Lehigh University
Chapter 4
Chapter Tips:
● Practice! Practice! Practice!
● This is a long chapter so take it section by section.
● Get in the habit of writing and balancing molecular equations for problems that have a
chemical reaction before starting the calculations.
● Memorize the 6 strong acids.
Textbook Problems:
Chapter 4 Page 198: 13, 17, 21, 33, 45, 47, 55, 63, 67, 69, 85, 91, 93, 101, 103, 107, 113, 125
Answers in back of textbook, page ANS-15
Additional Problems:
1. A student dissolves 25.24 g of CaBr2 in enough water to make 475 mL of solution. What is
the concentration of each ion in the solution?
2. A student dissolves some Na3PO4 in enough water to make 250. mL of solution. The
concentration of Na+ in this solution is 0.185 M - what mass (in grams) of Na3PO4 was used?
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3. A saturated solution of magnesium fluoride in water at 20o C contains 0.130 g of solute per
liter of solution. What is the concentration of magnesium ions in this solution?
a. 2.09 x 10-3 M
b. 3.07 x 10-3 M
c. 4.17 x 10-3 M
d. 6.15 x 10-3 M
e. 0.260 M
4. A student mixes 235 mL of a 0.140 M solution of KNO3 with 165 mL of a 0.210 M solution
of K2SO4. What is the molar concentration of potassium ions in the mixed solution?
Volumes are additive.
5. What was the original molarity of a solution if you diluted 100 mL to 200 mL and the final
molarity is 0.600 M?
6. A scientist wants to make 1.50 L of a 1.25 M HCl solution. The stock HCl solution has a
concentration of 12.3 M - what volume of water (in L) will be needed? Assume that volumes
are additive.
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7. You are given 1.00 g of each of the solids listed below. Which one, when placed in a 1.00 L
volumetric flask that is subsequently filled to the mark with water, will create the solution
with the highest conductivity?
a. NaCl(s)
b. AgCl(s)
c. PbCl2(s)
d. CaSO4(s)
e. NaF(s)
8. Which of the following aqueous solutions will have the second highest conductivity?
a. 0.10 M NaCl
b. 0.075 M AlCl3
c. 0.050 M CaCl2
9. Rank the following solutions from lowest to highest conductivity.
a. 1.0 M ethanol
b. 1.0 M acetic acid
c. 1.0 M sulfuric acid
d. 1.0 M nitric acid
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10.Consider the following molecular equation:
Al(OH)3(s) + 3 HCl(aq) → AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2O(l)
Which of the following is the net ionic equation for this reaction?
a. Al(OH)3(s) + 3 HCl(aq) → AlCl3(aq) + 3 H2O(l)
b. Al(OH)3(s) + 3 H+(aq) + 3 Cl-(aq) → Al3+(aq) + 3 Cl-(aq) + 3 H2O(l)
c. Al3+(aq) + 3 OH-(aq) + 3 H+(aq) + 3 Cl-(aq) → Al3+(aq) + 3 Cl-(aq) + 3 H2O(l)
d. Al(OH)3(s) + 3 H+(aq) → Al3+(aq) + 3 H2O(l)
e. H+(aq) + OH-(aq) → H2O(l)
11.Which of the following is the net ionic equation for the reaction that takes place when an
aqueous solution of magnesium chloride is mixed with an aqueous solution of sodium
hydroxide?
a. MgCl2(aq) + NaOH(aq) Mg(OH)(aq) + NaCl2(aq)
b. MgCl2(aq) + 2NaOH(aq) Mg(OH)2(s) + 2NaCl(aq)
c. Mg2+(aq) + 2OH-(aq) Mg(OH)2(s)
d. Cl-(aq) + Na+(aq) NaCl(s)
e. There is no net reaction
12.A student titrates a 50.0 mL solution of 0.0125 M calcium hydroxide with 0.0100 M nitric
acid.
a. Write out the molecular equation for this reaction.
b. What volume of nitric acid is needed to reach the equivalence point.
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13. A student titrates 35.00 mL of a 0.1750 M solution of phosphoric acid with a 0.4000 M
standard solution of potassium hydroxide. What volume (in mL) of potassium hydroxide is
needed to completely neutralize the acid?
14.A student dissolves 174 milligrams of a diprotic acid in water and titrates the solution with a
0.130 M solution of sodium hydroxide. It takes 22.70 mL of sodium hydroxide to neutralize
the acid. What is the molar mass (in g/mol) of the acid?
15.100.0 mL of 0.100 M AlCl3(aq) is mixed with 50.0 mL of 0.100 M NaOH(aq). A precipitate
(Al(OH)3(s), molar mass = 78.00 g/mol)) forms in a double displacement (metathesis)
[Link] are additive and the precipitation reaction goes to completion.
a. Write the molecular, ionic, and net ionic equations for the reaction that occurs.
b. Calculate the mass of the precipitate that forms. The precipitation reaction goes to
completion.
c. Calculate the final molar concentration of each of the original ions in the final mixed
solution after the ppt has formed.
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16. 0.375 L of a 0.150 M aqueous solution of silver (I) nitrate is mixed with 0.125 L of a 0.125
M aqueous solution of sodium phosphate. Calculate the moles of precipitate that forms and the
final concentration of [Ag+] in the mixed solution. Volumes are additive and the precipitation
reaction goes to completion.
17. What is the oxidation number of each element in P2O5?
18. What is the oxidation number of each element in HClO3?
19. What is oxidized and reduced in the following unbalanced reaction:
Re(s) + IO3-(aq) → ReO4-(aq) + I-(aq)
20. What are the oxidizing and reducing agents in the following unbalanced reaction:
S4O62-(aq) + Al(s) → H2S(aq) + Al3+(aq)
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21. Consider the following unbalanced redox reaction:
C2O42-(aq) + MnO4-(aq) CO2(g) + Mn2+(aq)
a. Determine the oxidation number of all of the elements before and after the reaction.
b. What is the oxidizing agent?
c. What is the reducing agent?
d. Using the half reaction method shown in class, balance this equation. Assume that
this reaction occurs in an acidic solution.
e. Now give the balanced reaction if it occurs in a basic solution.
f. What volume of 0.0100 M MnO4- is needed to titrate a solution containing 0.355 g of
sodium oxalate?
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22. Balance the following redox equation in acidic solution:
Hint: S in S4O62-(aq) has a +2.5 oxidation number
S2O32-(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq) → S4O62-(aq) + Cr3+(aq)
23. Balance the following redox equation in basic solution:
Hint: O in H2O2(aq) has a -1 oxidation number.
H2O2(aq) + Cl2O7(aq) → ClO2-(aq) + O2(g)
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1. 0.266 M Ca2+, 0.532 M Br-
2. 2.53 g Na3PO4
3. a
4. 0.256 M K+
5. 1.20 M
6. 1.35 L H2O
7. e
8. a
9. a<b<d<c
10.d
11.c
12.a. Ca(OH)2(aq) + 2HNO3(aq) Ca(NO3)2(aq) + 2H2O(l)
b. 125 mL nitric acid
13.45.94 mL KOH
14.118 g/mol
15.a. Molecular: AlCl3(aq) + 3NaOH(aq) Al(OH)3(s) + 3NaCl(aq)
Ionic: Al3+(aq) + 3Cl-(aq) + 3Na+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) Al(OH)3(s) + 3Cl-(aq) + 3Na+(aq)
Net ionic: Al3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) Al(OH)3(s)
b. 0.130 g
c. [OH-] = 0.000 M, [Al3+] = 0.0555 M, [Na+] = 0.0333 M, [Cl-]= 0.200 M
16.0.0156 mol Na3PO4, 0.019 M Ag+
17.P = +5, O = -2
18.H = +1, Cl = +5, O = -2
19.Re(s) is oxidized, IO3- is reduced
20.S4O62- is the oxidizing agent, Al(s) is the reducing agent
21.a. Oxidation number (O.N.) of oxygen is unchanged (-2). O.N. of carbon is +3 before the
reaction, +4 after. O.N. of Mn is +7 before the reaction, +2 after.
b. MnO4-(aq) is the oxidizing agent
c. C2O42-(aq)is the reducing agent
d. 5 C2O42-(aq) + 2 MnO4-(aq) + 16 H+(aq) 10 CO2(g) + 2 Mn2+(aq) + 8 H2O(l)
e. 5 C2O42-(aq) + 2 MnO4-(aq) + 8 H2O(l) 10 CO2(g) + 2 Mn2+(aq) + 16 OH-(aq)
f. 0.106 L
22.6 S2O32-(aq) + 14 H+(aq) + Cr2O72-(aq) → 3 S4O62-(aq) + 2 Cr3+(aq) + 7 H2O(l)
23.4 H2O2(aq) + Cl2O7(aq) → 2 ClO2-(aq) + 3 H2O(l) + 2 H+(aq) + 4 O2(g)