University of Baghdad
Surveying Report Using Lever Level
عبدالرحمن وسام حميد
بكر زيد كامل
احمد فؤاد عدنان رؤوف
ياسين هادي ياسين علي
مريم احمد واصف غالب
روان علي حسين سلمان
Civil eng 2th
Dep. A
Introduction:
This experiment aims to measure the elevations of multiple points using a Lever Level and to
understand the impact of human and instrumental errors on the measurements. The focus is
on processing the readings mathematically to achieve accurate results based on the
reference benchmark (BM).
Equipment and Tools:
● Lever Level (Leveling instrument)
● Survey points: A, B, C, D, E, F, and returning to A (closed traverse)
● Known benchmark (BM = 30m)
● Notebook and pen for recording readings
Procedure and Measurements:
1. First Instrument Setup (Position 1):
○ BS reading at point A: BS1 = 1.502m
○ Intermediate sights:
■ ISB = 2.219m
■ ISC = 2.101m
■ ISD = 2.110m
○ FS at point E: FS1 = 2.160m
2. Calculating Instrument Height (HI1):
HI1= RLA + BSA = 30 + 1.502 = 31.502m
Initial Elevations (Position 1):
RLB = HI1 - ISB = 31.502 - 2.219 = 29.283m
RLC = RLB - ISC = 29.283 - 2.101 = 27.182m
RLD = RLC - ISD = 27.182 - 2.110 = 25.072m
RLE = RLD - FSA = 25.072 - 2.160 = 22.912m
3. Second Instrument Setup (Position 2):
○ BS at point E: BSE = 2.150m
○ Intermediate sights:
■ ISF = 1.441m
■ ISA = 1.496m
○ FS for returning to point A: FSE = 1.441m
4. Calculating Instrument Height (HI2):
HI2 = RLE + BSE = 29.342 + 2.150 = 31.492m
Elevations in Position 2:
RLF = HI2- ISF = 31.492 - 1.441 = 23.621m
RLA2 = HI2 - FSE = 31.492 - 1.496 = 29.996m
5.
pt. B.s. I.S. F.S. HI. RL. Remark
A 1.502 31.505 30 B.M
B 2.219 29.283
C 2.101 29.401
D 2.110 29.392
E 2.150 2.160 31.492 29.342 C.P
F 1.441 30.051
A2 1.496 29.996
6. Error Detection and Correction:
○ The difference between the first and second readings at point A: 0.004
○ Correction applied:
Correction for Position 1 =0.004/2 = 0.002m
Correction for Position 2 = 0.004m
Corrected Elevations:
RLA= 30
RLB = 29.283 + 0.002 = 29.285m
RLC = 29.401 + 0.002 = 29.403m
RLD = 29.392 + 0.002 = 29.394m
RLE = 29.342 + 0.002 = 29.344m
RLF = 30.051 + 0.004 = 29.055m
RLA2 = 29.996 + 0.004 = 30m
Analysis and Observations:
1. Using closed points allows for clearly determining the percentage of human or
instrumental error.
2. Correcting the elevations of the points ensures that the results are accurate and can
be relied upon in subsequent engineering calculations.
3. The mathematical method reflects the importance of comparing different instrument
setups to minimize experimental errors.
Conclusion:
This experiment allowed us to measure elevations of multiple points precisely using the
Lever Level. We were able to identify and correct errors systematically, ensuring accurate
final results while maintaining the reference elevation at point A.
References:
1. University of Baghdad, Lecture Notes on Surveying and Levelling, College of Engineering, University of Baghdad.
2. Roth, L. O., & Field, H. L. (1992). Differential and Profile Levelling. Springer.