MODULE 1
Python Interpreter: The interpreter converts Python code into machine instructions one line at a time. It
allows interactive execution, making debugging easier. Python executes statements sequentially and
stops when an error is encountered.
Python Environments: IDLE is the default Python environment with an editor and shell. It is
beginner-friendly. IPython offers an enhanced interactive shell with auto-completion, debugging
shortcuts, and notebook support.
Data Types: Python supports several types. Integers represent whole numbers (e.g., 10). Floats store
decimal values (e.g., 3.14). Strings represent text (e.g., 'hello'). Lists hold ordered, mutable data (e.g.,
[1,2,3]). Tuples are similar but immutable. Sets store unique values. Dictionaries store key-value pairs
(e.g., {'a':1}).
Control Statements: Conditional statements include if, if–else, and elif for multi-branch logic. Loops
include for loops for iterating sequences and while loops to repeat actions until a condition fails.
Prime Number Program: A loop checks whether any number between 2 and n-1 divides n. If no divisor
is found, the number is prime.
Fibonacci Program: Begin with 0 and 1, then repeatedly add the last two numbers to generate the next
value until n terms.
Sum and Average: Loop through n user-provided numbers, accumulate the total, and divide by n to
obtain the average.
MODULE 2
Lists, Tuples, Sets, Dictionaries: Lists are ordered and mutable. Tuples are ordered but immutable.
Sets are unordered and do not allow duplicates. Dictionaries map keys to values for efficient lookup.
Functions and Recursion: Functions group reusable code. A recursive function calls itself until a base
condition is met. Example: factorial(n) = n * factorial(n-1).
Strings and File Handling: Strings support slicing, searching (find, index), and modification via
concatenation. File handling uses open(), read(), write(), close(). Modes include 'r', 'w', 'a'.
Character Frequency: Iterate over a string, and for each character, update its count in a dictionary.
Sorting List Manually: Implement bubble sort by repeatedly comparing adjacent values and swapping
them if needed.
Word Count in File: Read file text using read(), split into words using split(), and count the resulting list.
MODULE 3
Event-Driven Programming: Execution is driven by events like clicks, keystrokes, or mouse movement.
Used in GUI frameworks such as Tkinter.
Turtle Graphics: Turtle provides simple drawing features such as forward(), backward(), left(), right(). It
is helpful for teaching geometry and shapes.
Terminal vs GUI Applications: Terminal applications use text-based input/output while GUI applications
provide windows, buttons, and input fields.
Drawing a Hexagon: Using turtle, repeat forward() and right(60) six times to create a hexagon.
Tkinter Adding Program: Create Entry widgets for input, a button to trigger addition, and a label to
display results.
Displaying an Image in GUI: Use Tkinter's PhotoImage or PIL to load an image and display using a
Label widget.
MODULE 4
Classes & Objects: A class defines attributes and methods. An object is an instance of a class. For
example, class Car contains attributes like color and methods like drive().
Inheritance & Types: Inheritance lets one class derive from another. Single inheritance has one parent;
multiple inheritance uses more than one parent; multilevel inheritance chains multiple derived classes.
Exception Handling: try-except blocks catch runtime errors. Finally block executes whether an error
occurs or not.
Rectangle Class: Create class Rectangle with length and width. Define methods area() and perimeter().
Method/Operator Overloading: Python uses special methods like __add__ to overload operators.
Example: adding two objects using custom logic.
Multiple Exceptions: Use except (TypeError, ValueError) to catch several errors in one block.
MODULE 5
NumPy Arrays: NumPy arrays allow fast mathematical operations and consume less memory than
Python lists. They support vectorization, meaning operations apply to entire arrays.
Pandas DataFrame: A DataFrame is a table with labeled rows and columns. It supports filtering,
grouping, merging, and statistical operations.
Matplotlib: A visualization library used to create bar charts, line plots, histograms, scatter plots, etc.
Reading CSV: Using pandas.read_csv(), load data into a DataFrame. Use [Link]() for summary
statistics such as mean, min, max.
Bar Graph: Use matplotlib's bar() function to plot categories vs values.
Matrix Multiplication: Perform using [Link](A, B) or A @ B for matrix multiplication.