN

Unit I Sets, Relations and Functions Unit IV Permutations and Combinations
Sets and their representation, Union, intersection and Fundamental principle of counting, permutation as an
complement of sets and their algebraic properties, arrangement and combination as selection, Meaning of P(n,r)
Power set, Relation, Types of relations, equivalence and C (n,r), simple applications.
relations, functions, one-one, into and onto functions,
Unit V Mathematical Induction
composition of functions.
Principle of Mathematical Induction and its simple applications.
Unit II Complex Numbers
Unit VI Binomial Theorem and its
Complex numbers as ordered pairs of reals,
Representation of complex numbers in the form a+ib Simple Applications
and their representation in a plane, Argand diagram, Binomial theorem for a positive integral index, general term and
algebra of complex numbers, modulus and argument middle term, properties of Binomial coefficients and simple
(or amplitude) of a complex number, square root of a applications.
complex number, triangle inequality. Unit VII Sequences and Series
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Unit III Matrices and Determinants Arithmetic and Geometric progressions, insertion of arithmetic,
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geometric means between two given numbers. Relation between

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Matrices, algebra of matrices, types of matrices,

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determinants and matrices of order two and three. AM and GM Sum upto n terms of special series: X n, £ n, £n3.
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Arithmetico - Geometric progression.

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Properties of determinants, evaluation of deter­

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minants, area of triangles using determinants. Adjoint Unit VIII Probability

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and evaluation of inverse of a square matrix using Probability of an event, addition and multiplication theorems of
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determinants and elementary transformations, Test

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probability, Baye’s theorem, probability distribution of a random

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of consistency and solution of simultaneous linear variate, Bernoulli and Binomial distribution.
equations in two or three variables using determinants
and matrices.

SYLLABUS FOR JEE ADVANCED

Algebra Logarithms and their Properties
Algebra of complex numbers, addition, multiplication, Permutations and combinations, Binomial theorem for a positive
conjugation, polar representation, properties of integral index, properties of binomial coefficients.
modulus and principal argument, triangle inequality,
Matrices as a rectangular array of real numbers, equality of
cube roots of unity, geometric interpretations.
matrices, addition, multiplication by a scalar and product of
Quadratic equations with real coefficients, relations matrices, transpose of a matrix, determinant of a square matrix of
’ between roots and coefficients, formation of quadratic order up to three, inverse of a square matrix of order up to three,
equations with given roots, symmetric functions of properties of these matrix operations, diagonal, symmetric and
roots. skew-symmetric matrices and their properties, solutions of
Arithmetic, geometric and harmonic progressions, simultaneous linear equations in two or three variables.
arithmetic, geometric and harmonic means, sums of Addition and multiplication rules of probability, conditional
finite arithmetic and geometric progressions, infinite probability, independence of events, computation of probability of
geometric series, sums of squares and cubes of the first events using permutations and combinations.
n natural numbers.
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CHAPTER

Complex Numbers
Learning Part
Session 1 t
• Integral Powers of lota (i)
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• Switch System Theory

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Session 2
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• Definition of Complex Number

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• Conjugate Complex Numbers

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• Representation of a Complex Number in Various Forms

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Session 3
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• amp (z) - amp (- z) = ± it, According as amp (z) is Positive or Negative

• Square Root of a Complex Number
• Solution of Complex Equations
• De-Moivre’s Theorem
• Cube Roots of Unity
Session 4
• nth Root of Unity
• Vector Representation of Complex Numbers
• Geometrical Representation of Algebraic Operation on Complex Numbers
• Rotation Theorem (Coni Method)
• Shifting the Origin in Case of Complex Numbers
• Inverse Points
• Dot and Cross Product
• Use of Complex Numbers in Coordinate Geometry

Practice Part
• JEE Type Examples
• Chapter Exercises

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The square of any real number, whether positive, negative Remark

or zero, is always non-negative i.e. x2 > 0 for all x e R. 4^ = ija, where a is positive quantity. Keeping this result in
mind, the following computation is correct
Therefore, there will be no real value of x, which when J-a 7^3 = i 4a-i 4b -i2 4ab - - 4ab
squared, will give a negative number.
where, a and b are positive real numbers.
Thus, the equation x2 +1 =0 is not satisfied for any real But the computation, 44i 44b = J(-a)(-b) = 71 al |b| is wrong.
value of x. ‘Euler’ was the first Mathematician to Because the property, 4a 4b = 4ab is valid only when atleast one
introduce the symbol i (read ‘Iota’) for the square root of of a and b is non-negative,
If a and b are both negative, then 4a4b = -^|a||b|.
-1 with the property i2 = -1. The theory of complex
number was later on developed by Gauss and Hamilton. I Example 1. Is the following computation correct?
According to Hamilton, “Imaginary number is that If not, give the correct computation.
number whose square is a negative number ”. Hence, the V^2^3 = 1/(-2)(-3)=V6
equation x2 +1=0
Sol. No,
x2 = -l If a and b are both negative real numbers, then JaJb=-Jab
or x = ±V-l Here, a = - 2 and b = - 3.
(in the sense of arithmetic, J-l has no meaning). 7=2 7-3 = -7(“2) (-3) = - V6
Symbolically, V-l is denoted by i (the first letter of the
8 Example 2. A student writes the formula
word ‘Imaginary ’).
Job = JaJb. Then, he substitutes a = -1 and b = -1
Solutions of x2 +1 = 0 are x = ± i. and finds 1 = -1. Explain, where he is wrong.
t
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Also, i is the unit of complex number, since i is present in Sol. Since, a and b are both negative, therefore Jab * Ja Jb .
e.

every complex number. Generally, if a is positive quantity, Infact a and b are both negative, then we havejajb=- Jab.
iv
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then
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J-a x V-a = V(“ 1) x a x V(-l) x a I Example 3. Explain the fallacy

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-1 = i x i = J^\ x V-l = 7H)x(-1) = Vi = 1.

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I
= V-l x Va x 7-1 x Va
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Sol. If a and b are both negative, then

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a JaJb = -JJ\b\
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= i2a = -a V3TxVzi = -7|-i||-i| =-i

Session 1
Integral Powers of lota (/), Switch System Theory
Integral Powers of lota (/)
(i) If the index of i is whole number, then When, 0 < r < 3

i° =1,/’ =j,i2 =(V=1)2 =-l, ... in=i4’+''=(i4)^(Iy=(i)’.(i)r=ir

In general, i4n =1, i4n + 1 =i, i4n+2 = -l,
i3 =i.i2 =-iti4 = (i2)2 =(-i)2 =i
• 4n + 3 _ _ • £or any whoie number n.
To find the value of in (n > 4) First divide n by 4.
(ii) If the index of i is a negative integer, then
Let q be the quotient and r be the remainder.
i.e. 4) n (q i 1 = 1 = 1 == -,;,-
-i,i ’=1 = -l,
i ii 2 -1 i2
“4q
r i 1 =■.-L=i,i
1 = ,;,-. =1 = 1 = 1,etc.
i3 I*
i4 i4 1
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 Downloaded from [Link] Chap 01 Complex Numbers 3

2 1 + i2 +2iy
I Example 4. Evaluate. Sol. ••• a2
(i) I1998 2 2 /
(ii) _(1-1 + 2i)
=i
(iii) ,ne N I 2
a1929 = a-a1928 = a-(a2)964 =a(i)',964
Sol. (i) 1998 leaves remainder 2, when it is divided by 4.
= a(i)4x241 = a-(i4)241 = a
i.e. 4) 1998(499
1996
2
§ Example 7. Dividing f(z) by z - i, where i = V-1, we
. z-1998
= i2 = -1 obtain the remainder i and dividing it by z + i, we get
the remainder 1 + i. Find the remainder upon the
Aliter
■ 2000 J
division of f(z) by z2 + 1.
p998 = -1
I2 “1 Sol. z - i = 0 => z = i

(ii) 9999 leaves remainder 3, when it is divided by 4. Remainder, when f (z) is divided by (z - i) = i
i.e. 4) 9999 (2499 i.e. j\i) = i ...(i)
9996 and remainder, when /(z) is divided by (z + 1) = 1 + i
3 i.e. /(-i) = l + i [vz + i = 0=>z = -i]...(ii)
• - 9999 1 1 i i Since, z2 + 1 is a quadratic expression, therefore remainder
•9999
=i
i3 i 1 when /(z) is divided by z2 + 1, will be in general a linear
expression. Let g(z) be the quotient and az + b (where a
t
Aliter
ne
and b are complex numbers) be the remainder, when /(z) is
1 i _i_.
e.

■ - 9999
divided by z2 +1.
iv

■ 9999 -10000
10000 |
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(iii) 4n + 3 leaves remainder 3, when it is divided by 4. Then, /(z) = (z2 + l)g(z) + az + t ...(iii)
re
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i.e., 4)4n+3(n f (i) = (i2 + 1) g (i) + ai + b = ai + b

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4n or ai + b = i [from Eq. (i)]... (iv)

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3 and f (“ 0 = O’2 + 0 g 0 ~ ai + b =- ai + b
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■ 4n + 3 •‘-Z3 = -i
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I — I
or - ai + b = l + i [from Eq. (ii)] ,..(v)
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= _(t-)4n + 3
Now, (-J^T)in+3 = (-i)4n + 3 From Eqs. (iv) and (v), we get
= ~(~i) , 1 . i
b-- + i and a = -
=i 2 2
Aliter (-V-1)'|4n + 3 _ ,4n + 3 +3 Hence, required remainder = az + b
1 . 1 .
=-(i4)n-i3 = - iz + - + i
2 2
= -(l)n(-0 =i

S Example 5. Find the value of 1+/2 + l4 + i6 +...+ i2n The Sum of Four Consecutive .
where i = and n e N. Powers of / [Iota] is Zero
Sol. v 1 + i2 + i4 + i6 +... + i2n = 1-1 + 1-! + ... + (-1)" If n e I and i = ypl, then
■n 4-jn + 1 [Link] + ^
Case I If n is odd, then
1 + i2 + i4 + i6 +... + i2n= 1 -1 + 1 -1 +... + 1-1 = 0
Case II If n is even, then
1 + i2 + i4 + i6 +... + i2n = 1 - 1 + 1 - 1 +... + 1 = 1 Remark
m m-p+ 1

1. r2^= S f(r + p-1)

I Example 6. If a = where i = -^-1, then find the =p r=1
m P+1

value of a1929. 2. r=S-pz(r)= rX=1

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13
I Example 8. Find the value of y (/ n 4-iin+])
(where,/ = n-1
Switch System Theory
13 13 13
[Finding Digit in the Unit's Place]
Sol. V y (in4-in + 1)= £in4- £in+1 = (i + o) +(i2 + o) We can determine the digit in the unit’s place in
n =1 n =1 n=1
ab, where a,b& N. If last digit of a are 0,1,5 and 6, then
13 13
L
v £ in =0and y in + 1 = o digits in the unit’s place of a are 0, 1, 5 and 6
= i-l n=2 n =2
respectively, for all be N.
(three sets of four consecutive powers off)

I Example 9. Find the value of y in!

100
Powers of 2
2 1,22,2 3,2 4,2 5,2 6,2 7,2 8,2 9,...the digits in unit’s place
(where,/= ^^1). n=0
of different powers of 2 are as follows :
Sol. n! is divisible by 4, V n > 4.
100 97 2, 4, 8, 6, 2, 4, 8, 6, 2,... (period being 4)
... y j-n! _ y j(n + 3)! *p» /p>. /p* /p's
n=4 n =1
®©®@®@®®® (switch number)
= i° 4- i° 4- i° 4-... 97 times = 97 ...(i)
100 3 100
(The remainder when b is divided by 4, can be 1 or 2 or 3 or 0).
.-. £ «n! = 1/ + £'n!
n=0 n =0 n =4 Then, press the switch number and then we get the digit
in unit’s place of ab (just above the switch number) i.e.
= i0! 4- i•1!” 4- i2' + ;i3!
3! 4- 97 [from Eq. (i)] t
‘press the number and get the answer’.
ne
= i1 4- i1 4- i2 4- i6 4- 97 = i 4- i - 1 - 1 4- 97
e.
iv

= 95 4- 2i E Example 12. What is the digit in the unit’s place of

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4n + 7
(5172)11327?
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! Example 10. Find the value of y ir

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i— r=1 Sol. Here, last digit of a is 2.

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(where, / = ^-1). The remainder when 11327 is divided by 4, is 3. Then,

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press switch number 3 and then we get 8.

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4n + 7 4n + 7 4n + 4
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Sol. y ir = il 4- i2 4- 13 4- y ir = i - 1 - i 4- £ ir + 3 Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (5172)I11327

1 is 8.
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r=1 r=4 r=1

= -14-0 [(n 4-1) sets of four consecutive powers of i]

= -l Powers of 3
S1^2^ 3,3 4,35,3 6,37,3 8,... the digits in unit’s place of
I Example 11. Show that the polynomial
xz'p + xz,q+1 + x4r+2 + xz,s+3 is divisible by different powers of 3 are as follows:
x3 + x2 + x +1, where p, q, r, s g N. 3, 9, 7, 1, 3, 9, 7, 1,... (period being 4)
/^
Sol. Let f(x) = x4fi 4- x4<? +1 4- x4r + 2+ x4s + 3
®©®®®@®@ ••• (switch number)
and x3+x2+x + l = (x2+l)(x + 1)
= (x + i)(x-i)(x + l), The remainder when b is divided by 4, can be 1 or 2 or 3
where i = J- 1 or 0. Now, press the switch number and get the unit’s
Now, f (i) = i4p 4-i4?+ 14-i4r +2 + i4s + 3 = 1 + i + i2+ i3 =0 place digit (just above).
[sum of four consecutive powers of i is zero]
C Example 13. What is the digit in the unit’s place of
f (-/) = (-j)4P + (-i)4’ +1 + (-i)4r + 2 + (-i)4s+ 3
(143)86 ?
= 1 + (-i)1 + (—i)2 4- (— i).33 = 1 - i - 1 + i = 0
and f (- 1) = (- I)4' + (- 1)4<? +1 + (- l)4r + 2 + (- i)4‘+ 3 Sol. Here, last digit of a is 3.
The remainder when 86 is divided by 4, is 2.
= 1-14-1-1=0
Then, press switch number 2 and then we get 9.
Hence, by division theorem, f (x) is divisible by
Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (143)86 is 9.
x3+x2 + x + l.

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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 5

Powers of 4 Powers of 8
41,4z,43,44,45,...the digits in unit’s place of different 8 3,8 4,85,8 6,87,8 8,...the digits in unit’s place of
powers of 4 are as follows: different powers of 8 are as follows:
4, 6, 4, 6, 4, ... (period being 2) 8, 4, 2, 6, 8, 4, 2, 6,... (period being 4)
T T T ? ? w
©©(D©® (switch number)
••• (switch number)
The remainder when b is divided by 2, can be 1 or 0. Now, The remainder when b is divided by 4, can be 1 or 2 or 3
press the switch number and get the unit’s place digit or 0.
(just above the switch number).
Now, press the switch number and get the unit’s place
I Example 14. What is the digit in unit’s place of digit (just above the switch number).

(1354)22222? I Example 16. What is the digit in the unit’s place of

Sol. Here, last digit of a is 4. (1008)786 ?
The remainder when 22222 is divided by 2, is 0. Then, Sol. Here, last digit of a is 8.
press switch number 0 and then we get 6. The remainder when 786 is divided by 4, is 2. Then, press
Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (13 54 )22222 is 6. switch number 2 and then we get 4.
Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (1008)>786 is 4.

Powers of 7
t
ne

Powers of 9
e.

7l,7 2,7 3,7 4,7 5,7 6,7 7,7 8>... the digits in unit’s place of
iv

9 \ 92,9 3,9 4,95,... the digits in unit’s place of different

at

different powers of 7 are as follows:

re

powers of 9 are as follows:

nc

7, 9, 3, 1, 7, 9, 3, 1,...(periodbeing4)
9, 1, 9, 1, 9,...(period being 2)
ar
.le

••• (switch number)

w

••• (switch number)

w
w

(The remainder when b is divided by 4, can be 1 or 2 or 3 The remainder when b is divided by 2, can be 1 or 0.
or 0). Now, press the switch number and get the unit’s Now, press the switch number and get the unit’s place
place digit (just above). digit (just above the switch number).

I Example 15. What is the digit in the unit’s place of I Example 17. What is the digit in the unit’s place of
(13057)941120579 ? (2419)111213?
Sol. Here, last digit of a is 7. Sol. Here, last digit of a is 9.
The remainder when 941120579 is divided by 4, is 3. Then, The remainder when 111213 is divided by 2, is 1. Then,
press switch number 3 and then we get 3. press switch number 1 and then we get 9.
Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (13O57)94112057’ is 3. Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (2419)111213 is 9.

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g Exercise for Session 1 I

/
1 lf(1 + /)2n + (1-/)2n = -2:n+1
‘ (where, / =7-^)for all those n, which are
(a)even (b)odd
(c) multiple of 3 (d) None of these
2 If / = 7~1. the number of values of/n + i~n for different/? el is
(a) 1 (b)2
(c)3 (d)4
3 If a > 0 and b < 0, then 7a 4b is equal to (where, / = 7=1)

(a)-#W (b)TTJb]/
(d) None of these

4 Consider the following statements.

Sj:-6 = 2/x3/ =7F4)><7(-9) (where,/=7^1) S2:7F4)x7F9)=7(-4)x(-9)
S3:7(-4)x(-9)=V36 S4:736=6
Of these statements, the incorrect one is
(a) S, only (b) S2 only
t
ne

(c) S3 only (d) None of these

e.

50
iv

5 The value of X /(2n+1)1 (where,/=J^1)is

at
re

n=0
nc

(a)/ (b) 47-/

ar

(c) 48 + / (d)0
.le

1003
w

6 The value of X ir (where/ = 7~1)is

w

r=-3
w

(3)1 (b)-1
(C)/ (d)-/
7 The digit in the unit's place of (153)98 is
(a) 1 (b)3
(c)7 (d)9
8 The digit in the unit’s place of (141414)I12121
1 is
(3)4 (b)6
(c)3 (d)1

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Session 2
Definition of Complex Number, Conjugate Complex
Numbers, Representation of a Complex Number in
Various Forms
Definition of Complex Number Algebraic Operations on
A number of the form a + ib, where a, b 6 R and i = 7~1, is Complex Numbers
called a complex number. It is denoted by z i.e. z = a + ib. Let two complex numbers be z j = a + ib and z2 = c + id,
A complex number may also be defined as an ordered pair where a,b,c,de R and i = -J-l.
of real numbers; and may be denoted by the symbol (a, b). 1. Addition Zj + z2 =(a + ib)+(c + id)
If we write z = (a, b), then a is called the real part and b is
= (a + c) + i(b + d)
the imaginary part of the complex number z and may be
denoted by Re (z) and Im (z), respectively i.e., a = Re (z) 2. SubtractionZ] -z2 = (a + ib)-(c + id)
and b = Im(z). t ~(a-c) + i(b-d)
ne
Two complex numbers are said to be equal, if and only if 3. Multiplication z i • z2 = (a + ib ) • (c + id)
e.

their real parts and imaginary parts are separately equal. = ac + iad 4- ibc + i2 bd
iv

Thus, a + ib = c + id
at

= ac + i (ad + be) - bd
re

a = c and b = d
= (ac - bd) + i (ad + be)
nc

where, a, b, c, d 6 R and i = -/-I.

ar

4 n • • zi (a + ib) (c-id)
.le

i.e. zx = z2 z2 (e + id) (c - id)

w

Re(z,) =Re(z2) and Im (zx) =Im (z2)

w

[multiplying numerator and denominator by c - id

w

Important Properties of Complex Numbers where atleast one of c and d is non-zero]

1. The complex numbers do not possess the property of order, _ ac - iad + ibc - i2bd _ac + i (be - ad) + bd
i.e.. (a + ib) > or < (c + id) is not defined. For example, (c)2—(id)2 c2-i2d2
9 + 6/ > 3 + 2/ makes no sense.
2. Areal number a can be written as a + Z-0. Therefore, every _ (ac + bd) + i (be - ad) _ (ac + bd ) t . (be-ad)
real number can be considered as a complex number, whose \c2+d2)
c2+d2 (c2+d2)
imaginary part is zero. Thus, the set of real numbers (R) is a
■>

proper subset of the complex numbers (C) i.e. R c C. Hence,

the complex number system is A/ c IV c / c Q cR cC Remark
3. A complex number z is said to be purely real, if Im (z) = 0; and = / and -—- = - i, where i = V-i.
is said to be purely imaginary, if Re (z) = 0. The complex 1-/ 1+/
numberO =0 + i-0 is both purely real and purely imaginary.
4. In real number system, a2+ b2 = 0 => a = 0 = b. Properties of Algebraic Operations
But ifz, and z2 are complex numbers. thenz,2 + z 2 = 0 on Complex Numbers
does not imply z, = z2 = 0.
Let zx,z2 and z3 be any three complex numbers.
For example, z, = 1 + / and z 2 = 1 - /
Then, their algebraic operations satisfy the following
Here, z, #0, z2 #0
But z2 + z2 = (1 + i)2 + (1 - i)2 = 1 + /2 + 2/ + 1 + i2 - 2/ properties:
= 2 + 2/2 =2-2 = 0 Properties of Addition of Complex Numbers
However, if product of two complex numbers is zero, then (i) Closure law zx + z2 is a complex number.
atleast one of them must be zero, same as in case of real
numbers. (ii) Commutative lawZj + z2 =z2 +Zj
If z3z 2 =0, then zx = 0,z2 *0 or z, *0,z2 = 0 (iii) Associative law (zj +z2) +z3 = zx +(z2 +z3)
or z,=0,z2=0
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(iv) Additive identity z + 0 = z = 0 + z, then 0 is called

the additive identity.
Properties of Conjugate . I

(v) Additive inverse - z is called the additive inverse of Complex Numbers

Let z, Zj and z2 be complex numbers. Then,

Properties of Multiplication (i) (i)=* I

of Complex Numbers (ii) z + z =2 Re (z)
(i) Closure law z} •z2 is a complex number. (iii) z - z = 2 Im (z)
(ii) Commutative law zx • z2 = z2 ■ Z] (iv) z +z = 0 => z =-z => z is purely imaginary.
(iii) Associative law (z2 • z2) z3 =Zj (z2 • z3) (v) z - z = 0 => z=z => z is purely real.
(iv) Multiplicative identity z ■ 1 = z = 1 • z, then 1 is (vi) Zj ±z2 =z1 ±z2 Ingeneral,
called the multiplicative identity.
n = Zj ±z2 ±z3 ±...±z„
(v) Multiplicative inverse If z is a non-zero complex
(vii) Zj -z2 =Zi -z2
number, then - is called the multiplicative inverse
z
In general, z1 • z2 -z3 ...z„ =zx -z2 -z3...z„
of z i.e. z. — = 1 = — • z
z z (viii) = ^-,z2*0
(vi) Multiplication is distributive with respect to *2
addition Zj (z2 +z3) = Zj z2 +z1 z 3
(ix) z"=(z)n t
ne
(x) Zj z2 +Z] z2 = 2 Re(zj z2) = 2 Re(zj z2)
Conjugate Complex Numbers
e.
iv

(xi) Ifz =/(zi,z2),thenz =/(z!,z2)

at

The complex numbers z = (a, b) = a + ib and

re
nc

z = (a, - b) = a - ib, where a and b are real numbers, X-3 V-3 . , n ,

I Example 18. if ------+ ----- = i, where x, y e R and
ar

i = V-l and b * 0, are said to be complex conjugate of each 3+i--- 3-i

.le

other (here, the complex conjugate is obtained by just i = ^pi, find the values of x and y.
w
w

changing the sign of i). _ . x-3 y-3

w

Sol. ••• ------ + ------ = i

Note that, sum = (a + ib) + (a - ib) = 2a, which is real. 3+i 3-i
And product = (a + ib)(a-ib) =a2-(ib)2 (x — 3)(3 — i) + (y — 3) (3 + i) — i (3 + i) (3 — i)
=>(3x - xi - 9 + 3i) + (3y + yi - 9 - 3i) = lOi
= a -i b =a -(-l)p
=> (3x + 3y - 18) + i (y - x) = lOi
= a2 +b2, which is real. On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
Geometrically, z is the mirror image of z along real axis on 3x + 3y - 18 = 0
■■(i)
• argand plane. x+y = 6
and y - x = 10 ...I,(ii)
Remark On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
Let z = - a - ib. a > 0, b > 0 = (- a, - b) (III quadrant) x = -2, y = 8
Imaginary axis
P(z) I Example 19. If (a+ib)5 = p + iq, where i = ypz\,
b prove that (b + ia)5 = q+ip.
0_ a □ > Real
o 0
axis Sol. (a + ib)5 = p + iq
b
(a + ib)5 = p + iq => (a - ib)5 = (p ~ iq)
0(2)
(-i2a-ib)5=(-i2p-iq) [•••i2=-l]
Then.z = -a + ib=(- a b) (II quadrant). Now,
(i) If z lies in I quadrant, then z lies in IV quadrant and => (~i)5(b + ia)3 = (-i)(q + ip)
vice-versa. => (~i)(b + ia)5 =(-i)(q + ip)
(ii) If z lies in II quadrant, then z lies in III quadrant and
vice-versa. (b+ ia)5 =(q + ip)
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I Example 20. Find the least positive integral value of I Example 23. Find real values of x and y for which

n, for which
'i-p" , where i = 7-1, is purely the complex numbers - 3+ i x 2y and x 2 + y + 4i,
<1 + ' where i = yp\, are conjugate to each other.
imaginary with positive imaginary part. Sol. Given, - 3 + zx 2y = x2 + y + 4i
2 n
"1-z 1 (1 - i 1- 1 + i2 - 2i 1 - 1 - 2i => - 3 - zx 2y = x2 + y + 4i
Sol.
<1 + i } U+i i-ij I 2 7 2 On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
= ( i)n = Imaginary x2 +y = -3 —(i)
n = 1,3,5,... for positive imaginary part n = 3. and - x 2y = 4 .••(ii)
4
From Eq. (ii), we get x2 = -
I Example 21. If the multiplicative inverse of a
y
complex number is (73 + 4/)/19, where i = ^p\, find
4 2 4
complex number. Then, --+y=-3 putting x2 =---- in Eq. (i)
y y
Sol. Let z be the complex number.
(J~3 + 4i' y2+3y-4=0 => (y + 4)(y-l) = 0
Then, z- =1
19 . y = - 4, i
2
For y = -4,x = 1 => x = ± 1
19 X(V3~4Q ■
or For y = 1, x2 = - 4 [impossible]
(73 + 4z) (73 - 4i)
19(73 - 41) x = ± 1, y = - 4
= (73 - 41)
et
19 I Example 24. If x = - 5+2 yp4, find the value of
e.n
iv

3+2/sin0 , xA+9x3 + 35x2-x + 4.

at

I Example 22. Find real 0, such that ------------ , where

re

1 — 2/sin 0 Sol. Since, x = -5 + 2 J-4 =>x+5 = 4i

nc

i = 7-1, is (x + 5)2 = (4i)2 => x2 + lOx + 25 = - 16

ar

=>
.le

(i) purely real. (ii) purely imaginary. x2 + lOx + 41 =0 (i)

w

, 3 + 2i sin 0
w

Sol. Let z =------------- Now, ,

w

1 - 2i sin 0 3
x2 + lOx + 411 x4 +9x3 +35x 2 - x + 4l x 2 - x + 4
On multiplying numerator and denominator by conjugate 2 \
x4 + 10x3 + 41x
of denominator,
(3 + 2i sin 0) (1 + 2i sin 0) (3 - 4 sin2 0) + 8i sin 0 -x3-6x2-x + 4
~ (1 -2isin0)(1 + 2isin0)~ (l + 4sin20) - x 3 -10x2 -41x
+ + +
(3- 4 sin2 9) (8 sin 0)
+i 4x2 + 40x + 4
(1 + 4 sin2 6) (1 + 4 sin2 0)
4x2 + 40X + 164
(i) For purely real, Im(z) = 0
8 sin 0 -160
=> = 0 or sin 6 = 0 x4 + 9x3 + 35x2 — x + 4
1 + 4sin2 0
= (x2 + 10x + 41)(x2 - x + 4) - 160
0 = n n, n G I
(ii) For purely imaginary, Re (z) = 0 = 0 - 160 = -160 [from Eq. (i)]
(3- 4sin20) n „ A . 2o a
----------- —- = 0 or 3 - 4sin 0=0 I Example 25. Let z be a complex number satisfying
(1 + 4sin20) the equation z 2 -(3+ i)z + X + 2i = 0, where XeR and
/ 2
i = 7^1. Suppose the equation has a real root, find the
or sin20 = — • —
= Ism 71
4 I 3 non-real root.
Sol. Let a be the real root. Then,
0 = mt ± —, n e I a2 -(3 + i)a + X+ 2i = 0
3

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=> (a2 -3a + A) + i(2-a) = 0 Argument of z will be 0, it - 0,n + 0 and 271-0

On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get according as the point z lies in I, II, III and IV
a2 -3a + A. = 0 ...(i) quadrants respectively, where 0 = tan -1 y
2-a =0 x
...(ii)
From Eq. (ii), a = 2
Let other root be 0.
8 Example 26. Find the arguments of z1 = 5 + 5/,
Then, a + 0 = 3 + i => 2 + 0 = 3 + i z2 = -4 + 4/, z 3 = - 3- 3i and in = 2-2i,
0=1+i where / = ^-1.
Hence, the non-real root is 1 + i. Sol. Since, z,, z 2, z 3 and z4 lies in I, II, III and IV quadrants
respectively. The arguments are given by
-i !
arg(zj) = tan = tan 1l = 7t/4
Representation of a Complex 5

Number in Various Forms arg (z2) = 7t - tan 1

4
-4
-1 71
= 7t - tan 1 = 71-----
4
3tt
4
-3
Cartesian Form arg(z3) = 7t + tan 1
-3
_i 71 571
= 7t + tan 1 = 7t 4— = —
4 4
[Geometrical Representation) -2
and arg (z4) = 2n - tan-1
Every complex number z = x + iy, where x, y E R and 2
i= can be represented by a point in the cartesian -1 71 7n
t = 271 - tan 1 = 2n----
plane known as complex plane (Argand plane) by the 4 4
ne

ordered pair (x, y).

e.

Principal Value of the Argument

iv
at

The value 0 of the argument which satisfies the inequality

Modulus and Argument of a
re

-7t <0 <7i is called the principal value of the argument.

nc

Complex Number
ar

If z = x + iy = (x, y), V x, y G R and i = -1, then

.le

Let z = x + iy =(x,y) for all x,y g P and i = t/-T.

w

arg(z) = tan-1 — always gives the principal value. It

w

xJ
w

Imaginary axis
P(x.y) depends on the quadrant in which the point (x, y) lies.

r Imaginary
axis
i

9 P(*.y)
n +- Real axis
0 x

The length OP is called modulus of the complex number z

denoted by |z|,
X' +
i.e. OP = r = |z|=7(^22 +/) o x
Real axis
and if (x, y) # (0,0), then 0 is called the argument or
amplitude of z, (i) (x, y) G first quadrant x > 0, y > 0.

i.e. 0 = tan -1 — [angle made by OP with positive X-axis] The principal value of arg (z) = 0 = tan 1

or arg(z) = tan-1 (y / x) It is an acute angle and positive.

(ii) (x, y) G second quadrant x < 0, y > 0.
Also, argument of a complex number is not unique, since
if 0 is a value of the argument, so also is 2n7t + 0, where The principal value of arg (z) = 0
/ \
n G I. But usually, we take only that value for which
0 <0 < 271. Any two arguments of a complex number differ = 7t - tan 1 _y_
by 2nn. IM 7

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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 11

y
m Imaginary or tan 1 1, it - tan"11, - it + tan 1 1, - tan" 1 1
(x.y) axis 71 It 7t It It 371 371 It
or —, it------,-7C + —, — or —,—,------- ,
4 4 444444
e Hence, the principal values of the arguments of zb z2, z 3
, it 371 3ti it
x+ ->X and z4 are —, —,----- ,----- , respectively.
X 0
Real axis 4 4 4 4

y' Remark
1. Unless otherwise stated, amp z implies principal value of the
It is an obtuse angle and positive. argument.
(iii) (x, y) G third quadrant x < 0, y < 0. 2. Argument of the complex number 0 is not defined.
3. If z, = z2 <=> | 2i| = |z2| and arg (Zi) = arg (z2).
The principal value of arg (z) = 0 = - 7t + tan"1
4. If arg (Z) = jc/2 or — it/2, z is purely imaginary.
y 5. If arg (z) =0 or n, z is purely real.
Imaginary
axis 6 Example 28. Find the argument and the principal
value of the argument of the complex number
x 0
X+ ->X 2+ /
Real axis Z =--------------- 7 , where / =
e 4/ + (1 + /)2
2+i 2+i 2+i
Sol. Since, z =
(x.y) t 4i + (1 + i)z 4i+l + i2 + 2i 6i 6 3
ne
/
:. z lies in IV quadrant.
e.

It is an obtuse angle and negative.

iv

1
at

(iv) (x, y) G fourth quadrant x > 0,y < 0.

3 .= tan 1 2
re

Here, 6 = tan
The principal value of arg (z) = 0 1
nc

/ X 6
ar

= -tan"1
.le

arg (z) = 2it - 0 = 2n - tan"1 2

x
w

\ 7
w

Hence, principal value of arg (z) = - 0 = - tan"1 2.

yi
w

Imaginary
axis Properties of Modulus
x
(i) | Z | > 0 => | Z | = 0, iff Z = 0 and j z | > 0, iff z A 0
x'^ o X
(ii) -1 z | < Re (Z) < | z | and -1 z | < Im (Z) < | z |
Real axis
(iu) |z|=|z|=j-z|=|-z|
(iv) zz = | z |2
(x.y)
(v)|Zi Z2| = |zj |Z2|
It is an acute angle and negative. In general, zx z2 z3...Z„| = |Z111z2 ||z3 |...|Z„|

I Example 27. Find the principal values of the i = N-Z2^0)

(vi)iL=pl(
arguments of Z1 =2+2/, z 2 = - 3+ 31, z3 = -4 -4/
and z4 = 5 - 5i, where i = 7-1.
*2 lzd'
*2

(vii)|Z1 ±z21< Zi|+|Z2|

Sol. Since, z ;, z 2, z 3 and z4 lies in I, H, IH and IV quadrants In general, Z1 + z2 ±z3 ± ±*n|—1*1 + |*2 |
respectively. The principal values of the arguments are
+ z3 | + ... + |z„|
given by
2
/
3
\
-4 ]
(viii)|Z1 ±z2 |>||Z1 |-|z21|
tan , it - tan - it + tan
2 H’ <~ J 4’ (ix) |Z"| = |Z|n
- tan Ml (x) ||Z1|-|Z2||<|Z1 + z21<|zx| + |Zz|
5 7

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Thus, | Zi | +1z21 is the greatest possible value of sin0. GO,-,

Zi +z2
and-1 ■■■'--
11 z! | -1 z211 is the■ least possible value of L 2-
Z] + z2.
i.e. 0 < sin0( < -
(xi)|zi ±z2|2 =(zj ±z2)(zj ±z2)=|z1|2 +|z2|2 2
Inequality Eq. (i) becomes,
1 | |3 1 | |2 1
2sl|zf + -|z I1 + -
or|Zj|2 +1z2|2 ±2Re(z! z2) 2 1 +;l*l + ;lzl ' 2 2

(xii) zxz2 +zyz2 = 21 Zj 11 z21 cos(0! -02), where

3<|z|'+|z|
’dzNzl
0i = arg (zj) and 02 =arg(z2) 3S|z| + |z|2+|z| 3 + |z|4<|z| + |z|2 .

(xiii) |zj + z2|2 =|zi|2 + |z2|2 <=> — is purely imaginary.

*2
+ l»r+l*l +...+ 00
4

3<|z| + |z|2+|z| ’+|z|‘ +...+ °°

(xiv) |zj +z2 |2 +|zi ~z2 |2=2{|z,|2+|z2|2}
3<±L [here, |z| < 1]
(xv) |aZ1 - bz2^+^bzj + az2 |2=(fi2+b2)(|z1|2+|z2|2), . ,i-hl
where a, b e R 3-3| z | < | z | => 3 < 4 | z |
(xvi) Unimodular i.e., unit modulus kl>-
1 1 4
If z is unimodular, then | z | = 1. In case of unimodular,
letz = cos0 + i sin 0,0 6 R and i = V-l. Hence, -<|z |ci [•/|Z|<1]
t 4 1 1
ne
e.

Remark § Example [Link] | z- 2+ /1<2, find the greatest and

iv

1. If f(z) is unimodular, then \f (z) | = 1 and let

at

f (z) = cos 0 + i sine, 0 e R and i =

least values of |z|, where i = 7=1.
re

Sol. Given that, | z - 2 + i | < 2 •••(0

nc

2. — is always a unimodular complex number, if z * 0.

ar

| z - 2 + i | > 11 z | -1 2 - z 11 [by property (x)J

.le

(xvii) The multiplicative inverse of a non-zero complex |>||z|-Vs| ...(ii)

w

| z-2+ i
w

number z is same as its reciprocal and is given by

w

1 _ z _ z From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

z zz |z|2’ | |z| - Vs| < | z-2 + i | <2

||z|-^|<2
I Example 29. If 0,- e[0,7t/6],/ = 1,2,3,4,5 and
-2<|z|-V5<2
sin0, z" +sin02 z3+sin03 z2 + sin04 z
=> Vs-2<|z|<V5 + 2
+ sin05 =2, show that - < |z | < 1.
Hence, greatest value of | z | is Vs + 2 and least value of | z |
So/. Given that, is V5-2.
sin 0j z4 + sin02 z,3 + sin03 z 2 + sin04 z + sin05 = 2
or2 = |sin0] z4 +sin0 2z 3 + sin03 z2 + sin04 z + sin05|
I Example 31. If z is any complex number such that
2 < |sin 0jz4| + Jsin02 z 3 | + |sin03 z 2 I | z+41 < 3, find the greatest value of | z +11.
+1 sin04 z | +1 sin051 [by property (vii)] So/, v | z + 11 = | (z + 4) - 3 |
=>2 < | sin 0j | J z4 | +1 sin02 || z3 | + | sin03| | z2 | = |(z + 4) + (-3)|<|z + 4| + |-3|
+1 sin04 || z | +1 sin05| [by property (v)] =|z+4 |+3
=> 2 < | sin 0j || z |4 +1 sin02 || z |3 + | sin03|| z |2 <3+3=6 [■••|z + 4|<3]
+1 sin04 j| z | +1 sin05| [by property (ix)] ...(!) | z + 11 < 6
But given, 0( 6 [0, Jt/6]
Hence, the greatest value of | z + 11 is 6.

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Chap 01 Complex Numbers

I Example [Link] |z, | = 1,|z2 | = 2,|z31 = 3and I Ii22 I — I2

=> I zt — 2z2 | = | 2 - Z1Z2 |
9x^2 + 4z3z, + z2z3 | = 6, find the value of => (zj -2z2)(z1 -2z2) = (2-z1z2)(2-z1z2)
z1+z2 + z3l.
[by property (iv)]
Sol. v k.|=* =» | Zi |2 = 1 (zi -2z2)(zi -2z2) = (2-z1z2)(2-z1z2)
1 _ => ZjZj - 2zjZ2 - 2z2Zj + 4z2z2
Z1 Z1 = 1 — = 21
21 = 4 - 2ZjZ2 - 2zjZ2 + ZjZtz2z2

I Z2 I = 2 => | z2 |2 = 4 => z2 z2 = 4 | Zi |2 + 4 | z2 |2 = 4 +1 Zj |21 z2 |2

|Z112 - 1^1 |2-|z2 |2 +4|z2 |2 -4=0

— = z2 and I z 3 I = 3 => |z 312 = 9
z2
- n 9 -
(l zi P “ 4 0
=> z3 z3 = 9 => — = z3
23 But | Z2 | * 1 [given]
and given | 9z xz 2 + 4z 3z j + z 2 z 3 | = 6 i z« r = 4
Hence, |Z1| = 2
I Zi z2 z3 I — + — + — = 6
z3 z2 Zi

| 2111 22 I |z3 ||z3 +Z2 + Z11 = 6 Properties of Arguments

1 _ 4 _ , 9 _ (i) arg(z1z2) = arg(z1) + arg(z2)+2fcjt, Ice I
•/ — = z p — — Z2 and — — z 3 t
z2 z3 In general, arg(zj z2 z3...zn)
ne
zi
e.

=> 1-2-3 | zx +z2 + z3 1 = 6 = arg(zj) + arg (z2) + arg (z3) +... + arg (zn) + 2/cTt,
iv

ke I.
at

I Zi +z2 +z3 | = 1 [v|z| = |z|]

re

z
(ii) arg — =arg(zj-arg(z2) + 2kit, ke I
nc

\Z2j
I Example 33. Prove that
ar
.le

I z ]
|zi| + |z2|= -(Z1+Z2) + #1^2 + i(Zj +z2)-7zTzT. (iii) arg — = 2 arg (z) + 2Att, k e I
w

(z J
w
w

Sol. RHS = (Zj + z2) + 7^2 + 1/ x I-----

-(Zi +Z2)" ^2
(iv) arg(zn) = n. arg(z) + 2fcjt, ke I, where proper value
of k must be chosen, so that RHS lies in (-71,7t]
Z] + z2 +2 Jzfa + Zj + z2 — 2 72i22 / \ /• \
(v) If arg | — | = 0, then arg — = 2rm - 6, where n e I.
2 2
J kZ2 /

- 2^1 + +| f) (vi) arg (z) = - arg (z)

= i.2{|^|!+|^|2} [ by property (xiv)] I Example [Link] arg (z,) = — and arg (z2) =—, find
18 18
= |z1| + |z2|=lhs the principal argument of Z]Z2 and (/] /z2).
Sol. arg (ZjZ2) = arg (zj + arg (z2) + 2kn
I Example 34. zy andz2 are two complex numbers, 17n lit
i i ^Z 2 . . I, i .|
=---- + — + 2kn
18 18
such that------ — is ummodular, while z2 is not
2-ZrZ2 = — + 2hc
3
unimodular. Find |z, |. 4n n 2n
Zi - 2z2 - ------ 271 = [for k = -1]
Sol. Here, =1 3--------- 3
2 - ZiZ2
and arg = arg (Zj) - arg(z2) + 2ht
Zj — 2z2
=> =1 [by property (vi)]
2 - zxz2
18 18 18
| Zj - 2z2 2 - zYz2 571 . 57C
= —+ 0 = — [for k = 0]
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Textbook of Algebra

! Example 36. If zy and z2 are conjugate to each [b] Trigonometric or Polar or

other, find the principal argument of (— Z]Z2 )- Modulus Argument Form of a
Sol. zx and z2 are conjugate to each other i.e., z2 = zlt there­
fore, ZjZ2 = zxzx = | Zj |2
Complex Number
Let z = x + iy, where x, y 6 R and i = 7-1, z is represented
/.arg (- Z] z2) = arg (-1 Zi |2) = arg [negative real number]
by P (x, y) in the argand plane.
= 71
yi
[ Example 37. Let z be any non-zero complex_
number, then find the value of arg (z)+ arg (z). P(x,y)
Sol. arg (z) + arg (z) = arg (zz) f
= arg (| z |2) = arg [positive real number] f y
e
=0
o X 7?--- *"x
M Real axis

(a) Mixed Properties of Modulus By geometrical representation,

OP = 7(x2+/)=|z|
and Arguments
(i) zx + z2 = + z2 «arg(z1) = arg(z2) Z.P0M = 0 = arg (z)
*1

(ii) zx+z2 = “ *2 «arg(z1)-arg(z2) = 7t In AOPM, x = OP cos (Z POM) = z cos(arg z)

*1 t
ne
and y = OP sin (Z POM) = z sin (arg z)
Proof (i) Let arg (z,) = 0 and arg (z 2) = <|)
e.

z = x + iy
iv

| *1 + z2 |=|zi | + |z2 I
at

z = | z | (cos (arg z) + i sin (arg z))

On squaring both sides, we get
re

or z = r (cos 0 + i sin0)
nc

|*1 + *2^ =|*1|2 +|*2|2 +2|Z1||Z2|

z = r(cos0 -isin0)
ar
.le

=> |*1|2+|*2|2+2|z1||z2| cos (0-0) where, r = | z | and 0 = principal value of arg (z).
w
w

= |zi|2 +|z2|2 + 2|z1||z2| Remark

w

1. cos© + / sin0 is also written as CiS 0.

=> cos (0 - 0) = 1 2. Remember
0 - 0 = 0 or 0 = 0 1 = cosO + / sin 0 -1 =cos7t + i sinn
arg(zj) = arg(z2) 7T . 71 . . 71
/ =cos - + / sin- => -1 =cos - - i sin —
2 2 2 2
(ii) v |zj + z2| = |z1|-|z2|
On squaring both sides, we get 1
i Example 38. Write the polar form of - - -
| *1 + *2 |2 =1*1 |2 +|*z|2 -2|zi||z2| 2 2
(where, i =
=> 1*1 |2 +1*2 |2 +2|zi ||z2 |cos(0-0) e I t . 1 / 73
Sol. Let z =------------ . Since,
J -----
73^
f3
lies in III quadrant.
= 1*1 |2 +1*2 |2 -2|zi ||z2 | 2 2 k 2
-’ 2J -73/2
.'. Principal value of arg (z) = - 7T + tan"1
=> cos (0 - 0) = -1 -1/2
0-0 = 71 or arg(zj-arg(z2) = 7t 71 271
= - it + tan-1 73 = -7C + — =
3 3
Remark 2
1
1. | z, -z21 = 1*, 1+ | *21 <=> ar9 (Zi)=arg(z2) and | z | = + 3 I = 1=1
-1 + -
2. j z, - z21 = | Zi | -1 z21 « arg (z,) - arg (z2) = n 2 4 4J

3. |z1-z2| = |zl + z2| « arg(z1)-arg(z2) = ±^,z1z2 .'. Polar form of z = | z | [cos (argz) + i sin(argz)]

and — are purely imaginary. • - —1_ 271 2lt

i.e. cos + i sin
*2 2 2 3 3

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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 15

Sol. Given, |z| = !

(c) Euler's Form
z„ _= e„ i' 0 -(i)
If9E R and i = J-l, then e '0 =cos9 + i sin9 is known as
arg (z) = 0 •••(ii)
Euler’s identity. "arg(zH
e~iQ = cos 9 - isin9
1 + i tan
Now, < 2 J _ 1 + t’tan (9/2) [from Eq. (ii)]
RHS =---------
Let z-eiQ rarg(z)^ 1 - i tan (0 / 2)
1 - i tan
k 2 J
| z | = 1 and arg (z) =9 ei0/2
cos0 12 + i sin0 /2
Also, e"
+e-ll0 and e 0-e-'0 21 sin 9
° =2cos9 ande' e-,e/2
cos0 12 - i sin0 /2
and if 9,4>6 R and i = then = ei0 = z = LHS [from Eq. (i)]
0+$
i /
10 2 9-^ 'a-ibY 2ab
(i) e + e* = e • 2 cos I Example 41. Prove that tan i In
2 ^O+ib )
eiQ + 6* = 2 cos (where a,b e R+ and i = J^T).
< 2 ,
a - ib a - ib
and arg(e'e +e,<!>) = Sol. v =1 [•.■|z| = |z|]
< 2 ) a + ib a + ib
0+0 a - ib i0
i
i0 2 9-<|)' Let ------ = e ...(i)
(ii) e -e* = e • 2i sin a + ib
2 t
By componendo and dividendo , we get
ne
'9-4?
e10 -e1'* = 2 sin (a-a)-(a+,t)=£e2-i^. i0-l =.tan(0/2)
e.

< 2 y
iv

(a - ib) + (a + ib) e‘e + l a

at

and arg (e10 -e''*) = 9 + <|> ft [\’i = ein/2

re

0 _b
2 2 or tan (ii)
nc

2 a
Remark
ar

/
'a - ib ^
.le

1. e'0 + 1 = e'0/2-2cos (0/2) (Remember) LHS = tan i In

w

2. e /e -1 = e'e/2-2/sin(0/2) (Remember) <a + ibL

w
w

= tan (i In (e10)) [from Eq. (i)]

3. = /tan (0/2) (Remember)
e'0 + 1 = tan (i-i0) = - tan 0
io
4. If z = r e'°; | z | = r, then arg (z) = 0, z = r e~ 2tan0/2
= — --------------
5. If|z-zo| = 1. thenz-z0 = e'9 l-tan20/2
2(-b/a)
I Example 39. Given that | z -11 = 1, where z is a point [from Eq. (ii)]
l-(-b/a)2
on the argand plane, show that -—- = i tan (arg z), 2ab
= RHS
Z a -b
where / =
Sol. Given, | z - 11 = 1 Applications of Euler's Form
z - 1 = e10 =s
= z = ei0 + l = e,0/2 • 2 cos (0 12) If x, y, 9 E R and i = -J-l, then
arg (z) = 0 / 2 —(i)
let z = x + iy [cartesian form]
z -2 1 + e,e - 2 e10
LHS = ----- —- = i tan (012) z (cos 9 + isin9) [polar form]
z 1 + e'0 e10 + 1
= i tan (arg z) = RHS [from Eq. (i)] z e10 [Euler’s form]

i Example 40. Let z be a non-real complex number (i) Product of Two Complex Numbers
"arg (zH . Let two complex numbers be
1 + i tan
< 2 ) = |Zi |e'0) and z2 = |z21 e^2,
lying on | z | = 1, prove that z =--------- *1
farg(zH where9!,92 E R and i = J-l
1 - i tan
(where, i = J^T). 2 J
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Z] ’*2 = |Z1|e |22|e«= =

lzdhle i(9I+02) w (cos (arg w) - i sin (arg w))
w (cos (- arg w) + i sin (~ arg w))
Z1 z2 (cos(0; +02) + isin(01 +02))
= — w (cos (arg w) + i sin (arg w)) = - w
Thus, |zi z2| = *1 Z2
and arg(zj z2) =6i+0 2 = arg (zj) + arg (z2) I Example 44. Express (1+1)"', (where, i = V-1) in the
form A+ iB.
(ii) Division of Two Complex Numbers
Let two complex numbers be Sol. Let A + iB = (1 + i) 1

zi =|zi | On taking logarithm both sides, we get

and z2 =| z2 le*02,
loge (A + iB) = - i loge (1 + 0
where 0j, 0 2 G 7? and i =
= - i logf V2 -= + -7=
_lZ1L(o1-.e2) -J2
*2 [z^e^ 71 . . 71
= - i loge V2 cos—r i sin —
4
4 7
zd (cos(0j -02) + isin(0j -02))
= iI— = - i loge (^2 e'n/4) = - i (loge J2 + loge ein/4)
|Z2|
.(1.. „. in}
.fl in i . „ n
= - l - loge 2 + =---- loge 2 + —
Thus, £1 I Z1 I 2^o)
= L-J,(z I2
<2 4 J 2 4
*2 Iz2| A + iB = e 2
_ n
"■ 2 + —
--log, 4 =eK/[Link],2-'2
/ \
and arg -h = 0j-02 = arg (zj) - arg (z2) et = en/4 •(cos( loge2” 1/2) + isin( loge2-1/2))
kZ2 7
= en/4 n/ 4 • Ti f11 Y
.n

• COS loge "7T sin loge ~r

I U2.
2 k kv2.
e

(iii) Logarithm of a Complex Number

iv
at

loge(z) = loge (| Z | 6 ) = loge | Z | + loge (e *)

I Example 45. If sin (loge /') = o+ ib, where I =
re
nc

= loge I Z I +10 = loge I z I + i arg (z) find a and b, hence and find cos (loge /').
ar
.le

So, the general value of loge(z) Sol. a + ib = sin (loge i') = sin (i loge i)
w

= loge(z) + 2nni(-71 <argz <7i). = sin (i (loge | i | + i arg i))

w
w

= sin(i(loge l + (i7t/2)))
I Example 42. If m and x are two real numbers and = sin (i (0 + (i tt/2)))= sin ( - 7t/2) = -1
xm
( xi +1 a = -1, b = 0
i- , prove that e2m/cot ’x = 1.
k xi -1 y Now, cos( loge i') = -Jl - sin2 (loge i‘)
Sol. Let cot 1 x = 0, then cot 0 = x
\m
=- (-1)2 = /a -1)=o
/.LHS = e2 m'cot 1 xi + 1 2m iQ i cot0 +1 Aliter
=e
xi - 1, i cot0 - ly ^(e^2)' _ -n/2
m
= e2mi0
' i (cot0 - i) I „2 m 10 | cos 0 - i sin0
=e /. sin (loge i') = sin (l°ge e -It/2 ) = sin f - logee
J (cot0 + i) k cos 0 + i sm0?
- sin (- tc/2) = - 1 = a + ib [given]
fe"'eT
=e
2 miQ

e 2 miO
'br^—2 m i 9
_ e 2 mi0

= e° =1=RHS
•(e - 2 I0yn
and
a = - 1, b = 0
COS ( loge ) = COS ( loge e - rt/2)
Tt
= cos -ylog.e = cos =0
2
I Example 43. If z and w are two non-zero complex
numbers such that | z =| w | and arg(z) + arg(w) = 7t, I Example 46. Find the general value of log2 (5/),
prove that z = -w.'
where i =7“T
Sol. Let arg (w) = 0, then arg (z) = n - 0 _ log. 5i _ 1
Sol. log2 5i {loge 15i | + i arg (5z) + 2nni}
.'. z = z (cos (arg z) + i sin (arg z)) log. 2 10ge 2
z (cos (7t - 0) + i sin (7t - 0))
1 in
z (- cos0 + isin0)=-|z |(cos0 -isin0) {loge 5 + — + 2nni} ,ne I
10ge 2 2

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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 17

§ Exercise for Session 2

1 lfk“ = a - ib and a2 + b2 = 1, where a, b e R and / = then x is equal to
1 + /X
29 /(b) 2b
(a) ----------------- y
m ---------2b------- z- (C) 23
(c) ----------------- — (d)
(1+a)2 + b2 (1+ a)2 + b2
(1+a) (1+b)2 + a2 (1+b)2 + a2

r 1+/
(1 +i 2 . 1 . \
2. The least positive integer n for which ----- = — sec-1 — + sin'1 x (where, x *0,-1<x <1and/' = 7~1). is
U-/
k1 - i j n x
(a) 2 (b)4 (c)6 (d)8
3 If z =(3 + 4/)'>6 + (3 - 4/ )6, where i = then Im(z) equals to
(a)-6 (b)0 (c)6 (d) None of these

4 lf(x+/y))1/1 3 = a + ib, where i = ^-1, then is equal to

a b
(a) 4a2b2 (b)4(a2-b2) (c)4a2-b2 (d)a2 + b2

5 If --------- - --------- = a + ib, where / = and a2 + b2 = Xa - 3, the value of X is

2 + cos 0 + / sin 0
(a) 3 (b)4 (c)5 (d)6
t
6 If------is purely imaginary, then | z | is equal to
ne
e.
iv

(b)1 (c)V2 (d)2

at
re

7 The complex numbers sin x + / cos2x and cos x -i sin2x, where / = J-\ are conjugate to each other, for
nc
ar

(a) x = nn,n el (b) x = 0 (c)x = |n + - Ln el (d)no value ofx

.le
w

0- a
w

8 If a and 0 are two different complex numbers with 101 = t then is equal to
w

1-a0
(a)0 (c)1 (d)2
(b>5
9 If x = 3 + 4/ (where, / = 7~1). the value of x4 -12x 3 + 70x 2 - 204 x + 225, is
(a)-45 (b)0 (c) 35 (d)15

10 If | z1 -11 < 1,| z2 -21 <2,| z3 - 31 <3, the greatest value of |z, +z2 +z3 |is
(a) 6 (b)12 (c) 17 (d)23
8n I + / sin ^-(
11 The principal value of arg (z), where z = f 1 + cos — 8n where, i =1/=d)is given by
5 5
(a)-I (b)-^ (c)5 (d)^
5 5 5 0
12 If | z1|=2, | z21 = 3, | z 3| =4 and | z-i +z2 +z 3| =5, then 14z2z3 + 9z3z^ + 16z1z21 is
(a) 24 (b)60 (c) 120 (d) 240

13 If | z - i | < 5 and z} = 5 + 3/ (where, i = the greatest and least values of | iz + z are

(a) 7 and 3 (b)9and1 (c)10and0 (d) None of these

14 [Link] andZ3-z4 are two pairs of conjugate complex numbers, then arg | — | + arg — equals to
z4 \Z3J
(a)0 <b)| (C)7t

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Session 3
- umM-n —ir - -*-.fwr-n im < -ii ni'i ■ ■>n—rr«rm>rr- r»w «inanim >nw [Link]—■mhhiui—■« !■■■■ iim nniiwrn—rm -[Trwii~ini ~ i ~ —— — ——— - - **"■*■ — ■. i » ——

amp(z) - amp (-z) = ± n; According as amp (z) is Positive or

Negative, Square Root of a Complex Number, Solution of
Complex Equations, De-Moivre's Theorem, Cube Roots of Unity

amp(z)-amp (-z) = ±7t, From Eq. (ii), we get

Zj = | z2 | (cos (71 + arg (z2)) + i sin (7t + arg (z2)))
According as amp (z) is Positive [from Eq. (i) and | Zj | = | z21 ]
or Negative = I Z2 | (- cos (arg z2 )-i sin (arg z2)) = - z2
[from Eq. (iii)]
Case I amp (z) is positive.
Z] + z2 = 0
If amp (z) = 0, we have
Y I Example [Link] z and w be two non-zero complex
numbers, such that | z | = | w I and
amp (z)+amp(w) = 7t, then find the relation between
P=z
z and w.
et
.n

X Sol. Given, amp (z) + amp(w) = 7t

e

r 0/ => amp (z) - amp (w) = 7t

iv

-(n-0)
at

Here, |z|=w|=|w| .[given |z| = |w|]

re

r=-z
nc

and amp (z) > 0

ar

Then, z + w =0
.le

amp(-z) = -( ZP' OX) = — (7t — 0)

w

Square Root of a Complex Number

w

amp (z) - amp (-z) = it [here, OP = OPQ

w

Case II amp (z) is negative.

Let z = x + iy,
If amp (z) =-0
where x, y G R and i = yf-l.
We have, amp (—z) = ZP'OX = 7t-0
amp (z) - amp (~z) = - it [here, OP = OP'] Suppose y(x + iy) = a + ib
Y On squaring both sides, we get
(x + iy) =(a2 -b2) + 2iab
P = —z
7t-0 On comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get
2 <2
o -e a -b =x -(ii)
P sz and 2ab=y .■■(Hi)

az,2 -+l bf,2 = 7 (a2 -fc2)2 +4a2b2 =7 (x2 +y2)

a + b = |z| -(iv)
I Example [Link] Jz, | = |z21 and arg (z1/z2) = ti, then
From Eqs. (ii) and (iv), we get
find the value of z, + z2.
( z + x^ Z -x
Sol. v arg — = 71 a = ±^ , b=±
Uz \
2
7
2
7
arg(zj) - arg(z2) = ti -(■) 7 z - Re (z/
Zj = | zj (cos ( arg zj + i sin (arg Zj)) ■■■(ii)
or a=± l2l+Re(z)) , hb _= +±
'(---------------
and z2 = | z2 | (cos (arg z2) + i sin (arg z2)) ...(in) 2 2
\ 7
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 Downloaded from [Link] Chap 01 Complex Numbers 19

Now, from Eq. (i), the required square roots, 2 X2

3 "l
+ + 2.A.
;f l|z|
i -, + Re(z) J z| - Re (z) £7 V2 /2
±+ x I LJ
■ ---------- + i LJ------- , if Im (z) > 0
X
N 2 V 2
7 2
z =• [ 3+i 3+z
/I| z| + Re (z) Il z I - Re (z) =±
+ J'—i-------— - i J—------ — , if Im (z) < 0 72
V 2 V 2
k 7 (ii) Let z = — 5 + 12i
Aliter |z | = 13, Re (z) = -5, Im (z) = 12>0
If + zy), where x, y e R and z = -1, then
| z | + Re (z) z -Re(z)
(i) If y is not even, then multiply and divide in y by 2, z =+ +i
2 2
then 7(x + zy) convert in k
7 /
13-5
yjx+y^-i = x +2
4
V" 2
+i
13+5^
2
x 7

v2
(ii) Factorise: - — say a, p (a < P). Aliter
4
Take that possible factor which satisfy
7(-5 + 12Q =7(~5 + 12 7~1)
x =(ocz)2+P2,ifx >0 or x =a2+(zP)2,if x <0 t = 7(-5+277Z36)
ne
(iii) Finally, write x + zy = (ocz)2 + p2 + 2zaP = 7(-5+27(“9x4))
e.
iv

or a2 +(zp)2 +2z‘ap = 7(-9 + 4 + 2/(-9x4))

at
re

and take their square root.

nc

= 7(3z)2 +22 +2 • 3z - 2
± (ai + P) + (P - ia)
ar

(iv)7(x + zy) = ■ and 7(x - zy)

.le

or±(a + zp) or ± (a-zP) = 7(2 + 3z)2 =±(2+30

w
w

(iii) Let z=-8-15i

w

Remark
| z | = 17, Re (z) = -8, Im (z) =-15 <0
1. The square root of i is ± i where i = x
f f/17-8 (17+8^
V(-8-15i)=± -i
2. The square root of (- /) is | 1. 2 2
IV2; k

i Example 49. Find the square roots of the following = ± p-5f

I ^2 >
(i) 4 + 31 (ii) - 5 + 12/
(iii) —8 — 15/ (iv) 7 - 24/(where, / = 7~1) Aliter 7(-8-15i) = -8 -15 7^)
Sol. (i) Let z = 4 + 3z
-8-2
2255 -8-2
( 25
- — x-
9
/. |z| = 5,Re(z) = 4, Im(z) =3>0
l 2 2zy
>|z| + Re(z)
z -Re(z)
■x
'9 25 9 ]
2 2 ”-2 ----- x-

7(4+3z) = ±
5+4
+i =+
f3 + z I 12 2 2 2jJ

Aliter V
2 k 2 k 3j
+
_sf
2
Z2.4 5i
7(4 +3z) =^4 + 3 -1 = 4 + 2 9 J2, 72>
4
3-5r 3-5/
’-l+2 9 =±
72 > x/2
2 2 4

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(iv) Letz=7-24z xz+x+r fx2 -x+1

| z | = 25, Re (z) = 7, Im (z) = - 24 < 0 2 7 k 2

z + Re (z) Jz7! - Re (z) 7 2

X 2i + X + 1
T
fx2 - x + P"1
Vz = ± -i +2 x-
2 2 2 2
x 7
25+7a 25-7
/.7(7-24i) =± -i 2 2
2 J 2 \2+x + P + i
x2-x + P
7
2 7
2 7,

IfxVx + lY . Ifx2 - X + 1^1

Aliter

7(7 - 24 0 = 7(7 ~ 24x/~T) = ^7 - 2 7(- 144) +2{—J-JHH

=77~27(16x-9)
= 716-9-27 (16 x-9)
= 7(4)2 + (3z)2 - 2 -4-3i

= 7(4 -3i)2 =±(4-30

I Example 50. Find the square root of Solution of Complex Equations

t
ne

4
e.

x+ -X -X Putting z = x + iy, where x, y G R and z = 7~^ hi the given

iv
at

4
So/. Let - x2 - 0 equation and equating the real and imaginary parts, we
re
nc

x4 + x2 +1) get x and y, then required solution is z = x + iy.

ar

I Example 51. Solve the equation z2 +1 z | = 0.

.le

••• X4 +x2 +1)

w

Sol. Let z = x + iy, where x, y e R and i = 7~4

= 7( x4 + 2x 2 + o=7u2+i)2
w
w

.-. | z | = (x2 + 1) z2 = (x + iy)2 = x2 - y2 + 2ixy

Re(z)= x and |z | = 7(x2 + y2)

Im(z) = 7tx4 + x2 + 1) >0 Then, given equation reduces to
( |z|-Re(z/ x2 - y2 + 2ixy + 7(x2 + y2) = 0
| z| + Re(z) )
2 2 On comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get
7
X + 7(- X4 - x2z - 1)
x2 -y2 + 7(x2 +y2) = 0 ■•(ii)
and 2xy = 0 .(iii)
f Ifx2 + 1 + x) . ffx2 + l-x^
From Eq. (iii), let x = 0 and from Eq. (ii),
-y2 +7/=0
Aliter • -jy|2+|y|=o
+ -J(-x'4 - X 2-0 = x+2
-x4 - x2 - r |y| = 0.1
4 => y = 0, ± 1
From Eq. (iii), let y = 0 and from Eq. (ii),
- (x2 + x + 1) (x2 - X + 0
x+2 x2 + [^=0
1 N 4
=> x2L +|x|=0
2
X +X+1 ■x2 -x + l^l | x |2 +1 x | = 0 => x = 0
x+2 x - ■ =>
1 2 2 7 x + iy are 0 + 0-z, 0 + i, 0 - i
i.e. z = 0, i, - i are the solutions of the given equation.
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 Downloaded from [Link] Chap 01 Complex Numbers 21

I Example 52. Find the number of solutions of the

equation z2 + |z|2 =0. De-Moivre’s Theorem
z2 + | z ||22 = 0 or z2 + zz = 0 Statements
Sol. v
(i) If01,02,03,...,0n G R and i = ^/-[Link]
z (z + z) = 0
(cos0j + isin0x) (cos02 +isin02)
z =0 ...(i) (cos03 + isin03)...(cos0„ + isin0„)
and z + z = 0 => 2Re(z) = 0
= cos(0j +02 + 03 +...+ 0n)
Re(z)=0
+ isin (0i +02 +03 + ... + 0n)
If z = x + iy [v x = Re (z)]
(ii) If 0 G R, n G I (set of integers) and i = 7~T, then
= 0 + iy, y G R
and i = ^1 -(H) (cos0 + isin0)n = cosn0 + isinn0

On combining Eqs. (i) and (ii), then we can say that the (iii) If 0 G R, n&Q (set of rational numbers)
given equation has infinite solutions. and i = 7~1, then cos n 0 + i sin n 0 is one of the values

I Example 53. Find all complex numbers satisfying of(cos0 + isin0)n.

the equation 2 |z|2 + z2 - 5+/ 73 = 0, where / = ^-1 • Proof
Sol. Let z = x + iy, where x, y 6 R and i = 7“T 19 =cos0 + isin0
(i) By Euler’s formula, e®

=> z 2 =(x + iy)2 = x2 -y2 +2ixy LHS =(cos0! + isin0i) (cos02 + isin02)

and | z | = J( x2+y2) t (cos03 + isin03)...(cos0n + isin0n)

ne
_ . p'Oj +9j+0j+--+Q1)
C C C •• • C c
Then, given equation reduces to
e.
iv

2 (x2 + y2) + x2 - y2 + 2ixy - 5 + i Ji = 0 -COsfOj + 02 +03 +”. + 0n)

at

=> (3x2 +y2 - 5) + i (2xy + a/3) = 0 = 0 + i'0

re

+ i sin (0j + 02 +83 +... + 0n) = RHS

nc

On comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get (ii) If = 02 = 03 = ... = 0„ = 0, then from the above
ar

3x2 +y2 -5 = 0 ...(i) result (i), (cos0 + i sin0) (cos0 + isin0)

.le

(cos0 + i sin0)... upton factors

w

and 2xy + Ji = 0 •••(ii)

w

= cos (0 + 0 + 0 + ... upton times)

w

On substituting the value of x from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get

3
' 2^V + y2 - 5 = 0
+ isin(0 + 0 + 0 + ... upton times)

2y' 9 i.e., (cos0 + isin0)n =cos n0 + isin n0

9 + /=S
A-
=>
4yz (iii) Let n = —, where p,qE I and q 0, from above result (ii),
<7
or 4y4 - 20y2 +9=0
(2y2-9)(2y2-l) = 0
/
we have cos — P 0 | + i sin — 0 ( wq
y 2 = 9 y 2 = 1 or y = ±,3 y = ±,11
I V?
// X / \ \
Ci Ct y Lt2
Lt y
= cos — 0 q + isin — 0 q = cos p 0 + isin p 0
or = __3_ 2___ L _L A? ' > I? J J
y Ji’Ji’ Ji’Ji r 00^
From Eq. (ii), we get => cos + i sin — is one of the values of
1 l/<7
X = ~r (cosp 0 + isin p 0)
P05)
z = x + iy => cos + i sin — is one of the values of
__________
1
V6
3i 1 T_ 3i |3_±_ |3
+ -=
Ji’ >/6T^’v2 Ji’ V2
+4 UJ
2 [(cos 0 + isin 0)p]1/9
are the solutions of the given equation.

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To Find the Roots of (a + ib)p,q, where a,beR;

=> cos + i sin is one of the values of
9 p,qe I,q 0 and i =
(cos0 + isinO) P Let a + ib = r (cos0 + isin0) [polar form]
(a + ib)p /g = {r (cos (2 rm + 0)
Other Forms of De-Moivre's Theorem + i sin (2rm + 0))}p /?, n e I
1. (cos0 - / sin0)n = cosn0-/sinn0,V net
Proof (cos0 - / sin0)n = (cos (- 0) + / sin (- 0)),n
= rp,q (cos (2hti + 0) + i sin (2mt + 0))p/?
= cos (- r?0) + / sin (- n0) = cos n0 - i sin nO
/ \ / A
_ rP cos 2
— (2n7r+0) +i sin — (2rm+0)
2. (sin0 + i cos0)n = (/)” (cos n0 - i sin n 0), V n e I
7
Proof (sin0+ i cos0)n = (/ (cos0 - / sin0))n
where, n = 0,1,2,3,.... g-l
= in (cos0 - z sin0)n = (z)n (cos/?0 - / sin n 0)
[from remark (1)] L Example 56. Find all roots of x5 -1 = 0.
3. (sin0 - z cos0)n = (-/)n (cos n0 + /sin n0), V r? e /
Proof (sin0-/cos0)° =(-/(cos0+ / sin0))n Sol. x5-l = 0=>x5=l
= (-/)n (cos0 + / sin0)n ’ = (cosO + i sin0)1/5,
x = (l)|1/5
= (- i)n (cos o0 + / sin r?0)
4. (cos0 + i sin0)n * cos n0 + /' sin/70. V ne/ where i = -7-1
[here, 0 * 0.-. De-Moivre's theorem is not applicable] = [cos (2n7t + 0) + i sin (2n7t + 0)]1/5
5. -------- --------- = (cos0 + i sin 0)-1
cos0+/sin0 2n7t 2nn
= cos + i sin
= cos (-0) + /' sin(- 0) = cos0 - i sin0 5 5
t
where, n = 0,1,2,3, 4
ne
7t A . . < 71 A Roots are
I Example 54. If zr =cos — +1 sin — , where
e.

3rJ k33rr J I 471

iv

2ti f 271 ] f 4tt ]

1, cos + i sin — , cos -— + i sm
at

i= prove that z1 z2 z3... upto infinity = i. 5 I 5 5 I5

re
nc

71 6tc (671 ) 8tc 8tt >

Sol. We have, zr = cos + i sin I 71 cos + i sin — , cos + i sin
7 5J
ar

<3r 5 I5J 5
.le

'n n 71 67t 67t

w

Zj z2 Z3...oo = COS —+—+—+ + °° Now, cos + i sin

w

.3 32 33 5 5
w

. . [ 71 7t 71 f 471 I . • L 471
+ i sin — + — + — +... + °° = cos 27T------ + i sin 271---------
<3 32 33 5 5
f n \ 71
4n 47T
3 3 71 71 = cos - i sin
= cos + i sin = cos + i sin 5 5
1-1 1--
2 2
8n 8tc
k 37 \ 3> and cos + i sin
5 5
= 0 + i-l = i
27t
(cos0 + i sin 6)4 = cos L271------
27C |1 + i . sin• | L 271
271-------
I Example 55. Express in o+ ib I 5 5
(sin6 + i cos0)5 27C 271
= cos - i sin
form, where i = -1. 5 5
Sol. v (sin0 + icos0)5 = (i)5 (cos0 - i sin0)5 (271) 2tt
Hence, roots are 1, cos — ± i sin
= i (cos0 + i sin0)“5 I 5J 5
4tt 471
(cos0 + i sin0)4 (cos0 + i sin 0)4 and cos ± i sin
5 5
(sin0 + i cos0)5 i (cos0 + i sin 0)“ 5
(cos0 + i sih0 )9 Remark
Five roots are 1, z,, z2, z]t z2 (one real, two complex and two
cos90 + i sin90 conjugate of complex roots).
= - i cos90 + sin90
= sin90 - i cos90

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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 23

[i Example .57. Find all roots of the equation

x5 - x5 + x4 - x3 + x2 - x + 1 = 0.
Properties of Cube Roots of Unity
2 J , „4___ 5 , „6
(i) 1 + (O + (02 =0 and CD3 =1
Sol. v 1- X+X - x" + x ‘ - X + X° =0
1 [1 —(—x)7] (ii) To find the value of (i)”(n >3).
= 0,1 + x*0
l-(-x) First divide n by 3. Let q be the quotient and r be the
7
or .1 + x' = 0, x - 1 or x7' = - 1 remainder. 3)n(q
x = (- 1)1/7 = (cosn + i sin 7t)1/7, i = 7-1 -3q

= [cos (2n + 1) 7t + i sin (2n + 1)ti]1/7 r

(2n + 1)ti i.e. n = 3q + r, where 0 < r < 2

(2n + 1)71
= cos + i sin
7 7 (0n=0)3<?+r=(w3)<?.(0r=(0r

for n = 0,1,2, 4,5,6. In general, (O3n = 1, (03n+1 = (0, (o3n + 2 = (o2

Remark 3, when n is a multiple of 3

(iii) 1 + (Or + (o2r
For n = 3 x = -1 but here x + - 1 0, when n is not a multiple of 3
n+ 3
(iv) Cube roots of -1 are -1, - co and - w2.
(v) a + b (0 + c to2 = 0 => a = b = c, if a, b, c G R.
Cube Roots of Unity (vi) If a, b, c are non-zero numbers such that
Let z =(1)1/3 => z3 = 1 => z3 — 1=0 a + b + c = 0 =a2 +b2 + c2, then a: b: c = 1: (0: (02.
et
z -1 = 0 or z22+z+l = 0
.n

=»(z-l)(z2+z+l)=0 => (vii) A complex number a + ib (where i = 7-1), for which

e
iv

-1±>^4) -l±iV3 | a: b | = 1: 73 or 73 :1 can always be expressed in

at

z = 1 or z =------- ----------- =-----------

re

2 2 terms of (0 or (D2.
nc

l + iV3 -l-i73 -
Therefore, z = 1, -----------,-------------- , where 1 = v-1. For example,
ar

2 2
.le

(a) l + iV3 =-(-1-173)

w

If second root is represented by (O (omega), third root will

w

be co2. <-l-i73>
w

=-2 = -2(O2
Cube roots of unity are 1, (0,(02 and (0, (O2 are called
non-real complex cube roots of unity.

Remark 2^
I o
1. 0) = CD2, (CD)2 = CD 2. Vco = ± co,22, CD — ± CD
2 7
3. | CD | = | CD2 | = 1
2(0
= — = -2ico
Aliter
Let z =(1)1/3 =(cos0 + isin0)1/3,i = 7"-1 (viii) The cube roots of unity when represented on complex
plane lie on vertices of an equilateral triangle
il/3
= [cos (2 mt + 0) + i sin (2 mt + 0)] inscribed in a unit circle, having centre at origin. One
(2 mt . . I 2 nit ] , vertex being on positive real axis.
= cos +1 sm ----- L where, n = 0,1,2
3 I 3 J Y-
Therefore, roots are
CO,
2n/3
( 27t'l 271^ 471 471^ 2n/3
1, cos — + i sin — ,cos + i sin
I3J 3J / X
u 1
1 »2ni73 „ 4ni/3
or 1, e ,e
CD2 2n/3
If second root is represented by (0, then third root will be (02
or if third root is represented by (O, then second root will be co2.

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Textbook of Algebra

Important Relations in Terms i Example 59. If a, p and y are the roots of

of Cube Root of Unity x3 - 3x2 + 3x + 7 = 0, find the value of
(i) a2 + ab + b2 = (a - few) (a - bat2) a— P -1 +-----
-1 +----- y
(ii) a2 - ab + b2 = (a + few) (a + few2) P-1 y-1 ex — 1
(iii) a3 + fe3 =(a + fe)(a + few) (a + few2) Sol. We have, x3 - 3x2 + 3x + 7 = 0
(iv) a3 -fe3 = (a-fe) (a-few) (a-few2) => (x -l)3 + 8 = 0
(v) a2 + fe2 + c2 - ab - be - ca
(x-l)3+23 =0
= (a + few + cw2) (a + few2 + cw)
(vi) a3 +fe3 +c3 -3abc => (x - 1+ 2)(x - 1+ 2co)(x - 1+ 2co2) = 0
= (a + b + c) (a + bw + cw2) (a + few2 + exo) => (x + l)(x - 1+2co)(x - 1 + 2(O2) = 0

[ Example 58. If co is a non-real complex cube root of x = - 1,1 - 2CQ 1 - 2W2

unity, find the values of the following. a = -1,P = 1 — 2(0, y -1 ~2(O2
(i) w1999 B-l y-1 “
-22 —
- 2C0
2(0 - 2(O2
(ii) w’998 Then, ----- +
-- +------- F------ =------ + ------ - +------
P-1 y-1 a-1 -— 2(0 2co - 2co 2C02 -2
3n + 2
^-1+/V3
(iii) , n e N and i = = - + - + co2 = co2 + co2 + co2 = 3wz
< 2 j et co co

(iv) (1 + w) (1 + w2) (1 + wA) (1 + co8)...upto 2n factors V3 + /

.n

I Example 60. If z = - , where / = -1, find the

e

2
iv

a + Pco+yco2+ 8co2>
value of (z101 + /103)105.
at

(v) where cc,P,y,8gR

re

k p + aco2 +yco+ 8co J

73 + i 1 I' i 73
nc

Sol. z =------- = - — [vi2=-i]

ar

(vi) 1-(2-w)(2-w2)+2-(3-w)(3-w2)+3- 2 2
.le

(4-co)(4-co2)++ (/i — 1) (n — co)(n — co2) — 1 + i 73

w

= -i = - ico
w

Sol. (i) co199’ = (o3 x 666 + 1 = (o < 2

w

1 co 101 • coJ01
z101 = (- ico)101 = - i■ 101 101 = - i co2 and i103 = i3=-i
(ii) co-"8 =-----
999
= co
W998 CO Then, z101 + i103 = - ico2 - i = - i (co2 + 1)
( x 3n + 2

(iii) = co3" - co2 = (co=3)COn 3n- co+ 22

2 = — i (— co) = ico
7
Hence, (z101 + i,03)105 =(ico)105 = i105 •coI05 = i-l = i
= (1)" ■ co2 = co2
50
(iv) (1 + co)(1 + co2)(l + co4)(l + co8)... upto2n factors 3 /V3A
! Example 61. If — +---- = 325(x-/y), where
= (1 + co) (1 + CO2)(1 + co)(1 + co2)... upto 2n factors 2 2 J
= (- C02)(- co)(- C02)(- co)... upto2n factors x,yeR and i = 7~T find the ordered pair of (x,y).
= (CO3)(co3)... upto n factors = 1-1- l>...upto n factors + i2^
Sol. v
= (l)n=l I 2 7 2 7

a + Pco+ yw2 + 8co2> co(a 4- pco + y o>2 + Seo2) = -iT3-

(V) = - i 73 co
P + aco2 + yco + Sco J (Pco + aco3 + yco2 + 8co2) 2

co(a + Pw + yco2 + 8co2) /3+£^ v° = (—i73co)50 = i50 •325 •co50

(Pco + a + yco2 + 8co2) "I2 2 }
(vi) Z(n - l)(n - co)(n - co2)= L(n 3 - 1) = Z n3 - X1
= -l-325-(O2 =-325
-i-i7T|
2
fn (n + 1) 2 7
-n
”I 2

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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 25

Then, f (- co) = 0 and f (- co2) = 0

= 325 [given]
12 2 J - 7co3 - aco + b = 0 and - 7CO6 - aco2 + b = 0
1 or -7 -aco+ 6 = 0
x = -,y = -
2 and - 7 - aco2 + b = 0
(1 On adding, we get
=> Ordered pair is •—
2 J - 14 -a(co + co2)+ 26 = 0
or -14 + a + 26 = 0 or a + 2b = 14 (i)
I Example 62. If the polynomial 7x3 + ax+b is
and on subtracting, we get
divisible by x2 -x+1, find the value of 2a+b. -a(co - co2) = 0
Sol. Let f(x) = 7x 3 + ax +6 => a=0 [•/ CO - CO2 *0]
and x2 - x +1 = (x + co)(x + co2) From Eq. (i), we get 6 = 7
V f (x) is divisible by x2 -x + 1 2a + 6 = 7

g Exercise for Session 3

1 The real part of (1-/) ', where/ = 7~1 is
et
.n

(a)e-"/41 cos I - loge 21 (b) -e"*'4 sin loge 2

e
iv
at

f1.
(c)en/4 cos I - loge 21 (d)e’n/4 sin [ — loge 21
re

12 )
nc
ar

2 The amplitude of e 6 °, where 0gR and/ = ^/-l is

.le

(a) sinQ (b)- sinO

w
w

(cje0050 (d)esine
w

3 \iz'=i loge(2 -73), where/ = then the cos z is equal to

(a)/ (b)2 (C)1 (d)2
4 Ifz =/'\where/=7-~1, then | z | is equal to
(a)1 (b)e-’t/2 (c)e-" (d)e“

5 7(-8-6/) is equal to (where, / = V-1)

(a)1±3/ (b)±(1-3/) (c)±(1+3/) (d)±(3-/)

7(5+12/-)+ 7(5-12/).
6 , —7 is equal to (where, / = V- 1)
7(5 + 12/) - 7(5^-127)
(d)-|
(a)-1 (b)j<
4
I \
(c) ” 3;
-1

7 If 0 < amp (z) < rc, then amp (z) - amp (- z) is equal to
(a)0 (b)2amp(z) (c)n (d)-n

8 If |z1| = |z2|andamp(z1) + amp(z2) = 0,then

(a)z1=z2 (b)z1=z2 (c) + z2 = 0 (d)z1 = z2

9 The solution of the equation | z | - z = 1 + 2/, where / = ’-i, is

(a)2-| (b)| + 2 . 3 .
(c)i-2f (d)-2+|
2

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10 The number of solutions of the equation z2 + z = 0, is

(a) 1 (b) 2
(c) 3 (d)4
ra
11 If zr= cos + i sin [ ~ , where r = 1,2,3 n and / = M, then lim zyz2z3 ...zn is equal to
In J n —°°

(a)e« (b)e"'“/2
(c)e”/2 (d)^“

n
1 + sin 0 + / cos 0
12 If 0eR and/ = 7-t then I is equal to
1 + sin 0 - / cos0
nrc - n0
(a) cos | — - nO j + / sin (— “9 (b) cos • |inn
+ n0j + /• sin ^ +. n0
12 J I. 2 J 12 J
(c) sin - noj + / cos m - nO
“oj (d) cos + 20 + / sinfnf- + 20
2 J I 12
13 If / z4 + 1 = 0, where / = then z can take the value
n + / sin f—
(a)l±i (b) cos |-|
18 J 18
V2
(C)44
(d)/

14 If co(*1)is a cube root of unity, then(1 - w + co2)(1- o>2 + w4)(1- co4 + to8)... upto2n factors, is
(a) 2" (b)22n
t
ne
(c)0 (d)1
e.

xa+yB + zy. ..
iv

15 If a, p and y are the cube roots of p (p < 0), then for any x, y and z, -------- —------ - is equal to
at

x0 + yy + z a
re
nc

(b)-(1+/V3),/=7^1
2
ar
.le

(c)J(1-i 73)./=^ (d) None of these

w
w
w

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Session 4 v .r; v. »e«

nth Root of Unity, Vector Representation of Complex Numbers,

Geometrical Representation of Algebraic Operation on Complex Numbers,
Rotation Theorem (Coni Method), Shifting the Origin in Case of Complex
Numbers, Inverse Points, Dot and Cross Product, Use of Complex Numbers
in Coordinate Geometry

nth Root of Unity Remark

W-aLoC' = (-1) is the basic concept to be
Let x be the nth root of unity, then
understood.
x = (1)1 /n = (cos 0 + i sin 0)1/n
(c) If a is an imaginary nth root of unity, then other roots
= (cos (2 &7C + 0) + i sin (2 for + 0)1/n are given by a2 ,a3 ,a4,...,an.
[where k is an integer]
= (cos 2bt + i sin 2k7t)1/n t Imaginary
axis
ne

X = cos
f 2kn + i sin 2kn Y+
e.

n
iv

k n 7 i
at

where, k = Q, 1,2,3,...,n-l A=(a2)

re

r/^A,(a)
27t 2ti
nc

Let a = cos — + i sin —, the n, nth roots of unity are V

ar

n n ^9
X' ■X Real axis
.le

ak (k = 0,1,2,3,... ,n -1) i.e, the n, nth roots of unity are <e

w

/W
w

l,a,a2,a3,...,an-1 which are in GP with common ratio

w

-e 2rti/n -i

(a) Sum of n, nth roots of unity Y'

_i-(i-qn) (d) v 1 + a +a2 +... + a" 1 -0

1 + a +a2 +a3 +...+a" 1
(l-a) n -1

1 - (cos 2ti + i sin 2tt) X ak =0

k=0
l-a
n -1 n -i .
2nk ] . y . [ 2nk 2ltk
= 1-<1+°)=o or S cos
k-0
-----| + i Zj sm |------ = 0
n fc = o n
l-a
n -1

Remark X cos 271 k = 0

1 + a + a2 + a,33 + + a.n "1 = 0 is the basic concept to be
k=0 n
understood. n -1
y . [ 2itk
(b) Product of n, nth roots of unity and Zj sm|-----=0
k=o n
lxaxa 2 xa x...xa"-1 =a1+2+3+-+<n-1)
xa3 x...xa
These roots are located at the vertices of a regular
(n-l)n
(n-l)n
271 . . 271 2 plane polygon of n sides inscribed in a unit circle
=a 2 cos — +1 sin — having centre at origin, one vertex being on positive
n n
real axis.
= cos (n -1) 7t + i sin (n -1) 71 (e) xn -l=(x-l)(x-a)(x-a2)...(x-an-1).
= (cos 7t + isin it)n 1 = (-l)n-1

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niQ
Important Benefits e* • e 2 -2isin
1. If 1. (XpOo, a3 an_: are the noth root of unity, then
= Im ■
e10
Im
27
(1)p + (aj)p + (tto)^ + ... + (an_!)p
TT-T f0Y
k
[0. ifp is not an integral multiple of n e'e/2 • 2i sin
[n, if pis an integral multiple of n
0. ifnis even
2. (1 + a1)(1+ &>)... (1 + an_1) = fnG nG

3. (1-O|)(1-a2)...(1-an_1) = n
1, ifnisodd
= Im
sin
k •e
2 I
sin
2 ,
• sin
n+P
e
4. zn-1 = (z-1)(z+1)
(n - 2) / 2
n z2 2z cos — + 1
sin (e'
I “ sin T
<2,
2 7

r =1 n
if ‘ii is even.
(n-2) Z2 Remark
5. zn + i= n z2 -2z cos \2r +1) 7t + 11 if n is even.
r=0 n ForQ = —, we get
n
(n-3)/2
\2r + 1) 71 « 1 i 2ti 4 71 6n (2n-2)7i A _
6. Z" + 1 = (Z+1) n z2 - 2z cos + 1 1.1 +cos — + cos + cos + ... + cos 0
r =0 n kn < n n n J
if 'ri is odd. n . (27lA . i*+;i
471 . (Guy (2n-2)n
2. sin — | + sin | — + sin — + ... + sin =0
kn n I nJ n

The Sum of the Following 2 Example 63. If 1,co,(o2,...,con 1 are n,nth roots of
Series Should be Remembered unity, find the value of (9-co)(9-(o2)...(9-G)n'1)-
et
(i) cosG + cos20 +cos30 + ... + cosnG Sol. Let x = (l),/n => xn - 1 = 0
e .n

fnG has n roots 1, cn, cd2, ..., of “1

iv

sin
k
at

n+P xn -1 = (x - l)(x - cd)(x - cd2)...(x - of “’)

re

.cos 0
fey
nc

2 7 On putting x = 9 in both sides, we get

sin
ar

9n -1
.le

= (9 - CD) (9 - CD2) (9 - CD3)... (9 - Of " *)

(ii) sin0 +sin20 + sin30 + ... +sinnG 9 -1
w
w

nff 9n -1
w

sin or (9-CD)(9 - CD2)...(9-af-1) =

2 , n+P 8
• sin e
2 Remark
sin
<2, xn -1 = (X - co) (x - CO2) ... (x - w'

Proof x -1
n -1-= lim (x - co) (x - co2)... (x - ci/’~1)
lim -x------
(i) cosG + cos20 +cos30 + ... + cosnG
x 1 x —1 * 1
= Re {e*0 + e2® +
+ee 3,e + ... +en10}, where i = 7~1 n = (1-(D)(1-CD2)...(1-(Dn-1)
=>

n0Y
P0 e n'0/2 • 2i sin ( 2tt
6 Example [Link] a = cos I — 1+ i sin
( 2 7t A
, where
e'9{(e'0)" -1} V2)
= Re I = Re( 7
e*-l e,0/2
• 2i sin (0 /2) i = V-1, find the quadratic equation whose roots are
a = a+o2 + O4 and 0 = a3 + a5 + a6.
fnGA (nQ' Sol. •.•
271 27t

= Re
sin
I2J
(0A
■ e
2 )
sin
k
f gA
• cos
I7 n + P
~2~>
0
a = cos
7
+ i sin

a7 = cos2n + isin 2it =1+0 = 1

7

sinl — sini —
V2J or a = (l)1/7

(ii) sinG +sin20 + sin30 + ... + sinnG /. 1, a, a2, a3, a4, a5, a6 are 7,7 th roots of unity.
= Im{e'e + e2'0 +
+ee 3/0 + ... + en'0}, where z = V-l 1 + a + a.2£ + a„3J + a44 + a5 + a6 = 0 ...(i)
=> (a + a:2 + a4) + (a3 + a5 + a6) = - 1 or a + 0 = - 1

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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 29

andaP = (a + a2 + a4)(a3 + a5 + a6) I Example [Link] n> 3 and 1,al,a2,a3,...)an_1 are

= a4 + a6 + a7 + a5 + a7 + as + a7 + a9 + a10 the n,nth roots of unity, then find the value of
= a4 + a6 + 1 + a5 + 1 + a + 1 + a2 + a3 [•••a7 = l] ZZ a, a,.
= (1 + a + a2 + a3 + cP + cP + a6) + 2 1<i < j <n-l
=0+2 I [from Eq. (i)] Sol. Let x = (l),/n
=2
xn=l or xn - 1 = 0
Therefore, the required equation is
1 + CLi + tt2 + CL3 + ... + 0tn _ j = 0
x2-(a+P)x + ap=0 or x2 + x + 2 = 0
or + a2+a3+... + an_! =-1
On squaring both sides, we get
I Example 65. Find the value of
10 r ' (2^ cl2 + a22 +a32 +...+ a2n-i + 2(a,a2 +a,a3
(2nk\
Z sin - / COS ------ , where i = -1. + ... + a1an_1 + a2a3+... + a2an-i
k=l < 11, I 11 J +... + a n-2an_1) = l
10 r
_ . V . I 2nk
ZTC/C 2nk orf + faj)2 + (a2)2 +(a3)2 + ... + (a„_1)2
Sol. 2j sm |----- - i cos
k=i k 11 11
io
+2 ZZ c^a j = 1 +12
1SK jSn-l
2nk 2nk
= -iZ cos + i sin
k=l 11 11 0+2 ZZ a,a; =2
1ii<jSn -1
io
= -i z
k =0
2itk , . . I2nk
cos __ + ism|-----
I 11
-1
ne
t zz
[here, p is not a multiple of n]
CLjCLj = 1
1 5 i < jn - 1
e.

= -1(0-1) [sum of 11,11th roots of unity] Aliter

iv
at

v x" -l = (x-l)(x-a1)(x-a2)...(x-a„_1)
re

I Example 66. If ao,oci,a2,...,an_1 are the [Link] On comparing the coefficient of x" ~2 both sides, we get
nc
ar

roots of the unity, then find the value of Z — 0= ZZ a, a. j +«! + a2 + + an-i

7 i=o2-aj
.le

0Si<j£n -1
w

Sol. Letx = (l)I/n =>xn=l .*. xn-1=0 0= ZZ a^j -1

w
w

1< i < j < n - 1

or x” -l = (x-a0)(x-a1)(x-a2)...(x-an_1) + a„_i = 0]
[vl + aj + a2 +
n -1
ZZ a, a, = 1
= H(x-a,) Hi < jin-I
i=0

On taking logarithm both sides, we get

n -i Vector Representation of
loge(xn -1)= Z loge(x-a,)
i =0
Complex Numbers
On differentiating both sides w.r.t. x, we get If P is the point (x, y) on the argand plane corresponding
n -1 to the complex number z = x + iy, where x, y e R and
nxn-1
xn-l
=z
i =0
1
x - a, j
On putting x = 2, we get P(x,y)
1 n -1
__ 1
•(i)
2n - 1 •' =o (2-a,) iy
n -1 0 i

a'
"-1 ( 2 n >x
Now, Z = Z -1 + 0 x M
' i = o (2-OCj) i=0 2-aG
n -1 n-1
2-n-2"~1 OP = x i +y j => OP = ^x2 +y2) = | z |
-__ 1 Then,
=- Z 1+2 Z
^o(2-a,)
= -(n) + [from Eq. (i)]
i=0 i=C 2n -1 -i1 (y /x) =0
and arg (z) = direction of the vector OP = tan-
n-2n n
= - n +------- Therefore, complex number z can also be represented by OP.
2n -1 2n -1

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Geometrical Representation (c) Product

Zj = rj (cos 0! + z’sin©!) = rj e'6‘
of Algebraic Operation on Let
| Zj | = n and arg (zj =0j
Complex Numbers and z2 = r2 (cos 02 + z sin02) = r2 e
te2

[a] Sum | z2 | = r2 and arg (z2) = 02

Let the complex numbers Zj = X] + iy} =(Xj,yj)and Then, zyz2 =r1r2(cos01 + zsin©!) (cos 02 +zsin02)
z2 = x2 + iy2 = (x2> y>2) be represented by the points P and = r!r2{cos(0! +02) + zsin(0i +02)}
Q on the argand plane. | ZjZ2 1 = ^ andarg(zjz2) =0t +02
YA
YA fl(ZiZ2)
fl (Z1 + z2)
O(z2)

fl(zi) O(z2)
--------- X ^/fl(zl)
<2
0 ®1 <1
'2 01
Complete the parallelogram OPRQ. Then, the mid-points o +X
A
of PQ and OR are the same. The mid-point of
Let P and Q represent the complex numbers zx and z2,
+ *2 ?i + y2 1
PQ = respectively.
t
ne
2 ’ 2 )
OP = rltOQ = r2
e.

Hence, R = (xj +x2,yi +y2)

iv

^POX = Gl and XQOX = Q2

at

Therefore, complex number z can also be represented by

re

----> Take a point A on the real axis OX, such that OA = 1 unit.
nc

OR = (x, + x2) + i(yi +y2)=(xj + zyj) +(x2 + zy2) Complete the XOPA
ar

= Zj +z2 =(x1,y1)+(x2,y2) Now, taking OQ as the base, construct a AOQR similar to

.le

In vector notation, we have DJ? DP

w

AOPA, so that —= —
w

OQ OA
w

Zj + z2 =OP+OQ=OP+PR=OR
i.e. OR = OP ■ OQ = r2 [since, OA = 1 unit]
and XROX = XROQ + XQOX + 02
(b) Difference
Hence, R is the point representing product of complex
We first represent - z2 by Q', so that QQ' is bisected at O. numbers Zj and z2.
Complete the parallelogram OPRQThen, the point R
represents the difference zr -z2. Remark
1. Multiplication by/
Ya
Since, z = r (cos0 + i sin 0) and / = cos - + i sin -
Q(z2) I 2 2
n + 01 + / sin f- + 0^
iz = r cos | -
Pfr) 2 2 J.
0
X+ ------ >~X Hence, multiplication of z with /, then vector for z rotates a
right angle in the positive sense.
R^-Z2) 2. Thus, to multiply a vector by (-1) is to turn it through two
Q (-z2) right angles.
ty' 3. Thus, to multiply a vector by (cos0 + i sin0) is to turn it
through the angle 0 in the positive sense.
We see that ORPQ is a parallelogram, so that OR - QP
We have in vectorial notation, (d) Division
Z1 -z2 =OP-OQ=OP+QO Let zx =T] (cos0j +isin0!) = ri
|zi | = H andarg(z1)=01
=OP+PR=OR=QP and z2 ~r2 (cos02 +isin02) -r2 e <02
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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 31

lz2 | = r2 and arg(z2)=02

Then, we have AC = z3-Z] and AB = z2 -z.
Then = — • (cos91 +fsin9i)
[z2 £0, r2 £0]
z2 r2 (cos02 + isin02) and let arg AC = arg(z3 -z1)=0

— = —[cos(0j —02) + isin(0! -02)]

and arg AB = arg(z2 -Zj) = <|)
Z2 r2
zi ri f zi Let ZCAB=a
= — .arg — -0j ~02
z2 r2 [Link] = a = 0 - 0 = arg AC - arg AB
Let P and Q represent the complex numbers zx and z2, = arg(z3 -Z!)-arg(z2 -zj
respectively.
fz
2 3 -zZ1
OP = ri>OQ = r2i ZPOX =0] and ZQOX =02 = arg
kZ2 “Z1 ,
Let OS be new position of OP, take a point A on the real
axis OX, such that OA = 1 unit and through A draw a line or angle between AC and AB
making with OA an angle equal to the XOQP and meeting r affix of C - affix of A
OS in R. = arg k affix of B - affix of A J
Then, R represented by (z i /z2).
For any complex number z, we have
yt O(z2)
I («g -)
Z =| Z | e
f2.
et
?3 -Z1
i arg
.n

z3 ~Z1 = z3 ~zi 22 -Z]

Similarly, e L
e

02^ JP(Z1)
iv

<z2 "zl; Z2 -Zj

at

A ■>X
re

"701-02
z3 ~Z1 _IZ3 ~21 I gi(ZCAB) -ACc ia
nc

or
R z2 -Z1 | z2 -Z1 | AB
ar
.le

Now, in similar AOPQ and AOAR. Remark

w
w

1. Here, only principal values of the arguments are considered.

(<Z_1 ~z_ 2 \
w

OA OQ r2 2. arg = 0, if AB coincides with CD, then

73 “ z4 ,
since OA = 1 and [Link] = [Link] - [Link] = 02 - 0i
arg | Zl ~ 22 | == 00 or
orn. so that
n. so that ——— is real. It follows that
Hence, the vectorial angle of R is - (02 - 0 j) i.e., 0 j - 02. lZ3-Z4J Z3"Z4
if ^—£1 is real, then the points A [Link] collinear.
Remark z3"z4

If 0j and 02 are the principal values of zt and z2, then 0, + 02 and D

0, - 02 are not necessarily the principal value of arg (z,z2) and
arg(z,/z2). /Pfa)
S(z4) 9
A 8
Rotation Theorem [Coni Method] H(z3)

Let zt ,z2 and z3 be the affixes of three points A,B and C O(z2)
respectively taken on argand plane. C

YA 3. If AB is perpendicular to CD. then

C(z3)
/ /0(Z2) n iSo£lzA is purely imaginary.
= ±!!
arg
a Z3 " 2i > 2 z3 - z4
4. It follows that, if z, -z2 = ± k (z3 - z4), where k is purely
imaginary number, then AB and CD are perpendicular to
al
each other.
0 RQ
->-X
0

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f Example [Link] numbers zbz2 and z3are the From Coni method, Z1 ~ z2 ft/3
G)
z3 - z2 a
vertices A, B, C respectively of an isosceles right angled
triangle with right angle at C. Show that and XBAC = -
(z1-z2)2=2(z1-z3)(z3-z2). 3
. i 2 3 “ Z1
Sol. Since, [Link] = 90° and AC - BC, then by Coni method From Coni method, -------- ■(ii)
z2 ~ zi a
21 ~ z3 _ ft/2
=i
z2 - z3 BC A(z0
fi(z2)
ji/4

/^Tt/4£j-
4(Zj) C(Z3) S(z2) a C(z3)
=> z,-z3= i(z2-z3) From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ——— = — ---- -
On squaring both sides, we get z3 — z2 z2 - Zj
(zi -z3)2 = “(z2 (Z! - z2)(z2 - Z]) = (z3 - Z])(z3 - Z2)

Zj2 +z32 -2Z]Z3=-(z22 + z32 -2z2z3) zf + z2 + z2 = zxz2 + z2 z3 + z 3z,

zi +z22 -2zjZ2 = 2(zjZ3 -ZjZ2 -z3 +z2z3)
Remark
Therefore, (zj - z2 )z = 2(z, - z3) (z3 - z2) Triangle with vertices zx, z2, z3, then
t
ne
(i) (z, - z2)2 + (z2 - z3)2 + (z3 - z, )2 = 0
e.

Aliter CA = CB = BA
iv

■42 (ii) (z1-z2)2 = (z2-z3)(z3-zl)

at

B(z2)
WJ_±_=o
re

(iii) £(Zt -z2)(z2-z3) =0

nc

n/4 (z,-z2)
ar
.le

Complex Number as a Rotating Arrow

w
w

in the Argand Plane

w

£
C(z3) Let z = r(cos0 + zsin0) = reidiQ ...(i)
XBAC=(n/4) be a complex number representing a point P in the argand
z2 ~ Z1 _ PA e (in/ 4) plane.
- ’ . y
z3 — zi CA Q(zeif)

or Z1~Z2 ...(i) r/
Z1 - z3
P(z)
and XCBA =(rr/4) X' X
0
1
. z3 ~ z2
or z3 ~z2 = ~i= e
_C£e(in/4) or (i n/ 4)
•••(ii)
Zi -z2 AB zi~z2 ■42
Y' ■
On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
(zj -z2)2 =2(zj -z3)(z3 -z2) Then, OP = | z | = r and XPOX = 0
Now, consider complex number zx = ze
I Example 69. Complex numbers zb z2, z3 are the or zx = reiQ • e"^ =re‘^e+^ [from Eq. (i)]
vertices of A, B, C respectively of an equilateral Clearly, the complex number zx represents a point Q in the
triangle. Show that argand plane, when OQ = r and [Link] = 0 + 0
Z12+Z^+Z^=Z1Z2+Z2Z3+Z3Zb
Clearly, multiplication of z with e rotates the vector OP
Sol. Let AB = BC = CA = a through angle (J) in anti-clockwise sense. Similarly,
XABC = - multiplication of z with e-1* will rotate the vector OP in
3
clockwise sense.
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I

Chap 01 Complex Numbers 33

Remark
1. If z,, z2 and z3 are the affixes of the C(z3)
Shifting the Origin in Case
three points A B and C, such that
AC = AB and /CAB - 0. Therefore,
of Complex Numbers
AB = z2-z,, AC = z3-zv Z B(Z2) Let 0 be the origin and P be a point with affix z0. Let a
--- > point Q has affix z with respect to the coordinate system
Then, AC will be obtained by rotating A(zi) passing through 0. When origin is shifted to the point P
— y
AB through an angle 0 in anti­ (z0), then the new affix Z of the point Q with respect to
clockwise sense and therefore. new origin P is given by Z = z - z0.
AC = ABe'e i.e., to shift the origin at z
z0o., we should replace z by Z + z0.
/O z3 -z}
or (z3-z1) = (z2-z1)e or —---- - = e'° yk
z2-z, Y1
2. If A B and Care three points in argand plane, such that •0
AC = AB and /CAB = 0, then use the rotation about /Ito find
e'e, but if AC * AB, then use Coni method. □_ +-X
P(zo)
I Example 70. Let zy and z2 be roots of the equation
~l
z2 + pz + q = 0, where the coefficients p and q may be 0 IM
■>x

complex numbers. Let A and B represent zy and z2 In I

the complex plane. If ZAOB = a / 0 and OA = OB,

where O is the origin, prove that p2 = 4 qcos2 (a/2). § Example 71. If z1 ,z2 and z3 are the vertices of an
t
ne
equilateral triangle with z0 as its circumcentre, then
Sol. Clearly, OB is obtained by rotating OA through angle a.
e.

changing origin toz0, show that Z}2+ Z22 + Z32 = 0, where

iv

OB=OAefa
at

Z, ,Z2 ,Z3 are new complex numbers of the vertices.

re

=> z2=z1e,a Sol. In an equilateral triangle, the circumcentre and the

nc

centroid are the same point.

ar

z2 _ „ ia
—=e ...(i) Zj + z2 + z3
.le

Z1 So, ——
w

fl(z2)
w

Zj + z2 + z3 = 3z0 ...(i)
w

To shift the origin at z0, we have to replace zu z2, z3 and z0

A(zi) byZt + z0, Z2 + z0,Z3 + z0 andO + z0.
a Then, Eq. (i) becomes
O (Zj + zo) + (Z2 + zo)+ (^3 + zo)= 3(0 + Zq)
or —+ l = (e ia + l) => Z] + Z2 + Z3 = 0
Z1 On squaring, we get
(Z1 +z2) = e'a/2 Zj + Z2 + Z3 + 2 (ZjZ2 + Z2Z3 + Z3Zj) = 0 ...(ii)
=> ■ 2 cos (a / 2)
Z1
But triangle with vertices Zj, Z2 and Z3 is equilateral, then
On squaring both sides, we get Zj2 + Z22 + Z32 = Z,Z2 + Z2 Z3 + Z3Zj ...(iii)
(z1+z2)2=eia.(4cos2a/2)
From Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get
Z1 3(Zj2 +Z22 +Z32) = 0
(zi +z2)2
= —-(4cos2 a/2) [from Eq. (i)] Therefore, Zj2 +z22 +Z32 =0
z? Z1

(z{ + z2)2 = 4 ztz2 cos2 (a 12)

(- p)2 = 4 q cos2 (a/2)
Inverse Points
v zt and z2 are the roots of z2 + pz + q = 0 (a) Inverse points with respect to a line Two points P
and Q are said to be the inverse points with respect to
:. Zj + z2 = - p and z1 z2 = q
the line RS. If Q is the image of P in RS, i.e., if the line
or p2 = 4 q cos2 (a/2) RS is the right bisector of PQ.

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I Example 72. Show that z},z2 are the inverse points fc Example 73. Show that inverse of a point a with
with respect to the lineza + az = b, ifz}a + az2=b. respect to the circle | z - c | = R (a and c are complex
............................. R2
Sol. Let RS be the line represented by the equation, inumbers, centre c and radius R) is the point c + zz~.
za +az=b ,..(i) a— c
Let P and Q are the inverse points with respect to the line RS. Sol. Let a' be the inverse point of a with respect to the circle
The point Q is the reflection (inverse) of the point P in the | z - c | = R, then by definition,
line RS, if the line RS is the right bisector of PQ. Take any
point z in the line RS, then lines joining z to P and z to Q are
equal.
P c» a
a \z - c | = Fl
*

The points c, a, a are collinear.

R _ii S We have, arg (a' - c) = arg(a - c)
= -arg(a-c) [••• arg z = - argz]
I
I
=> arg (a' - c) + arg (a - c) = 0
Q arg {(a'-c)(a-c)} = 0
.♦. (a' - c) (a - c) is purely real and positive.
i.e., |z-z,| = | z - z21 or | =1 z - z212 By definition,| a' - c 11 a - c | = R>2‘ [vCP-Ce = r!)
i.e„ (z - zj(z - zj = (z - z2)(z - z2)
=>z(z2 -zj) + z(z2 -zJ + CziZj -z2z2) = 0 ...(ii) => t | a' - c 11 a - c | = R2 [•■•1*1 = 1*11
ne
Hence, Eqs. (i) and (ii) are identical, therefore, comparing |(a'-c)(a -c)| = R2
e.

coefficients, we get
=> (a' - c) (a -c ) = Rz
iv
at

[•.■(a' - c)(a - c) is purely real and positive]

re
nc

, R2 , R2
a - c = ——- => aa' = c + —---- -
ar

I
a-c a-c
L
I
.le

R S
A(z)
w
w

I
I

Dot and Cross Product

w

O = z2 Letzj =Xj + iyt ^(x^y^) andz2 = x2 + iy2 = (x2,y2),

where xl,yl,x2,y2 G R and i = ^/-l, be two complex
a a -b
Z2 - Z] Z2 - Zj Z]Z] — z2 z2 numbers.
If [Link] =0, then from Coni method,
_ az2
So that, Z2 -o _| z2 I
Zi(z2-Zj) Z2(Z2-Z])
e'9 Qfo)
-b _ Zyd f az2 - b Z1-0 |zj|

Z]Zj — z2 z2 0
22^1 _IZ2 Lie
[by ratio and proportion rule] => --- - - ----- - e P(Zl)
ZiZj |zj
z1a + az2-b = 0 or z}a+az2 = b
Z2Z) _|Z2 |
(b) Inverse points with respect to a circle If C is the e®
centre of the circle and P, Q are the inverse points
with respect to the circle, then three points C, P, Q are
Pi I2 hl
collinear and also CP ■ CQ = r2, where r is the Z2Z1 =|Z1 ||z2[e IQ

radius of the circle. Z2Zj = z i z2 (cos0 + isin0)

Re(z2zi) = zi z2 COS0
<
and Im(z2z1)=|z1 || z2 sin 9 •••(ii)
0 The dot product zx and z2 is defined by,
C P
zi-z2 =|zj 11 z2 |cos0
= Re(zj z2) = x1x2 +yjy2 [from Eq. (i)]
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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 35

and cross product of Zj and z2 is defined by Remark

Zj xz2 = Zj || z2 |sin0 1. The distance of a point z from origin, | z — 0 | = |z |
2. Three points >4(2,), fl(z2)and C(z3)are collinear, then
= Im(z1z2) = x1y2 -x2y} [from Eq. (ii)]
A8+8C = AC
Hence, Zj-z2 = x, x2 + yxy2 = Re(z,z2) C(z3)
and Zi xz2 =x,y2-x2yi =Im(z,z2)

Results for Dot and Cross 8(Z2)

Products of Complex Number A(*i)

1. If z, and z2 are perpendicular, then z, • z2 = 0 i.e. |z1-z2| + |z2-z3| = |z1-z3|.
2. If z, and z2 are parallel, then z, x z2 =0
3. Projection of z, on z2 = (z, -z2) /1 z2| S Example 75. Show that the points representing the
4. Projection of z2 on z, = (zrz2) /1 z, | complex numbers (3+2/), (2-/) and -7/, where
5. Area of triangle, if two sides represented by z, and z2 is /= are collinear.
l|z,xz2|. Sol. Let z, = 3 + 2i, z2 = 2 - i and z3 = -7i.
6. Area of a parallelogram having sides z, and z2 is | z, x z2|. Then, |zj-z2| = | l+3i | = Vio,| z2 -z3 | = | 2 + 6i |
7. Area of parallelogram, if diagonals represented by z, and z2 is
^40 = 2 710
l|z,xz2|.
and Zj - z3 | = |3 + 9i| = 790=3V10
9 Example 74. If z1=2+5/,z2= 3-i, where i=yp\, find |z]-z2 | + |z2-z3 | = |zi-z3 |
(i) zrz2 (ii) Zixz2 Hence, the points (3 + 2i), (2 - i) and - 7i are collinear.
et
.n

(iii) 22-Zi (iv) z2x^i

e

[b] Equation of the

iv

(v) acute angle between z, and z2.

at

(vi) projection of Z]On z2. Perpendicular Bisector

re
nc

Sol. (i) zrz2 = x,x2 + yj/2 = (2) (3) + (5) (- 1) = 1

If P (z1) and Q (z2) are two fixed points and R (z) is
ar

(ii) z, x z2 = Xjy2 - x2yx = (2) (- 1) - (3) (5) = - 17

.le

moving point, such that it is always at equal distance from

(iii) z2-zj = xxx2 + yxy2 = (2) (3) + (5) (- 1) = 1
w

P(zj) and Q(z2).

w

(iv) z2 x zj = x2 y, - x,y2 = (3) (5) - (2) (- 1) = 17

w

(v) Let angle between zx and z2 be 0, then

z, -z2 = | Zj || z2 | COS0
1 = 7(4 + 25) 7(9 + 1) cos0 z O(z2)

cos 9 = 4= 8 = cos-1f 1 ] i.e. PP = QP

290 ( ^290 J or |z-zi z -z2
1
(vi) Projection of z, on = or z(z!-z2)+z(zi-Z2)=ZjZj -z2z2
Vio z(zi -Z2)+z(Zi -Z2)=|Zi | -|z2 I
or

Use of Complex Numbers in Hence, z lies on the perpendicular bisectors of Zj and z2.

Coordinate Geometry I Example 76. Find the perpendicular bisector of 3+4/

and - 5+6/, where i = 7“i-
[a] Distance Formula Sol. Let z, = 3 + 4i and z2 = - 5 + 6i
The distance between two points P (z,) and Q (z2) is given by If z is moving point, such that it is always equal distance
Q(z2) from z, andz2.
i.e. z-z.
or z (z1-z!) + z(z,-z2) = |z,|2-|z, |!
=>z ((3 - 4i) - (- 5 - 6i)) + z ((3 + 4i) - (- 5 + 6i)) = 25-61
P(Zl) Hence, (8 + 2i) z + (8 - 2i) z + 36 = 0
PQ = |z2 -Z] | =| affix of Q- affix of P| which is required perpendicular bisector.

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2-0 + 1-z
(c) Section Formula Zj + Z2+Z3

3 2+1
If R (z) divides the joining of P (zj) and Q (z2) in the ratio => z, + z2+z3=z
mj :m2 (m1,m2 >0). Therefore, zx + z2 + z3 - z = 0
O(z2)
(m2) I Example 78. Let zbz2 and z3 be three complex
(™i)
numbers and [Link], such that a+b + c = 0 and
R(z)
az1 + bz2 + cz3 =0, then show that zbz2 and z3 are
P(zi)
collinear.
Sol. Given, a+b+c =0 -(i)
(i) If R (z) divides the segment PQ internally in the ratio and azx + bz2 + cz 3 = 0
ofm,:[Link] = m|22tm22' => azx + bz2 - (a + b)z3 = 0 [from Eq. (i)]
nij + m2
or z3 =
(ii) If R (z) divides the segment PQ externally in the ratio a+b
It follows that z3 divides the line segment joining zx andz2
ofm1:m2,then z =
-m2 internally in the ratio b: a. (If a, b are of same sign and
opposite sign, then externally.)
Hence, zbz2 and z 3 are collinear.
fl(z)

Q(Z2)
(d) Area of Triangle
t
ne
If ZbZ 2 and z3 are the affixes of the vertices of a triangle,
e.

Pfa) Zj z3 1
iv
at

Remark then its area = — I

re

4
nc

1. If R (z) is the mid-point of PQ, then affix of R is -~1t z3 z3 1

2
ar
.le

2. If zy, z2 and z3 are affixes of the vertices of a triangle, then

w

affix of its centroid is 2l + Zg + Z3.

w

3
w

3. In acute angle triangle, orthocentre (0), nine point centre (A/),

OG
centroid (G) and circumcentre (Q are collinear and — = -,
GC 1
ON
---- = —(1
NG 1
4. If Zp z2, z3 and z4 are the affixes of the vertices of a Remark
parallelogram taken in order, then zy + z3 = z2 + z4. -J3 2
The area of the triangle with vertices z, coz and z + coz is | z |,

I Example [Link] zbz2 and z3are the affixes of the where co is the cube root of unity.
vertices of a triangle having its circumcentre at the I Example 79. Show that the area of the triangle on
origin. If z is the affix of its orthocentre, prove that the argand plane formed by the complex numbers z,iz
Z] + z2 + z3 - z = 0. i . . 1 I |2 .
Sol. We know that orthocentre 0, centroid G and circumcentre and z + iz is -1 z | , where / = ^1.
C of a triangle are collinear, such that G divides OC in the
Zi + Zo + Zq z z 1
ratio 2:1. Since, affix of G is-------------- and C is the Sol. Required area = 1 iz iz 1
3
origin. Therefore, by section formula, we get z + iz z + iz 1

z z 1
iz iz 1
z + iz z + iz 1

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 Downloaded from [Link] Chap 01 Complex Numbers 37

z Z 1 Proof Equation of the straight line joining points having

iz -iz 1 affixes Zi andz2 is
z + iz z-iz 1 z = tzx +(1 -1) z2, where te R ~ {0}
On applying R3 -> R3 ~(R} + i?2)>weget => z-z2 =t(Zi -z2) ...(i)
z z 1 and z -z2 =t(Zi -z2)
A 1.
Area = — iz -iz 1 I = ~ l(“ 1) (“ 122 - 122 or z -z2 =t(zx -z2) ••■(ii)
4 4I
0 0 -1
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= l|2izz|=l z — z2 _ Zi — z2 z-z2
41 1 2 l‘'lH=;lzl2 Ci
z — z2 Zi — z2
2 — 22

Z1 ~z2 Z1 -z2
Aliter
z -z2 Z-Z2 0
We have, iz= z (cos(n/2) + i sin(n/2)) = ze(m/ 2) iz is the
vector obtained by rotating vector z in anti-clockwise zl ~z2 21 -22 0 =0
direction through (n/2). Therefore, OA 1 AB, z2 z2 1
Imaginary axis
Now, applying Rx —> Rx + R3 and R2 —> R2 + R 3, we get
B z z 1
zi zi 1 =0

/ \'Z z2 z2 1
z + iz \
or z(zj -z2)-z(zj -z2)+zjz2-zxz2 =0
et
A
.n

■^z Aliter
e

----- >-XReal axis

iv

0 Let P (z) be an arbitrary point on the line, which pass

at

through A (zx) and B (z2).

re
nc

Now, area of AOAB- - OA x AB = -1 z 11 iz | [Link] =0 or 71

2 2
ar

z -Zi
.le

1 |2
= 0 or 7t [by rotation theorem]
arg
w

2 <z2 “zl>
w

z-zx
w

is purely real.
(e) Equation of a Straight Line z2 ~Z1
/ /------- A
z-zx z -Zi Z -Zj z-zx
[i] Parametric form <z2 ~21 >
=>---- — =
z2 “Z1 z2 ~Zl
\z2 -zi 7
Equation of the straight-line joining the points having
affixes zx andz2 is A(Z1)
z = tzx + (1 —t)z2, where te 7?~{0} B(Z2)
Proof
_tzx +(l-t)z2
z = tzx +(1- t)z2
t+(l-t)
z(zx -z2)-z(zx -z2)+zxz2 ~zxz2 =0
Hence, z divides the line joining zx and z2 in the ratio
z z 1
1 -1: t. Thus, the points zx, z2, z are collinear.
or Zj zx 1 =0
[ii] Non-parametric form z2 z2 1
Equation of the straight line joining the points having
affixes Zi andz2 is Remark
z z 1 Z1 L 1

zi zi 1 =0 If z2 and z3 are collinear, z2 z2_ 1 =0

Z3 z3 1
z2 z2 1
or ^zx(z2-z3) =0.
or z(Zj -Z2)”Z(Z1 -Z2)+z1z2 “zlz2 =0

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(iii) General form The general equation of a straight (i) If the lines are perpendicular, then
line is of the form az+az+b=0, where a is a
?&)
complex number and b is a real number.
Sol. The equation of a straight line passing through points
having affixes z1 and z2 is given by n
(zi) fo)
z(zl-z2)-z(zx-z2) + zlz2-ziz2=Q (i)
On multiplying Eq. (i) by i (where, i = V-l), we get
zi (zi “ z2) - z i (z, - z2) + i (ztz2 - z,z2) = 0 (z4)
=> z {-i(z1-z2)} + z{i(z1-z2)} + i(ztz2 -ZjZ2) = 0 (zi ~z 2) _ (z3 ~z4)
„nt/2
=> z {- i (Zj - z2)} + z {- i (Zj - z2)} + {i (2ilm (z,z2))} = 0 e
|z1 “z
Zi- 2 |
z2 \z3-z4\
=> z {- i (zj -z2)} + z {- i (Zj - z2)} + {(-2Im(z1z2)} = 0
(zi —z2)2 _(z3 —z4)2 c tK
=> za + za + b = 0,
| Z1 -Z2 | | z3 ~Z4 |
where, a = - i (zj - z2),b = -2Im(Z]Z2) Z1

Hence, the general equation of a straight line is of the form (Z1 ~Z2)2 = (z3 ~z4) 2 e in
az + az + b = 0,
(zi “z2)(zi-z2) (z3-z4)(z3-z4)
where a is complex number and b is a real number.
(iv) Slope of the line a z + az + b = 0 (Z1 -z2) _(z3 — z4)
(-1)
Let A (z:) and B (z2) be two points on the line (Zi -z2) (z3 — z 4)
a z +az +b=0, then —Ct j —
t 012 [from Eq. (i)]
ne
a Zj +azj + b=0 otj +a2 =0
e.

and a z2 + az2 +b=0

iv

(ii) If the lines are parallel, then

at

z. a(zt -z2)+a(Zi -z2)=0

re

Z1 ~Z2 _ Z3 ~z4
e°
nc

, Z1 ~z2 _ _ a
[Remember] hi-z2| | z3 “z4 I
ar

I Z1 — Z2 a
.le

(Z1 ~ Z2 ) _ (Z3 ~z4)

w

coefficient of z
Complex slope of AB = -
w

Z1 — z2 P |Z3~Z4 P
w

a of z
coefficient of
(z1 — z2 ) 2 (z3 ~Z4) 2
Thus, the complex slope of the line az+az + b= Q is
a (Z1 — z2 ) (Z1 ~z2) (z3 ~z4)(z3 -Z4)

a (Zi -z2) _ (z3 ~Z4)

(Zl-Z2) (z3“Z4)
Remark
The real slope of the line az + az + b = 0 is oti =a2
Re (coefficient of z)
Im (a) Im (coefficient of z) Remark
1. The equation of a line parallel to the line az + az + b = 0 is
Important Theorem az + az + X = 0, where X e/?.
2. The equation of a line perpendicular to the line
If ex j and a2 are the complex slopes of two lines on the az + az + b = 0isaz-az + /X = 0
argand plane, then prove that the lines are where, X e R and i =
(i) perpendicular, if cXj + a2 =0.
(v) Length of perpendicular from a given point on a
(ii) parallel, if Ctt = a2. given line
Proof Let Zj and z2 be the affixes of two points on one
The length of perpendicular from a point P (z j) to the
line with complex slope a] and z3 and z4 be the affixes of line
two points another line with complex slope ot2- Then,
| azj +azj + b |
anda2=^-^ ...(i) a z + a z + b =0 is given by
«i = and ot2 =
Zj - Z2 Z 3 ~Z4

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 Downloaded from [Link] Chap 01 Complex Numbers 39

Proof Let PM be perpendicular from P on the line a - a' 4-

------- ib) =o
a z + az + b = 0 and let the affix of M bez2, then a-a'
P(zi) b(a- a')- b(a - a') = 0 •••(ii)

On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get

a'b + ab + c = 0

_________ ________ Aliter

M(z2) Equation of perpendicular bisector of PQ is
PM =| zx -z2 j z (a' - a ) + z (a' - a) - a'a' + aa=0 —(i)
and given line zb +zb + c = 0 •••(ii)
az+az+b=0
Since, Eqs. (i) and (ii) are identical, we have
and M(z2) lies on a z + az + b =0, then
a' - a a - a aa-a'a'
a z2 +az2 +b=0 ...(i) =k [say]
b b c
Since, PM perpendicular to the line (a z + a z + b =0). a' - a = b k, a' - a = bk
z\z2 a and aa - a'a' - ck
Therefore, =0
Z1 -z2 a a'-a (a' - a ’
Now, a'b + ab = \ a + a -------
a z1 -a z2 -azj +az2 =0 k k J
a Zi +aZi + b = 2az1+az2-az2+b = ±{a'a'-a'a}=±(-ck) = -c
rC rC
= 2az} -az2 + (az2 + b) t
ne
Hence, a'b + ab + c =0
. =2 az} - az2 - az2
e.
iv

= 2a(z} -z2)
at

\azt +azj + b | = 21 a 11 zx -z2 [ (f) Circle

re

or
nc

= 2 a |zi-^2| [••‘|z|=|z|] The equation of a circle whose centre is at point affix z0

ar

and radius r, is | z - z 0 | = r.
.le

=2 PM
w
w

P(z)
w

PM = r

C(zQ)

§ Example 80. Show that the point o' is the reflection

of_the_point a in the line zb+ zb + c = 0, if
o'b + ob + c = 0. Remark
Sol. Since, a' is the reflection of point a through the line. 1. If the centre of the circle is at origin and radius r, then its
So, the mid-point of PQ equation is | z | = r.
P=a 2. z - z0 <r represents interior of a circle) z -z0| = rand
z ■-z0 > r represent exterior of the circle | z - z01 = r.

3. r < | z - z01 < R. this region is known as annulus.

A(z)
[i] General Equation of a Circle
Q = a' The general equation of the circle is
a + a' 7 - z z +a z + az + b =0,
i.e„ ------- lies on zb + zb + c = 0
2 where a is a complex number and be R, having centre at (- a)
a + a' (a + aA
or b +b +c=0 and radius = -b.
2 k
2“ 7
=> b (a + a') + b (a + a') + 2c = 0 (i) Proof The equation of circle having centre at z 0 and
radius r is
Since, PQ _L AB. Therefore,
| -z0| =r
Complex slope of PQ + Complex slope of AB = 0

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|z-Zo |2 = r2 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

(z-zi)(z2 -z3)
(z -z0)(z-z0) = r2
= Real •(iii)
(z -z2)(zi -z 3)
zz -zz0 -ZqZ + zozo = r 2
Remark
=> zz+(-z0)z+(-z0)z+|z0 |2 -r2 =Q
If four points z1( z2, z3, z4 are concyclic, then —£11 =
=> zz +az +az +b=0 (z4 - z2) (z, - z3)
real [replacing z by z4 in Eq. (iii)]
where, a = -z0 and b = | z0 |2 - r2
(z2-z3) (z4 -zQ
or arg = n, 0.
zz + az + az + b=0 (z1-z3)(z4 — z2)
where, b GR represents a circle having centre at (- a) and
radius = Ji z0 |2 - b = ^/| a |2 - b. (iii) Equation of Circle in Diametric Form
If end points of diameter represented by A(zj) and B (z2)
Remark and P (z) is any point on circle.
Rule to find the centre and radius of a circle whose equation is ZAPB= 90°
given
Complex slope of PA + Complex slope of PB = 0
1. Make the coefficient of zz equal to 1 and right hand side
equal to zero.
2. The centre of circle will be = (-a) = (- coefficient of z).
/ /9oA
3. Radius = J(|a|2-constant term) 8(z2)
t
ne
I Example 81. Find the centre and radius of the circle 4(zi)
e.

2z z + (3 - /) z + (3+ /) z - 7 = 0, where i = J-L

iv

Sol. The given equation can be written as / X / \

at

Z “ Zj Z -Z2
+
re

=0
3 + i z-’=o
nc

zz + kz -Z1 ? K Z - Z2 ?
J 2 2
ar

Hence, (z-zJ)(z-z2)+(z-z2)(z-z1)=0
.le

(3 + i)
So, it represent a circle with centre at -1 —— I and radius which is required equation of circle in diametric form.
w
w
w

3+i 2 7 9 17)/- (iv) Other Forms of Circle

+- — + — + — = v6
2 2 4 4 2J (a) Equation of all circles which are orthogonal to
/
|z-zi | = n and | z-z2 | = r2.
(ii) Equation of Circle Through Three Let the circle be | z - a | = r cut given circles
Non-Collinear Points orthogonally.
2 I |2
Let A (zj), B (z2), C (z3) be three points on the circle and r2 + fj = a-zj -(i)
P (z) be any point on the circle, then
and r2+r22=|a-z2 |2 ...(ii)
P(z)
On solving,
2 2 i2 i2
0 \ X r2 -n = a(zj-z2) + a(zj-z2) + |z2 | ~|zi|
p(z3)

A(Zi)
.A %
and let a = a + ib, i = yj-l, a,beR

\I z -Zj
(b) Apollonius circle = k*l
z -z2
^ACB = [Link] It is the circle with join of z3 and z4 as a diameter,
Using Coni method, , zt + kz2 z, -kz2
, z4 =
z2 ~Z3 _ 1+k 1-k
in AACB,
Zj “Z3 CA for k = 1, the circle reduces to the straight line which
is perpendicular bisector of the line segment from zt
Z2 ~Z _ BP
in AAPB, .-(ii) toz2.
Zj -Z AP
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 Downloaded from [Link] Chap 01 Complex Numbers 41

(Z7-7Z j A I z + z + 2a I
(c) Circular arc arg =a z - a = 1---------------
1 1 2
This is an arc of a circle in which the chord joining z i or zz~4a(z+z)=-{z2 + (z)2}
and z2 subtends angle a at any point on the arc. 2
71 where, a G R (focus), directrix is z + z + 2a = 0.
If a = ± —, then locus of zis a circle with the join of

Zj and z2 as diameter. If a = 0 or it, then locus is a

straight line through the points zj and z2 •
(h) Equation of Ellipse
For ellipse
(d) The equation | z -zj2 +|z -z2|2 = k,will represent a Imaginary axis
i •r i
circle, if/c>-|zj-z2|2. 1 " P(z)
2'
I Example 82. Find all circles which are orthogonal to
+ > Real axis
| z | = 1 and |z—1| = 4. S'(Z2) c SW
Sol. Let | z-a| = k ...(i)
(where, a = a + ib and a, b, k G R and i = J-l) be a circle
which cuts the circles
\z = 1 „(ii) SP+S'P=2a
and | z-1 = 4 (iii) tz -Zi | + | z -z2 | = 2a
ne
Orthogonally, then using the property that the sum of where, 2a > zx -z2 | [since, eccentricity < 1]
e.

squares of their radii is equal to square of distance between

Then, point z describes an ellipse having foci at zx and z2
iv

centres. Thus, the circle (i) will cut the circles (ii) and (iii)
at

orthogonally, if andaGR+.
re
nc

k2 + 1 = | a -o|z = aa
[i] Equation of Hyperbola
ar

and k2 +16 = | a -112 = (a -l)(a -1)

.le

For hyperbola
w

= aa - (a +a) + l Imaginary axis

w
w

.-. 1-(a+a)-15 = 0 => a+a = -14

2a = -14 => a = - 7
a = a + ib = - 7 + ib
Also, k2 = |.a |2 - 1 = (-7)2 +b2 -l=b2 + 48 + > Real axis
S'(Z2) C Sfr)
=> k = ^(b2 + 48)
Therefore, required family of circles is given by
| z + 7 - ib | = 7(48+ b2).
SP -S'P = 2a => | Z-Z] | — | z —z2 I = 2a

(g) Equation of Parabola where, 2a<|zj -z2 | [since, eccentricity > 1]

Now, for parabola Then, point z describes a hyperbola having foci at zx and
Imaginary axis z2 and a G R+.

M J Examples on Geometry
o Real axis I Example 83. Let z, = 10+6i,z2 = 4 +6i, where
N A (0) S(a + i-0)
II i = ^1. If z is a complex number, such that the
c3
+ argument of (z - z}) / (z - z 2) is it 14, then prove that
In
+ | z-7-9/1= 3 V2.
N
z - Zj _ 71
SP = PM So/. *.* arg
z-z2 J’4

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Textbook of Algebra from [Link]

It is clear that z, zu z2 are non-collinear points. Always a I Example 85. In the argand plane, the vector z = 4 - 3i,
circle passes through z, Zj and z2. Let z0 be the centre of the
circle.
where i = yp], is turned in the clockwise sense through
180° and stretched three times. Then, find the complex
A®
number represented by the new vector.
n/4 \ Sol. v z = 4-3i => |z|=7(4)2+(-3)2 =5
O(z0A Let Zj be the new vector obtained by rotating z in the
r <_>\r clockwise sense through 180°, therefore
x k/2 zx = z e~ * = - z = - (4 - 3i) = - 4 4- 3i.
MB CW
4 3
The unit vector in the direction of Zj is - — + -i.

On applying rotation theorem in ABOC, 3 iA

I 4 3
Therefore, required vector = 3|z|l- — 4--i
ZI ~z0 _ 0C e (in/ 2)_ i
[v OC = OB] 5 J
Z2-Z0 OB
= 15 I --4--I | =-12 4-91
=> (z]-zo) = i(z2-zo) I 5 5 J
=> 10 4-6i - z0 = i(4 4-6i-z0) Aliter
16 + 2i = (1 - i) z0 Imaginary axis
(16 4- 2Q (1 4- i) 3
or *0
■ (1-i) ’(14-0

16 4- 16i 4- 2i 4- 2i2 4 Real axis

t 0
2
ne

14 4- 18*
e.

= 7 +9i -3
iv

2
at

and radius, r = OC = ( z0 - z, | = |7 4- 9i - 10 - 6i |
re

Here, z{ = - 4 4- 3i
nc

= | - 3 4- 3/ |
Hence,3 Zj = — 12 4- 91
ar

= 7(9+9) = ■ 2
.le

Hence, required equation is I Example [Link] is a rhombus. Its diagonals AC

w

and BD intersect at the point M and satisfy BD = 2AC.

w

|z-z0 = r
w

| z - 7 - 9i | = 372 If the points D and M represents the complex numbers

1 + i and 2 - i, where / = respectively, find A.
I Example [Link] | z - 2+ /1 < 2, where i = then Sol. Let A =z
BD = 2AC or DM = 2 AM
find the greatest and least value of | z |.
Sol. Radius = 2 units C, B

0
<x~ i}
n/2\ i
X
W 2 A(z)
p(2,-1) \ D(1 + 0
\2 I
Now, in ADMA,
/B Applying Coni method, we have
£-(2-0 AM ^/2 = 1 .
_AM
i.e., AC = CB = 2 units ------ e
(l + 0-(2-0 DM 2
Least value of | z | = OA = OC - AC = 75-2
and greatest value of | z | = OB = OC + CB = 75 + 2 z - 2 4- i = - (- 1 4- 2i) = - - — 1 or z = 1 - - i
2 2 2
Hence, greatest value of | z | is + 2 and least value of | z | A = 1 - - i or 3 - -
2 2
is75-2.
[if positions of A and C interchange]

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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 43

b I Example 87. Find the maximum and minimum

If z ± — = a, then the greatest and least values of | z |
z
. - a + 7(«2 + 4 | b |)
values of | z | satisfying z + - = 2
a + ^(q2 + 41 |)
are---- and
2 2 Sol. Here, b = 1 and a = 2
respectively.
2+ 7(4+ 4)
b Maximum and minimum values of |z | are
Proof z±- >
z z hl- 2
-2+7(4+ 4)
and i.e., 1 + -Ji and -1 + 72, respectively.
a> PI-13
1 1 kl
2
q
- q < I z I - — <a I Example 88. If z + - = 2, find the maximum and
or
' 1 M
|z|-^q
minimum values of |z|.
Now, Sol. Here, b = 4 and a = 2.
1 1 kl
|z|2-q|z|-|b|<0 :. Maximum and minimum values of | z | are
2 + 7(4 + 16) - 2 + 7(4 + 16)
a- '(a2 + 4 1^1) q + 7(q2 + 4 l&l) 2 . 2
2 < |z|<
-|Z|_ 2 i.e. 1 + 75 and -1 + 75, respectively.

or ...(i) I Example 89. If | z | > 3, then determine the least

t
ne
and value of z + - .
z
e.

lzl
iv
at

- q+ 7(a2 + 4 |fe|) z+1 > 1

1*1* (ii) Sol. v ld-
re

2 z z
nc

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 1 1 1

ar

|z|>3 => r~i-_ or

Id
.le

q + 7(q2 + 4|fe|) |z| 3 3

-a+7(a2 + 4|fe|)
w

<|z|<
2
w

2
••• 1 1 |z| 3
w

q + 7(a2 + 4 |fe|)
Hence, the greatest value of |z| is
2 ' >«

and the least value of |z| is

- q +7(a2 + 4 |b|)
2
or
|2|-n 3
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
•••(ii)

, 1 1 ^88
Corollary For b = 1, z±- =a z + - >-
z z 3
- a+yj(a2 + 4) a + -J(q2 + 4) r 1 r 1 . 8
Then, <|z|< /. Least value of z + - is -.
3’
2 2 z

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Textbook of Algebra

g Exercise for Session 4

4
1 If z-i, z2, z3 and z4 are the roots of the equation z:4 = 1, the value of Z zz3 is

(a)0 (b)1 (c)/,/ = V=l (d)l+/,/=7="l

2 If z1,z2,z3,...,zn [Link] roots of unity, then fork = 1,2, 3,.. ..n

(a)|zk | = k|zfc + 1 | (b)|z* + 1| = k|z* |

(c)|zk + i |-|z*] + |z*-i| (d)|**| = |z*+i|

3 If t a-j, a2, a3,..., an -j are n, nth roots of unity, then (1 - oq) (1 - a2) (1 - a3)... (1 - an -i) equals to
(a)0 (b) 1 (c)n (d)n2
6
2itk . (2nk]\ , . i—- .
4 The value of £ sin - / cos I 1I > where / = ^-1, is
k=1 1
(a)-1 (b)0 (c)-/ (d)/

5 If a * 1 is any nth root of unity, then S = 1 + 3a + 5a2 + ... upto n terms is equal to
(a)-^- (b)--5L (c)-"_ (d)- n
1- a 1- a 1- a
t
ne
6 If a andb are real numbers between 0 and 1, such that the points zy = a .+ i,z2 = 1+ bi andz3 =0form an
e.

equilateral triangle, then

iv
at

(a)a=b = 2+73 (b)a = b = 2-73

re

(c) a = 2 - 73, b = 2 + 73 (d) None of these

nc

7 If | z j = 2, the points representing the complex numbers -1 + 5z will lie on

ar
.le

(a) a circle (b) a straight line (c) a parabola (d) an ellipse

w
w

8 If j z — 21 /1 z - 3| = 2 represents a circle, then its radius is equal to

w

(a)1 (b)J (c)2 (d)3

3 4 3
9 If centre of a regular hexagon is at origin and one of the vertex on argand diagram is 1 + 2/, where / = its
perimeter is
(a) 275 (b)672 (c)475 (d) 6 75

10 Ifz is a complex number in the argand plane, the equation |z-2| + |z + 2| = 8 represents
(a) a parabola (b) an ellipse (c) a hyperbola (d) a circle

11 If| z -2 -3/ | + | z + 2 -6/1 =4, where / then locus of P (z) is

(a) an ellipse (b) 0
(c) line segment of points 2+3 and -2+6/ (d) None of these

12 Locus of the point z satisfying the equation | iz -11 + | z -11 = 2, is (where, / = ^-l)
(a) a straight line (b) a circle (c) an ellipse (d) a pair of straight lines

13 [Link] and z + iz are the vertices of a triangle whose area is 2 units, the value of | z | is
(a) 1 '(b) 2 (c)4 (d)8
4
14 if z — = 2, the greatest value of | z | is
z
(a) 75 - 1 (b) 73 + 1 (c) 75 + 1 (d) 73 - 1

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3

Shortcuts and Important Results to Remember

1 ||Z1|-|Z2||<|Z1 + Z2|<1Z1| + |Z2| z-Zy'
12 If arg = a (fixed), then the locus of z is a segment
Thus, | z, | +1 z2 | is the greatest possible value of z-z2>
| zy + z21 and 11 zy | -1 z211 is the least possible value of of circle.
I zy + z21. P(z)
a
b a
2 If z ± - = a, then the greatest and least values of | z | are
z
a + 7(a2 + 4|b|) a+ . respectively.
and
2
B(z2)
/ \
3 l^+Tta2 -z22)| + |z2-7(? - z22) | 13 If arg
Z~Zy
= ± n /2, the locus of z is a circle with z.
<z-z2j
= |z1 + z2| + |z1-z2|
and z2 as the vertices of diameter.
4 | Zt + z21 = | z-i | +1 z21 <=> arg (z,) = arg (z2)
Z-Zy
14 If arg = 0 or 7i, the locus of z is a straight line i
i.e. Zy and z2 are parallel. z-z2
passing through z, and z2.
5 | Z1 + z21 = | Z11-| z21«arg(zj-arg (z2) = it t
ne
15 If three complex numbers are in AP, they lie on a straight
line in the complex plane.
e.

6 I z, + z21 = | Z! -z21 <=> arg (z,) - arg (z2) = ±it/2

iv

16 If three points z1t z2, z3 connected by relation

at

7 If | Zy | = | z21 and arg (zj + arg (z2) = 0, then Zy and z2 are

re

a Zy + b z2 + c z3 = 0, where a + b + c = 0, the three points

conjugate complex numbers of each other.
nc

are collinear.
ar

8 The equation \ z - Zy \2 + \ z - z2 \2 = k, k e R will 17 If z1f z2, z3 are vertices of a triangle, its centroid
.le
w

■
represent a circle with centre at (z, + z2)and radius is Zy + z2 + z3 zj2 (z2 -z3)
w

Z0 = -, circumcentre Zy
w

3 £zi(Z2-Z3) ’
^2k-\zy-z212 provided k >| z, - z212.
= £Zi(Z2-Z3)+£|Zi!2(Z2-Z3)
orthocentre z
9 Area of triangle whose vertices are z, iz and z + iz, ^(Z^-Z^)
where i = 7“t is^lzl2- Z1 Zt 1
1
and its area = - I z2 z2 1
4
I-
10 Area of triangle whose vertices are z, a>z and z + wz is Z3 z3 1
■^3
— | z |2, where co is cube root of unity.
18 lf|z1|=n1,|z2|=n2.| z3|=n3..... | zm | =n

11 arg (z) - arg (- z) = it or - it according as arg (z) is n2 n2 n2 i .

then —+— + — + — = |z1 + z2 + z3 + ...+ zm|.
positive or negative. Z1 Z2 z3 zm

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JEE Type Solved Examples:

Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 multiple choice examples. n h r
Sol. (a) We have, — 4- — 4- — = 14-i
Each example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of Qi Ci
which ONLY ONE is correct.
On squaring both sides, we get
aa22 bbJ.22 cc2 (ab be ca
® Ex. 1 Ifzy and z 2 be then th root of unity which subtend — + — + — 4- 2|---- +----- 4------
ai bi Ci Ujbi bjCj CjO]
right angled at the origin. Then, n must be of the form
= 1 4- i2 4- 2i
(a) 4/c + 1 (b) 4/c 4-2 (c) 4k + 3 (d) 4k
Sol. (d) The nth roots of unity is given by a2 b2 c2 „ abc £1 + £14-
( 2rn . • • I 2rn 1 ai bi q aAci c a b
COS 4- isin ----- = e 2riti In
n \ n ) = 1 - 1 + 2i
where r =0,1, 2,..,(n - 1) a2 b2 c2
— + — + 2— + 0 = 2i
2 r2
So, let z} = e2nri‘/n Z2 - e2nrzl'nwhereo < rh r2 < n, <21 bl Cl

2 12 2
n * r2. a p c
—— 4- —— -1—— = 2i
z,2 l2 „2
It is given that the line segment joining the points having al Ci
affixes Zi and z2, subtends a right angled at the origin. t
Therefore,
ne
® Ex. 4 Let z and co be complex numbers. lfRe(z) = | z - 2|„
e.

n 71
argU=±?
iv

Re(“) =l“-2| =? lm(z + 0» is

2
at
re

2nrt 2nr2 _ + n (a)^ (b)^ (c)V3

nc

n n ~~ 2
ar
.le

n = ±4(rj -r2) Sol. (d) Let z = x + iy, x,y E R and i =

w

Re(z) = |z-2|
w

n = 4k, where k = ±(n - r2)

w

x = 7(x - 2)z + y2
• Ex. 2 lf\ z | = 1 and co = ——- (where z *-l), then Re(co) is y2 = 4(x - 1)
Z 4-1
:. z = 1 4-1 + 2ti, parametric form and let CD = p 4- iq
1
(a)0 (b)- Similarly, CO = 1 4- s2 + 2si
|Z4-1|2
z - co = (t2‘ -s„22) + 2i(t-s)
z 1
(c) (d)
2 4-1 |z+1j 2 |z + 1|2 arg(z - cd) = - [given]
Sol. (a) We have, |z| = 1. /
2 it
Let z = e1 e, where 0 e R and i = V-l. tan
<t + Sy 3
z -1 e'e-l (Q
Then, CD =-------
z+1 e <e + l
= i tan —
I2 (f+S)=4
V3
9

:. Re(co) = 0 Now, z 4-co = 2 4- 12 4-s2 4-2i(t4-s)

4
* Ex. 3 Ifa, b, c, av b} andc-i are non-zero complex Im(z 4- co) = 2(t 4- s) =
fl
. - . cz b c . jCJibiCi
numbers satisfying — +---- 1- — =14-/ and — 4- — 4- — = 0,
*- L Cl a bL c z -3^ 71
2 • Ex. 5 The mirror image of the curve arg
b2 c2 . i

where i = V-1, the value of— 4- — 4- — IS z~'i> 6

b2 c2 i = V~1 in the real axis, is
(a) 2/ (b) 2 + 2/ (c) 2 (d) None of these

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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 47

' z + 3^1 n z-3 It 1 fl], 2x

(a) arg (b) arg a„ = z-2017 4" ■■ — -I C0+ — = -((0+ CO ) = 1
<Z + 'J 6 z+i 6
4
^2017
k U)/

(c) arg
r z+c it
(d) arg
z+i it and 22" = 242 " 4 = 162"" has last digit 6.
4 2"'
kz + 3> 6 z-3 6 b=6- 1 =5
Sol. (d)The image of z in the real axis is z. Hence, a2 + b2 = I2 + 52 = 26
The image is given by

arg
fz-3^ it • Ex. 8 If tn is complex cube root of unity and a, b, c are
kz - iJ 6 such that—1— + 4-_J_ __L_ = 2co2 and
+--------
------- 4.
fz -3' it a + co 6 + co c + cd
-arg [••' arg(z) = - arg(z)]
kz + ' > 6 1 __ 1 1
—:— + —— 4- —:— = 2 co, then the value of
2/2
6 + 00 2 2 J
'Z + it a + co co 2 c + co
=> arg ••• arg = -arg £2
6 z2 *1 1 1 1 .
------ +------- +-------is equal to
a+1 6 b + 1 c+1
'z+i 71 (a)-2 (b)-1 (c)1 (d)2
• Ex. 6 The mirror image of the curve arg
4’ 1 1 1 n 2 2
<Z~V Sol. (d) v
a + co
------ +
b + co C + CO CD
i = V-1 in the line x - y = 0, is
fZ A 1 1 1 „ 2
and --- r +--- r +--- r = 2 CO = —
(a) arg
it 1 + 1: 1 = -it'
(b) arg I ----- a + co b + CD
co2 c + co2 co­
4 kz - 1J 4
et
lt is clear that, co and co2 are the roots of the equation
.n

(c)argI —- = it (z + i} It 1112
(d) arg ------ = -
e

------ 4-------- 4---------= — ...(i)

Vz-lJ 4
iv

kz + V 4 a+x b+x c+x x

at

Sol. (c) v The image of z in the line y = x is iz.

re

=> xY(b + x)(c + x) = 2(a + x)(b + x)(c + x)

nc

.’. The image of the given curve is => x3 - (ab + be + ca)x - 2abc = 0
ar

iz + 1 | it
v Coefficient of x2 =0, the sum of roots = 0
.le

arg
4
w

a + co + co2 = 0 => a -1 = 0
w

fz+ P it
w

arg a=1
4
:. Third root is 1.
=> -arg '£±11- it [•/ arg(z) = - arg(z)] From Eq. (i), we get
4 1 1 1
------ +-------+------- = 2
r z -1 \ it z2 a +1 t +1 c + 1
arg ------ = ••• arg — = ~ arg —
4 zz) kZl.
• Ex. 9 If a, b and c are distinct integers and co (+ 1) is a
1 cube root of unity, then the minimum value of
4--------- and b is the last
z2017 |<2 + 6CD + cCD2 | + |a + 6cd2 + cco|,/5
(a) 2>/3 (b) 3 (c) 4 ±2 (d)2
digit of the number 2 -1„ when the integer n >1, the value
2
of a2 + b2 is Sol. (a) Let z = a + too + c co . Then,
(a) 23 (b) 24 (c) 26 (d)27 |z|2 = zz = (a + too+ cco2)(a + too + cco2)
• Sol. (c) v z +1 = 1 => z2 - z +1 = 0 = (a + too + cto2)(a + too2 + cco)
z
= a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - be - ca
-(-1)± 7(1^4) 2
Z ----------- XI------ L - _ 00, - Q)4
2 = -[(a-b)2+(b-c)2+(c-a)2]
2
[co is cube root of unity]
v a*b*c
and z 2017 = (-co)2017 = - cu
=> |z|2>-x6 = 3 |a-6|>l,|&-c|> 1
-2017
Z = (-co2)2017 = - CO2 2
and |a - c| > 2

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Textbook of Algebra

Sol. (b) ■: |3 - i(z - 1)| = |- i(z - 1 - 3i)| = |-i||z - 1 - 3z|

|a + to + cco21 + |<j + to2 + cco| = |z-l-3i|
= |a + to + ecu21 + |a + b(Dz + cc6| and |z -1 - 3i| = |(z - 2i) + (-1 - i)| < |z - 2i| +|-1 - i|
= |a + to + oco21 + |a + to + oco21 [v|zi+z2|<|zi| + |z2|)
= 2|a + to+ ecu21 = 2|z| > 2-73 |z-l-3i|<|z-2i| +72
Hence, the minimum value of |a + to + cco21 + |a + to2 + cco] ' |z-l-3i|<72 + 72 [v |z - 2i| < V2]
is 2 A
|z - 1 - 3i| < 2V2
• Ex. 10 lf\z -2/|<7: , where i - 7-1, then the maximum From Eq. (i), we get
|3 - i(z - 1)| < 2J2
value of\ 3 - i(z -1) |, is
(a) V2 (b) 2V2 Hence, the maximum value of |3 - i(z - 1)| is 2^2.

JEE Type Solved Examples:

More than One Correct Option Type Questions
■ This section contains 5 multiple choice examples. Each (z2 -z3) = (l + i)(z1-z3)
example has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which t fi(z2)
ne
more than one may be correct.
e.
iv

• Ex. 11 !fzy = a+ ib and z2 = c + id are complex numbers

at

such that | z31 =|z21 = 1 andRe(ZiZ2) =0, where i = -7-1,

re
nc

then the complex numbers co, = a + ic and co2 = b + id

ar

ir/2 j—
satisfy
.le

C(z3)
w

' (a)|(O,l=J (b) |0hl = 1

w

(c)Re(CD,CD2) = 0 (d) None of these $ (z2 -Z1) = i<Zi -z3)

w

& => (z2 -z1) = -i(z3 -zj

Sol. (a, b, c)
or (z3 -zj = i(z2 -zj
|zj| = 1, |z2| = 1 => Zj = CiSQ, z2 = CiS(J)
z3 ~ Z1 e inl2
Re(Z]Z2) = Re(CzS(G - <£)) = 0 [given]
z2 - Z1
71 71
=> cos(G — c|>) = 0 => G - (p = — => 0 = 0---- n
7t
2 2 AC is obtained by rotating AB about A through —
anti-clockwise. 2
and a = cos0, b = sin0, c = cos0, d = sin0 7t
Cty = a + ic = cos0 + i cos 0 = cos0 + isin0 AB = AC, ZCAB = -
2
v 0=G -— Hence, zb z2, z3 form isosceles right angled triangle.
2
and 0^ = b + id = sinG + isin 0 = sinG - icosG • Ex. 13 If z satisfies the inequality \z ~ 11 < | z +11, then
v0=G -— one has
2
(a) | z - 2 - i | < | z + 2 - i |, i = 7-1
I<aI -i>1102I -1 IT
and Re(av^) = Re(cos0 + isin0)(sin0 + icos0) = O (b) |arg(z + /)| <-,/■ = -1
2
• Ex. 12 The complex numbers z-[, z2,z3 satisfying (c) Re(z) < 0
(z2 - z3) = (1 + i)(z} - z3), where i = -7-1, are vertices of a (d) lm(/ z) > 0, i = 7-1

Sol. (a, b, d)
triangle which is
(b) isosceles On putting z = x + iy in the given relation, we have
(a) equilateral
(c) right angled (d) scalene (x-1)2 +y2 <(x + I)2 +y2
Sol. (b.c) => x>0
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i.e. Re(z) > 0 (0 Case II When y = - x, then 2xy = (x -1)2 + y2 reduces to

and on putting z = x + iy in alternate (a), then -2x2 = (x - I)2 + x2
(x - 2)2 + (y - l)2 < (x + 2)2 + (y - l)2
=>(x - I)2 + 3x2 = 0 which is not possible. ,(ii)
x>0 [from Eq. (i)]
which is true. From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get z =-----
2
/. Real part of (z + i) = x > 0, i.e., no real and no purely imaginary roots
71 71
then arg(z + i) lies between — and — . i 1
2 2 and z = —f= < 1
n V2
and hence |arg (z + i)|< —
• Ex. 15 Letz-i andz2 be two complex numbers represented
and Im(iz) = Im(i(x - iy)) - Im(y + ix)
by points on circles | z | = 1 and\ z | = 2 respectively, then
- x >0 [from Eq. (i)]
(a) max.| 2z} + z21 = 4 (b) [Link] - z2| = 1
which is true.
2
(c) z2+ — <3 (d) z, + - <2
• Ex. 14 The equation z2 - /| z -112 =0, where i = V-1, has *2

(a) no real root Sol. (a, b, c, d)'

(b) no purely imaginary root jzj = 1 and |z2| = 2
(c) all roots inside |zj = 1 |2Zj + z2|<|2z1| + |z2| = 2|z1| + |z2|
(d) atleast two roots => |2zt + z2| < 2|zj| + |z2| = 2 + 2 = 4
Sol. (a, b, c) |2zi +z2|<4
On putting z = x + iy, we have
tmax.|2zj + z2| = 4 [alternate (a)]
ne
(x + iy)2 - i|x + iy - 1|2 = 0 and 1*1 - *2! ll*il ~ l*zll = |1 “ 2| = 1
e.

|zi-z2|>l
iv

=> x2‘-y2+2ixy-i((x-l)2+y2) = 0
at

[Link]; - z2| = 1 [alternate (b)]

re

On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get 1 1

= |z2| + — = 2 + -1 = 3•>
nc

x2-y2=0 and 2xy = (x - l)2 + y2 z2 + — < |z2| +

1*11 1
ar

*1 *i
Case I When y = x, then 2xy = (x - l)2 + y2 reduces to
.le

kI + -^j*il <3 [alternate (c)]

w

2x2 =(x-l)2 + x2
w
w

0 = -2x + l ■2 2 2 2
and <|Zl|+ -1 = |21| + —=l + - = 2
1 *2 |z2|I 2
*21 1*2
Z1 + -^|<2
[alternate (d)]
z = x + iy = —— ...(i) *21

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 2 solved passages based upon each (b) (ab + ab) (be + bc) + (ca- ca)2 = 0
of the passage 3 multiple choice examples have to be
(c) (ab - ab) (be - be) + (ca + ca)2 = 0
answered. Each of these examples has four choices (a), (b),
(c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. (d) (ab + ab) (be - be) + (ca - ca)2 = 0

Passage I (Ex. Nos. 16 to 18) Sol. (b) v az

az 2 + bz + c = 0 (i)
Consider a quadratic equation az2 + bz + c = 0, where a, b andc az2 + bz + c = 0
are complex numbers. => a(z)2 + bz + c= 0
16. The condition that the equation has one purely For purely imaginary root,
imaginary root, is z = -z
(a) (ab - ab) (be + be) + (cd - ca)2 = 0 Then, az2 -bz + c=0 -(ii)

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From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get Passage II (Ex. Nos. 19 to 21)
z2 z 1 Let P be a point denoting a complex number z on the complex
be + be ca - ca
ca-ca -ab-db plane.
be + be cd - ca i.e. z = Re (z) + i Im (z), where i = -1
=> z = ——— = —=—-----
ca-ca -ab-ab If Re (z) = x and Im (z) =. y, then z = x + iy
(ab + ab)(be + be) + (cd - ca)2 = 0 19. If P moves such that
|Re(z)| + |lm(z)| = a(aE R+)
17. The condition that the equation has one purely real
root, is The locus of P is
(a) (ab + ab) (be - be) = (ca + ca)2 (a) a parallelogram which is not a rhombus
(b) a rhombus which is not a square
(b) (ab - ab) (be + be) = (ca + ca)2
(c) a rectangle which is not a square
(c) (ab - ab) (be - be) - (cd - ca)2 (d) a square
(d) (ab - ab) (be - be) = (ca + ca)2 Sol. (d) •: |Re(z)| + |Im(z)| = a
Sol. (c) v az2 + bz + c = 0 ...(i) => lx| + |y| = a

az2 + bz + c = 0 Y
a
=> a(z)2 + bz + c = 0

For purely real root, z = z X

t 0 a
Then, az2 + bz + c = 0 -(ii)
ne
e.

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get -a

iv

Y'
at

z2 z 1
re

be - be cd - ca ab - ab :. Locus of P is a square.
nc

20. The area of the circle inscribed in the region denoted

ar

be - be ca - ca
=> z = —------
.le

by | Re (z)| + |lm(z)| = 10 equals to

ca - ca ab - ab
w

(a) 50 n sq units (b) 100 7t sq units

w

=> (ab - ab) (be - be) = (ca - ca)2

w

(c) 55 sq units (d) 110 sq units

18. The condition that the equation has two purely Sol. (a) From above, a = 10
imaginary roots, is Diameter of circle = Distance between sides of square
a b c a b c = Length of side of square = a^2 = 10 Vz
(a)- = (b)
a b c a b c or 2r = 10^2
b c c
(c)r = r =5-72
a b c a b c
.’. Area of a circle = Ttr2 = 5071 sq units
Sol. (d) 7 az2 + bz + c = 0 .-(i)
21. Number of integral solutions satisfying the inequality
az2 + bz + c = 0
| Re (z)| +1 Im (z)| < 21, is
=> a(z)2 + bz + c =0 (a) 841 (b) 839
(c) 840 (d) 842
Since, both roots are purely imaginary.
Sol. (c) v |x| + |y| <21 => 0 < |x| + |y| < 20
:. z=-z
Then, az2 - bz 4- c = 0 If x>0,y>0,0<x + y<20

Hence, Eqs. (i) and (ii) are identical. Number of solutions = 21C? = — = 210
a b _c 2
a b c :. Total integral solutions = 4 x 210 = 840

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JEE Type Solved Examples:

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 examples. The answer to each
example is a single digit integer ranging from 0 to 9
(both inclusive).

• Ex. 22 lfz],z2 g C, z\ + z\ G R, z} (z2 -3z2) = 2 and

z2 (3z2 - z2) =11, the value ofz] +z2 is

Sol. (5) We have, Zj (zf - 3z2)= 2 ...(i)

and z2(3z2 - zf) = 11 ...(ii) /+
multiplying Eq. (ii) by i (7-1) and then adding in Eq. (i), we Also, |z-(3 + 5i)| + |z-(5 + lli)| = 475
get represents an ellipse.
- 3ztz2 + i (3z2z2 - z32) = 2 + lli .'. |(3 + 5i) - (5 + 1 li)| = 74 + 36 = 740 < 475

=> (zj + iz2)3 = 2 + lli ...(iii) with foci S](3,5) and S2 (5,11).
Distance between foci = = 740 = 2710 = Diameter of
Again, multiplying Eq. (ii) by (- i) and then adding in Eq. (i),
we get circle
z? - 3zjz2 - i (3z!2z2 - z3) = 2 - lli i.e.,
t 2ae = 2710
=> ae = 710 and 2a = 475 => a = 2^5
ne
=> (Z] - iz2)3 = 2 - lli ,(iv)
e.

ae 1
Now, on multiplying Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get e = — = —j=
iv

a 72
at

(z2 + z2)3 = 4 + 121 = 125 = 53

re

Now, b = - e2) - 2^5. 1 - - | = 710 = Radius of circle

nc

zf + z2 = 5 2j
ar

Centre of the ellipse = Mid-point of and S2

.le

® Ex. 23 The number of solutions of the equations

|z — (4 4-87)| = VTo and\z -(3 +5/)| + ] z -(5 + 11/)| = 475, 3 + 5i + 5 + lli . . .
w

=---------------- = 4 + 8t i.e., (4,8)

w

where i = 7-~1- 2
w

which coincides with the centre of the circle and length of

Sol. (2) Here, \z - (4 + 8i)| = 710 minor-axis is equal to the radius of the circle. Hence, there
represents a circle with centre (4, 8) and radius 710. are only (2) two solutions of the given equations.

JEE Type Solved Examples:

Matching Type Questions
■ This section contains 2 examples. Examples 24 and 25 have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I and four
statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct matching with one or more
statement(s) given in Column II.

® Ex. 24
Column I Column II

(A) If A, and p are the greatest and least values of |z- 1|, if |z + 2 + i|< 1, where i = 7-1, then (p) X + p = rational

(B) If A. and p are the greatest and least values of |z - 21, if |z + i | < 1, where i = f-i, then (q) X + p = irrational

(C) If X and p are the greatest and least values of |z + 2i|, if 1 < |z - 11 < 3, where i = 7-T, then (r) ! X - p = rational
(s) j X - p = irrational

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Sol. (A) -> (q, r); (B) -» (q, r); (C) (p, s) From the figure, the greatest value of|z - 2| = | co|
(A) v \z + 2 + i| < 1 = | co-0| = OB
=> |(z - 1) + (3 + i)| < 1 = OP + PB = 75 +1
=> |co + (3 + i)| < 1 where, co = z - 1 A = Ts +1
From the figure, the greatest value of and the least value of |z — 2| = |co|
\z - 1| = |co| = | co —0| = OB=OP + PB = 710 + 1 = |co-0| = OA = OP - AP= 75 -1
X = Tio + i p = 75-l
y A + p = (75 +1) + (75 - 1) = 275 = irrational
and A - p = (75 + 1) - (75 - 1) = 2 = rational

B Aliter
PT |z + i| < 1
ii |(z - 2) + (2 + i)| < 1
'A
>-x | CO + (2 + i)| < 1
0
where, CD= z -2 (i)
and the least value of |z — 1| = [ co| |C0 + (2 + i)|>||C0|-|2 + i||
= |co-o| =op - ap=7w-1 or |C0 +(2 + i)| > ||(0| - 75| .(ii)
p = 7io-1 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
||co| - 75| < |co + 2 + i| < 1
A + p = (710 + 1) + (710 - 1) = 2710 = irrational t
||cd|-75|<1
ne
and A - p = (710 + 1) - (710 - 1) = 2 = rational
e.

or - 1 < |co| - 75 <1 or 75 — 1 < |co| < 75 +1

Aliter
iv

A = 75 + 1 and p = 75 - 1
at
re

=> |(z-l) + (3 + i)|<l A + p = 2^5 = irrational

nc

=> |u) + (3 + i)|<l

ar

and A - p = 2 = rational
.le

where, co = z - 1 (C) v l<|z-l|<3

w

|co+(3+i)|>||co|-|3 + i|| => 1 < |(z + 2i) - (1 + 2i)| < 3

w

or |(O+(3 + i)|>||co|-7i0| .(ii)

w

l<|(O-(l + 2i)|<3 —(i)

From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get where, (0 = z + 2i
||co| - 710| < |co + 3 + i| < 1
y*
||co|-7io|<i A
or -1 <|co|-7To <1
or Tio -1 < | of < Tio +1
A = 710 + 1 and p = 710 - 1 P/

A + p = 2710 = irrational
A 2l
0
and A - p = 2 = rational ■>x
(B) v |z + i| < 1 8
=> |(z-2) + (2 + f)| < 1
|0)+ (2 + i)| < 1 From the figure, the greatest value of |z + 2i| = | co|
where, CO=z-2 = |0)-O| = OA = OP + PA = 75+3
y A = 3 + 75
and the least value of |z + 2i| = |co|
= |cd-O| = OB = PB-OP = 3~ 75
p = 3 - 75
=> A + p = (3 + 75) + (3 - 75) = 6 = rational
0 and A - p = (3 + 7s) - (3 - 75) = 275 = irrational

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 Downloaded from [Link] Chap 01 Complex Numbers 53

c Ex. 25 = 3 - 3i, 1 + i, - 1 - i, - 3 + 3/
7t 7t 37t 3n
Column I Column II Principal values of arg (z) = -
4’4’ 4’4
(A) If 7(3 - 4/j + 7(- 3-4/) = z, the principal (P) 0
13 + 5 13-5
value of arg (z) can be (where / = 7~i) (B) 7(5 + 120 = ±
2 2 7
(B) If 7(5 + 12z j + 7(- 5 + 12/) = z, the principal (q) = ± (3 + 2i)
value of arg (z) can be (where / = V-l) 4
13- 5 13 + 5^1
7(- 5 + 12i) = ± +i
(C) If 7(-15 + 8/) + 7(- 1S') = z-> the principal (r) 2 2
2 7
value of arg (z) can be (where i = V^I)
= ± (2 + 3i)
(s) z = 7(5 + 12/) + 7(-5 + 12i)
4
= ± (3 + 2i) ± (2 + 3i)
Sol. (A) -> (q, s); (B) -> (q, s); (C) -> (p, r) = 5 + 5i, 1 - i, - 1 + i, - 5 - 5/
' l|z|4Re(2) it it 3it 3it
Principal values of arg (z) = —,
4 4’ 4 ’ 4
2 V 2 )
17 - 15 |17 + 15
= ± ( ll2l + Re(2)
l|z|-Re(gVm (C) 7“ 15 + 8i = ±
2
+i
2
22 V 2 J
= ±(l + 4i)
f 15 + 3 . 5-3
and 7“ 15 “ 8' = J- 15 + 8/ = ± (1 + 4i)
(A) 7(3-4i) = ± ,------------ 1 = ±(2-0
U 2 2 7
t
ne
= ± (1 - 40
f VI5"~ 3
e.

7(-3-4l) = ± z = 7(" 15 + 80 + 7(" 15-8i)

2 J
iv

2
at

= ± (1 + 4i) ± (1 - 4i) = 2,81, - 8i, - 2

re

z = 7(3 - 40 + 7(- 3 - 4/) 71 7t

.'. Principal values of arg (z) = 0, —,---- , it.
nc

z = ± (2 - 1) ± (1 - 2/) 2 2
ar
.le
w

JEE Type Solved Examples:

w
w

Statement I and II Type Questions

■ Directions Example numbers 26 and 27 are Sol. (c) Statement-1
Assertion-Reason type examples. Each of these examples AB = |z1-z2| = |4/| = 4,
contains two statements:
BC = \z2 -z3| = |4| = 4,
Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason)
Each of these examples also has four alternative choices, CD = |z3 -z4| = |-4/| = 4
only one of which is the correct answer. You have to select DA = |z4 -Z1| = |-4| = 4
the correct choice as given below. AC = |z1-z3| = |4 + 4i| = 472
(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 and BD = \zz - z4| = |4 - 4x| = 472
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1
(c) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is false
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true Z4 =-2 + 2/ z, =2 + 2/
Dr------ -71A
• Ex. 26 Consider four complex numbers z, = 2 + 2/,
z2 = 2 - 2/, z3 = - 2 - 2/ and z4 = - 2 + 2/, where i = 7~h X'^ *X
/O
Statement-1 zb z2, z3 and z4 constitute the vertices of a
square on the complex plane because CL------ —JS
Statement-2 The non-zero complex numbers z,z,~ z,-z z3 = -2 - 2i z2 = 2-2i
always constitute the vertices of a square.

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It is clear that, AB = BC = CD = DA and AC = BD => (lzil + |z2|)2 = |Zi|2 + |z2|2 4- 2|zj |z2| cos (0t-02)
Hence, z}, z2, z3 and z4 are the vertices of a square. [from Eq. (i)J
Statement-1 is true. |z1|2+|z2[2+2|z]||z2|
=>
Statement-2 If z = a + ib
= |zi|2 + |z2|2 + 2IzJ|z2| cos (0] -02J
lfa*b
Then, AB = jz - z | = |(a + ib) - (a - ib)| = 2|b| COS(0j - 02) = 1
BC = |z - (- z)| = |z + z| = |a - ib + a + ib\ = 2 |a|
AB # BC *1 Z2 o
Statement-2 is false. 01 ~ 02 — 0
or amp (zi) - amp (z2) = 0
• Ex. 27 Consider z} and z2 are two complex numbers
/. Statement-1 is true.
such that\z} + z21 = || + |z21 Statement-2 Since, zb z2 and 0 (origin) are collinear,
Statement-1 amp(z1)-amp(z2) = 0 then
Statement-2 The complex numbers z3 and z2 are collinear 0 - Zi
amp =0
with origin. 0 -z2
Sol. (b) Statement-1 zi
=> amp — = 0
1^ +z2| = |z1| + |z2| ...(i) kz2.
If amp(zj) = 0] and amp(z2) = 02, then => amp(zj - amp(z2) = 0
|zj +z2|2 =|zi|2 +|z2|2 +2|zi||z2|cos (0, -02) Statement-2 is true, which is not a correct explanation of
Statement-1.
t
ne
e.

Subjective Type Examples

iv
at
re
nc

■ In this section, there are 24 subjective solved examples. Hence, the least value of | z} + z2 | is 19 and the greatest
ar

value of|zj + z2\ is 31.

.le

• Ex. 28 //| z - i Re (z) | = | z - Im (z) |, then prove that z

w

lies on the bisectors of the quadrants, where i = -J-L • Ex. 30 Let S denotes the real part of the complex number
w
w

5 + 2/ 20+5/ , . /— fZ , x .
Sol. Let z = x + iy, where x, y G R and i = z =------- +---------- + 3/, where i = J-1, K denotes the sum
2-5i 7+6/
Re (z) = x and Im (z) = y
Then, | z - i Re (z) | = | z - Im (z) | of the imaginary parts of the roots of the equation
| x + iy - ix = x + iy - y | z2 -8 (1 - /) z + 63 -16/ = 0 andG denotes the value of
[x-i(x-y) = (x-y)-hiy | 2012
Z ir, where i = y-1, find the value ofS - K +G.
7x2 +(x-y)2 =yl(x-y)2 +y2 r=4

x2 + (x - y)2 = (x - y)2 + y2 Sol. For S,

x2 = y2 ory = ± x
(5 + 20 . (20 + 50 ...
=> z =------------- 1--------------- + Jl
(2-5i) (7+6i)
Hence, z lies on the bisectors of the quadrants.
(5 + 2i)(2 + 5i) (20 + 5i)(7-6i)
— -------------------------------- -j--------------------------------------- r Jl

• Ex. 29 Find the greatest and the least values of\ + z2|, 29 85

ifz} = 24 + 7/ and| z2 | = 6, where i = -j-T - 0 * 29f + 170 ~ 85f + 3i

29 85
Sol. v Zj = 24+7i = i + 2 - i + 3i = 2 + 3i
|z,| = 7(24)2+(7)2 =25 Re(z) = 2 .’. S = 2
For K,
||Z1|-|Z2 ||-|Zl+Zz |-I2l l + lZ2 I Put z = x + iy in the given equation, then
I 25 - 6 I < I Zi + z2 | <25+ 6 (x+ iy)2 - 8 (1 - i) (x + iy) + 63 - 16i = 0
or 19<|z,+z2 |<31

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On comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get

• Ex. 32 If arg (z v3) = yarg(z! +z z V3),find the value
x2 -y2 -8(x + y) + 63 = 0 ...(i)
and xy + 4(x-y) = 8 ••■(ii)
1
On substituting the value of x from Eq. (ii) in Eq. (i), we get Sol. We have, arg(z’/3) = - arg(z2 + z z ,/3)
' 2
y4 + 16y3 + ... = 0
2 arg(zI/3) = arg(z2 + z z1/3)
K = -16
2012 2009 arg(z2/3)=arg(z2+zz1/3) [by property]
For G, G = Z ir = Z ir + 3 = i + 0=1 arg(z2 +zz1/3)-arg(z2/3) = 0
r = 4r = 1

S - K + G = 2 - (-16) + 1 = 19 /z2+Fzv3
=> arg =0 [by property]
z2/3
• EX. 31 lf\ z -11 = 1, where z is a point on the argand
arg z4/3
plane, show that ——- = i tan (arg z), where i = V-1.
z
2
=> z4/3 + is purely real.
Sol. Given, | z - 11 = 1 =>
(z-l)(z-l) = l => zz-z-z=0
Im z4/3 + _i_ =0
(z + z) = z z
z
=> — + 1 = z z1/3J
z
?/3 z z
t = z-i (i) z4'3
z +?3 =0
Now, RHS = i tan (arg z) = i
^m (zf t 2i
ne
<Re(z),
e.

z-z
z4'3
iv

2i z—z (z)1'3
at

=i =i
z+z
re

z(z + z)?
z4/3 Jz)^)',1/3 z(z)1'3
nc

2 = (z)'
T7
lzl 73 I
lzll 2/3
ar

i-1
z-2
.le

z-z _ z (z - 1) -1
=------ [from Eq. (i)] [vz1/3 (z),/3=(zz)l’1/3=|z|2/3]
w

z+z (z - 1) + 1 z
r+1
w

z 1
w

=>z4Z3 -(z)4/3 ((z)4'3 -(z)4'3 ) = 0

= LHS ilZi^"
l
Aliter
We have, | z - 1 | = 1 i.e.(z - 1) is unimodular, so we can take 1
{z4Z3 -(i)4/3 } 1- =0
z -1 = cos 0 + i sin0 I |2/3

z - 2 = - 1 + cos0 + i sin0
lZl .
2 0 0
= - 2 sin — + 2i sin — cos —
0 IZ|2/3=1 [•■•z*z]
2 2 2 Therefore, |Z| = 1
0
= 2i22 sin22—6+ 2i sin
.6— cos —
2 2 2 • Ex. 33 C is the complex numbers f;C—»Ris defined by
n z3 - z + 2 . Find the maximum value off (z), if
or
0. . e)
z - 2 = 2z sin — cos — + 1 sin — ...(i) f(z) =
2 2 2J |z| = !.
and z = 1 + cos0 + isin0 Sol. v |Z| = 1
20 .000
= 2 cos — + 2i sin — cos — z = e'e
22 : 2
••• f (e **) = | e 3® -el6 + 2 e2® (^ iG) + 2|
, 0 0f 00
z = 2 cos — I cos — + 1 sin — • 09>l •••(ii)
2k 2 2/ = |e2'0 • 2i sinQ + 2
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
= (cos20 + isin20)-2isin0+2 |
z -2 . 0
------ = 1 tan — = (2-2 sin20 sin0) + 2i sin0 cos20 |
z---------- 2
z —2 = 21 (1 - sin20 sin0) + i sin0 cos20 |
Therefore,----- = i tan (arg z) [v arg (z)= 0/2 from Eq. (ii)]
z = 2 ^(1-sin 20 sin 0)2 +(sin0 cos20)2

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= 2 -J(l + sin2 0 - 2 sin0 sin20) II. Aliter

Here, OA = OB ■(0
= 2 -Jl + sin20 (1-4 cos0)
From Rotation theorem,
= 2.J1 + (1 - cos0)(l + cos0)(l - 4 cos0) Zj - 0 -
— c-2ni/3
z2 -0 OB
For maximum value, cos0 = - - v cos6 £ - 1,1.- ( 271 .. 271
2 4 = cos----- F i sin — [from Eq. (i)]
Z2 <3 3 ,
3
Maximum value of/(z) =2-1 + |1(3) = V13 _ 1 m/3
2 2J =>
^2 2 2
• Ex. 34 Prove that the complex numbers z^ and z2 and
27T
271 _ ——— ■■■(ii)
the origin form an isosceles triangle with vertical angle—, if z2 2j 2
2 , 2 , 3
Zi +z2 4 On squaring both sides in Eq. (ii), we get
2 2 Z]2 1 z, 3
Sol. Given, Zj + Z2 + ZjZ2 = 0 _L. + _ + _L = -_
(Zj - coz2) (Z] - (02zz) = 0 z2 4 z2 4
2 2
z1 = 0)z2 orz1 = (D z2 ^+^+1=0
z22 z2
In the first case, (z^ = | coz21 => |zj| = | co||z21 |z,|=hl 2 2 -
Hence, two sides equal Z] + z,z2 + z2 =0
2 2
amp(zj)= amp(to)z2 = amp (to) + amp(z2) t Zi + z2 + ZjZ2 = 0
. , 2n . .
ne
amp(Zj) = — + amp(z2)
• Ex. 35 Ifcl = e 2111,71 where i = -J-1 and
e.
iv

=> amp(z1)-amp(z2) = y 20 k
at

/(x) = A o + E A k x , then find the value of

re

k=1
nc

/ So, the angle between two sides is —.

f (x) + f (ax) + / (a2 x) +... + / (a6 x) independent ofa.
ar
.le

Similarly, the other case Sol..- a = e2nil7

w

I. Aliter
w

a'7 _
=e„21ti
‘'“ = cos2tc + i sin27t = 1 + 0=1 or a = (1)1/7
w

Given, z2 + zf + Z]Z2 = 0
1,a,a2,a3,a4,a5,a6 are the seven,7throots ofunity.
(zj - (0z2) (Zj - (D2z2 ) = 0
20 20
2 v/(x) = Ao + £ Akxk = Y Akxk
zx = 0)z2 or zx = co z2
k=1 k-0
In the first case, zx = toz2
2ni Now, / (x) + /(ax) + f (a2x) + ... + /(a6x)
(z1-0) = (z2-0)e2’ti/3 vw=e 3 2°
= £ AfcXfc[((l)fc + (a)fc +(a2)* + ...+ (a6)fc]
k-0
=> OA = OBe2,t‘/3
= Ao x° (7) + Ay x 7(7) + A14 x14 (7)
—* —* - 2n
i.e., OA is obtained by rotating OB through angle of —. = 7 (Aq + Ay X7 + A14 x14)
3
O
v (1/ + (a )fc + (a2 )* +... + (a6 /
2n/3
7, k is multiple of 7
0, k is not multiple of 7
B(z2) A(zy)
2n • Ex. 36 Show that all the roots of the equation
OA = OB and [Link] = —
3 a-iZ3 + a2 z2 +a3z +a4 =3, (where\ a-t | < 1, / = 1,2,3,4) lie
Thus, triangle formed by z„ z2 and origin is isosceles with
, , 2tc outside the circle with centre at origin and radius 2/3.
vertical angle —. Sol. Given that, a}z3 + a2z2 + a3z + a4 = 3

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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 57

We have, | 3 | = a{z3 + a2z2 + a3z + a41 On squaring both sides, we get

2
3 < | ajZ3
+1 a3z
+ \a2z2 <?iz24 = _4si„z“ a . . a
cos — + i sin —
(z2-z,)2 2 2 2
3<|aj 11 z31 +1 a2 ||z2| + ||a,||z| + |a,|
= - 4 sin2 — (cos d + zsin d)
=> 3 < | fll || z |3 + | a2 11 z |2 +1 a3 11 z | + | a4 | 2
[from De-Moivre’s theorem]
3< |z|3 + |z|2+|z| + l [•.•|a<|<l]
*3 ~Z1
3 < 1 +1 z |+1 z |2 +1 z |3 < 1+1 z | +1 z |Z +1 z |3 +... [from Eq. (ii)]
(z2 - Zj) 2 z2 - Z]
3<l + |z| + |z|2 + |z|3 + ...
Therefore, (z2 - z3)2 = 4 sin2 (d /2)(z3 - Zj)(Z] - z2)
1 Aliter , .
=> 3 <
!-|z| it a
• i-kl ZzABC =
• 1 2 2 2
=>
• 3 3
■ =>

;-bl<o
•

From Coni method, we have

=> |z |>2/3 or|z-0|>2/3 .(n a)
Z1 ~z2 = ABe'lriJ
Hence, all the roots lie in the exterior of circle, z3 — z2 BC
|z-0| = 2/3.
and ZACB = 71 _ a I
• Ex. 37 If A, B andC represent the complex numbers 2 2J
z-i, z2 andz3 respectively on the complex plane and the From Coni method, we have
.(n a A
z2 - z3 BC , i\2--------2)
t
ne
angles at B and C are each equal to —(it- a), then prove (ii)
2 zx - z3 AC
e.

a
iv

On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get

that(z2-z3)2 =4(z3 -z1)(z1 -z2)sin2
at

2
2 (Zz-Zj)2 = (8C)2 = rBC
re

[v AB = AC]
nc

Sol. It is given that, (z3 - zl)(z1 - z2) AB-AC VAB

ar

7C a / \2
.le

ZzABC = ZACB = -
2 2 sind
w

[using sine rule]

w

=> /.A- a.
sin f71 _ d
w

AC = AB ...(i) I2 2
So, A ABC is an isosceles triangle.
\2
Considering rotation of AB about A through angled, we get • —
o2sm a I cos a
12 ) 2
= 4 sin2
a

A
>4(21)
fd^ 2
cos
2 7
Therefore, (z2 ~z3)2 = 4(z3 -zt)(zt - z2)sin2 a/2

• Ex. 38 lfz} and z2 are two complex numbers such that

A2 2 2 2]\
S(22) C(z3) Zy -Z2
= 1, then prove that — =k, where k is a real
Z3 ~ Z1 -e ia z2
Z2 -Zi number. Find the angle between the lines from the origin to
the points z^ + z2 andz} - z2 in terms ofk.
——— = cosd + i sind •(ii) zl~z2
z2 - Zi Sol. (i) Given, =1
zl +z2
Z, — Zi
—------ - 1 = cosd - 1 + i sind
z2 -Z1
=> £2__ = 1
Z3 - Z2 „ . 2d . d d
=> --------- = - 2 sin — + 2i sm— cos — *+l
z2 - Zj-------------- 2 2 2 z2
z3 -z2 _. . d f d
d ^ . . dd>
or --------- = 2i sin — | cos — + i sm — | -.(iii) => —+ 1
z2 — Zj-------------- 2 2 2 (i)
z2 z2

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Textbook of Algebra

On squaring Eq. (i) both sides, we have (ii) Now, let the angle between OB and OA be 0, then from
2 2 Coni method,
Z1
+ 1 - 2 Re h. Z1 + 1 + 2 Re Z1 Z] + z2 - 0 OB
Z2 Z2 z2 z2 = ---- e to
Zj - z2 - 0 OA
Zj_
4 Re =0 Zj +Z2
z2
21-^2
=> — is purely imaginary number
22 "zi + z2
=> [from Eq. (i)]
<21 - Z2
=> — can be written as i — = k, where k is a real number.
z2 z2
(ii) Let 0 be the angle between z} — z2 and zt +z2 , then
IM22__ = 6® - ki +1
[from Eq. (ii)]
=> ---------- = e
Q(zi + z2) ^-1 — ki — 1
<Z2 >
fi(Zl+Z2)

P(Z1-Z2)

0 A(z1-z2)
Z] + z2 £2___ ' - ik 4-1
9 = arg = arg = arg -1 + ki
ik — 1 i0
Z1 - z2 *-l —------- = e
1 + ki
< Z2 t
ne
(k2 -1 + 2ik (-l + ki)(l-ki)_c
{ -1 + ik
e.

= arg --------- = arg (l + ki)(l-ki)

I 1 + ik k2 +1
iv
at

(k2 -1) 2ki iQ

- - +------ ~ =2 e
re

2k
Therefore, 0 = tan 1 (k2 +1)) 1 + k
nc

k2-l
ar

k2 - 1
Re (e|B) = cos0 = —-----
.le

21 ~ Z2
Aliter (i) Given, =1 ...(i) k2 + 1
w

Z1 +z2
2k
w

and Im(e'9) = sin0 =

w

21 ~ Z2 _ cosa + i sina
Let k2 +1
Zj +z2 1
2k
(Zi -Z2) + (Zi +Z2) _ 1 + cosa + i sina tan 0 =
=> [by k2 -1
(Zj +z2)-(z1 -z2) 1 - cosa - i sina /
2k
componendo and dividendo] Therefore, 0 = tan 1
kk2-ly
a a a
2 cos2 + 2i sin cos
h. ^2 ,2 2
=>
a a a • Ex. 39 If z = x + iy is a complex number with rational x
Z2 2 sin2 - 2i sin cos
2 2 2 and y and | z | = 1, then show that\z 2n-1 is a rational
r
n Ia a a number for every ne N.
2 cos — cos + i sin
12 2 2 _7 Sol. Since, | z | = 1, where z is unimodular
=>
-2i sinl -
12
cos
a
2
+ i sin —2 1J z = cos0 + isin0
As x and y are rational, cos 0, sin0 are rationals
Ja
cot — /. |z2n-l 1= ) = lz -z~n
zi_ = _ 1 I z") 1
z2 = 1 2i sin n0 |
= 2 sin n0 |
= - cot — = k (say) = real
Z2 <2 J Since, sinn0 is rational, therefore | z,2n - 1 is a rational

Hence, i^=k (ii) number.

Z2

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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 59

• Ex. 40 If a is a complex number such that\ a | = 1, then Therefore, z lies on the right bisector of the segment
connecting the points 0 + i - 0 and - 1 + 0- i. Thus,
find the value ofa, so that equation az2 + z +1 = 0 has one
Re (z) = - 1 / 2. Hence, roots are collinear and will have
purely imaginary root. their real parts equal to - 1 / 2. Hence, sum of the real parts
Sol. We have, az2 + z + 1 = 0 (i) of roots is I —- (n — 1) I
I 2 J
On taking conjugate both sides, we get
Aliter
az2 + z + 1 = 0
z" = (z + l)n
=> a(z)2 + z + 1 = 0
=> =1 or — = (l)1/n
a (-z)2 + (—z) + 1=0 z 7 Z

[since, z is purely imaginary, z = - z] = (cosO + isin0)1/n

or az2- z + l= 0 ...(ii) = (cos2rn + i sin2rn),1/n
Eliminating z from Eqs. (i) and (ii) by cross-multiplication 2m I • • ( 2rn I
rule, we get 1 + - = cos + i sin --- = e 2rni/n
z n 7 \ n 7
(a — a)2 + 2 (a + a) = 0 rni
2rniln nr
On dividing each by 4, we get or - = (e - 1) = e n -2isin
2
z n
a-a a+a
I + =0 1 1__
nr i
2 2 or z=- i-— •e n
2 2 ( nr
Ia-a a+a sin
et
+ =0 n
I 2i 2
.n

nr . . nr
e

- (Im (a))2 + Re (a) = 0 cos------ i sin —

iv

or ...(in) n n
at

Given, 1-1=1 2 . nr
re

sin —
nc

Let a = cosa + i sina n

ar

Re (a) = cosa, Im (a) = sina

Re(z) = - - [here r £ 0]
.le

Then, from Eq. (iii), we get 2

w

-sin a+cosa=0 or cos a + cosa-1 = 0 where, r = 1,2,3, ,n-l

w
w

1 1
cos a =
-1 ± ym Sum of real parts of z = - 1 , - 1)tunes
(n
2 2
2
75-1 2
Only feasible value of cos a =
2
Hence, a = cosa + i sina • Ex. 42 Prove that the angle between the line a z + a z = 0
/
where, a = cos-1 and its reflection in the real axis is
\ 2 7 2 Re (a) Im (a)
9 = tan (Im(a))2-(Re(a))2 "
• Ex. 41 lfneN>1, find the sum of real parts of the roots
Sol. Let z = x + iy, then equation a z + a z = 0 can be written as
of the equation zn = ( z +1)n.
(a + a) x + i (a - a) y = 0
Sol. The equation zn = (z + l)n will have exactly n -1 roots. (a + a a-a
We have, y=0
2 2i
n
z +1 Z + 1Y {Re (a)}x + {Im (a)} y = 0
1=1=^ =1'1
z z
/. Slope of the given line (m) = -
|z + l {Im (a)}
=> 1=1
1*1 Then, tan (180°—<f>) = -
{Im (a)}
tan 0
{Im (a)}
Iz+1 = z|
=> z -0 | Hence, angle between the given line and its reflection in
real axis

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wA
zP = 20 (cos 0 + i sin 6) =20
5 5J
ro
c zP = 12 + 16/
CD
% CD
Similarly, zQ = - 12 + 16/
E
From the figure, E is the point with least modulus and D is
"0 the point with maximum modulus.
*- Real axis
0 Hence, zE = OE = OC - EC = 25/ - 15/ = 10/
x. —> —> —>
and zD = OD = OC + CD = 25/ + 15/ = 40/
2 tan 0
= 20 = tan-1 {tan20} = tan
1 - tan2 0 • Ex. 44 Two different non-parallel lines meet the circle
| z | = r in the points a, b and c, d, respectively. Prove that these
2 {Re(a)}
= tan
{Im(g)|
= tan
2 Re (a) Im (a) Lil
lines meet in the point z given byz= -——------ ------- —,
t {Re(a)}2 (Im(0)}2 -(Re(<.)}2 a-1b
where a, b, c, d are complex constants.
{Im(0)}2
Sol. Let two non-parallel straight lines PQ, RS meet the circle
\z | = r in the points a, b and c, d, then
• Ex. 43 Among the complex numbers z which satisfies |a| = r,|b| = r,|c| = r and|d| = r
| z — 25/1 < 15, find the complex numbers z having
P a
(i) least positive argument. b S
(ii) maximum positive argument.
z
(Hi) least modulus. d Q
t
ne

(iv) maximum modulus. R c

e.
iv

Sol. The complex numbers z satisfying the condition or |a|2 = |b|2 = |c |2 = |d|2 = r 2
at

\z - 2511 < 15 ...(i)

re

/ aa=bb = cc = dd = r2
nc

r 2 - 2r rr22 - r2
ar

D 40/ a = —, b = —, c - — -and d = —
.le

Tangent from a b c d
w

/ origin For line PQ, points a, band z are collinear, then

w

C 25i
w

z z 1
"O'
0 P a a 1 =0
E/ b b 1
AoY z (a - b) - z (a - b) + (ab - ab) = 0
0 A/ 2\ f 2 .
=> Z ^2 - —
r • ar2 br' 2
-z(a-b) + --------- = 0
are represented by the points inside and on the circle of \~a ~b J Ib a
radius 15 and centre at the point C (0,25). On dividing both sides by(b - a), we get
The complex numbers having least positive argument and 2 2

maximum positive arguments in this region are the points — z + z----- (a + b) = 0

ab ab
of contact of tangents drawn from origin to the circle.
z z (a + b)
Here, 0 = Least positive argument => — + —------ < = 0
ab r2 ab
and 0 = Maximum positive argument
Similarly, for line RS, we get
/. In AOCP, OP = yl(OC)2 ~(CP)2= 7(25)2 -(15)2 = 20
z z (c + d)
— + — - -------- = 0 (ii»
. OP 20 4 cd r2 cd
and sm 0 = —■ = — = —
OC 25 5 On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
4 4 _1 1_^ (a + b) (c + d)
tan 0 = — => 0 = tan z 0
3 3 ab cd) ab cd
Thus, complex number at P has modulus 20 and argument z (a^b-1 - c~\Tl) = a + b~'-c -/T1
4
0 = tan a 1 + b' - c~* - d
3 Therefore, z=—
a-1b - c~ld~x
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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 61

• Ex. 45 Ifn is an odd integer but not a multiple of 3, th en Sol. (i) Since, |z-l| + |z + l| = 4
prove that xy (x + y) (x 2 + y2 + xy) is a factor of i.e., (distance of z from the point 1 + 0 • i) + (distance
(x + y)n -xn-yn. of z from the point - 1 + 0- i) = 4 (constant)
i.e., The sum of the distances of z from two fixed
Sol. We have, xy (x + y) (x2 + y2 + xy) = xy (x + y)
points 1 + 0-i and - 1 + 0-i is constant, which is the
(x - coy)(x - CO2y) definition of an ellipse.
n
and let f(x, y) = (x + y)n - x -yn ...(i) Therefore, locus of z satisfying the given condition
On putting x = 0 in Eq. (i), we get will be an ellipse with foci at 1 + 0 • i and - 1 + 0 • i and
_f(0, y) = y" - 0 - y" = 0 centre at origin.
(ii) Given that,
/. x - 0 is a factor of Eq. (i).
On putting y = 0 in Eq. (i), we get arg(z + i) - arg(z - i) = -
2
/(x,0) = xn -x" =0 I z + i [ 7T
or arg ----- 7 =
y - 0 is a factor of Eq. (i). Iz-ij 2
On putting x = - y in Eq. (i), we get
Let the points A and B have affixes i and - i and the
f(-y.y) = (-y + y)n ~(-y)n -y" point P has affix z. Then, Eq. (i) can be written as
= 0 - (- y)n - yn= yn -yn = 0 [because n is odd] (7 + /
[Link] = - ••• [Link] = arg -----
:. x + y is a factor of Eq. (i). 2 Iz-i
On putting x = COy in Eq. (i), we get
Thus, locus of P(z) is such that the angle subtended at
f (o)y, y) = (oiy + y)' - (uyf - y" 71
P by the line joining points A and B is —. This is the
t
ne
= y"[(<o+l)"-<tl'-l]
e.

definition of a circle with diameter AB.

= y" [(-co2)" -erf* -1)1 [v 1 + C0+ CO2 =0]
iv

Yf
at

= - y“ {co2” + of + 1) [because n is odd]

re

Atf
nc

Since, n is odd but not a multiple of 3, then n = 3k + 1 or

P(z)
ar

n = 3k + 2, where k is an integer. jt/2

.le

co2n + of + 1 = 0 [in both cases] ...(ii)

w

>X
0
w

/(coy,y) = 0
w

x - coy is a factor of Eq. (i).

On putting x = CO2y in Eq. (i), we get
fi(-0
f (w2y. y) = (w2y + y)" - (co2y)n - yn
= y" {(co2 + 1)" - co2" - 1} Therefore, locus of point z is a circle with diameter AB
and centre at origin with radius 1.
= yn {(- -0)2" -1}
(iii) We have, 1 <\z - 2 - 3/ | < 4 represents a circle with
= - yn {of + co2" + 1} [because, n is odd]
centre at (2,3) and radius r e (1, 4).
=0 [from Eq. (ii)]
x - co2y is a factor of Eq. (i).
Combining all the factors, we get
1/ :4.
(x - 0) (y - 0) (x + y) (x - coy)(x - co2y) c/_
(2.3)
Therefore, xy (x + y) (x2 + xy + y2) is a factor of
/(x,y) = (x + y)"-x"-yn.

• Ex. 46 Interpret the following equations geometrically on

Since, |z - 2 - 3i | > 1 represents the region in the
the Argand plane.
plane outside the circle.
(i) |z-1| + |z + 1| = 4 (ii) arg(z +/)-arg(z -/) = — |z-2-3i| = l ...(i)
and |z — 2 — 3i | < 4 represents the region inside circle.
(Hi) l<|z — 2 — 3/1 <4 (iv) — < arg (z) < —
4 3 |z-2-3i| = 4 ...(ii)
|z-1| + 4 Hence, 1 < |z - 2 - 3i | < 4 represent the angular space
(v) logcosn/3
3|z-1|-2 between the two circles (i) and (ii).

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, 7t , . 71 On multiplying Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

(iv) We have, — < arg (z) < —
4 3 (zi -z2)(z2 ~z3) = (zi -z3)2
Let z = x + iy => arg (z) = tan y_ 222
X or Zi + z2 + z3 = Z]Z2 + z2 z3 + z3Z!

Y| Hence, the triangle whose vertices are zb z2 andz3 is

A equilateral.
Similarly, it can be shown that the triangle whose vertices
are Zj', z2' and z3' is also equilateral.
n/
A/
• Ex. 48 Show that the triangle whose vertices are
z1, z 2, z3 and z-f, z2', z3' are directly similar, if
z, z/ 1
n/3 71/4
0 z2 z2' 1 = 0.
X
*3 Z3' 1
The given inequality can be written as
Sol. Let A, B, C be the points of affix Zj, z2, z3 and A',B', C be
n y 71
— < tan the points of affix z1/,z2',z3/.
4 X 3
Since, the triangles ABC and A'B'C' are similar, if
7t y it
=> tan — < — < tan — BC= XB'C'
4 x 3
i.e., (z3 - z2) = X(z3' - z2') •W
=, 1<Z< 3
X and
t CA = XC'A'
ne
=> x <y < y/3 x i.e., (zj -z3) = X(z1/-z3') (ii)
e.
iv

This inequality represents the region between the lines

at

A>i')
y = x and y = -fix
re

A(z0
nc

lz ~ 11 + 4 .
ar

(v) We have, logCOSJt/3-

3|z-l|-2 '
.le

/V \\
w

' lz ~ 1| + 4 ,
w

or I°gl/2
w

3|z-l|-2 8(Z2) C(z3) B'fo') C'(z3')

lz~l| + 4 <1 On dividing Eq. (i) by Eq. (ii), we get
3|z-l|-2 2 z3 -z2 z3'-z2'
or 2|z-l| + 8<3|z-l|-2 Z1 — z3 Z1 — z3

|z — 11 > 10 => z3(z1'-z3')-z2(zl'-z3')

Hence, the inequality represents exterior of a circle of = Zi (z3' - z2')-z3 (z3' - z2')
radius 10 with centre at (1,0). => z^z2' -z3')~z2 (zl'~z3') + z3 (zl/-z2/) = 0
Z1 zl' 1
• Ex. 47 Show that the triangles whose vertices are Hence, z2 Z2' 1 = 0
zb z2, z3 andzf z2',z3' are equilateral, if
z3 z3 1
(zj -z2)(z/-z2')=(z2 -z3)(z2'-z3')
Aliter
=(z3-zf)(z3'-zf)
Since, AABC and AA'B'C' are similar.
Sol. From the first two relations, we have
If AB BC
Z1 ~ Z1 z2 - z3 and ZABC = ZA/B'C'=a [say]
/ / /__ / A'B' ~ B'C'
z2 — Z3 Zj z2
(zj -z2) + (z2 -z3) = Zi -z3
Then, from Coni method in AABC and AA'B'C', we have
zi ~ z2 AB ja
(z2 — z3 ) "b (Z1 — z2 ) Z1 — Z3 -------- =— e ■(0
z3 - zz BC
Z1 ~ z2 _ Z1 ~~ Z3
...(i) z/ - z2 A'B' ia
Z2 ~ z3 Z1 - z3 and (ii)
z3'-z2 B'C'
Also, from the last two relations
(z2 "z3)(z2/ -Z3/) = (Z3 ~zl)(z3' ~zl') ...(ii)
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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 63

AB BC AB _ A'B' => (fliz, + a3z3) = ~(a2z2 + a4z4) -(ii)

Since,
A'B' B'C' BC ~ B'C' On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (i), we get
GjZ] 4" G3Z3 ^2*^2 @4^4
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get ——— = —— (Hi)
z3 — z2 z3 — z2 Gj 4" G3 ^2 @4
Zj z/ 1
Eq. (iii) implies that point O divides PR in the ratio a3:
On simplifying as in 1st method, we get z2 z2 1 =0 and O divides QS in the ratio a4 : a2.
z3 z3' 1 Let OR = ajc, OP = a3k, OQ = a4l, OS = a2l
Now, in AOPQ,
• Ex. 49 If (x) is the nth root of unity and zb z2 are any two (PQ)2 = (OP)2 + (OQ)2 - 2 (OP) (OQ) cos 0
complex numbers, then prove that
n -1 => lzi “ z2|2 - aih2 + a2/2 - 2a3a4lk cos 0
2
£ 2i+®/ z2 = n {| z, |2 +| z2 |2}, where nE N.
<2^2 \zi - z212 = a!a2a2fc2 + a^afl2
k=0
-2ala2a3a4lk cos 0
Sol. If 1, cq co2, co3, of-1 are the n, nth roots of unity, then
n-1 n -1 _ Similarly, a3a4 |z3 - z412 = a3a4a2k2 + a3a4a2l2
E of =0 and E (co/ =0 - 2a1a2a3a4/fc cos 0
k=0 k=0
n-1
From given condition, \zx - z212 = a3a4 |z3 - z412

LHS = SJz, + afZ2|2 O'?

:. axa2 a3k +
0 0 0
a4l = a3a4at k + a3a4a21
0 0 0

n -1 => h a3at (a2a3 — ala4) = I a2 a4 (a2 a3 — ala4)

= X (z1 + o/z2)(z1+(co/z2)
et
k=0 => (a1fc)(a3fc) = (a2Z)(a4/)
.n

n -1
OP OR = OQ-OS •
e

= E {z^+ZiZ2 (co/+ZjZ2 ci/+z2z2 (ci/)(co/}

iv

k -0 So, P, Q, R and S are concyclic.

at

n-1 n-1 n-1 n-1

re

= E |Z1|2 + E zjz2(co/ + E z^of + E |z21 2 • Ex. 51 Ifa andfi are the roots of
nc

k=0 k=0 k=0 k=0

ar

z + — = 2 (cos 0 + z sin 0), where 0 < 0 < n and i = V-1,

n-1 n-1 n-1 n-1
.le

= |Zj12 E I + ZjZz E (oj)fc+ZiZ2 E (co/ + |z2l2 E 1 show that |a - /1 = |P - /1.

w

k=0 k=0 k=0 k=0

w
w

Sol. Since, z + - = 2 (cos 0 + i sin0)

= n|z1|2 +0 + 0 +n|z |2 [fromEq. (i)] z
= n{|zi|!+N2)=RHS z + - = 2e 10 => z2 - 2e ®z + 1 = 0
z
4 4 2e -4)
• Ex. 50 Let E a: = 0 and E a jzj = 0, then prove that z=—
ij = 1 2____
zb z2, z3 and z4 are concyclic, if z = e ® ± -J(e2i0 - 1) => z = e ,0± ^el0-2i sin0
0^2\z}-z2\2 =a3a4 |z3 -z412 => z-i = e'0-i ±-Je,0-2i sin0
4
■ie--iK,2)±7ei(0+n/2)-2sin0
= (e--e
Sol. •; E at =0
i=i PW
‘IM
= el2 4j •2isin^2
f- -1 e/2+ s/4
±e ( ^^sinO

ea _ e i(0/2+Jt/4) 2fsinf— - — 1 ± ^2sin0 ■

0(22) 2 4
o\>
re S(Z4)
2
|z-i|=l- 4sin — - — | + 2 sin 0
2 4J

fl(z3) I IA K
□i + tz2 + a3 + a4 = 0 = 2 1 - cos 0---- + 2 sin 0
V I V 2
=> (ai + a3) = -(a2 + a4) ■(i)
4 - ^2-2sin0 + 2sin0 =
and E ajZ. = 0
j=i |a -i|=|P -i|= ^2 [here, a,p are two values of z-i]
+ a2 z2 + a3z3 + a4z4 =0

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g Complex Numbers Exercise 1:

Single Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 30 multiple choice questions. 8. Let a and b be two fixed non-zero complex numbers and
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of z is a variable complex number. If the lines
which ONLY ONE is correct az + az + l = 0andbz + bz-l=0are mutually
1. If cos (1 - i) = a + ib, where a, b g R and i = -j-I, then perpendicular, then
(a) 0 = l| e —n cos 1, b = - I 1
sin 1
(a) ab + ab = 0 (b) ab - ab = 0
eJ 21 e (c) ab - ab =0 (d) ab + ab = 0
1 i .
(b) a = l e + cos 1, b = - e — sin 1 87C + i sin | — |, where i = J-l, then
«. e> 2 ey 9. If a = cos
11 Ml/
P , 1
(c) a = - e + - < 1, b = - | e + - | sin 1
cos Re(a + a2 + a3 +a4 +a5)is
2 „ e, 2 ej
( f (a)l (b)-l (c)0 (d) None of these
(d) a = - e — | cos 1, b = - e — I sin
• 1
1 2 2
2 \ e. 1 2 ej
10. The set of points in an Argand diagram which satisfy both
2. Number of roots of the equation z10 -z5 -992 = 0, where
real parts are negative, is |z|< 4and0< arg(z)<—, is
3
(a) 3 (b) 4 (c) 5 (d) 6
(a) a circle and a line (b) a radius of a circle
3. If z and z represent adjacent vertices of a regular (c) a sector of a circle
t (d) an infinite part line
ne
polygon of n sides with centre at origin and if
11. If /(x) = g(x3) + x/i(x3)is divisible by x 2 + x +1, then
e.

h” = 72-1, the value of n is equal to

iv

(a) g(x) is divisible by (x -1) but not h(x)

at

Re(z)
re

(a) 2 (b) 4 (b) /i(x) is divisible by (x -1) but not g(x)

(c)6 (d) 8
nc

(c) both g (x) and h (x) are divisible by (x - 1)

ar

4. If fl e lpQ = 1, where FI denotes the continued product (d) None of the above
.le

p=i
12. If the points represented by complex numbers
w
w

and i = the most general value of 0 is z, = a + ib, z2 = c + id and Zj _ Zz collinear, where

w

2nn , _. 2nit
(a) --------- , n g I (b)
(b) ,ngI i= then
r(r-l)------------------------ r(r + l)
(a) ad + be = 0 (b) ad - be = 0
4nrt • ... 4nn (c) ab + cd = 0 (d) ab - cd = 0
(c) --------- , n G 1I (d)
(d) ,nGI
r(r-l)------------------------ r(r + l)
13. Let C denotes the set of complex numbers and R is the
(where, n is an integer)
set of real numbers. If the function f: C —> R is defined
5. If (3 + i) (z + z) - (2 + i) (z - z) +14 i = 0, where i = -yf-l, by /(z) = |z|, then
thenzz is equal to (a) f is injective but not surjective
(a) 10 (b) 8 (b) f is surjective but not injective
(c) - 9 (d) - 10 (c) f is neither injective nor surjective
(d) f is both injective and surjective
6. The centre of a square ABCD is at z = 0, A is zP Then,
14. Let a and 0 be two distinct complex numbers, such that
the centroid of AABC is
[ a | = | P |. If real part of a is positive and imaginary part
(a) Zj (cos K ± i sin it) (b) y (cos it ± i sin n)
of P is negative, then the complex number
... z} (a + P) / (a - P) may be
(c) Z] cos — ± i sin — (d) — cos — ± i sin —
\ 2 2. 3 V 2 2. (a) zero (b) real and negative
(where, i = yf—1) (c) real and positive (d) purely imaginary
15. The complex number z, satisfies the condition
3-i , where i = J-l, then(i101 , 101x103 25
7. If z = +Z ) equals z----- = 24. The maximum distance from the origin of
2 z
to
coordinates to the point z, is
(a) iz (b)z
(a) 25 (b) 30
(c)z (d) None of these
(c) 32 (d) None of these
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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 65

16. The points A, B and C represent the complex numbers ( 2 "l

z,------
z1,z2,(l-i)z1 + iz2 respectively, on the complex plane
23. If arg l2l = —K and------
z
zx =3, then |zj equals to
(where, i = J-l ). The AABC, is z 2 1*1
(a) isosceles but not right angled < l2l )
(b) right angled but not isosceles (a) ^3 (b)2>/2 (c) V10 (d) V26
(c) isosceles and right angled
24. If |z -2 - i | = |z | sin - argz | , where i = ■>/-!, then
(d) None of the above
4
17. The system of equations | z +1 - i | = V2 and | z | = 3 has locus of z, is
(where, i = (a) a pair of straight lines (b) circle
(c) parabola (d) ellipse
(a) no solution (b) one solution
(c) two solutions (d) None of these 25. If 1, Zj.Z2.Z3,..., zn_j are then, nth roots of unity, then
n-Z x
18. Dividing f(z) by z - i, we obtain the remainder 1 - i
is
and dividing it by z + z, we get the remainder 1 + i. r=l
(3-zr)’
Then, the remainder upon the division of /(z) by z2 +1, n-3"-1 1 n-3 *
(a) +- (b) ---------- 1
is 3" -1 2 3n -1
(a) i + z (b) 1 + z n-3"-1
(c) 1 - z (d) None of these (c) -------- + 1 (d) None of these
3" -1
19. The centre of the circle represented by | z +11 = 21 z - 11
26. If z = (3 + 7z) (X + z'p), when X, |1 e I - {0} and z = -J-T,
et
on the complex plane, is
.n

is purely imaginary then minimum value of | z |2 is

(b)f
e

(a)0 (b);
iv

(a) 0 (b) 58
at

(c)^ (d) 3364

(4 (d) None of these
re
nc

1/9 .91/27 27. Given, z = /(x) + ig (x), where i = V-l and

ar

.91/9
20. Ifx = 91/3-9 -91/27...~,y = 41/3 •4-1/9 •4 1/27 ...00and
.le

00 f, g: (0,1) -> (0,1) are real-valued functions, which of the

w

z = y (1 + z)-r, where i = then arg(x + yz)is following hold good?

w

r=1 /
I 1 ]
w

(a) z = —J— 1_ 1
(b)z =
equal to 1 - ix k1 + ix. 1 + ix [1 -ixj
(a)0 (b)-tan-1[Tj (c)z =
1 ( 1
(d)z = -L_ + i J — LX J
' 1 j
1 + ix 11 + ix 1 -ix

(c) - tan' (d) it - tan'

£ 28. Ifz3 + (3 + 2z) z + (-1 + ia) = 0, where i = V-I, has one
real root, the value of a lies in the interval (a e R)
21. If centre of a regular hexagon is at origin and one of the (a) (-2,-1) (b)(-l, 0)
vertices on Argand diagram is 1 + 2i, where i = -j-l, (c)(0,l) (d) (1,2)
then its perimeter is 29. If m and n are the smallest positive integers satisfying
(a) 2^5 (b) 4^5 m n
the relation 12 CiS — = | 4 CiS — I , where z =
(c) 6^5 (d) 8-^5
I 6 I 4
n (nz + n) equals to
22. Let|zr-r|<r,V r = 1,2,3,then y zr islessthan (a) 60 (b)72 (c)96 (d) 120
r=l
30. Number of imaginary complex numbers satisfying the
(a)n (b) 2n equation,z2 =z-21-'2' is
(c) n(n + 1) (d)3
(a) 0 (b) 1 (c) 2

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[pi Complex Numbers Exercise 2 •

More than One Option Correct Type Questions
■ This section contains 15 multiple choice questions. (a) ——— is purely real
Each question has four choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of z2 - z3
which MORE THAN ONE may be correct. z _z
(b) —------ is purely imaginary
X 4“ 1 I Z2~Z4
31. If ----- - is a purely imaginary number (where i = yj- 1),
(c) |Zj-z3|*|z2-z4 |
then z lies on a 21 ~ Z4 Z2 Z4
(a) straight line (d) amp * amp
Z2“Z4 Z3~Z4
(b) circle
(c) circle with radius = -U 38. If |z -3| = min {|z — 11, |z — 5|}, then Re(z)is equal to
<2 (a) 2 (b) 2.5 (c) 3.5 (d) 4
(d) circle passing through the origin
39. If arg (z + a) = — and arg (z - a) = — (a e R+), then
32. If z satisfies |z-l|<|z + 3|, then co = 2z + 3 - i (where, 6 3
i = ^/-l) satisfies (a)|z| = a (b)|z|=2a
(a) |co - 5 - i | < | CO + 3 + i | (b) |0) - 5 ( < |(0 + 3 | (c)arg(z) = ^ (d)arg(z) = ^
J z
(c) Im (ico) > 1 (d) |arg (co —1)| < —
2 40. If z = x + iy, where i = V-l, then the equation
t
ne
33. If the complex number is (1 + ri)3 = X (1 + i), when (2z-i)
e.

= m represents a circle, then m can be

i = y/-l, for some real X, the value of r can be (z +1)
iv
at

, v 7t 371

(4 (d) e (3,2^3)
re

/ (a) cos — (b) cosec — (b) 1 (c) 2

5 2
nc
ar

z * TC / t\
(c) cot — (d) tan — 41. Equation of tangent drawn to circle | z | = r at the point
.le

12 12
A(z0),is
w

34. Ifze C, which of the following relation(s) represents a /

w
w

circle on an Argand diagram? (a) Re — =1 (b) Im — = 1

(a)|z-l| + |z + l|=3 (b)|z-3| =2
<2o. lzoJ
7 (d)zzo + zoz =2r2
(c)|z-2+i| = - (d)(z-3 + i)(z - 3-i) = 5

(where, i = V-T) 42. Zj and z2 are the roots of the equation z2 - az + h = 0,

35. If l,z1,z2,z3,...,zn_1 be the n, nth roots of unity and co where | z} | = | z21 = 1 and a, b are non-zero complex
numbers, then
be a non-real complex cube root of unity, then
n -1 (a)|a|<l (b)|a|<2
fl (co - zr) can be equal to (c) arg (a) = arg(i>2) (d) arg (a2) = arg(b)
r=1
43. If a is a complex constant, such that az2 + z + a = 0has
(a) 1 + w (b) -1
(c)0 (d) 1 a real root, then
(a) a + a = 1
36. If z is a complex number which simultaneously satisfies
(b) a + a = 0
the equations
(c) a + a = -1
31 z -121 = 51 z - 8i | and | z - 41 = | z - 81, where
(d) the absolute value of real root is 1
i- , then Im (z) can be
44. If the equation z3 + (3 + i) z2 - 3z - (m + i) = 0, where
(a) 8 (b) 17 i = V-l and me R, has atleast one real root, value ofmis
(c)7 (d)15
(a) 1 ■ (b) 2 (c) 3 (d) 5
37. If P(zx), Q(z2), R(z3) and S(z 4) are four complex
45. Ifz3 + (3 + 2i) z + (- 1 + id) = 0, where i - y/~I, has one
numbers representing the vertices of a rhombus taken in
order on the complex plane, which one of the following real root, the value of a lies in the interval (a e R)
is hold good? (a) (-2,1) (b)(-l, 0) (c)(0,1) (d)(-2,3)

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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 67

g Complex Numbers Exercise 3:

Passage Based Questions
■ This section contains 4 passages. Based upon each of Passage III
the passage 3 multiple choice questions have to be (Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
answered. Each of these questions has four choices (a),
(b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct. For any two complex numbers Z] and z2,
1*1 1“ 1*2 I
1*1 ~z.2 I—)
Passage I .1*2 1“ l*i I
(Q. Nos. 46 to 48)
and equality holds iff origin z{ and z2 are collinear
7t, ifarg(z)<0 and Zj, z2 lie on the same side of the origin.
arg(z)+arg (-z) = < , where
— tc, ifarg(z)>0 1
52. If z — = 2 and sum of greatest and least values of | z |
- 7t< arg(z)<7t. z
is X, then X2, is
46. If arg (z)> 0, then arg (- z) - arg(z) is equal to
(a) 2 (b) 4 (c) 6 (d) 8
(a)-n (b)~ 2
53. If z + - =4 and sum of greatest and least values of | z |
t \ K
z
(d) n
<c)7 is X, then X2, is
(a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 24 (d) 30
t
47. Let Zj and z2 be two non-zero complex numbers, such
ne

3
e.

that |Zj| = |z2|and arg(z, z2) = it, thenzj is equal to 54. If z — = 6 and sum of greatest and least values of | z | is
iv

(a) z2 (b) *2 z
at

(c) -z2 (d) -z2 2X, then X2, is

re
nc

. _ Zi
(a) 12 (b) 18 (c) 24 (d) 30
48. Ifarg(4z])-arg(5z2) = 7t, then — is equal to
ar

Passage IV
.le

*2
w

(a) 1 (b) 1.25 (Q. Nos. 55 to 57)

w

(c) 1.50 (d) 2.50

w

Consider the two complex numbers z and w, such that

Passage II z -1
w =------ = a + ib, where a,beR and i =
([Link]. 49 to 51) z+2
Sum of four consecutive powers of i (iota) is zero.
55. Ifz = CiS 0, which of the following does hold good?
i.e.,/" + zn+l + /" + 2 +zn + 3 =0,Vne7.
, x • A 9b
(a) sin 8 =---------
25 1 - 4a
49. If E in! = a + ib, where i = 7-1, then a - b, is (b) cos 8 = I——
n =1
1 + 4a
(a) prime number
(b) even number (c) (1 + 5a)2 + (3b)2 = (1 - 4a)2
(c) composite number (d) All of these
(d) perfect number
95 50
56. Which of the following is the value of - -, whenever it
a
50. If E ir + E ir' = a + ib, where i - 7-1, the unit place exists?
r=-2 r=0

digit of a2011 + b2012 , is

f o'
(a) 3 tan - (b) I tan -1
<2, 3 2j
(a) 2 (b) 3
i e
(c) 5 (d) 6 (c) - - cot 0 (d) 3 cot -
100 101
51. If Z ir! + II i = a + ib, where i = 7-1, then a + 75b, is 57. Which of the following equals to |z|?
r=4 r=l
(a) |w| (b) (a + I)2 + b2
(a) 11 (b) 22
(c) 33 (c) a2 + (b + 2).22 (d) (a + I)2 + (b + I)2
(d) 44

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g Complex Numbers Exercise 4:

Single Integer Answer Type Questions
■ This section contains 10 questions. The answer to (1 - Tic i
63. Ifz = — (1 + z)4 —==--- +
Tic - i' , where i = 7-1,
each question is a single digit integer, ranging from 0
4 V Va T t
to 9 (both inclusive).
then f 1*1 ' equals to
58. The number of values of z (real or complex) <amp(z)>
simultaneously satisfying the system of equations
64. Suppose A is a complex number and neN, such that
1 + z + z2 + z3 +... + Z17 =0
An = (A +1)" =1, then the least value of n is
and 1 + z + z2 + z3 +... + z13 =0is
65. Let zr; r = 1,2,3,..., 50 be the roots of the equation
59. Number of complex numbers z satisfying z33 = z is 50 50 ,
= - 5X, then X equals to
60. Let z = 9 + ai, where i = 7~A and a be non-zero real.

If Im(z2) = Im(z3), sum of the digits of a2 is 32 7 io V

. 2qn
66. IfP=E (3p+2) Z sin —---- i cos —— 2qn ]
, where
61. Number of complex numbers z, such that (z| = 1 p=i <7 = 1 11 11 J
/
i = y/-l and if (1 + i) P = n (n!), neN, then the value of n is
and — + — = 1 is
z z 67. The least positive integer n for which
1 + x2 ^ —
62. If x = a + ib, where a, be R and i = 7~"1 and x2 = 3 + 4i, rl + i 2 .
t
ne
= — sm , where x > 0 and i = 7-1 is
K 2x 7
e.

x3 = 2 + lli, the value of(a+ b)is

iv
at
re

g Complex Numbers Exercise 5:

nc
ar

Matching Type Questions

.le
w
w
w

■ This section contains 4 questions. Questions 68 and 69 have three statements (A, B and C) given in Column I and
four statements (p, q, r and s) in Column II and questions 70 and 71 have four statements (A, B, C and D) given in
Column I and five statements (p, q, r, s and t) in Column II. Any given statement in Column I can have correct
matching with one or more statement(s) given in Column II.

68. Column I Column II

(A) If z - - = 2 and if greatest and least values of |z| are G and L respectively, then G - L, is (P) natural number
z
2
(B) If z + - =4 and if greatest and least values of |z| are G and L respectively, then G - L, is (q) prime number
z
3
(C) If z — = 6 and if greatest and least values of |z| are G and L respectively, then G - L, is (r) composite number
z

(s) perfect number

69.
Column I Column II

(A) If 7(6+ 8z) + 7(- 6 + 80 = Zj, z2, z3, z4 (where i = 7~1), then \z} |2 + \z2121 + |z312 + |z412 is divisible by 7
(P)

(B) If 7(5 - 120 + 7(- 5 - 120 = z,, z2, z3, z4 (where i = T7!), then |z, |2 + |z212 + |z312 + |z412 is divisible by 8
(q)

(C) If 7(8 +15i) + 7(- 8- 15/) = zi,z2,zi, z4(where i = 7-1), then |zj |2 + |z212 + \z312 + |z412 is divisible by
(0 13

(s) 17
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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 69

70. 71. Column I Column II

Column I Column
II (A) If z-- = 5 and maximum and (p) X? + px = 8
z
(A) If X andp are the unit’s place digits of (P) 2
(143)861 and (5273)1358 respectively, minimum values of |z | are X. and p
respectively, then
then X, + p is divisible by
(B) If z —7 =6 and maximum and (q) X? -1? =7
(B) If X. andp are the unit’s place digits (q) 3
z
of (2 1 2)7820 and (13 22)1594
minimum values of |z| are X, andp
respectively, then X, + p is divisible respectively, then
by
(C) If z—g = 7 and maximum and (r) X? + px = 7
(C) If X, and p are the unit’s place digits of (r) 4
z
(136)786 and (7 1 38)13491 respectively,
minimum values of |z|are X, andp
then X. + p is divisible by
respectively, then
GO 5
(s) X? - px = 6
(t) 6
(0 Xp +nx =9

g Complex Numbers Exercise 6: t

u Statement I and II Type Questions
ne
e.
iv
at

■ Directions (Q. Nos. 72 to 78) are Assertion-Reason 75. Statement-1 Locus of z satisfying the equation
re

type questions. Each of these questions contains two | z -11 +1 z - 81 = 5 is an ellipse.

nc

statements:
ar

Statement-1 (Assertion) and Statement-2 (Reason) Statement-2 Sum of focal distances of any point on
.le

Each of these questions also has four alternative ellipse is constant for an ellipse.
w

choices, only one of which is the correct answer. You

w

76. Let zp z2 and z3 be three complex numbers in AP.

w

have to select the correct choice as given below.

(a) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 Statement-1 Points representing zpz2 andz3 are
is a correct explanation for Statement-1 collinear.
(b) Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 Statement-2 Three numbers a, b and c are in AP, if
is not a correct explanation for Statement-1 b-a = c -b.
(c) Statementl is true, Statement-2 is false
77. Statement-1 If the principal argument of a complex
(d) Statement-1 is false, Statement-2 is true
number z is 0, the principal argument of z2 is 20.
72. Statement-1 3 + 7i>2 + 41, where i = J-l.
Statement-2 arg (z2) = 2 arg (z)
Statement-2 3 > 2 and 7 > 4
78. Consider the curves on the Argand plane as
73. Statement-1 (cos 0 + i sin (|))3 = cos 30 + i sin 3 ((), _ . . Tt
Cl :arg(z) = -,
2
4
Statement-2
It . . 7C „ . . 3n
cos — + i sin — =1 C2 :arg(z) = —
4 4. 4
74. Statement-1 Let zp z2 and z3 be three complex and C3 : arg (z - 5 - 5i) = 7t, where i = 7-1.
numbers, such that |3Zj + l| = |3z2 +1| = |3z3 +l|and Statement-1 Area of the region bounded by the curves
1 + Zj + z2 + z3 = 0, then Zj,z2,z3 will represent vertices 25
Cp C2 and C3 is —.
of an equilateral triangle on the complex plane. 2
Statement-2 zp z2 and z3 represent vertices of an Statement-2 The boundaries of CX,C2 andC3 constitute
equilateral triangle, if a right isosceles triangle.
zx2 +z22 +z23 +Z1z2 +z2z3 + z3zx =0.

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 70 Downloaded from [Link]
Textbook of Algebra

Complex Numbers Exercise 7:

Subjective Type Questions
■ In this section, there are 24 subjective questions. 88. Show that if a and b are real, then the principal value of
79. If Zj, z2 and z3 are three complex numbers, then prove arg (a) is 0 or K, according as a is positive or negative and
7t 71
that Zj Im(z2 z3) + z2 Im(z3 z,) + z3 Im(Zj z 2) = 0. that of b is — or--- , according as b is positive or negative.
2 2
80. The roots zp z2 and z3 of the equation
3 2
89. Two different non-parallel lines meet the circle | z | = r.
x + 3ax + 3bx + c = 0 in which a, b and c are complex
One of them at points a and b and the other which is
numbers, correspond to the points A, B, C on the tangent to the circle at c. Show that the point of
Gaussian plane. Find the centroid of the A ABC and . 2c-1 — a-1 — b”1
show that it will be equilateral, if a2 = b. intersection of two lines is-------------------- .
c~2 -a^b"
-a 1
81. If 1 ,apa2,a3 and a4 are the roots of x 5 -1=0, then
90. A, B and C are the points representing the complex
prove that
numbers zp z2 and z3 respectively, on the complex
co-a
co-a,j] UJ — U,2 co-a
LU—U.J co —a4
plane and the circumcentre of AABC lies at the origin. If
— = co, where co is
2 7?2
co-a, co —a2 co -a3 co 2 -a,4
2 2
the altitude of the triangle through the vertex A meets
a non-real complex root of unity. the circumcircle again at P, prove that P represents the
( z z \
82. If Zj and z2 both satisfy the relation z + z= 2|z-l| and complex number —2—~ .
I zi )
t
ne
arg (Zj — z2) = —, find the imaginary part of (z, + z2).
e.

4 91. If | z | < 1 and | CO | < 1, show that

iv

/ |z —co|2 <(|z|-|co|)2 + {arg(z) - arg (co)}2.

at

83. If ax + cy + bz = X, ex + by + az = Y, bx + ay + cz = Z,
re

show that 92. Letz, z0 be two complex numbers. It is given that |z| = 1
nc
ar

(i) (a2 +b2 +c2 - be -ca -ab) (x2 +y2 and the numbers z,z0, z z0,1 and 0 are represented in an
.le

+ z2 -yz -zx - xy)= X2 +Y2 +Z2 -YZ -ZX - XY Argand diagram by the points P, Po, Q, A and the origin,
w

respectively. Show that APOP0 and AAOQ are

w

(ii) (a3 + b3 + c3 -3abc)(x3 + y3 + z3 -3xyz)

w

congruent. Hence, or otherwise, prove that

= X3 +K3 + Z3 -3XYZ. lz —zo l = lzzo —11-
93. Suppose the points z}, z2,..., zn {zi * 0) all lie on one
84. For every real number c > 0, find all complex numbers z
side of a line drawn through the origin of the complex
which satisfy the equation | z |2 - 2iz + 2c (1 + z) = 0,
planes. Prove that the same is true of the points
where i = V-l . 11
— , —..... —1 . Moreover, show
, that
85. Find the equations of two lines making an angle of 45° zi Z2 zn

with the line (2 - i) z + (2 + i) z + 3 = 0, where i ~ 7-1 „ and

Zj +z2 + ... + zn 7*0 □ ----
1 F—1 +...+ 1— £0.
and passing through (-1,4). Z1 Z2 Zn

86. For n > 2, show that 94. If a, b and c are complex numbers and z satisfies
2 22 az2 +bz + c =0, prove that|a11b| = ^a(b)2c and
1+f 1+i
1+ ----- 1+ 1+
V 2 2 2 |a| = |c|«>|z| = l.

2n
95. LetZj,z2 andz3 be three non-zero complex numbers
1+
1 ,1where i = 7-1.
= (1 + i) f1------ lzil lz2l lz3l
o2 "
\ 2 J andZj ^z2. If |z21 |z3| fzj = 0, prove that

87. Find the point of intersection of the curves lz3l lzil lz2l
(i) zi,z2,z3 lie on a circle with the centre at origin.
arg (z - 3i) = 3k / 4 and arg (2z + 1 -2z) = —, where 2
4 / X
(zz3_-z
21
(ii) arg = arg
<Z2 > <Z2 ~ Z\ >

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 Downloaded from [Link] Chap 01 Complex Numbers 71

96. Prove that, if zx and z2 are two complex numbers and ..... . K . 3k . 5k 1
(in) sin — sin — sin — = -
14 14 14 8
c>0, then|Zj + z2 |2 <(1 + c)|Zj |2 +11 + - ||z2 |2.
\ c) .. . K 3k 5k 1
(iv) tan — tan — tan — = —
14 14 14 77
97. Find the circumcentre of the triangle whose vertices are
given by the complex numbers zx,z2 and z3. Also, show that
(1 + y)7 + (l-y)7 = 14 fy2 + tan2 —
98. Find the orthocentre of the triangle whose vertices are
given by the complex numbers zp z2 and z3. k 14

99. Prove that the roots of the equation y2 + tan 2 3k 2 5ft

y2 + tan
„ 3 , 2 . . n ft
K 3k
3K , 5tc 14 14
8x3 - 4x2•- 4x + 1 = 0are cos —, cos — and cos —.
7 7 7 and then deduce that
Hence, obtain the equations whose roots are ft 2 (3ft A L 2 (5ft _
tan2 + tan — + tan — 1 = 5
... 2 ft 2 3k 2 5k 14 1147 114)
(i)sec — ,sec —,sec —
7 7 7
101. If the complex number z is to satisfy
(11) tan —, tan —,tan — |z| = 3, |z-{a(l + i)-z}|<3and|z + 2a-(a + l)i|>3, where
7 7 7 i = J-l simultaneously for atleast one z, then find all
(iii) Evaluate sec — + sec — + sec — ae R.
7 7 7
102. Write equations whose roots are equal to numbers
100. Solve the equation z7 +1 = 0 and deduce that
.... 2 ft . 2 2ft . 2 3ft 2 nft
... K 3k 5k 1 ,sin --------- ,...,sin --------- .
,sin --------- ,sin
(i)sin -------- ,sm
(I) cos — cos — cos — = - t2n + l 2n +1 2n
2n +1+ l ’ 2n +1
ne
7 7 7 8
77 2 ft 2ft 22 3ft
3ft 2 nft
e.

.... K 3k 5k (ii) cot , cot2 -------- , cot --------- cot -------------- .

(II) cos — cos — cos — = 2n + l ”
iv

2n +1 2n + 1 2n + 1 2n +1
14 14 14 8
at
re
nc

Q Complex Numbers Exercise 8:

ar
.le

Questions Asked in Previous 13 Years’ Exams

w
w
w

■ This section contains questions asked in IIT-JEE,

(a) |z — 11 > 2; | arg (z — 1)| < —
AIEEE, JEE Main & JEE Advanced from year 2005 4
to year 2017. K
(b) |z - 11 > 2;|arg (z — 1)] < —
103. If (1) is a cube root of unity but not equal to 1, then
minimum value of | a + b(0 + cto21, (where a, b and c are (c) |z + 11 > 2; |arg (z + 1)1 < —
4
integers but not all equal), is (d) |z + l|>2;|arg(z + l)|<-~
[IIT-JEE 2005, 3M]

(a)0 (c)l (d)2 105. If one of the vertices of the square circumscribing the
circle| z — 11 = V2 is 2 4- 73i, where i = -J-I. Find the
104. PQ and PR are two infinite rays. QAR is an arc. Point other vertices of the square. [IIT-JEE 2005,4M]
lying in the shaded region excluding the boundary
106. If zx and z2 are two non-zero complex numbers, such
satisfies [IIT-JEE 2005,3M]
that | zx + z21 = | Zj | +1 z 21, then arg (zi) - arg(z2) is
Y|
(-1+V2, <2i) equal to [AIEEE 2005, 3M]
(a) -ft (b) -k/2
(1,0)\ (c) n/2 (d) 0
A
X'+
0
>X 107. If 1, co, w2 are the cube roots of unity, then the roots of
the equation (x -1)3 + 8 = 0 are
[AIEEE 2005, 3M]
(a) -1,1 + 2(0,1 + 2co2 (b) - 1,1 — 2(0,1 - 2(O2
y,J-1+V2,-V2/)
(c) -1,-1,-1 (d) None of these

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108. Ifm = —-Z— and|(01 = 1, where i = 7-1, thenzlies on 115. The number of elements in the set A n B n C, is
”T (a) 0 (b) 1
z—I
3 [AIEEE 2005, 3M] (c) 2 (d) ~
(a) a straight line (b) a parabola 116. Let z be any point in A n B n C. Then,
(c) an ellipse (d) a circle
|z +1 — z |2 + |z — 5 — i |2 lies between
109. If co = a + i’P, where P 5* 0, i = 7~1 and z 1, satisfies the
(a) 25 and 29 (b) 30 and 34
co - coz
condition that is purely real, the set of values (c) 35 and 39 (d) 40 and 44
1 —z
117. Let z be any point in A n B n C and co be any point
of z is [IIT-JEE 2006, 3M]
satisfying 10) - 2 - i | < 3. Then, | z | — | CO | + 3 lies between
(a) {z : |z | = 1} (b){z:z=z}
(a) - 6 and 3 (b) - 3 and 6
(c) {z : z * 1} (d){z:|z| = l,z*l}
(c) - 6 and 6 (d) - 3 and 9
io
110. The value of L f sin + i cos -—I (where i = 118. A particle P starts from the point z0 = 1 + 21,1 = 4^4.11
k=A
1 11 11 J
moves first horizontally away from origin by 5 units and
is [AIEEE 2006, 3M]
then vertically away from origin by 3 units to reach a
(a)i (b) 1 point zr From zp the particle moves 72 units in the
(c)-l (d)-i
direction of the vector i + j and then it moves through
111. If z2 + z +1 = 0, where z is a complex number, the value of
71
2 / i 2 / 2 an angle — in anti-clockwise direction on a circle with
1
z+- 2
+--1 + z33 + — + ...+ Z 6 + —
z z2. I z\ z6. centre at origin, to reach a point z2 > then the point z2 is
t
ne
is [AIEEE 2006, 6M] given by [IIT-JEE 2008,3W]
e.

(a) 18 (b) 54 (a) 6 + 7i (b)-7 + 6i

iv

(c)6 (d) 12 (c) 7 + 6i (d) - 6 + 7z

at
re

112. A man walks a distance of 3 units from the origin

119. If the conjugate of a complex numbers is ——, where
nc

/ towards the North-East (N 45° E) direction. From there, i -1

ar

he walks a distance of 4 units towards the North-West i = ^[-1. Then, the complex number is
.le

[AIEEE 2008,3M]
(N 45° W) direction to reach a point P. Then, the position
w

of P in the Argand plane, is [IIT-JEE 2007,3M] (a)^- OTA-

w

l-l
w

(a)3e*/4 + 4i (b)(3 — 4z) /4

(c)(4 + 3i) ert/4 (d)(3 + 4i)e*/4 (c)A
(where i = 7-1)
2 120. Let z = x + iy be a complex number, where x and y are
113. If |z | = 1 and z ± 1, then all the values of------ — lie on integers and i = 4~A- Then, the area of the rectangle
2
1-z
[IIT-JEE 2007, 3M] whose vertices are the roots of the equation
(a) a line not passing through the origin zz +zz =350, is [IIT-JEE2009,3M]
(b) [z| = 72 (a) 48 (b) 32
(c) the X-axis (c) 40 (d) 80
(d) the K-axis 121. Let z = cos 0 + i sin 9, where i = Then the value of
114. If|z 4- 41 <3, the maximum value of|z +11 is 15
Z Im(z Zm-1)at0 = 2° is
[AIEEE 2007, 3M] m=1 [IIT-JEE 2009,3MI]
(a) 4 (b)10 1 i
(c)6 (d)0 (a) (b)
sin 2° 3sin2°
Passage (Q. Nos. 115 to 117) (c)
1__
(d)
1
2sin2° 4sin 2°
Let A, B and C be three sets of complex numbers as defined
below: A = {z:Im(z)> 1} 4
122. If z— =2, the maximum value of \z | is equal to
B = {z: | z - 2 - i | = 3} z [AIEEE 2009,4M ]
C = {z: Re ((1 - i) z) = 42}, where i = -1 (a) 2 + 42 (b) 73 + 1
[IIT-JEE 2008, 4+4+4M1 (d)2

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 Downloaded from [Link] Chap 01 Complex Numbers 73

123. LetZ] andz2 be two distinct complex numbers and 128. If z is any complex number satisfying | z - 3 - 2i | < 2,
z = (1 -1) 2i + lz2> f°r some real number t with0< t < 1 where i = then the minimum value of 12z - 6 + 5i|,
and i = . If arg (w) denotes the principal argument is [IIT-JEE 2011, 4M]
of a non-zero complex number w, then [IIT-JEE 2010,3M] 129. The set
(a) |z-zj + |z-z2| =|zt -z2|
2iz
(b) arg(z-zj) = arg(z-z2) 5 Re :z is a complex number |z| = l,z£±Bis
Z - Zj Z - Zj
1-^/
(c) =0
Z2 “• Zi z2 — Zj [IIT-JEE 2011.2M]
(d) arg(z-z1) = arg(z2-z1) (a) (-«, «>) (b) (- oo, 0) U (0, «■)
(C) (- - 1) U (1, oo) (d)[2,oo)
124. Let co be the complex number cos — + i sin —, where

i = -J-A, then the number of distinct complex numbers z

f 1 )
130. The maximum value of arg ------ for | z | - 1, z 1, is
Ij-zj
z+1 co co2 given by [IIT-JEE 2011, 2M]
2 (b)5 (c)J (d)^.
satisfying CO z + co 1 = 0, is equal to
(a)7 3 2 3
co2 1 z + co
[IIT-JEE 2010, 3M] 131. Letw = e m/3 , where i = -j-1 and a, b, c, x, y and z be
(a)0 (b)l
non-zero complex numbers such that
(c)2 (d) 3
a+b+c=x
125. Match the statements in Column I with those in a + bw + cw2 =y
Column II.
t
a + bw2 + cw=z.
ne

[Note Here, z takes values in the complex plane and Im

e.

Tb.v!,lnAnflX|2+l>Z|2+l2l 2
iv

(z) and Re (z) denote respectively, the imaginary part 1 he value ot----------------------- , is
at

and the real part of z.] [IIT- JEE 2010,8M] |a|2+|b|2+|c|2 [IIT-JEE 2011, 4M]
re
nc

Column I Column II 132. Let a and P be real and z be a complex number. If

ar

(A) The set of points z satisfying (P) an ellipse with z2 + az + p = 0 has two distinct roots on the line
.le

|z - i | z || = |z + i \z ||, where eccentricity 4/5

w

Re (z) = 1, then it is necessary that [AIEEE 2011,4M]

i = ~1, is contained in or equal to
w

(a)p6(-l,0) (b)|p| =1
w

(B) The set of points z satisfying (q) the set of points z (c)pe(l,oo) (d)pe(0,l)
\z + 4 | + \z -41 = 10 is contained in satisfying
or equal to 133. If to 1) is a cube root of unity and (1 + co)7 = A + Bco,
Im (z) = 0
then (A, B) equals to [AIEEE 2011,4M]
(r) the set of points z
(C) If |w| = 2, the set of points z = w - — (a) (1,1) (b) (1, 0)
w satisfying
is contained in or equal to |Im (z)| < I (c)(-l,l) (d)(0.1)
(s) the set of points 134. Let z be a complex number such that the imaginary part
(D) If |w| = 1, the set of points z = w + —
w satisfying of z is non-zero and a = z2 + z +1 is real. Then, a cannot
is contained in or equal to |Re(z)|<2
take the value [IIT-JEE 2012, 3M]
(t) the set of points z
(b)i1 (c)i1 (d)±3
satisfying |z|< 3 (a) — 1
3 <4 2 4
126. If a and P are the roots of the equation x2 - x +1 = 0, Z2
135. Ifz 1 and —— is real, the point represented by the
a2009 +p2009 is equal to [AIEEE 2010, 4M] z-1
(a)-l (b)l complex number z lies [AIEEE 2012, 4M]
(c)2 (d)-2 (a) on a circle with centre at the origin
127. The number of complex numbers z, such that (b) either on the real axis or on a circle not passing through
|z-l| = |z + l| = |z-i|,wherei = ^[-1,equals to the origin
(c) on the imaginary axis
[AIEEE 2010, 4M]
(d) either on the real axis or on a circle passing through the
(a) 1 (b)2
origin
(C)« (d)0

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136. Ifzis a complex number of unit modulus and argument (a) is strictly greater than -
0, then arg
W equals to 2

1 + zj (b) is equal to -
[JEE Main 2013, 4M] 2
(a)^-0 3 5
(b)9 (c) is strictly greater than - but less than -
2 2 2
(c)it-e (d)-e (d) lies in the interval (1, 2)
2k n' (2k 71 i
137. Let complex numbers a and ~ lie on circles 142. Let zk = cos + isin ----- ; k = 1, 2,..., 9. Then,
a 10 > I 10 J
(x-x0)2 +(y-y0)2 =r22 and
match the column.
(x - x0 )2 + (y - y0 )2 = 4 r2, respectively. If
Column I Column II
zo =xo + iy0 satisfies the equation2 |z012 = r2 +2 ,
(A) For each zk there exists a Zj such that (1) True
then |a| equals to [JEE Advanced 2013, 2M]
=1
(c)^
(a)4-
72 2 (B) There exists a k e {1,2,..., 9} such that (2) False
Z] • z = zk has no solution z in the set of
138. Let w = complex numbers
and P - {wn : n = 1,2,3,...}. Further,
2 |1 — z< ||1 — z2|... |1 — z91
(Q ------ !equals to (3) 1
1
= <z g C : Re(z)> - > and H2 zg C: Re(z) < | — — ] ►,
* I 2 I 2J
. 2kJt
(2krt\ ,
where C is the set of all complex numbers. If (D) 1 - 5 cos ----- equals to
t (4) 2
k= i V 10 7
ne
Zj e P n Hv z2 e P n H2 and O represents the origin,
e.

then Zz1Oz2 equals to

iv

[JEE Advanced 2013, 3M] [JEE Advanced 2014, 3M]

at

/ xn Codes
re

(a)I 6 A B C D A B C D
nc

2tc (a) 1 2 4 3 (b)2 1 3 4

ar

(d)^
T (c) 1 2 3 4 (d)2 1 4 3
.le

6
w

Passage (Q. Nos. 139 to 140) 143. A complex number z is said to be unimodular if | z | = 1.
w
w

Let — iS* j n S*2 £ 3 ? where Suppose Zj and z2 are complex numbers such that
z, — 2z,
Si = {zgC:|z|<4}, —----- — is unimodular and z2 is not unimodular. Then
2 — zxz2
z — 1 + V. the point z1 lies on a
S2 = <zgC: Im >0> [JEE Main 2015,4M]
1-731 (a) circle of radius z
(b) circle of radius 72
and S3 = {zg C: Re z> 0}. [JEE Advanced 2013, 3+3M]
(c) straight line parallel to X-axis
139. min J1 — 3z — z | equals to (d) straight line parallel to T-axis
zeS
2- 73 (b)^ 144. Let co 1 be a complex cube root of unity.
(a)
2 If (3-3C0 + 2C02 )4n+3 +(2 + 3C0—3(02)4n+3
3- 73 +(—3+2(O + 3(O2 )4n+3 = 0, then possible value(s) of n is
(c) (d)
2 2 (are) [JEE Advanced 2015,2M]
140. Area of S equals to (a) 1 (b) 2
, J07C 20 7C (c)3 (d) 4
(a) (b)^
(b) —
3 3 145. For any integer k, let ak = cosf—
kn 'j + i sinf—1
where
16n 32rc 7
(c)— (d) — 12 K
Xlafc+i-afc|
141. If z is a complex number such that | z | > 2, then the i = V-l. The value of the expression t=i

,
minimum value or z + - , is r 70 •
\2 [JEE Main 2014, 4M]
is [JEE Advanced 2015,4M]

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 Downloaded from [Link]
Chap 01 Complex Numbers 75

146. A value of 0 for which 2 + 3t S*n ■- is purely imaginary, is 1 1

(a) the circle with radius — and centre —, 0 for a > 0, b * 0
1 - 2i sin 0 2a 2a
[JEE Main 2016, 4M]
/ 1 1
1 (b) the circle with radius----- and centre------ , 0 for
(b) sin 2a 2a
(a)7 a < 0, b * 0
(c) sin (c) the X-axis for a * 0, b - 0
(d) the Y-axis for a = 0, b * 0
147. Let a, be R and a 2 + b2 * 0. 143. Let (0 be a complex number such that 2co +1 = z, when
1 1 1 1
Suppose S zeC:z = 16 R, t where
a + ibt ’ z = 7-3 if 1 -CO
-co2 -1 co2
2 -1 = 3k, then k is equal to
CO2
z = x + iy and zeS, then (x, y) lies on 1 co2 co7 [JEE Main 2017, 4M]
[JEE Advanced 2016 4M] (a) 1 (b)-z (c)z (d)-l

Answers
Exercise for Session 1 71. A -> (r); B —> (p, s); C -> (q, t)
72. (d) 73. (d) 74. (c) 75. (d) 76. (a) 77. (d)
l-(d) 2. (c) 3- (b) 4. (b) 5.(c) 6. (b) 78. (d) t
7. (d) 8- (a)
ne
82.2
e.

Exercise for Session 2 84. z = c+ z(-l ± ^(J-c1 -2c)) for 0<. c< 72 - 1 and no solution for
iv

c>72-1
at

i.(b) 2. (b) 3- (b) 4. (b) 5. (b) 6.(b)

re

' 7.(d) A (c) 9. (b) 10. (b) 11-(a) 12. (c) 85. (1 - 3z)z + (1 + 3i)~z - 22 = 0 and (3 + i)z + (3 - i)z +14 = 0
nc

13. (c) 14. (a) 97 Z|Z||2(z2-z3)

ar

87. No solution
Zz,(z2-z3)
.le

Exercise for Session 3

w

£Z|(Z2-Z3)+ X|Z||2(Z2-Z3)
l.(a) 2. (b) 3- (d) 4. (a) 5- (b) 6. (a)
w

98.
11. (c)
w

7. (c) 8.(b) 9. (c) 10. (d) 12- (a) ^z^-Zjzj)

13.(b) 14. (b) 15. (a)
99. (i)x3 -24x2+ 80x-64 = 0
Exercise for Session 4 (ii) ?-21x2+35x-7 = 0
l.(a) 2- (d) 3- (c) 4.(d) 5. (b) 6.(b) (iii) 4
7-(a) 8- (d) 9.(d) 10. (b) 11. (b) 12. (a)
13. (b) 14.(c) 100. Roots of z7 + 1 = 0 are -1, a, a3, a5, a, a3, a5, where
n . . n
a = cos— + i sin —
Chapter Exercises 7 7
l.(b) 2.(c) 3. (d) 4.(d) 5. (a) 6. (d) 'i-TtT -i-47iT o '-1+47TT i + T/T
7. (b) 9.(b) 10. (c) 12.(b) 101. ae
8- (d) 11. (c) < 2 ’ 5 < 5 ’ 2 J
13. (c) 14. (d) 15- (a) 16. (c) 17. (a) 18. (c)
19. (b) 20. (b) 21-(c) 22. (c) 23.(c) 24. (c) 102. (i) 2n+ *<■ ri _ lC3(l-x)"-1x+...+ (-l)V = 0
25. (d) 26. (d) 27. (b) 28. (b) 29. (b) 30. (c) (ii) 1 C/ -2n+l CjX^1+2^1CJ.v*‘2-...= 0
31. (b,c,d)32. (b,c,d) 33. (b,c,d) 34. (b.c.d) 35. (a,c,d) 36. (a,b) 103. (c) 104. (c) 105. (1 - 73) + /, -173, (73 + 1) - i 106. (d)
37. (a,b,c)38. (a,d) 39. (a,c) 40. (a,b,d) 41. (a,d) 107. (b) 108. (a) 109. (d) no. (d) lll.(d) 112. (d)
42. (b,d) 43. (a,c,d) 44. (a,d) 45. (a,b,d) 113. (d) 114. (c) 115. (b) 116. (c) 117. (d) 118. (d)
46. (a) 47. (d) 48. (b) 49. (a) 50. (c) 51. (b) 119. (c) 120. (a) 121. (d) 122. (c) 123. (a, c, d) 124. (b)
52. (d) 53. (c) 54. (a) 55. (c) 56. (d) 57. (b) 125. A -+ (q, r); B -> (p); C -+ (p, s); D -»(q, r, s, t) 126. (b) 127. (a)
58.(1) 59. (5) 60.(9) 61.(8) 62. (3) 63. (4) 128. (5) 129. (a) 130. (c) 131.(3) 132. (c) 133. (a)
64. (6) 65. (5) 66. (4) 67.(4) 134. (d) 135. (d) 136. (b) 137. (c) 138. (c) 139. (c)
68. A -»(p, q); B -> (p, r); C -+ (p, r, s) 140. (b) 141. (d) 142. (c) 143. (a) 144. (a, b, d)
69. A ->(q); B -> (q, r); C -+ (q, s) 145. (4) 146. (c) 147. (a,c,d) 148. (b)
70. A -+ (p, q, r, t); B -> (p, s); C -> (p, r)

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Solutions 4. We have, 11 eip6=l

p=i

=> e'e ■e2ie ■e3i6...e "e _ j

fr(r 4-1)^
ei8(l + 2 + 3 + + r) = l => e*9 I 2 J=1
=>
1. We have, r(r + 1)„1 . . ^0l = l + i.O
or cos —------^01 + i sin
a + ib = cos (1 - i) = cos 1 cos i + sin 1 sin i 2 J 2 !
= cos 1 cosh 1 + sin 1 isinh 1 On comparing, we get
[•.’ cos i = cosh 1, sin i • 1 = i sinh 1] r(r + l)/l . .
e+e e - e-1 ] cos ------- -Q r = 1 and sin =o
= cos 1 + i sin 1 2 I 2
\ 2 7 2 r(r + 1) r(r + l)
=> 9 =2mK and 0 = nyt
1 1 i • 1 f 1 I ■ , 2 2
= — e + - cos 1 + i • - | e — sml
2 e. 2 e) Q= 4m71 and0=^-
1 r(r+l) r(r+ 1)
a
L = - | e + - I cost
2 ej where,m,n\ el
1) . . 4nit
and b = - I e - - I sinl Hence, 0 = , n g I.
21 r(r + 1)

2. Given that, z io -z~ 5 -992 = 0 5. Let z = x + iy, then

t=z5 (3 + i) (z + z) -(2 + i) (z — z) + 14i = 0 reduces to
Let
(3 + i)2x-(2 + i)(2iy)+14i = 0
=> t2 - t - 992 = 0
=> 6x + 2y + i(2x - 4y + 14) = 0
t
ne

1 ± Ji + 3968 _ 1 ± 63 On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get

e.

=> = 32,-31
iv

2 2 6x + 2y = 0
at

=> 3x + y = 0 -(i)
re

z5 =32
and 2x - 4y + 14 = 0
nc

and z5 =-31
=> x - 2y + 7 = 0
ar

(ii)
But the real part is negative, therefore z5 = 32 does not hold.
.le

On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

w

Number of solutions is 5. x = -1 and y = 3

w

z = -l + 3i
w

3. From Coni method.

0 zz = |z |2 = | -1 + 3i|2 = (-1)2 + (3)2 = 10
6. Since, affix of A is zv
/2x\
. z n v C B
\ / \
\ / \ \ K
V/_________

A»(z) Ai(z)
z-0 2xiln z
------ = e or — = e 2viln ...(i)
z -0 z D A(z,) •
Im(z)
But given R^) OA = Zj and OB and OC are obtained by rotating OA
z -z Tl —
- -1 through — and it. Therefore, OB = iz1 and OC = -zr
21 1 1
z +z i Hence, centroid of AABC= ——-Z‘-+
~+1
2 kz 7 3
„2xiln i Z] it . . it
e cos — + i sin —
=> = 1(72-1) [from Eq. (i)] = -Zi = —
e2ni/n 3 3 2 2,
+L
If A, B and C are taken in clockwise, then centroid of AABC
=> i tan [ — ] = i (72 -1)
\nj If 7CIt . . . . 7CTt'i
= - z, I cos---- 1 sin —
(it\ fn5) 3 \ 22 2J
2,
tan — I = tan I — I
\nj \8j n , . . it
Centroid of &ABC = — cos— ± i sin—
n=8 3 2 2.

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 Downloaded from [Link] Chap 01 Complex Numbers 77

7. Given that, z =
a/3 -i -1 -i^Y zi zi 1
=i = ico2
2 j
=> Z2 Z2 1 =0
.2x101
:. =ii101
z 10l=(iC02)10,= 101 co202 = ico z,-z2 zx-z2 1
Now, i101 + z101 = i + ico = i(-co2) zi zi 1

(i101 + z101)103 = - i103 co206 = - i3 co2 = ico2 = z

Applying R3 -» R3- Rt + R2, then Z2 Z2 1 =0
8. The complex slope of the line az + az + 1 = 0 is a = - —
a
and the complex slope of the line bz + bz -1 = 0 is P = - ■= 0... 0 ...1
Expand w.r.t. R3, then
Since, both lines are mutually perpendicular, then Z1Z2 Z1 Z2 —
a+P=0 zlz2 “ (zlz2) =

=> Im(zJ2) = 0
a b
=> Im ((a + ib) (c + id)) = 0
ab + ab = 0
=> Im ((a + ib) (c - id)) = 0
9. We have, a = cos + i sin => be - ad = 0 => ad - be = 0
Now, Re (a + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5) 13. Let z —a + ib

_ a + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5
2 => /(z) = /(z) = /(-z) =/(-z) = ^2 + b2)
_ -1 + (1 + a + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5 + a + a2 + a3 + a4 + a5:
f is not injective (i.e., it is many-one).
2
-1 + 0
t
but|z| >0i.e. f(z)>0 => f(z) e (Range)
ne
[sum of 11,11th roots of unity]
2
e.

=> R+ c R
iv

:. f is not surjective (i.e., into).

at

2
re

Hence, f is neither injective nor surjective.

10. |z|<4
nc

14. Let a=re'e,p = re* [v|a| =|p|,given]

7t
ar

and 0 < arg(z) < - .(ii) where, 6 e f - —, — ] and <J> G (— K, 0)

.le

V 2 2)
w

4—1
w

P(z) e-0
w

e ' 2 ' • 2 cos

n/3 a + P _ re* + rt>* 2
Real axis
0 a - p re i0 -H>*
e
4e— 1
2 ' • 2i sin e_-J»
. 2
= - i cot
e-<^ = Purely imaginary
which implies the set of points in an argand plane, is a sector 2 J
of a circle. 25 25
15. We have, |z| = z + — - — < z + — +
11. Since, x2 + x + 1 = (x - co) (x - co2), where co is the cube root z z z
of unity and f (x) = g (x3) + x h (x3) is divisible by x2 + x + 1. 25
!z|S24 + -
Therefore, co and co2 are the roots of f (x) = 0.
=> / (co) = 0 and / (co2) = 0 |z|2-24 |z|-25 < 0 => (|z|-25)(|z| + 1) < 0
|z|-25<0 [v|z| + l>0]
g(co3) + co ft (co3) = 0
=> |z|<25 or |z - 0| <25
and g ((co2)3) + co2h (co2)3 = 0
Hence, the maximum distance from the origin of coordinates
=> g (1) + CO (1) = 0 to the point z is 25.
and g (1) + co2/i (1) = 0 16. •: A =Zp B =z2, C =(1 - i) z3 + iz2
=> g(i) = MD = o AB=|zj -z2)
Hence, g (x) and h (x) both are divisible by (x - 1). BC = |z2 - (1 - i) - iz2\ = | (1 - i) (z2 - z,)|
12. Since, zu z2 and Zj - z2 are collinear. = ^|zt -z2|

zi zi 1 and CA=|(l-i)z1 + iz2-z1| = |-i(z1 -z2)|

Z2 Z2 1 =0
= |-i|lzi-z2l = lzi ~Z2I
It is clear that, AB = CA and (AB)2 + (CA)2 = (BC)2
zl“z2 zl“z2 1
A ABC is isosceles and right angled.

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17. Centre and radius of circle | z | = 3 (0 y = 4,/3- 1/9 . 4,1/27 ,1/3-1/9+1/27...—

I ! ...°°— 4
1/3
are Ct = 0, r} = 3
= 41 + 1,3=41M
and centre and radius of circle
| z + 1 - i | = Ji (ii) 1 1 1
andz = (1 + i)~r = (1 + i) + (1 + i)2 +------- r + ...°°
and C2 = - 1 + i, r2 = Ji r=l (I + o’
1 I
\cxc2\=\-i + i\=Ji
and I C,C21 < 5 - r2 (l + O _1_ f
"i-_L-’*" =
(1 + 0
|z|=3
Now, x + yz =3 - i 41

O' /|Z+1-/|=V2 arg (x + yz) = arg (3 - i Ji) - - tan' i

o
21. v A = 1 + 2i
^2_________ ?i(1+2/)

\ « >'
\n/3/
A
Hence, circle (ii) completely inside circle (i) O/\
t \
Number of solutions = 0 f

18. We have, /(z) = g(z) (z2 + 1) + h(z)

Ai ^5
et
where, degree of h (z) < degree of(z2 + 1)
.n

A2=(l + 2i)em/3
e

=> h(z) = az + b; a, b e C
iv

=(1+2()[L+ ^W +^+i
1 iji
at

:. f(z) = g (z) (z2 + 1) + az + b; a, b e C f3

re

I2 2)2 2 2
=> f(z) = g (z)(z - i)(z + i)+ az + b; a, b e C ...(i)
nc

x
ar

Now, /(i) = 1 - i [given]

.le

=> ai + b = 1 - i [from Eq. (i)] ...(ii) 2

w

and f(-i) = 1 + i [given] 1 -Tfl-if— + 1

w

|XjA2 |=l-F2f-
w

=> a(-i) + b = 1 + i [from Eq. (i)] ...(iii) 2 ) I 2

On solving Eqs. (ii) and (iii) for a and b, we get
a = -1 and b = 1 = l + J~3 + i i-22
2 2
:. Required remainder, h(z) = az + b= -z + l = l- z
/, \2 ( 2
19. We have, |z + 1| = 2 |z -1| +l-2«
= ,|W|
^2 ) + t : 2
Put z = x + iy, we get
(x+l)2 + y2 = 4[(x-l)2 + y2] .’. Perimeter = 61 X1A21 = 6 Ji
3x2 + 3y2-10x + 3 = 0 22. We have,
2 2 1® - n
=> x^ + y-----x+l = 0
3
(i) if (|z,-r| + |r|)
r=1 r=1
On comparing Eq. (i) with the standard equation
n
x2 + y2 + 2gx + 2fy + c =0 = 2>,-r|+£|r|<£r + ZIN
10 = — 5 and□ f =r «0 r=l r=l r=l r=l
=> p =-----
6 3 n(n + 1) n(n + 1)
= n(n + 1)
Required centre of circle = (-g, - f) = 0^ 2 2
n
.-. ^zr <n(n + l)
5 „ . 5 r=1
i.e. - + O-i =-
3 3 f Z >

20. v x = 9,/3 . 9,/9 . 91/27 oo

23. We have, arg
Z1~N = —n and. ~z— z. =3
1/3 z 2 |z|
^1/3+1/9+1/27 + ...- = 9l-1/3 = 91/z =3

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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 79

which implies the following diagram X

—
7
— —“

p. 3
_z_ X,p e I - {0}
\|z| For minimum value A. = 7, p = 3
I 1 A3

I
|z|2=l(3 + 7i)(X + ig)|2
90° p Zi
X' —X = |3 + 7i|2|X + ip|2 = 58 (X2 + p2)
o
= 58 (72 + 3Z) = (58)2 =3364
27. We have,
z=/(x) + ig(x)
Y' where, i = V-T and f, g: (0,1) —> (0,1) are real-valued
Z . . functions.
=> ~zi = 3 => IzJ = '9+1 =V10
|z| 1 ]
(a) z = —— + i|
24. Let z = x + iy = r (cos 9 + i sin 9) 1-ix 1 1 + ix J
A |z| = r, arg(z) =9 1 + ix x+ i 1 1++xx . (1 + x)
1 + x2 1 + x2 11 ++ xx22 1 + x2
Given, |z —2 —i| = |z| sin | — -arg(z)
\4 1+x . .. 1+x
=
=>/(*) = ------ 2 and g(x) = -
i 71 1 + x2 1 + x2
=> |x + iy -2 - i| = r sin---- 9
\4 But for x = 05, /(05) > 1 and g(0.5) > 1, which is out of
range.
... . 1 .
=> | (x - 2) + i (y - 1) | = r —j= (cos 9 - sin 9) Hence, (a) is not a correct option.
t
ne
V2
1 1 }
e.

=> ^x-2)2 + (y - I)2 =-L\x-y\ (b) z =------- 1 — ix J

iv

1 + ix
at

/ /
1-ix [ (i-x)^ 1 -x '
re

On squaring both sides, we get 1 -x

+i
nc

2 (x2 + y2 - 4x - 2y + 5) = x2 + y2 - 2xy 1 + x2 1 + x2 0 + x2, J + X2

ar

=* (x + y)2 = 2(4x + 2y - 5) 1 -X
.le

=> f(x) = -— and g(x) = -—

1 + x22 1+x
w

which is a parabola.
w

25. Since, 1, zp z2, z3,.... zn_l are the n, nth roots of unity. Clearly, /(x), g(x) e (0,1), if x e (0,1)
w

Hence, (b) is the correct option.

(z" -1) = (z -1)(z - Zj) (z - z2) (z - z3)... (z - Z„_1) fc) - - 1 ~ i(l - ix) (1 + x) i(l - x)
=(z-i)nn (z-zj 1 + x2 1 + x2 (1 + x2) (1 + x2)
r=1 Hence, (c) is not a correct option.
Taking log on both sides, we get 1 ' 1 1 + ix i(l + ix)
n—1
(d) z =------
1-ix J"* 1 + x2 (1 + x2)
log, (zn -1) = log, (z -1) + £ log,(z -zr)
r=1
(1 - x) ! i(l + x)
(1 + x2) (1 + x2)
On differentiating both sides [Link], we get
Hence, (d) is not a correct option.
nz”-1 1 •_n'1 1
(Z“Zr)
28. Let z = a be a real roots of equation.
(zn-l) (z-1) r=l
z3 + (3 + 2i)z + (-1 + ia) = 0

Putting z =3, we get => a3 + (3 + 2i)a + (-1 + ia) = 0

n -1 => (a3 + 3a -1) + i(a + 2a) = 0
1 _n-3"~‘ 1
E
r=l
(3-zr)"(3"-l) 2 On comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get
a3 + 3a -1 = 0 and a + 2a = 0
26. We have,
a
z=(3 + 7i)(X + ip) => a =—
2
= (3X-7g) + i(7X + 3g) a3 3a
Since, z is purely imaginary. => ------------ i = o
8 2
3X-7p = 0
=> a3 + 12a + 8 = 0

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Let f(a) = a3 4- 12a 4- 8 which is a circle and passing through the origin
=> /(-I) < 0and/(0) > 0
and radius =
2
-0 =
£
a €(-1,0) 2 2 /2
n
29. CiS — = cos — + i sin — 32. Given, |z-l|<|z + 3|
6 6 6
=> |z-l|2<|z4-3|2:
1 -1 4- iJT to
— = -ico => |z I2 4-1 - 2 Re (z) < |z I2 4- 9 4- 2 Re (3z)
i 2 7 i
m => 2Re(4z)>-8
[ 2 CiS — I = (-2to)m = ((-2i(jo)3 )m/3 = (8/)m/3 Re (4z) > - 4
k 6. 4z 4- 4z
n => --------- >-4
and^4 CiS = ^4 ^cos 7C 4- i sin I =(2^2(1 4- i)n 2
4 z + z >-2
and 0) = 2z 4- 3 - i
= (8(14-i)2)"/2=(16i)
=(16i)"’ /2
CO 4- CO = 2z 4- 3 - i 4- 2z 4- 3 4- i
Thus, (8i)w/J=(16i)"/2
= 2(z4-z)4-6> — 44-6
which is satisfy only when m = 48 and n = 24 =3 CO 4- CO >2
.•. m 4- n = 72 Option (a) (co - 5 - i | < | co 4- 3 4- i |
2
30. We have, z2 = z • 2* “111 => I 2z 4- 3 - i - 5 - i I < 1 2z 4- 3 - i 4- 3 4- i |
Taking modulus on both sides, we get => | 2z - 2 - 2i 1 < 1 2z 4- 6 |
|z|2=|z|-2*"M => |z-l-i|<|z4-3|
|z|(|z|-2*-l“) = 0 which is false.
...(i)
t
ne
Option (b) | CO - 5 | < | CO 4- 3 |
and arg(z2) = arg (z •21-|x|)
e.

=> | 2z 4- 3 - f-5 | < | 2z 4- 3 - f 4- 3 |

iv

2arg(z) = arg (z) = -arg (z) => 2z - 2 - i | < | 2z 4- 6 - i |

at

=> 3arg(z) = 0
re

=> 2-i-i < z4-3--

nc

arg (z) = 0 2 2
ar

Then, y=0 [‘•'z=x+iy] |z-l|<|z + 3[

.le

From Eq. (i), |z| = 0 => x = 0 [■•■ y = o] which is true.

w

One solution is z = 0 4- i • 0 = 0.
w

Option (c) Im (rco) > 1

w

Also, from Eq. (i),

y=2
to - to >
=>
Y 2i
to 4- ito
=>
(0.1) 5 2i
=> co 4- to >2
X' X which is true.
o
Option (d) | arg (co -1) | <

=> | arg (2z + 3 - i -1) | < -

r 2
IZH21"111 => |x|=2’"x => | arg (2z 4- 2 - i) | < y
=> lil=2-*=y(say)
Lt
=>
Im(2z 4- 2 - i) n
tan
Hence, total number of solutions = 2 ^Re(2z 4- 2 - i) 2
3f. is a purely imaginary number. Re(2z 4- 2 - i) > 0
z 4- i
(2z 4- 2 - i) 4- (2z 4- 2 4- i) Q
z+1 z 4- f z+1
=>——- = 2
z+i 2 + f> z -i z+i => z 4- z + 2 > 0
(z 4-1) (z 4- i) 4- (z - i) (z 4-1) = 0 => z + z > -2
2zz 4- z (1 4- i) 4- z(l - i) = 0 which is true.
1- i 33. .-. (1 + ri)3 = X (14- i)
=> zz + z =0
2 2 => 1 + (ri)3 4- 3(1 )2ri + 3(1) (ri)2 = X (1 + i)

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 Downloaded from [Link] Chap 01 Complex Numbers 81

=> 1 -r3i + 3ri -3r2 = A, + iX => 2(x2 + y2) + 27x - 50y + 38 = 0 ,..(i)
On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get and |z-4|=|z-8| =>|z-4|2=|z-8|2
1 -3r2 = X => |z|2 + 16-2 Re (4z) = | z |2 + 64-2 Re(8z)
and - r3 + 3r = X => 8 Re (z) = 48
Re(z) = 6
Then, - r3 + 3r = 1 - 3r.2
=> x=6 ...(ii)
=> r,3’-3r2-3r + l = 0
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
=> (r3 + l)-3r(r + l) = 0 2 (36+ y2) + 162 — 50y + 38 = 0
(r + 1) (r2 -r + 1 -3r) = 0 y2 -25y + 136 = 0
=£ (r+ l)(r2-4r + l) = 0 => (y-17)(y-8) = 0
r = - 1,2 ± => y = 17,8
Im(z) = 17,8
3rc n n
=> r = cosec —, tan —, cot — 37.
2 12 12 O(z2)
77^1)
34. Option (a) | z - 11 +.| z + 11 = 3
Here, 11 -(-1) | <3
i.e. 2 < 3, which is an ellipse.
Option (b) | z - 3 | = 2
It is a circle with centre 3 and radius 2.
Option (c) | z - 2 + i | = - (z3)«
S(z4)
3
et
7
.n

It is a circle with centre (2 - i) and radius Option (a) v PS11QR

e

3' X
iv

Z1 ~ Z4
at

Option (d) (z -3 + i)(z -3-i) = 5 arg =0

re

Z2 “Z3>
=> (z - 3 + 0 (z - 3 + 0 = 5
nc

|z-3 + i|2=5 ——— is purely real.

ar

z2~z3
.le

=t> ) z-3 + 11 = V5 Option (b) v Diagonals of rhombus are perpendicular.

w

/ Z, - z3 \ _ K_
w

It is a circle with centre at (3 - i) and radius x/5.

w

Then, arg
35. Since, 1, zp z2, z3,..., zn j are the n, nth roots of unity. Vz2-z4>/ " 2
Therefore, => ——— is purely imaginary.
z"-l=(z -l)(z-zj)(z -z2)...(z-zn_1) z2-z4
Option (c) v PR * QS
z"-l
=> = (z-z1)(z-z2)...(z-zn_1) I Z1 “ Z3 I *1 Z2 ~Z4 I
z -1
Option (d) v ZQSP = ZRSQ
n—1
= n (z - zr) amp
Z2 ~ Z4
= amp
Z3 ~ Z4
r=l
Z1~Z4 Z2 - Z4J
Now, putting z = co, we get
f X
n -1 ,. n . Z1 ~ Z4 Z2 ~ Z4
=> -amp = - amp
n«o-zr)=^ lz2- ZJ <Z3 “ 2 4 >
r=l CO-1
( \
0, if n =3r, r e Z => amp
Z1 - Z4
= amp
Z2 ~ Z4

kZ2 “ Z4 > Z3" Z4>

=1 if n =3r+ 1, r 6 Z
1 + CD, if n = 3r + 2, r € Z 38. v | z — 31 = min {|z — 11,| z — 51}
36. v 3|z-12|=5|z-8i| Case I If|z-3|=|z-l|
On squaring both sides, we get
A 91 z - 12 |2 =25 1 z-8i |2
|z-3|2=|z-1|2
=> 9(z-12)(z-12)=25(z-8i)(z+8i)
=> | z |2 + 9-2 Re (3z) =| z |2 + 1 -2 Re(z)
=> 9(zz - 12(z + z) + 144) = 25(zz + 8i(z -z) + 64)
=> 4Re(z)=8
=> 16zz + 108 (z + z) + 200 (z - z) i + 304 = 0
=> Re(z) = 2
=> 16(x2 + y2) + 216x - 400y + 304 = 0

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82 Downloaded
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r_
CnseH If | z-31=| z-51 z z
—+
On squaring both sides, we get 2o k2 0
=> =1
|z-3|2=|z-5|t2 2
| z |2 + 9 - 2 Re (3z) = | z |2 + 25 - 2 Re (5z) Z
Re =1
=> 4Re(z) = 16 => Re(z) = 4 2o
39. C(z) 42. v Zj + z2 = a, Z]Z2 = b
and given | zj =| z21 = 1
yn/3\
/a \ Let Zj = e‘e and z2 = e‘
n/3 n/3, 2n/3 | a | =| z, + z21 <| zj + | z21 = 1 + 1 = 2
A(-a.O) a O a S(a,0) |a|<2
0+0
Also, arg (a) = arg (zj + z2) = arg (e'° + e‘*) =
2
and arg (i>) = arg (z,z2) = arg (e'e + 0) )=e + 0
From figure, it is clear that z lies on the point of intersection of :. 2 arg (a) = arg (&) => arg (a2) = arg (b)
the rays from A and B.
V [Link] = 90° and OBC is an equilateral triangle.
43. az2 + z + a = 0 .(0
Hence, OC = a Then, az2 + z + a = 0
=> |z-0|=aor|z|=a a (z )2 + z + a = 0
and arg (z) = arg (z - 0) = y => az2 + z + a = 0 [v z = z] ...(ii)
On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get
t
2z - i
ne
40. v =m (a -a) z2 - (a - a) = 0
e.

z+i
iv

a - a - Oandz2 = 1
z-i/2 m
at

=> a = a and z = ± 1
re

z+i 2
nc

Put z = ± 1 in Eq. (i), we get

ar

For circle, — # 1 a + a =±1

2
.le

and absolute value of real root = 1

=> m + 2 and m > 0
w

i.e, |z| = |±l| = l

w

41. A(z0) lie on| z | = r

w

44. Let z = a be a real root of equation

=> |z0| = r => |z0|2=r.2: =* zozo=r2
z3 + (3 + i)zZ-3z-(m+i) = 0
=> a3 + (3 + i)a2 -3a-(m + i) = 0
Afco)
r => (a3 + 3a2-3a-m) + i(a2-1) = 0

0 On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get

a3 + 3a2-3a-m = 0
P(z)
and a2- i = o => a = ± 1

Let P(z) be any point on tangent, then For a = 1, we get

it l+3-3-m = 0=> m = l
ZPAO = ~
2 For a = -1, we get
Complex slope of AP + Complex slope of OA = 0 -l+3+3-m=0 => m = 5
=> 45. Letz = a be a real root of equation
z - z0 z0 - 0
z3 + (3 + 2i) z + (-1 + ia) = 0
=> zz0 +zoz =2z0z0
a3 + (3 + 2i) a + (-1 + ia) = 0
=> ZZq + Zo2 =2r2
=> (a3 + 3a -1) + i(a + 2a) = 0
=$ zz0 = zz0
On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get
Z -4=2
4+Z
Also,
r2 r2 a3 + 3a -1 =0 I

ZZp ZqZ and a + 2a = 0 ■

ZqZq ZqZq
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 Downloaded from [Link] Chap 01 Complex Numbers 83

a 98 50 A
=> a =—
2 = Z'' -3+ -0!
+ i1! + i2! + i”
-Z
=>
£ — -1 = 0 => a3 + 12a+ 8 = 0
r=1

f
r=4

47
j

X
8 2
=(r2 + i + 0) + i1 + i1 + i2 + i■ 66 + £ f(r+3)!
Let _f(a) = a3 + 12a + 8
< '• = 1 /
/(-l)<0,/(0)>0,/(-2)<0
= (-l-i) + (i + i-l-l
/(l) > 0 and f(3) > 0
■ =>

a g (-2,1) or a e(-l,0) ora g(-2,3) + (i° + i° + f° + ... 47 times))

So/. (Q. Nos. 46 to 48) = (-l-i) + (2i-2 + 47)
46. ■: arg (z) > 0 = 44 + i = a + ib [given]
arg (*) + arg (—z) = — K a = 44, b = 1
=> -arg(z)+arg(-z) = -7t Unit place digit of a2011 = (44)2011
=> arg(-z)-arg(z) = -7t = (44) ((44)2),00S = (44) (1936)1005
47. v arg (Z1z2) = it = (Unit place of 44)
=> arg (zj + arg (z2) = it x (Unit place digit of(1936)1005)
=> arg (zj - arg (z2) = 7t = Unit place of (4 x 6) = 4
Given, |zil=|z2l and unit place digit of fe2012 = (I)2012 = 1
lzil=|z2| = |z2| Hence, the unit place digit of a2011 + b
b 2012 = 4+1 = 5.
Then, Z1 + z2 = 0 too 10I
51. ■: £ ir' + fl ir
=> z, =-z2
t
ne
r=4 r=1
48. arg (4zJ - arg (5z2) = 7t
e.

97
iv

is possible only when | 4zJ = | 5z2| _ y ,('■+ 3)! i2i3...i101

at

r=l
re

=> = - = 1.25
nc

= (i° + i° + i° +... 97 times) + il + 2+ 3 + •••+101

Z2 4
ar

= 97 + i5151=97+i3=97-i
.le

and also 4Z[ + 5z2 = 0

:. a =97 and b = -1
w

£l = _5
w

=> Hence, a + 75b =97 -75 =22

w

z2 4
Sol. (Q. Nos. 52 to 54)
£> = — = 1.25 If z ± - = b, where a, b > 0
Z2 4 z
Sol. (Q. Nos. 49 to 51) a aa
z±- <|z| + —
49. •: n I is divisible by 4, V n > 4. z z |»|
25 22
y ((n + 3)> => »S|z| + -^-
|z|
n=4 n=1
=> |z|2 — b|z| + a>0
= i° + i° + i° +... (22 times) = 22 (0 b - yjb2 - 4a
25 25 |z|<
Zin! = i1! + i2! + iy + £
n=1 n=4
2
b + yjb2 - 4a
and |z[> (i)
= i + i2 + i6 + 22 [from Eq. (i)] 2
= i-l -1 + 22 = 20 + i . .
z±- > |z|-^- a
Also,
z ' ' zI z I
:. a = 20, b = 1
a -b =20-1 = 19 b> | z |------
b > |z|- —
which is a prime number. 1*1
95 50 - b < | z || ------ b< b
=>
50. .-. £ f + £ ir- 1*1
r--2 r-0
=> -b | z | <| z |2-a < b 1 z |

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Case I -b | z | < | z |2 -a On squaring and adding Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
=> |zl2 + b|z|-a>0 (1 -a)2 + b2 =(2a + 1)2 + (2b)2
- b - y]b2 + 4a => 3a2 + 3b2+6a = 0
Iz|<
2 => a 2 + b2 + 2a = 0
From option (c),
and
2 (1 +5a)2 +(3fe)2=(l -4a)2
Case II ( z |2 - a < b | z | => 9a2 + 9b2 + 18a = 0
=> | z |2 — b | z | — a < 0 a2 + b2 + 2a = 0

b — Jb2 + 4a b + Jb2 + 4a 56. From Eq. (i), we get

... z <------------
---- A--------- <<|z|< l-tan29/2^ /
2 2 2tan9/2
(1-a) +b = 2a + 1
From Case I and Case II, we get J + tan29/2j J + tan20/2,
-6 +Jfr2 + 4a^ b +Jfr2 + 4a -9 9
<|z|< •■•(ii) => (1 - a) - (1 - a) tan2 - + 2b tan -
2 2 2 2
9
9 V
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get = (2a + 1) + (2a + 1) tan2 -
2
- b + Jb2 + 4a , b + J(b2 + 4a)
z 4------ --------------
-------- i;--------- 4<|z|< 9 9
2 2 =t> (2 + a) tan2 — 2b tan - + 3a = 0
2 2
b + ^b2 + 4a 9 2b ± J4b2 - 1.2a (2 + a)
:. The greatest value of | z | is tan - =------ 2------------ ——
2 2 2(2 + a)
- b + yjb2 + 4a
t
ne
and the least value of | z | is _2b + ^4b2-12(-b2)
2 [v a2 + b2 +2a = Q]
e.

-2b2/a
iv

52. Here, a = 1 and b = 2

at

_ (2b ± 4b) a 6ba - 2ab

-2ab 3a a
=----- r or
or----- -7 =----- or -
re

X =Sum of the greatest and least values of | z | -----

-2b2 -2b2 -2b -2b22 b b
nc

= ylb2 + 4a = ^4 + 4 = 7i
9 b b b „n . e9 9
ar

cot - =----- or - or — =3 cot - or - cot -

.le

X2=8 2 3a a a 2 2
w

53. Here, a = 2 and b = 4 57. :. a2 + b2 + 2a = 0 => (a + I)2 + b2 = 1

w
w

X =Sum of the greatest and least value of |z |. Now, | z | = 1 = (a + I)2 + b2

= y!b2 + 4a = 716 + 8 = 724 58. v 1 + z + z2 + z3 +... + z'7 =0
I2 =24 1 • (1 — z 18)
—=0
54. Here, a = 3 and b = 6 (1-z)

X =Sum of the greatest and least value of | z | => 1-z18 = 0,1-z # 0

= ^2 + 4a = 736+ 12 = 748 = 473 z18 = 1, Z 1

=> 1 =273 and 1 + z + z2 + z3 +...+ z13 = 0

X2 = 12 L-O-^Lo
(1 -z)
Sol. (Q. Nos. 55 to 57)
=> 1-z14 = 0,1 - z 0
v W= = a + ib
z+2 z14 = 1, z 1 ■(ii)

55. v z=ase = ei0 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

e*-l z14 • z4 = 1 => 1 • z4 = 1
= a + ib
e® + 2 z4 = 1
=>(cos9 + isin0 -1) =(a + ib) (cos9 + fsin9 + 2) Then, z = 1,-1, i,-i
On comparing real and imaginary parts, we get z *1
cos9 -1 = a cos9 + 2a -b sin9 z =-l, i,-i
=> (1 - a) cos9 + b sin9 = 2a + 1 —(i) Hence, only z = -1 satisfy both Eqs. (i) and (ii).
and sin9 = a sin9 + b cos9 + 2b :. Number of values of z is 1.
(1 - a) sin9 - b cos9 = 2b (ii)
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59. We have, Z3 =Z ■••(0 r- x 1

For x = —,y = ± - [from Eq. (i)]
|Z|’=|f|=|z| 2 2
n V3 x 1
=3 |z|(|z|2-l) = 0 For x =------,y = ± - [from Eq. (i)]
2 2
| z | = 0 and | z |2= 1 1 , i^ 1 . iy/3 73 i '3 i
:. Solutions are - ±---- , — ±---- , — ± ------± -
Now, | z |2 = 1 2 " 2 ’ 2 2 2 2 2 2
_ 1 Hence, number of solutions is 8.
zz = 1 => z = -
z 62. We have, x- a + ib
On putting this value in Eq. (i), we get
=> x2 = (a2 -b2)+2iab =3+ 4i [given]
Z'3 =1 2
a" -b2 =3 and ah = 2 •••(i)
z
=> . z4=l -(ii) and x3 = x • x2 = (a + ib) [(a2 - b2) + 2iab]
Clearly, Eq. (ii) has 4 solutions. = (a3 - ab2 - 2ab2) + i[2a2b + b(a2 - b2)]
Therefore, the required number of solutions is 5. = (a3 - 3ab2) + i(3a2b - b3) = 2 + Hi [given]
60. We have, z = 9 + ai .-. a3-3ab2 =2
=> z2 =(81 -a2) + 18ai and 3a2b-b3=ll (ii)
z3 = (729 - 27a2) +(243a - a3) i From Eq. (i), we get
According to the question, we have a2 + b2= -b2)2 + 4a2b2 = 5
Im (z2) = Im (z3)
Then, 2a2 =8,2b2 =2
=> 18a = 243a - a3 => a(a2 -225) = 0
t
ne
a2 = 4,b2 = 1
e.

a = 0 or a2 =225 => a=2,b = l

iv

But a*Q and a=-2,b = -l [■.• ab=2]

at
re

a2 =225 Finally, a = 2, b = 1 satisfies Eq. (ii).

nc

Hence, a + b = 2 + l= 3
The sum of digits of a2 = 2 + 2 + 5 = 9
ar

63. v (l + i)4=[(l + i)2]2

.le

61. Let z = x + iy
= (l + i2 + 2i)2 = (l-l + 2i)2
w

1*1 = 1
w

= 4i2 = - 4 ■(i)
w

x2 + y2 = 1
z z 1 — Vie i -i
and - + - =1 and
z z Vk + i 1 + Tn i
x + iy x - iy _ (1 - Vn i) (Vit - i) + (Vn - i) (1 - Vic i)
=> 1
x - iy x + iy n+1 1+n
_ Vtc- i-ni-Vit+Vtc- TCi-i-Vic
(x + iy)2 4- (x - iy)2
=> =1 K+l
x2 + y2
-2ni-2i
------------ = -2i -(ii)
2(x2-y2) _ TC + 1
=> 1 [from Eq. (i)]
1 f—
It -I
\

Given, z = —(1+i)4 +
x 2 -y 2.1
=± - (ii) 4
2
Tt
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get = -(-4)(-2i) = 2ni [from Eqs. (i) and (ii)]
4
2x.22=1±- = -,-
2 2 2 Now, 1*1 -^ = 4
2 1 3 u.1 x^3 amp (z) J It/2
1
=>
4 4 2 2 64. v An=l
D 1 X v/3
[from Eq. (i)] => A=(l)1/n=e■2: ’tH/n,r = 0,l,2,...,n-l
For x = -,y =± —
22 4si/n of>Kiln
A = l, e2K‘ln.e'*‘"\ e'"'"",..., e
fl2rt(n-l)i/n

_ p2it piln
Forx = --,y=± — [from Eq. (i)] and (A + l)n=l => A + l=(l)1/n —c
2 2

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■
86 Textbook of Algebra ■

.[’Of 2qn 2qn

A=e2Kp,,n-l = epK,/n -2isin = -i { L cos----- + i sm —— ■

[9 = oV 11 11
p — 0,1, 2,.. n-1 s
= - i {(sum of 11,11th roots of unity) - 1}
i
A = 0, e"i/n • 2i sin I „2xi/n
I, e
Mt). = -i (0-1) = I
32 ( ™ ( . 2qlt . 2qn p
TC (n - 1) P = Z (?p + 2) Z sin —----- 1 cos ——
eKI <n ~,)/n • 2i sin p=l l? = ik 11 11
n
For n = 6, 32
„4xi/n _ „4ni/6
= £(3p + 2)((y
e =e = e2x(/3 P=1
2n . . 2rc 1 ’•173
i73 32 32
= cos — 4-1 sin — = — +----- = 3Ep(i)P + 2Z(iy
3 3 2 2• p=l P=1
e>ti/6 K 32
and e ■ 2i sin
6 = 3 Z p(, )P + 0 = 3$ (say)
p=i
\ rt 7t i
= cos — + i sin — • i 32
I 6 6J where, S = Z p(i)p

= —+-
f 73 f p=i

I2 2J 2 2 S = l-i + 2i2 + 3i3 + ... + 31-i31 4- 32 -i32

Hence, the least value of n is 6. i$ = li2 + 2-i3+... + 31i32 + 32i33

65. Given, z,. z2, z3,..., z50 are the roots of the equation (1 - i)S =(i + i2 + i3 +... + i32) -32i■ 33
33
50
y (z)r = 0. then = (0)-32i
r=0 s_ 321(1 + 0
et
50 50 (l-i)(l + i)
.n

y (z)r =(z - Zj) (z - z2) (z -z3)... (z - z50) = n (z - zr)

e

= - 16 (i - 1) = 16 (1 - i)
iv

r»0
at

1 Taking log on both sides on base e, we get P=3S = 48(l-i)

re

Given, (1 + i) P = n(n!) => (1 + i)-48(l -i) = n(n!)

nc

' 50 > 50
ar

log, £(2)' =X log, (z-zr) 96 = n(n!) =$■ 4(4!) = n(n!)

.le

<r = 0 > r=l

n=4
w

On differentiating both sides w.r.t. z, we get (1 + i)2 1 4- i2 4- 21

w

50 67. v =i
w

W* 50
1 -i (l-0(l + 0 2
r = 0________
50 =e
r=1 (z ~ zr)
1
Given,
+/ ]
— | = — sin
1 -i n < 2x )
.2 \
2 . _j "1 + x‘

r=0 (. i\
1+ X
=> in=- sin’’
On putting z = 1 in both sides, we get n < 2x )
50
(1 + x2
50 => sin-1
r=0
~50 -e r=1
1
(1 -Zr)
2x

E’
r=0 =>
1 4- x 2 f it
71
- = sin -(i)n (0
2x 2
SO
=>
(1 4-2 4-3 4-...4- 50)
51 -e r =l
1
(zr -1)
Now,

X+1
AM>GM

X
x2+ 1
= -(-5X) [given] > 1 => >1
2 2x
5-°x51
( 7t . .J
=> 2 = 5X sin - (i)n > 1 [•/ -1 < sin 0 < 1]
51 2
=> X =5
sin | — (i)n = 1
»? ( . 2qn
2q7t 2qlt
2q7t U
66. •: l I sin —— i cos
q=1 11 11 => n = 4,8,12,16,...
*2 ( 2q7C 2qn Least positive integer, n = 4
= - i Z I cos — + i sm
9=> 11 11

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1
3
Chap 01 Complex Numbers 87

68. (A) -> (p,9), (B) -> (p,r),(C) -» (p.r.s) '13 + 5 _ .

-5 (B) 75-12/ =± ± (3 - 2i)
If z ± - = b, where a > 0 and b > 0, then
■ z
13 + 5'
i- - b+ yjb2 + 4a b + 7b2 + 4a
and 7-5 -12/ = ± = ±(2—3/)
I■ 2
<|z|<
2
2 ,
5 z = 75-12/ + 7-5-12/ = ± (3 - 2i) ± (2 - 3i)
I
■
(A) Here, a = 1 and b = 2
Then, - 1 + 72 <|z| 1 + 72
= 5-5/,-l -/,-5 + 5/,l + /
2 zt = 5 - 5i, z2 = - 1 - /,
G = 1 + 72
z3 = - 5 + 5/ and z4 = 1 + i
= and L = -l + 72
B |z,|2 + |z2|2 + | z3|2 + |z412 = 50 + 2 + 50 + 2
- =3 G - L =2 [natural number and prime number]
(B) Here, a = 2 and b = 4 = 104 = 8 x 13
' |17 + 8
I
■
Then, -2 + 76 <|z| <2 + 76
G = 2 + 76
(C) 78 + 15/ = ±
\ 2 ■/¥)
and L = - 2 + 76 = ± [_5_ 3i_
= ± -7= (5 + 3i)
72
=> G - L = 4 [natural number and composite number]
andV-8-15.=±^H-i 17 + 8
(C) Here, a - 3 and b = 6
2
Then, -3 + 273 <|z| <3 + 273
3 5
G=3 + 2y[i =± 4= i| = ± 4; (3-5i)
.2 J)
,7i 7i >12
and L = -3 + 273
et
z = 7» + 15/ + 7-8-15/
.n

=> G - L =6
e
iv

[natural number, composite number and perfect number] I = ± -7= (5 + 3i) ± -7= (3 - 5i)
at

72 72
69. (A) -+ (q), B —» (q, r), C -+ (q, s)
re

z =-1= (8-2i),-7= (-2 - 8i),

nc

We know that, 72 72
ar

|z| — Re (z) |z| - Re (z)

.le

2 2
4= (-8+ 2/), 4= (2+ 8/)
72 72
w
w

' /|z| + Re(z) '|z| -Re(z)' z, = 72 (4 - /), z2 = 72 (- 1 - 4i)

w

If Im(z) > 0 = ± -/
X 2 2 z3 =72 (- 4 + i)andz4 = 72 (1 + 4i)
If Im (z) < 0
••• kJ2 + k2l2 + N2 + lz412=34 + 34 + 34 + 34
10 + 6 = 136 = 17x8
(A) 76 + 8/ = ±
X 2
70. (A) -> (p,q,r,t);(B) -+ (p,s);(C) -» (p.r)
= ± (2y[2 + /Ti) (A) Here, the last digit of 143 is 3. The remainder when 861 is
= ± 72 (2 + /) divided by 4 is 1. Then, press switch number 1 and we get
3. Hence, the digit in the units place of(143)861 is 3.
10-6 + . 10 + 6
and 7- 6 + 8/ = ± X=3
2 2
Next, the last digit of 5273 is 3. The remainder when 1358
= ± (72 + f 2T2) = ± 72(1 + 2i) is divided by 4 is 2. Then, press switch number 2 and we
z = 76 + 8/ + 7- 6 + 8/ get 9. Hence, the digit in the units place of (5273)1358 is 9.
U=9
= ±>12(2 + i) + yl2(l + 2/)
Hence, l+g=3 + 9 = 12
= 372 (1 + /), 72 (1 - /),-3^ (1 + i),72 (-1 + i) which is divisible by 2, 3, 4 and 6.
Zj = 372 (1 +/), z2 = 72 (1 -/), (B) Here, the last digit of 212 is 2. The remainder when 7820
is divided by 4 is 0. Then, press switch number 0 and we
z3 =-3^ (1 + /)
get 6. Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of (2 1 2) 7820 is 6.
and z4 =7i (-1 + /) X=6
•• |z,|2 + |z2|2 + |z3I2 + |z4|2 Next, the last digit of 1322 is 2. The remainder when 1594
is divided by 4 is 2. Then, press switch number 2 and we
= 36 + 4 + 36 + 4 = 80 which is divisible by 8. get 4.

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1 + Zj + z2+ z3
Hence, the digit in the unit’s place of(1322)1594 is 4. =>
3
p =4
Zj+ z2 + z3 _ 1
Hence, A. + p= 6+ 4 = 10, which is divisible by 2 and 5. =>
3 3
(C) Here, the last digit of 136 is 6. Therefore, the unit’s place
.................... ( 1
of(136)786 is 6. A Centroid of the triangle is —, 0 .
k 3 /
A. =6
So, the circumcentre and centroid of the triangle coincide.
Next, the last digit of 7138 is 8. The remainder when
Hence, required triangle is an equilateral triangle.
13491 is divided by 4 is 3. Then, press switch number 3
and we get 2. Hence, unit’s place of(7138)13'’91 is 2. Therefore, Statement-1 is true. Also, zp z2 and z3 represent
vertices of an equilateral triangle, if
p=2 Z]2 + Z2 + Z3 - (ZjZ2 + z2z3 + z3z,) = 0.
Hence, X+p=6+2=8
Therefore, Statement-2 is false.
which is divisible by 2 and 4.
75. We have,
71. (A)^(r);(B)-*(p,s);(C)->(q,t)
|z -1| + |z -8| =5 (0
If z — — = b, where a > 0 and b > 0, then Here, Z] = 1, z2 = 8 and 2a = 5
z Now, lzi — zzl = b “8| = |-7| =7
- b + ylb2 + 4a b + -\b2 + 4a 2a=5<7
<|z|<
2 2 Therefore, locus of Eq. (i) does not represent an ellipse. Hence,
— b + Jb2 + 4<a Statement-1 is false. Statement-2 is true by the property of
b+ yjb2 + 4a
A,= and p =-------- —-------- ellipse.
2 76. Since, zn z2 and z3 are in AP.
(A) Here, a = 6 and b = 5
A 2z2 = Zj + z3
t
A. = 6 and p = 1
ne
z, + z,
A? + px =6’ + l6=7
e.

z2 =--------- -
2
iv

and -pX =6* -I6 =5

at

It is clear that, z2 is the mid-point of zt and z3.

re

(B) Here, a = 7 and b = 6 A Zp z2 and z3 are collinear.

nc

A A. = 7 and p = 1 Statement-1 is true, Statement-2 is true; Statement-2 is a

ar

A?+pX =7* + I7 =8 correct explanation of Statement-1.

.le

77. Principal argument of a complex number depend upon

w

and A?-pX =7*-17=6

w

quadrant and principal argument lies in(— K, k].

w

(C) Here, a = 8 and b = 7 Hence, Statement-1 is always not true and Statement-2 is
A. = 8 and p = 1 obviously true.
=> A? + p x =8* + I8 =9 , . kTt
78. We have, C]: arg (z) = —
A? -px =8* -I8 =7 ’ 4
and
72. Statement-1 is false because 3 + 7i > 2 + 4i is meaningless in => tan [ let z = x + iy]
\xj 4
the set of complex number as set of complex number does not
hold ordering. But Statement-2 is true. 7t
y = tan —
=> =1
73. Statement-1 is false as X 4
y=x
(cos 0 + i sin 0)" # cos n0 + i sin n<J>
Ci-.y = x
KT ( It .. It 2 it . . it
Now, cos — + i sin — = cos — + i sin — r i \ 371
I 4 4, 2 2 C2:arg(z) = —
4
[by De-Moivre’s theorem]
A Statement-2 is true.
=> tan r1 W
xj
= —4 [ let z = x + iy]

74. We have, 3k
y = tan — = -1
|3zj + l|=|3z2 + l|=|3z3 + l| X 4
.'. Zp z2 and z3 are equidistant from j, oj and circumcentre y=-x
C2:y = -x ■(ii)
and C3: arg (z - 5 - 5i) = 7t
of triangle is | - Oj.
tan
fy-5>
- ---- = n [ let z = x + iy]
Also, 1 + z, + z2 + z3 = 0 ' \X -5,

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■
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y-5 On putting x = CD in Eq. (i), we get

- ---- = tan % = 0 => y = 5
■ x-5 co5 -1
= (co - a,) (cd - a2) (cd - a3) (co - a4)

I C3:y=5
We get the following figure.
y
...(iii) CD-I
CD2 -1
CD-I
= (co-a1)(cD-a2)(cD-a3)(co-a4)

and putting x = co2 in Eq. (i), we get

...(ii)

oy
8 C3: y=y CD1O-1
= (co2 - a,) (co2 - a2) (co2 - a3)(co2 - a4)
(-5, 5R~ /4(5,5) co2-1
C2:y=-x CD-I
X = (cd2 -a,)(co2 -a2)(co2 -a3)(co2 -a4) ...(iii)
0(0, 0) CD2 -1
On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (iii), we get
co—CX] co-a2 co-a3 co-a 4 .JCO2-!)2
2 * 2 * 2 2
.'. Area of the region bounded by Cp C2 and C3 co -cq cd -a2 co -a3 r ~ 4 (®-I)2
co4 -a
_ CD4 +1 - 2CO2 _ co +1 -2co.2:
— _1 IIIl 5-0 5 - 0|| = ;25
2||-5-0 5-0| CD2 + 1 - 2C0 CD2 + 1 - 2CD

:. Statement-1 is false. -CD2 -2C02 _ — 3CD2

---------- = CD
Now, OA = 572, OB = 5^2 and AB = 10 -C0-2C0 -3C0

(OA)2 + (OB)2 = (AB)2 and OA = OB z+z

82. Let z = x + iy, then ------ = X
2
Therefore, the boundary of Cp C2 and C3 constitutes right
:. From given relation, we get
isosceles triangle.
t
ne
=> x = |x+iy-l|
Hence, Statement-2 is true.
e.

=> x = |(x-l) + iy |
iv

Since, Im(z2z3) = t*2*3-- = ^2Z3 ~z2z3l x2=(x-l)2 + y2 =>2x = l + y2

at
re

If Zj = Xj + iy} and z2 = x2 + iy2

Zi Im(z2Z3) = ^{z^Zj -Z^Zj}
nc

Then, 2x, = 1 + y2 -(i)

ar

2
..(ii)
.le

and 2x2 = 1 + y2
Similarly, z2 Im(z3Zj) = — {z2z3Zj ~z2z1z3} •••(ii)
w

2i On subtracting Eq. (ii) from Eq. (i), we get

w

2(x1-x2) = y12-y22
w

and z3 Im(z1z2) = ~{z3ZjZ2 —z3ZjZ2} ...(iii)

2i
2(x! -x2)=(yj +y2)(y,-y2) (iii)
On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get
But, given that arg (z, - z2) = n 14
zt Im(z2z3) + z2Im(z3z1) + z3Im(z1z2) = 0
Therefore, this is proved. Then, tan-’ yi-y2|=* => Xi -X2 =i
<X, -x2 4 X, -x2
80. Since, zv z2 and z3 are the roots of
yJ-y2 = xi-x2 (iv)
x3 + 3ax2 + 3bx + c = 0,
From Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get
we get Zj + z2 + z3 = - 3a [••■71 -72*0]
yi + y2=2
Zi + z2 + z3 =_a Im(Zj + z2) = 2
3 Hence, the imaginary part (zx + z2) is 2.
and ZjZ2 + z2z3 + z3z, =3b
83. (i) LHS = (a2 + b2 + c2 - be - ca - ab)
Hence, the centroid of the AABC is the point of affix (- a).
(x2 + y2 + z2 - yz - zx - xy)
Now, the triangle will be equilateral, if
= (a + bco + cco2) (a + bco2 + cco)
z2 + z2 + z3 = ZjZ2 + z2z3 + Z3Z1
(x + yco + zco2) (x + yco2 + zco)
=> (Zj + z2 + z3)2 = 3(zjZ2 + z2z3 + z3zj = {(a + bco + cco2) (x + yco + zco2)}
=> (-3a)2 =3(3b) {(a + hco2 + cco) (x + yco2 + zco)}
Therefore, the condition is a2 = b. = {ax + cy + bz + CD (bx + ay + cz)
81. v x5 -1 =0 has roots 1, otp a2, a3, a4. + co2 (ex + by + az)} x{ax + cy + bz + cd2
(bx + ay + cz) + co (ex + by + az)}
(x5 -l)=(x-l)(x-ai)(x-a2)(x-a3)(x-a4) = (X + coZ + co2 Y) (X + cd2Z + co Y)
x5-l = RHS
=>------- = (x-a,)(x-a2)(x-a3)(x-a4) •••(i)
x-1

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(ii) LHS = (a’+ b3 4- c3 - 3abc) (x3+ y3 4- z3 - 3xyz) Using Eqs. (i) and (ii), then equations of lines are
= (a 4- b+ c)(a2 + b2 + c2 -ab -bc-ca)x z + z 3 (z - z)
------- + _1------ <-11 = 0
(x + y + z)(x2+ y2 + z2 - xy -yz -zx) 2 2i
= (a + b 4- c) (x + y + z ) 3 (z + z) _ (z~z) + 7 = Q
(a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - be - ca)x and
2 2i
(x2 4- y2 + z2 - xy - yz-zx) [using (i) part] i.e., . (1 - 3i) z + (1 + 3i) z - 22 = 0
= (ax + ay + az + bx + by + bz + ex + cy + cz) and (3 + i) z + (3 - i) z + 14 = 0
(X2 + Y2 + Z2 - YZ - ZX - XY)
86. Putting = x in LHS, we get
= {(ax + cy + bz) + (ex + by + az) 4- (bx + ay + cz)}
(X2 + Y2 + Z2-YZ-ZX-XY) LHS = (l + x)(l + x2)(l + x22)...(l + x2fl)
= (X 4- Y 4- Z) (X2 + Y2 + Z2 - YZ - ZX - XY) Jl-x) (1 + x) (1 + x2) (1 + x2 2)... (1 + x2”)
= X5 + Y’ + Z3-3XYZ = RHS (1-x)
84. Let z = x + iy _ (1 - x2) (1 4- X2) (1 + X2 2 )...(! + x2")
|z|2 = x2 + y2 (1-x)
x2 + y2 - 2i (x + iy) + 2c (1 + i) = 0 2 2
) (1 4-X2 )...(! 4-X2 )
n
(1-x2
(x2 + y2 + 2y + 2c) + i (- 2x + 2c) = 0 (1-x)
On comparing the real and imaginary parts, we get .2"
(1-Z )(1 + Z) i-(xV
x2 + y2 + 2y + 2c = 0 —(i)
(1-x) (l-x)
and - 2x + 2c = 0 ...(ii) 2"
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get i
1-
et
2 1+i
.n

y2 + 2y + c2 + 2c = 0 x =-----
e

2
1-
iv

-2± J4 - 4(c2 + 2c) r------ 7----- -

< 2 >
at

=> y =----- 2 - = -1 ± J(1 - c2 - 2c)

re
nc

v x and y are real. f

= —2__ (1 + i) = (l + i) 1- —11 '
=RHS
ar

1 - c2 - 2c £ 0 or c2 4- 2c 4-1 < 2 on
(1 + 0 \ 22
.le

(c + I)2 <(>/2)2 => ^2 — 1 < c 5/2 -1 I 2 J

w
w

• 0 < c £ -Ji - 1 [*.■ given c > 0] 87. Since, arg (z - 3i) = 3ti / 4 is a ray which is start from 3i and
w

Hence, the solution is z = x + iy = c + i (-1 ± -Jl - c2 - 2c) makes an angle 3n / 4 with positive real axis as shown in the
figure.
for 0 < c < Ji - 1 x+y=3 y
and z = x 4- iy = no solution for c > Ji -1
85. Let z = x + iy (0.3)
z 4- z yy=x+-
2
Re (z) = x = -.(i) ■■ 2
2
z -z 3/2
and Im (z) = y = ,(ii)
2i ■■ 1

The equation (2 - i) z + (2 + i) z + 3 = 0 can be written as • X'+ >X

1/2 0
2(z + z)-i(z-z) + 3 = 0
or 4x 4- 2y 4- 3 = 0 Y'
Slope of the given line, m = - 2 Equation of ray in cartesian form is
Let slope of the required line be n\, then y - 3 = tan(3n/4)(x- 0)
n\ - m m, + 2 =,±1=^ or y - 3 = - x or x + y =3
tan 45° = => 1 =
1 + rr\m 1 -2rrjj 1 -2n\ and arg (2z + 1 - 2i) = n/4
arg ^2 (z + | - i
■■■ 3 = n/4

:. Equation of straight lines through (-1, 4) and having slopes arg(2) + arg I z + - - i I = K14
or
- - and 3 are y - 4 = — (x + 1) and y - 4 = 3 (x 4- 1) \ 2 /
3 3 0 + arg (z + | - ij = n/4
=> x + 3y -11 = 0 and 3x - y + 7 = 0 or

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 Downloaded from [Link] ■ Chap 01 Complex Numbers 91

-*+1 On subtracting Eq. (i) from Eq. (ii), we get

or arg = n/4
2 z (c~2 - a~lb~l) = 2c”1 - a”1 - b~l
which is a ray that start from point - - + i and makes an angle 2c -a 1 - b
Hence, z=—
c”2 - a~lb~'
it 14 with positive real axis as shown in the figure.
/.Equation of ray in cartesian form is which is a required point.
y-1 =1 [x —(—1/2)] =>y = x + 3/2 90. vADlBC
From the figure, it is clear that the system of equations has no AP is also perpendicular to BC.
solution. A(zt)
••■(*)
88. Let a = r cos a and 0 = r sin a
So that, a2_, =r'2
6 + a0'2_
r = |a|
Then, a =|a | cos a [from Eq. (i)]
(?2)B CIZ3)
cos a = ± 1
Then, cos a = 1 or - 1 according as a is + ve or - ve and
sin a = 0. P(Z)
Hence, a = 0 or it according as a is + ve and - ve. it
Then, arg I zi ~ z I
Again, let 0 = cos 0 or b = rj sin P -(ii) \z3—Z2/ 2
( X
So that, 02 + b2 = r2 I zi - z
Re =0
rj=|&| \Z3 “ z2>

From Eq. (ii), we get b = | b | sin P zi ~z

t
ne

sin p = ± 1 z3 ~ z2 Z3 ~Z2
=0
e.

2
iv

Then, sin P = 1 or -1 according as b is + ve or - ve and cosP=0.

at

Zj - z Z\ - Z
=> + -—— = 0 (i)
re

Hence, P = — or according as b is +ve or -ve. Z3 -Z2

2 2 Z3“Z2
nc
ar

89. Let two non-parallel straight lines PQ, RS meet the circle But O is the circumcentre of AABC, then
.le

|z | = r in the points a, b and c. OP = OA = OB = OC

w

----- lz I = IZ1 I ~ lZ2 I ~ lZ3 I

w
w

b S On squaring the above relation, we get

0 z IZ|2=IZ1|2=IZ2|2=IZ3|2
Q
=> zz =Z^ =Z^2 =z^3
c z z
From first two relations £ = — •••(ii)
R^ z zt
Then, [a | =r,\b | = r and|c| = r or |a |2 =| b|2 =|c| 2 = r2 z z
From first and third relation — = —
a a = b b = c c = r2, z z2
2 2 2 z, z
then a=-, b=-andc=- and from first and fourth relation — = — -(iv)
a b c z z3

z z 1
Z. — Z
Points a, b andz are collinear, then a a 1 =0 From Eq. (i), we get —------ + -X----- = 0 ..•(v)
Z3“Z2 £3 _Z2
b b 1 Z Z
(a - b) - z (a - b) + ab - a b = 0
Z From Eqs. (ii), (iii), (iv) and (v), we get
( 2 2\
r rr2^ _ . r2a r2b 1-1
z ~z(a-b) + —-------- = 0
b ba zi~z , zi
—=0
Z3~Z2 £ z
On dividing both sides by r2 (b - a), we get
z3 z2
z z / \
—+ ~-a + b zi-.2_ 1 + ££. . = o
: z, — z
ab r V —------- * 0
<z3—Z2/ . ZZj . Z3~Z2
For RS, replace a = b = c in Eq. (i), then
Z,Z, ^2^3
z z „ 1 + —= 0 => Z =
— + — = 2c (ii)
c2 r2 ZZ1 Z1

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91. From the figure, 92. Given, OA = 1 and \z | = 1

a =(arg (z)-arg (co))
Y
2 PqM
and for every a, sin2 (ii)

A(z)
P(z)
s A(1)
ro 1*1 |z-col 0
*-X
c
CT
05
E B(co)
a Q(zzo)
|co|
-------------------►
0 Real axis OP = |z-0|=|z| = l
OP = OA
In AOAB, from cosine rule OPq = |z0 — 0 | = |z0 |
(AB)2 = (OA)2 + (OB)2 - 2OA • OB cos a and OQ = | zz0 - 0| = |zz0| = |z 11z0| = 11z0| = |z0|
=> |z - co I2 = |z I2 + |co I2 - 2 |z I |co I cos a OP0=OQ
=> |z — cd|2 =(|z | — |cd|)2 + 2|z | |co| (1 - cos a) fz0 - 0^1 Z Zp
Also, ZP0OP = arg
l^z-0 J zz
=> |z-co|2 =(|z |-|co|)2 + 4)z | |co|sin2 — (- \
2 Z Zo Z Zo j =
= arg arg - arg (z z0)
=> |z-u|!s(|z|-I®I)2 + “|z|I“I?
2
[from Eq. (ii)]
t hl2 J . 1 J
ne
2 . -X 1
e.

= - arg (z z0) = arg —

|z-co |2 <(|z | -1 co |)2 + a2 [*•• |z | <l,|co|<l]
iv
at

|z - co |2 < (|z |-|co |)2+(arg (z) - arg (co))2 [from Eq. (i)] ( 1-0
re

= arg = ZAOQ
nc

I. Aliter
ar

Let z = r (cos9 + i sin 9) and CO = /j (cos 9, + i sin 9]), Thus, the triangles POP0 and AOQ are congruent.
.le

then|z| = rand|co| = r. PP0 = AQ

w
w

Also, arg (z) = 9 and arg (co) = 9] |z-z0|=|zz0-l|

w

and r<land /j<l [v given|z | < 1,|CO| < 1] 93. Let the equation of line passing through the origin be
We have, z - co = (r cos 9 - r} cos 9j) + i (r sin 9 - q sin 9]) az + az = 0 •0)
|z — co|2 =(r cos 9 - rt cos9])2 + (r sin 9 -r, sin 9J2 According to the question, Zj, z2..... zn all lie on one side of
=> |z - co |2 = r2 + r2 - 2/7] cos (9 - 9J line (i)
= (r - Tj)2 + 2/7] - 2/7] cos (9 - 9j) az/ + aZf > 0 or < 0 for all i = 1,2,3..... n •(ii)
n n
= (r - q)2 + 2/7] (1 - cos (9 - 9])) aEz( + a£zj>0or<0 ...(iii)
i=i i=i

= (r - T])2 + 4/7] sin2

9-9, n

2 => If X zt = 0, then £ z( = 0,
i=i i=i i=i
2
9-9, n n
<(r-r1)2 + 4rr1 [v|sin9|<|9|]
2 i=i i=i
= (r-r1)2 + rr1(9-91)2 From Eq. (ii), we get
<(r-r1)2+(9-91)2 a z( + az, > 0 or < 0 for all i = 1,2,3..... n
|z -(012 £ (|z I - |co I)2 + (arg z - arg co)2 ^ + ^>0or<0
=>
IL Aliter z( z,

Let z = r cos 9 a a
=> kJ2 — + — > > 0 or < 0
Z] Z]
and co = 5 cos 9j
.-. r2 + r2 - 2/7] cos (9 - 9J £ r2 + r2 - 2rr} + (9 - 9J2 a a
=> — + — > 0 or < 0 for all i = 1,2,3,..., n
2 z( zf
9 -e, r, rj < 1
=> nj sin2 1
and sin2 x £ x2 => .... — lie on one side of the line az + az =0
Z]’z2

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 Downloaded from [Link] Chap 01 Complex Numbers 93

"1 "1
or a Z — + a Z — > 0 or < 0
/ = 1 z( i = 1 zf

"1 £"1—
Therefore, Z — * 0 If £ £"1—
1 = 0, then Z 1 =0
1 = 1 z( 1 = 1 zi ( = 1 z(

n 1 n 1
=> a I i + a Z 1 = 0-
i = l zf ( = 1 z,
From the given condition,

i 94. Given, |a | |t| =>lab2c ;|a | =|c|; az2 + bz + c = 0, then we

have to prove that |z | = 1
ri r2
r2 r3 n = 0
5

i
S
On squaring, we get
|a |2 |b |2 =a b2c and|a |2 =|c |2
=>
r3 q r2
q.33 + r2,33 + r3.33 -3rjr2r3 = 0
=> a a b b = a b2c and aa =cc
=> 01 + r2 + r3) Krl ~r2)2 + (r2 -5)2 + (r3 ~ri)2} = 0
i => a b=b c and a a = c c (i)
If Zj andz2 are the roots of az2 + bz + c = 0 Since, /j + r2 + r3 * 0,
Then, and z2 are the roots of a (z )2 + bz + c = 0 •••(A) then (r, - r2)2 + (r2 - r3)2 + (r3 - r,)2 = 0
b c It is possible only when
zi + z2 = - -, Zfr = -
a a •■■(ii) ri -r2=r2-r3 = r3-ri =°
- - b c
and Zi + z2 = --,z1z2=- r1=r2=r3
a a
1 1 _ zi + z2 _~b Ia _ b b - - and
t |2il=|z2l=lz3l=r [say]
—+—
ne
-~=zl+z2 Hence, zp z2,z3 lie on a circle with the centre at the origin.
zi z2 Z] z2 c/a c a
e.

[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] .

iv

. 1 1 -b/a (ii) Again, in Aoz2z3 by Coni method

at

and — + —
v*
re

Z1 z2 c/a z3 - 0
arg = Zz2oz3 => arg Zz2oz3 (i)
nc

b a be b Z2~°
=---- ----- ~ - - = z, + z2
ar

c ca a a In A z^zz by Coni method

.le

[from Eqs. (i) and (ii)] z —z 1

w

arg -—---- - = Zz2 Zj z3 = - Zz2oz3 [property of circle]

Now, it is clear that z}= — and z2 = 1
w

<Z2 ” Zl> 2
w

zi z2 f \
1 £3 [from Eq. (i)]
Then, |z3 |2 = 1 and |z212 = 1 = -arg
<zi>
/
Hence, |z | = 1
arg £3 = 2 arg
Z3 ~ Z1
Conversely For az2 + bz + c = 0, we have to prove ,zi. <Z2 “Zl>

|z| = l=>|a||b|=7oT^ \2
Z3 II = arg | z3 ----
Hence, arg II — ~ z\ J-
and |al=|c| \Z1/ \Z2 Z\)
, 1
. (z I = 1 =>|z|2=l => z z = 1 =>z = —
z 96. We know that,
From Eq. (A), we get Re(z1z2)<|z1z2|
A |z,|2 + |z2|2 + 2Re (z,z2) <|zj2 + |z2|2 + 2\z.z2\
a
1. -rn
2 + i>-+c
1 2--
= 0orcz+hz + a=0
z z => |z> + Z2 I2 kl I2 + lz2 I2 + 2 lZI I lZ2 I ...(i)
Also, az2 + bz + c = 0, on comparing Also, AM > GM
2
c b a
a b 1C
if' |z,|)! + [i|z,| 1/2
W > ► [vc>0]
a a = c c and a b = b cs 2
=> |a | =|c | and|a | | = -Ja b2c
=> c|z1|2 + -|z2|2>2|zi||z2|
95. (i) Let Z] = q (cos a + i sin a), c
z2 = r2 (cos [J + i sin P) and z3 = r3 (cos y + i sin y) |z, I2 + |z212 + 2 |z, I |z21 < |z, I2 + |z212 + c |z, I2 + 1 |z212
c
IZ11 = n. Iz21 = r2. |z31 = r3
=> |zj2 + |z212 + 2 |z, I |z21 < (1 + c) |zt I2 + (1 + c’1) (|z212)
and arg (zj = a, arg (z2) = p, arg (z3) = y
■••(ii)

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From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 98. Let z be the complex number corresponding to the orthocentre
|Zj + z212 < (1 + c) (z, |2 + (1 + c '*) |z212 0, since AD 1BC, we get
A(Z1)
Aliter
Here, (1 +c)|z, |2 + (1 4-c-1) |z2 |2-|z, + z212 F
\E
= (1 + c) z1Z1 + 11 + - | z2z2 - (zx + z2) (z, + z2)
k cj
= (1 + c) ZjZx + I 1 + — I Z2Z2 ~ Z]Z] — ZjZ2 — z2zx — z2z2
\ C/
8(z2) D C(z3)
— CZjZ] ^2^1
C

1 , 2 ~Z1 it
= - {c izi ■2-czlz2-cz2zl} arg
c Z2"Z3 2

= - {cz, (cfj - z2) - z2 (cfj - z2)} i.e. ——— is purely imaginary.

c Z2“Z3

= — (tZ| — Z2) (cZj — Z2) = — (.CZ\ ~ z2) (CZ, — z2) z - z, z - z.

z-Zi
c c i.e. Re = 0 or ------ L + ~—r- = 0 ...(i)
1 ■> Z2 ~ Z3 z2 - Z3 Z2 — z3
= - |czj -z21 > 0 as c > 0
c z -z2 z -z2 „
Similarly, ------ - + -—_ = 0 [v BE1CA] ...(ii)
(1 + c) |zj2 + fl + -1 |z2 I2 - |Z| + z2 |2 > 0 Z3-ZI Z3“Z1
\ Cj
From Eq. (i), we get
Hence, |z, + z212 < (1 + c) |zj2 + f1 + - I |z21 2 t
ne
(z - z2) (z2 - z3)
\ cj z =z, - „.(iii)
e.

(z2“z3)
97. If z be the complex number corresponding to the circumcentre
iv

0, then we have
at

From Eq. (ii), we get

re

OA = OB — OC (z -z2)(z3-z,)
nc

z =z2 - ...(iv)
A(z,) (z3~2i)
ar

V
.le

Eliminating z from Eqs. (iii) and (iv), we get

w

= (z ~Z1) - x _ (z-z2)(z3-Zi)
w

zt-z2 (z22-z33)-
w

(z2-z3) (Zj-Zj)

or(z -z1)(z2-z3)(z3-z1)-(z-z2)(z3-z1)(z2 -z3)

C(Z3)
e(?2) = (z, -z2)(z2-z3)(z3-z1)

|z-Zj|=|z-Z2|=|z-Z3|
or z {(z2 - z3) (z3 - zj - (z3 - z,) (z2 - z3)}
= (Z! - Z2) (z2 - z3) (z3 - z,) + Z] (z2 - z3) (z3 - Zj)
|Z-Z, |2=|z-z2|2=|z-z3 I2
~ Z2 (z3 — Zj) (z2 — z3)
=> (z -Zj)(z-Zj)=(z -z2)(z-z2)
=> Z [z2z3 - Z2Zj - Z3Z3 + Z3Zj - Z3Z2 + z3z3 + ZjZ2 - Zj z3]
= (z-z3)(z-z3)
= (Zj -Z2){z2Z3-Z2Zj -Z32 + Z3Zj}
From first two members of Eq. (i), we get
z (z2 ~ zi) = 2i (z “ zi) “ z2 (2 “ z2> + (z2 — Z3) (z3Zj — Zj ) + (z3 — Zj) (z2z3 — z2)
(ii)
and from last two members of Eq. (i), we get = - {z2 (z2 -Z3) + z22 (z3 - Zj) + z32 (Zj - z2)}
z (z3-z2) = z2(z-z2)-z3(z -z3) ...(iii) + {ZjZ2Z3 -Z2ZjZj + Z3ZjZj + Z2ZjZ3
Eliminating z from Eqs. (ii) and (iii), we get - W3 + Z2Z3Z3 - ZjZ^j} - z z (ZjZ2 - Z2Zj)
(z2-zj)[z2(z-z2)-z3(z -z3)] = (z3-z2) = - Z Z]2 (z2 - z3) -E ZjZj (z2 - z3)
[z, (z -z,)-z2(z -z2)] ZZj2(z2-z3) + Z|Zj|2(z2-z3)
Hence, z =----------—— ----- ---------------
or z [z2 (z2 -zx)-z3 (z2 - zx)- z, (z3 - z2) + z2 (z3 -z2)J Z (ZjZ2 - Z2Zj)

= z2z2 (z2 -z,)- z3z3 (z2 - Zj)- zxzt(z3 -z2) + z2z2 (z3 -z2) 99. Let 6 = - (2n + 1) it, where n = 0,1,2,3,..., 6
7
or z Z z. (z, - z,) = Z z.z. (z2 - z3)
70=(2n + l)n or 40 =(2n + 1) it-30
Z = Z|Zj |2(z2-z3)
or or cos 40 = - cos30
or 2 cos2 20 -1 = - (4 cos3 0-3 cos 0)

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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 95

or 2(2cos2 0 -1)2 - 1 = -( 4cos3 0-3 cos0) (z7 + 1)

= (z -a)(z -a)(z -a3)(z -a3)(z -a5)(z - a5)
or 8 cos4 0 + 4 cos3 0-8 cos2 0 - 3 cos 0 + 1 = 0 (z + 1)
Now, if cos 0 = x, then we have => zb-z5 + z4-z33 + z2— z + 1
8x4 + 4x3-8x2 -3x + 1 = 0 = I z2 + 1 - 2z cos— 2 , „ 3k)
z + 1 - 2z cos —
or(x + l)(8x3 - 4xz -4x + l) = 0 k 7. 7 )
5K I ...(A)
I z2 + 1 - 2z cos—
x+ 1 * 0 [v 0 * K]
7
8x3-4x2— 4x + 1 = 0 •••(i) Dividing by z3 on both sides, we get
Hence, the roots of this equation are
K 3k 5k
cos—, cos—, cos—-.
7 7 7 I 1 „ K 1 3k 11 5k
r . 9K 11k 5k = I z +---- 2 cos — z +----2 cos— z +---- 2 cos —
[ since cos— = cos—, cos---- I z 7. z 7 . . z 7 ,
7 7 7
« • 1 „
3k 13k K j tv t‘\ * i . i On putting z + - = 2x, we get
= cos—, cos---- = cos— and Eq. (i) is cubic] z
7 7 7
1 1 (8x3-6x)-(4x2-2) + 2x —1
(i) On putting — = y or x = -j= in Eq. (i), then Eq. (i) becomes
x y/y 3k 5k
= 8 x- cos— x - cos— x - cos—
=>
8 4 4
--- J=----------- T= + 1 = 0 I 7. 7 . 7 .
yjy y jy 3 2 a n | 71
or 8x-4x-4x+l=8x- cos—
4 2 k 7,
1 -- 3k 5k 'I
y. x - cos— x - cos— —(0
'y
t
k y)
ne
7 . 7 J
16 8 16 4 4
e.

or ! + —-- 1 + —-- So, 8x3 - 4x2 - 4x + 1 = 0 and this equation has roots
iv

y y y y y
at

n 3k 5k
cos—, cos—, cos—
re

or y3-24y2 + 80y-64 = 0 ...(ii)

7 7 7
nc

1 1
where = sec20 K 3k 5k Constant term
ar

x2 cos20 cos—cos—cos— =
.le

7 7 7 Coefficient of x3
Thus, the roots of x3 - 24x2 + 80x -61 =0
w

2K 2 3K 2 3k K 3k 5k 1
[ proved (i) part]
w

are sec —,sec —,sec — cos—cos—cos— =

7 7 7 8
w

7 7 7
(ii) Again, putting y = l + zi.e. z=y-l On putting x = 1 in Eq. (i), we get
„( K 3k 5k
= sec20 -1 = tan20, Eq. (ii) reduces to 1=81- cos— 1 - cos— 1 - cos—
k 7. 7 . 7 .
(1 + z)3 - 24 (1 + z)2 + 80 (1 + z) - 64 = 0
or 1 = 8 [ 8 sin2 — sin2 — sin2 —
or z3-21zz + 35z-7 = 0 ...(in) I 14 14 14.
tv 2 It 7 3K 2 SK , - Since, sin0 > 0 for 0 < 0 < K /2, we get
Hence, tan —, tan —, tan — are the roots of
7 7 7 . K . 3k . 5k 1
x3-21x2 + 35x-7 = 0 .'. sm— sm—sin— = - ...(ii) [ proved (iii) part]
14 14 14 8
(iii) Putting x = - in Eq. (i), then Eq. (i) reduces to Again, putting x = - 1 in Eq. (i), we get
u
u3 - 4u2 - 4u + 8 = 0 whose roots are -7 = -8 f 1 + cos— 3k 5k
1 + cos— 1 + cos—
K 3k 5k k 7. 7 . 7 .
sec —, sec —, sec —.
7 7"7 ( 2K 2 3k 25k
7=8 8cos—cos —cos —
Therefore, sum of the roots is t 14 14 14
K
k 3k 5n
sec — + sec — + sec — = 4 Since. cos0 > 0 for 0 < 0 < K /2, we get
7.7 7
100. Let roots of z7 + 1 = 0 are -1, a, a3, a5, a, a3, a5, K 3k 5k 7
cos—cos—cos— = ...(iii) [ proved (ii) part]
14 14 14 8
where a = cos— + i sin —
7 7 On dividing Eq. (ii) by Eq. (iii), we get
(z7 + l)=(z + 1)(z-a)(z-a)(z-a3) k 3k 5k 1
tan—tan—tan— = [ proved (iv) part]
(z -a3)(z -a5)(z -a5) 1414 14 7

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(1 + y). c ... Again, circles (i) and (iii) should not cut or touch, then distance
On putting z =------ — in Eq. (A), we get
(1 - y) between their centres > sum of their radii
2 It 2 5 71 ■J(- 2a - 0)z + (a + 1 - 0)z > 3 + 3
„ v7 26 cos2 — cos2 — cos'
(1 + y) + (l-y) = 14 14 14
2(1-y)6 (1-y)6 or ■Jsa2 + 2a + 1 >6

I 2 2 It 11 2 2 3tt 2 2 => 5a2 + 2a + 1 > 36

y“ + tan — y y2 + tan'
tan — y + tan —
V 14 A 14. 14. 5a2 + 2a - 35 > 0
or
(1 + y)7 + (1 -y)7 =27 -~(y2 + tan2^l 2 2a _ _
=> a +- 7 > 0
64 k 147 5
( 2 2 3^t /
yz +tan —
2 2 5n
yz + tan —
-i -4 Vii -1 + 4 V1T
1 14. or a- a-
------- >0 >0
Using result (ii), we get v 14. 5 5 J
/
(1 + y)7 + (l - y)7 = 14 | y2 + tan2 — -i -4 ViT -i + 4 ViT
V 147 ae
( 2 2 5
22 2 5tt
y2 + tan2 — y + tan —
V 14. 14. Hence, the common values of a satisfying Eqs. (iv) and (v) are
Equating the coefficient ofy4 on both sides, we get "1-771 -1 -4 V1T -i + 4 ViT 1 +V71
ae
7 7— 2 7t 2 2 2 ’ 5 5 2
7C. + C. = 14 tan — + tan2— + tan2 — \ & J 7
[14 14 14.
102. (i) From De-moivre’s theorem, we know that
. /• 2 It 23TC 25jl
Therefore, tan — + tan — + tan — =5 sin(2n + l)a = 2n + lC] (1-sin2a)"
14 14 14 sina - Zn + 1C3 (1-sin2a)n-11 sin3 a
101. Equation | z | = 3 represents boundary of a circle and equation
t
ne
+ ... + (— l)n sin'2n+,a
| z - {a (1 + i) - i) | < 3 represents the interior and the
e.

It follows that the numbers

boundary of a circle and equation | z + 2a - (a + 1) i | > 3
iv

it 2it nit
at

represents the exterior of a circle. Then, any point which sin-------- , sin-------- , ,, sin--------
re

satisfies all the three conditions will lie on first circle, on or 2n + 1 2n + 1 2n + 1

nc

inside the second circle and outside the third circle. are the roots of the equation.
ar

2n + *Q(1 - x2)"x -2n +' C3(l - x2)n-1 x3 + ... + (- l)"x2"+1

.le
w

= 0 of the (2n + 1) th degree

w

Consequently, the numbers

w

. 2 K . 2 2n , 2 i r.i
sm -------- , sin ------- -, ..., sin ------ — are the roots of the
2n +1 2n +1 2n + l
equation
2n+,q (l-x)n - 2n+,'C
i 3 (1 - x)"-,x + + (-l)V=0of
For the existence of such a point first two circles must cut or
atleast touch each other and first and third circles must not the nth degree
intersect each other. The aicABC of first circle lying inside the (ii) From De-moivre’s theorem, we know that
second but outside the third circle, represents all such possible sin(2n + l)a=2n + 1C1(cosa)2nsina
points.
-2" + 1C3(cosa)a,-2sin3a + + (-l)nsin'Zn+1a
Let z = x + iy, then equation of circles are
x2 + y2=9 ...(i) or sin(2n + 1) a ^sin2"41 a
(x - a)2 + (y - a + l)2 =9 ...(ii) 2n-2a+
cot2na-ZB + 1 C3 cot2n-z a + 2n+1C5 cot 2,1-4 a - ...}
and (x + 2a)2 + (y - a -1)2 = 9 ...(iii) it 2it 3it rm
It follows that a =
Circles (i) and (ii) should cut or touch, then distance between 2n + 1’ 2n + 1’ 2n + 1’ ’ 2n + l
their centres $ sum of their radii
Therefore, equality holds
=> 7(a - 0)2 + fa -1 - 0)2 <3 + 3 Cj cot a - c3 cot a+2n+1 C5 cot 20 “4 a-... = 0
=> a2 + (a -I)2 <36 It follows that the numbers
=> 2a2 - 2a - 35 < 0 it .2 2n 2 nit
cot2—-—, cot , cot are the roots of the
I—\ 2n +1 . 2n + l* 2n + l
35 n (
35 1 + > 71
a2 -a------< 0 or a---------- a---------
i - TTP <0
equation
2 I7 2 2 7
2n + i 2" + 1C3x" -1 + 2n + 1C5x/’ -2 ... = 0
1 - V71 i + Vn
<a< -(iv)
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2 2 of the nth degree.
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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 97

103. Let y = |a + boo + cco2|. For y to be minimum, y2 must be

minimum. __________ z i
108. =1 |z| = z —
y2 =|a + boo + cco2|2 = (a + boo + cco2)(a + bw + cm2) z -- 3
3
= (a + boo + coo2) (a + boo + cco2)
Clearly, locus of z is perpendicular bisector of line joining
y2 = (a + boo + cco2) (a + boo2 + cco)3
points having complex number 0 + i 0 and 0 + -.
= (a2 + b2 + c2 - ab - be - ca) 3
Hence, z lies on a straight line.
= | [(a-t)z + (&-c)2+(c-a)2] f co - coz
109. Given, is purely real => z 1
\ 1 "Z
Since, a, b and c are not equal at a time, so minimum value of
fco-coz CO-COZ^ co - coz
y2 occurs when any two are same and third is differ by 1.
=> Minimum of y = 1 (as a, b, c are integers) I 1 -z 1 -z
(co — coz) (1 -z) = (l -z)(co - coz)
104. Equation of ray PQ is arg (z + 1) = —
4 => (zz -1) (co - co) = 0
K => (|z|:-l)(2ip) = 0 [v oo = a + 10]
Equation of ray PR is arg (z + 1) =----
4 |z|2-l = 0
Shaded region is - — < arg (z + 1) < — => | arg (z + 1 )| < — => |z| = 1 andz * 1
4 4 4 10

|PQ| = 7(s/2)! + (^)!=2 s," -J + .c°s -

K —1
So, arc QAR is of a circle of radius 2 units with centre at -2k K i
■v “
P (- 1, 0). All the points in the shaded region are exterior to
this circle |z + 1| =2. lLe
i=i
t
ne
71 f -2tici A
i.e. |z + 1| > 2 and |arg (z + 1)| < —.
e.

4
=i
2? -1 = i(0-l) [ v sum of 11,11 th roots of unity = 0]
iv

105. In AAOB from Coni method, ——- = em/2 = i k=0

at
re

ZA~1
= -i
nc

\A(2+<3i)=zA 111. v z2+ z + 1 = 0

ar

B(zb)
.le

2
Z = CO, 00
w

z + -11 2
w

= co + — = co + co= -1
w

z co
(Zc)C D(zd) 2 1 2 1 2
=> z+ — = 00 + — = 00 + co = -1
Z co
3 1 3 1
ZB -l=(zx-l)i z 3 + — = co3 + — = 1 + 1= 2
zB = 1 + (2 + & -1) i = 1 + (1 + iJl) i z co
4 1 4 1 1
z+ —= CO+—=00 + —= -l
zc=2-za = 2-(2 + 73i) = -^/3 i z oo co
5 1 . 5 1 2
and zD = 2-zB = 2 — (1-^3 + i) = l + ^3-i z+ — = CO + — = 00+ co = -1
z co
Hence, other vertices are (1 - Ti) + i, - Vsi, (1 + 73) - i. z6 + ^7 = C06 + ^t = 2
and
z6 co6
106. Let z, = fj (cos 0! + i sin 0J and z2 = r2 (cos 02 + i sin 02)
Required sum = (-1)2+ (-1)2 + (2)2 + (-1)2 + (-1)2 + (2)2 = 12
.•.|zj + z2| = [Oj cos 0t + r2 cos 02)2 + Oi sin 0i + r2 sin 02)2]1/2
112. Let OA =3, so that the complex number associated with A is
= [ki2 + r2 + 2rtr2 cos (0! - 02)]1/2 = [fa + r2)2]l/2
3eK/4. Ifz is the complex number associated with P, then
••• IZ1 + Z2I=|Z1I + |Z2|
• N (North)
Therefore, cos (0j - 02) = 1
z
=> 0j -02 = 0
4
=> ©I = ©2
Thus, arg (zt) - arg (z2) = 0 n/2 A3eix/4
W7.(x-l)3=-8 => x-l=(-8)1/3 3/
=> x — 1 = — 2, — 2oo, - 2co2 n/4
W -------- <
0 (East)
=> x = -l, 1 -2co, l-2co2

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z-3eaM 4 e~n/2 _ _ 4i 120. ’.’ zz(z2 + z2) = 350

0 -3ettM 3 3 Put z = x + iy
=> 3z -9ea/4 =12iett'4 => z =(3+ 4i)ea/4 => (x2 + y2)-2(x2-y2) =350

113. Let z = cos 0 + i sin 8 => (x2 + y2) (x2-y2) = 175 =25 x7

z cos 0 + i sin 0 x2 + y2=25, x2-y2=l

77 1 - (cos 20 + i sin 20) => x2 = 16,y2=9
cos 0 + i sin 0 x = ± 4, y = ± 3; x, y e 1
2 sin2 0 - 2 i sin 0 cos 0 Area of rectangle = 8 x 6 = 48 sq units
15 15 15
cos 0 + i sin 0 _ i 121. £ Im(z2m-1) = £ Im [e(2m-1)*]= £ sin(2m-l)0
-2 i sin0 (cos0 + i sin 0) 2sin0 m=1 m=1 m=1

z Y 2 sin (2m -1)0 sin 0

Hence, lies on the imaginary axis Le. x = 0 or on Y-axis.
iT2 ” ~
m=1
2sin0
Aliter
z z 1 1 1 _ y cos (2m -2)3 - cos 2m0
Let E =
1 -z2 zz -z2 z-z z-z z-z ,
m =l
2 sin 0
2i
2i _ cos 0° - cos 300 1 - cos 60°
which is imaginary. (-.•6=2°)
2Im|z| 2sin0 2 sin 2°

114.\z + 4\<3 1-1

=2 = 1
=>z lies inside or on the circle of radius 3 and centre at (- 4, 0). t 2 sin 2° 4 sin 2°
ne
Maximum value of |z + 1] is 6.
4 44
e.

122. z-- > IzJ- — => 2> |z|- —

iv

z kl
Izl kl
at

4 Q -
re

O__ => -2<|z|----- <2 => -2|z| <|z|2-4<2[z|

lzl
nc

X+ >X
(-4.0) LA (0.0)
ar

(-1.0) => |z|2 + 2 |z| - 4 > 0

.le

and 12-2|z|-4<0
w

'Y'
w

=> (|z| + 1)2£5 and (|z|-l)2<5

w

115. LetA= set of points on and above the line y = 1 in the argand -V5<|z|-l^V5 and |z| + 1 75
plane.
^-l^|z|^V5+ 1
B = set of points on the circle (x - 2)2 + (y -1)2 = 32
123. As z = (1 -1) Zj + tz2
C = Re (1 - i) z = Re [(1 - i) (x + iy)] = x + y
2
=> . x + y = V2
t 1 -t ?2
Hence, (A n B n C) has only one point of intersection.
=£ zp z and z2 are collinear.
116. The points (- 1 + i) and (5 + i) are the extremities of diameter
Thus, options (a) and (d) are correct.
of the given circle.
Hence, |z + 1 - i|z + |z-5-i|2 =36 Also, ^- = ^4
z2 Z] z2 Zj
117. ’.’ \z - w| £||z|-|w||
Hence, option (c) is correct.
and |z - w| = distance between z and w 2n 2n 1 .
124.<a = cos — + i sin — = — + i —
z is fixed, hence distance between z and w would be maximum 3 3 2 2
for diametrically opposite points. Ci) is one of the cube root of unity.
=> |z-w|<6 => ||z| —|w|| <6 z+1 Cl) Cl)2
=> -6<|z|-|w|<6 => -3 <|z| -|w| + 3 <9 z + cd2
Cl) 1 =0
118..’ z0 = l + 2i CD2 1 Z + Cl)
Zj = 6 + 5i => z2 = - 6 + 7i
Applying R, R t + R 2 + R 3, we get
119. Put (- i) in place of i. z z z
-1 (0 zZ + CO
(D2 1 =0 [V 1 + CD + CO2 = 0]
Hence,
co2 1 z + co

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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 99

Now, applying C2 -» C2 - Cp C3 -> C3 - Cv we get (D) Let w = cos 0 + i sin 0, then

z 0 0 1
z = x+iy = w + —
2 w
co Zz + co2-co
+ (0 - (0 1 — co = o
x + iy = 2 cos 0
co2 1-w2 z + co-co2
x = 2 cos 0 and y = 0
=> z[(z + co2 - co) (z + co - co2) - (1 - co) (1 - co2)] = 0
126. v x2 - x + 1 = 0
=> z[z2 — (co2 — co)2 — (1 — co2 — co + co3)] = 0
=> z[z2 - (co4 + co2 —2co3) -1 + co2 + co - co3] = 0 _ 1 ± 7(1 - 4) 1 ± i>/3
=> z3 = 0 2 2
z=0 _1+
and
2 2
tt5.|z-i|z||=|z + i|z|| 2
X = - (D , - CO
(A) Putting z = x + iy, we get yyx2 + y 2 =0
a = - co2, P = - co
i.e. Im(z) = 0 a2009 + p2OO9___ ,.,4018 _ ,.,2009
4 => = -co’u*° -CO'
(B) 2ae = 8,2a = 10 => 10e=8=>e = -
5 = - co - co2 = - (co + co2)
(0.3) = — (— 1) = 1
127. \z -1| = |z + 1| =|z -i|
(0.0) => |z-1|2 =|z + 1|2 =|z-x|2
(-5.0) (5. 0)
=> (z-l)(z-l)=(z + l)(z + l) = (z-i)(z + i)
(0.-3) => zz — z -z+ l = zz + z + z + 1 -zz + iz - iz + 1
et
=> -z-z=z + z=i(z-z)
.n

b2 =25 f 1 |=9
From first two relations,
e

\ 25?
iv

2(z + z) = 0 => Re(z) = 0

at

2 2
=> ^+ ^=1 From last two relations,
re

25 9
nc

z + z=i(z-z) => 2 Re(z) = -2 Im(z)

ar

(C) z = 2 (cos 0 + i sin 0)---------------------- From Eq. (i), Im(z) = 0

2 (cos 0 + i sin 0)
.le

z = Re(z) + i Im(z) = 0 + i • 0 = 0
w

= 2 (cos 0 + i sin 0) - - (cos 0 - i sin 0) Hence, number of solutions is one.

w

2
w

128. We have, |z -3-2i| <2

3 5
z = - cos 0 + - i sin 0 |2z-6-4i|£4 ...(i)
2 2
Now, \2z -6-4i| = |(2z -6 + 5i)-9i|
>||2z -6 + 5i|-9| •••(ii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get
<^(3 0)
H°) |2z —6 + 5i)-91< 4
=> — 4 < |2z — 6 4- 5z| — 9 < 4
=> 5 <|2z-6 + 5i| < 13
Hence, the minimum value of |2z - 6 + 5i| is 5.
Let z = x + iy, then 129.v|zl = l z=e*
3 - 5 • 5. ,
x = - cos 0 and y = - sin 0
' 2 Re
2iz
= Re
f 2ie* ) = Re / 2i
i-*2, J-e2«J -ee
=> (¥)■•(¥)’■' ( 2i
= Re ^-2i sin0, = Re
sin0?
=> 1 = - cosec 0
9 25 =--------
sin0
x2 + y 2 = 1
----
=> cosec 0 £ -1 => cosec 0 > 1
9/4 25/4
=> - cosec 0 > 1 => - cosec 0^-1
9 25 . 2x => - cosec 0 6 (- °°, -1] [1, °°)
=>
r7(-e) 2iz r, x
16 4 Re ------- e (- «. -1] n [1, ~)
=> e = - l-z2J
25 25 5

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130.': |z| = 1. Let z = e 10 134. Given, z2 + z + 1 =a => z2 + z + l-a = 0

z-l=e*-l = e */2-2isin(0/2) -l±7(4a-3)
z=
1 1 ie-*12 2
z -1 2ie 10/2-sin (0/2) 2 sin (0/2) 3
Hence, a#- [for a = 3/4, z will be purely real]
-/fl/2 4
1
1 -Z 2 sin (0/ 2) ar8(r^i]=(f “I) 135. Let z = x + iy, then
z 2 _ (x + iy)2 _ (x2 - y2 + 2ix)
=> arg
1 -z
1 7t
2 II n
z -1 ~ (x + iy - 1) (x -1 + iy)

_(x2-y2 + 2ixy)(x-l-ty)
/. Maximum value of arg I —j =
2 (x-l + iy)(x-l-iy)

131." jx|2 = xx = (a + b + c)(a + b + c) Jx -1) (x2 - y2) + 2xy2 + i [2xy (x -1) - y (x2 - y2)]

= (a + b + c)(a + b + c) (x-i)2 + y2
= | a|2 + | b|2 + |c|2 + ab + ab + be + be + ca + ca (i) z2 )
Now, Im =0
|y |2 = yy = (a + bco + cco2) (a + bco + cco2)
= (a + bco + cco2) (a + bco + cco2) 2xy(x-l)-y(x2-y2) = 0
=> y (2x2 -2x-x2 + y2) = 0
= (a + bco + cco2) (a + bco2 + cco)
y (x2 + y2 -2x) = 0
= |a|2 + |b|2 + |c(2 + abco2 + abco
+ bcco2+ beco + caco2+ caco ...(ii) => y = 0 or x2 + yz -2x = 0
Hence, z lies on the real axis or on a circle passing through the
t
ne
and|z|2 = zz =(a + bco2 + cco) (a + bco2 + cco)
origin.
e.

= (a + bco2+ cco) (a + bco2 + cco)

iv

136. Given, [z| = 1 and arg (z) = 0 (i)

at

= (a + bco2 + cco) (a + bco + cco2)

re

=> |z|2 = 1 => zz = 1

nc

= |a|2 + |b|2 + |c|2 + abco + abco2

=> z =- .(ii)
ar

z
.le

+ bew + bcco + caco + caco '1 + z f 1+z

w

arg = arg [from Eq. (ii)]

On adding Eqs. (i), (ii) and (iii), we get kl + 1/z
w
w

ixi!+iyr+i2i2=3(iai!+ii,i!+ici!) = arg (z)=0 [from Eq. (i)]

+ 0 + 0 + 0 4- 0 + 0 + o(v 1 + CO + co2 = 0) Aliter I
Given, |z| = land arg(z) = 0
. I*l2 + |yl2 + |z|\ 3 => z =e
|a|2 + |b|2 + |c|2 \ / 1 + e'e>|
arg = arg = arg(e'e) = arg(z)=0
132.': Re(z) = l J t c y
2
Aliter II Given, |z| = 1 and arg (z) = 0
Since, a, |3 e R
Let z = co (cube root of unity)
:. The complex roots are conjugate to each other, ifzp z2 are
1+z (1 + Cp' 1 + CO
two distinct roots, then zx = z2 or zx = z2 arg = arg = arg (-.■©= co2)
:. Product of the roots = zxz2 = p I1 + J + CO2
'-CO^
=> Z]Z1=P (•.• 1 + CO + co2 = 0)
= arg
P=|Zi|2=[Re(zi)]2 + Im|z1|2
= arg (co) = arg (z) =0
= 1 + Im |Zj|2 >1
[•.' roots are distinct:. Im (Zj) 0] 137. z0=2a-4
a
P > 1 or P e (1, oo)
2 |z0|2 =r2 + 2
133.-: (1 + co)7=(-co2)7 = -coH =-co2 = l + co 2 2 2
,22 1 1
Given, (1 + co)7 = A + Bco => 1 + co = A + Bco 2 2a - - = r+2 =>2 2a - — a -— +2
a a a
On comparing, we get A = 1, B = 1 => 7 lai2 + —4;-8 = 0 => |a|2 = 1 or - => |a|= 1 or 4=
(A,B) = (1,1) |a|2 1 1 7 V7

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Chap 01 Complex Numbers 101

138. (B) z, • z = zk is clearly incorrect.

z'°-l
lim-------
«->i z -1
(C) Expression = =1
10
9 2kn
inJ6 (D) 1 + Ezt = 0 => 1 + E cos =0
e-i5nJG fc = i 10
:. Expression = 2
1/2 1/2
Z1 ~2z2
143. v =1
2"Z1Z2
w=— = e irt/6 p =£
2
nt/6 — dt/6 => |Zj -2z2|2=|2-z,z2|2
As Z] e P n => Zj = 1, e
iSn/6 => (zi ~ 2z2) (z, - 2z2) = (2 - ZjZ2) (2 - ZjZ2)
As z2 g P n H2 => z2 = -1, e'5*76,
ZZjOz2 = 27t/3, where zt = e M,z2=e i51t/6 (Zj — 2z2) (Zj — 2z2) = (2 — Z|Z2) (2 — ZjZ2)

Sol. (Q. Nos. 139-140) => z,?! - 2Z]Z2 - 2z,z2 + = 4 - 2zjZ2 - 2zxz2 + zxzxz^2

Let z = x + iy, S{: x2 + y 2 < 16 =* |z,|2 + 4|z2|! + 4 + |z1|2|z!|!

(x-l)+ i(y + \^) => (|z,|2-4)(1-|z!|2) = 0
Now, Im >0
1- | z2 | * 1
=> S2: 4ix + y>0=> S3:x>0 t Izi|2 = 4 or |zj=2
ne
=> Point z, lies on circle of radius 2.
e.

V3x +y = 0 (0.4)
144. Let a = 3, b = -3, c = 2, then
iv
at

(a + bco + c®2)4"4-3 + (c + aa) + bco2)4n+3 + (b + cto + aco2)4n+3

re

S
nc

=0
0 \60°
ar

(4.0) =>(a +bco + cw2)4n+3

.le

z , \4n+3
' c + aw + bw2Jn+3\
2)"' 4"+3
b + cw + aor)
w

1+ =0
w

a + bw + cw2 a + bco + ao2 J

w

139. min |1 - 3i - z\ = min |z -1 + 3i| => (a + bw + cw2)4n+3(1 + w4n+3 + (w2)4n+3) = 0

= perpendicular distance of the point (1, - 3) from the straight => 4n + 3 should be an integer other than multiple of 3.
3-^3
line -Jix + y = 0 = :. n = l, 2,4,5
2 145. v at = cos^^-^j + isin(^^ = e*k/7
■k
1 2071
2
140. Area ofS = | n x 42 + 7t X 4 =-----
\4/ 6 3 ••• «k+l -afc = e'K(fc+,)/7-ea'fc/7 = e*k"(e */7-l)
141. Since, | z | > 2 is the region lying on or outside circle centered at
(0, 0) and radius 2. Therefore, |z + (1/ 2)| is the distance of z
from (-1/2,0), which lies inside the circle.
Hence, minimum value of |z + (1/ 2)| => |at+i-at|=2sin^
=e
btkn^bt A4
'2,sinfeJ
= distance of (-1 / 2, 0) from (- 2, 0)

-- + 2
. 2
2
+ |0-0|2 =3/2
12
£|afc+,-afc|= 12X2 sin
k=l

n
fe)=24sin
_a(4k-2)/7_ ot(4k-2)/7^ot/7_1j
Aliter 3110 a4k-l -U4k-2 “ e e ~e
••• |z + (l/2)|S |z|-l 2 2-11 [V|z|>2]
2
|z+(1/2)| 2 3/2
142. Clearly, z£° = 1, V k, where zk 1
(A) zk-zj=e‘(2x/10)(fc + J} = 1, if(fc + j)is multiple of 10
=> |a4i -a 4fc_2|=2sin
fe) "
••• I l«4k-l "«4*-2l = 3 X 2 Sin = 6 Sin
i.e. possible for each k. k=l \ 7 \ /

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102 Downloaded
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12 2 2 X „
Xlai+)-aJ or x" + y -- = 0
a
Hence, =4
3
:. Locus of 2 is a circle with centre I —, 0
\2a
-au-2l
1=1
and radius = —, a > 0.
2 + 3i sin 9 2a
146. Let 2 =
1 - 2i sin 9 Also for b = 0, a * 0, we get y = 0.
locus is X-axis and for a = 0, b * 0, we get x = 0
2 is purely imaginary
locus is K-axis.
2=-2

2 4- 3i sin 9 2 + 3i sin 9 1 1 1 1 1 1
=>
1 - 2i sin 9 1 - 2i sin 9 148. Let A = 1 —CO2—1 co2 1 co co2
2 + 3i sin 9
1 co2 co7 1 co2 co
2 - 3i sin 9
=>
1 + 2i sin 9 1 - 21 sin 9 (•.• 1 + co + co2 = 0 and co3 = 1)

(2 - 3i sin 9) (1 - 2i sin 9) + (1 + 2i sin 9) (2 + 3i sin 9) = 0 Applying Q —> C, + C2 + C3, then we get

=> 4-12sin29 = 0 or sin29 = - 3 ••• 1 1

3

:. 9 = sin A= 0 co co2 (V 1 + CO + CO2 = 0)

1
147. ■: x + iy = 0 co2 co
a + ibt t
ne
a - ibt = 3 (co2 - co4)
e.

TTbY = 3 (- 1 - CO - CO) (■.• co3 = 1 and 1 + co + co2 = 0)

iv

a bt
at

X= ■ y=- = - 3 (1 + 2CO)
re

(a2 + b2t2) (a2 + b2t2)

(v 1 + 2co = z)
nc

= - 3z = 3k (given)
1 X
or x2 + y2 =
ar

a2 + b2t2~ a k = -z
.le
w
w
w

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