1 Chapter one

Development of the atomic concept

FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026
Chapter one
The structure of atom

 Electron configuration

 It is the arrangement of electrons in the atom

 Electrons in the atom tend to take the arrangement with the lowest possible energy
 The lowest energy arrangement called the ground state electron configuration

 The rules governing the electron configuration

 They are :
1. Aufbau rule
 The orbitals with the lowest energy levels are filled first
 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d 4p 5s 4d 5p 6s 4f 5d 6p 7s 5f 6d 7p 8s
2. Hund’s rule
 Electrons first fill all orbitals with similar energy singly before pairing with another
electron
3. Pauli exclusion principal
 No two electrons in the same atom can have identical quantum numbers
(Each electron has its own quantum numbers )

Main energy levels sublevels Sublevels Maximum number of

electrons
1 K s s sublevel can take up to two electrons
2 L s p p sublevel can take up to six electrons
3 M s p d d sublevel can take up to ten electrons
4 N s p d f f sublevel can take up to fourteen electrons
`
s sublevel has one orbital
p sublevel has three orbitals
d sublevel has five orbitals
f sublevel has seven orbitals

The number of orbitals in each main energy level The number of electrons in each main
given as( n2 ) energy level given as 2(n2)
Number of orbitals in the 1st energy level =12 =1 1 energy level can take up to 2 (1)2 =2
st

Number of orbitals in the 2nd energy level =22 =4 2nd energy level can take up to 2 (2)2 =8
Number of orbitals in the 3rd energy level =32 =9 3rd energy level can take up to 2 (3)2 =18
Number of orbitals in the 4th energy level =42 =16 4th energy level can take up to 2(4)2 =32

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 2 Chapter one
Development of the atomic concept
FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026
 Quick revision of the electron configuration
 Q: Write the electron configuration of the following atoms
2 2
4Be : 1s 2s

1s2 2s2
↑↓ ↑↓

13Al : 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p1

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑

12Mg : 1s2 2s22p6 3s2

2
1s 2s2 2p6 3s2
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓

15P : 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p3

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑

25Mn : 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 4s2 3d5

2
1s 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d5
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑

26Fe : 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 4s2 3d6

2
1s 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d6
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑

16S : 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p4

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑

24Cr : 1s2 2s22p6 3s23p6 4s2 3d4

2
1s 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d4
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
Note :When d sublevel has 4 electrons ,one of the two electrons of s sublevel will jump to d
sublevel as Half filled sublevel is preferred
2 2 6 2 6 1 10
29Cu : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p 4s 3d

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d4

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
Note :When d sublevel has 9 electrons ,one of the two electrons of s sublevel will jump to d
sublevel as fully filled sublevel is preferred

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 3 Chapter one
Development of the atomic concept
FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026
EX: Write the electron configuration for 9F-
 The negative charge on the symbol of the element refers to the gained electrons
 So we have to write an electron configuration with ten electrons
- 2 2 6
9F : 1s 2s 2p
2 2
1s 2s 2p6
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
This electron configuration is similar to the electron configuration of Ne (neon)

EX: Write the electron configuration for 11Na+

 The negative charge on the symbol of the element refers to the lost electrons
 So we have to write an electron configuration with ten electrons
+ 2 2 6
11Na : 1s 2s 2p

1s2 2s2 2p6

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
This electron configuration is similar to the electron configuration of Ne (neon)
 As you notice ,the negative ion of fluorine and the positive ion of sodium ,both have the
same electron configuration of neon

EX: Write the electron configuration for 16S2-

 The negative charge on the symbol of the element refers to the gained electrons
 So we have to write an electron configuration with eighteen electrons
2-
16S : 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
This electron configuration is similar to the electron configuration of Ar (argon)

EX: Write the electron configuration 19K+

 The positive charge on the symbol of the element refers to the lost electrons
 So we have to write an electron configuration with eighteen electrons
+1 2 2 6 2 6
19K : 1s 2s 2p 3s 3p

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
This electron configuration is similar to the electron configuration of Ar (argon)

 As you notice ,the negative ion of sulfur and the positive ion of potassium ,both have the
same electron configuration of argon
 As during chemical reactions , most atoms tend to lose or gain or share electrons to
obtain the electron configuration of a noble gas

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 4 Chapter one
Development of the atomic concept
FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026
EX
Given the electron configuration of oxygen as 1s2 2s2 2p4 answer the following questions :
A) How many electrons are there in each oxygen atom ?
8electrons
B) What is the atomic number of this element ?
8
C) Write the orbital notation for oxygen electron configuration
2
1s 2s2 2p4
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑

D) How many unpaired electrons does oxygen have?

2 electrons ( the single electrons in p)
E) What is the highest occupied energy level ?
( the second energy level )[as the highest principal quantum number is 2]
F) How many inner-shell electrons does the atom contain ?
2 electrons [ the electrons in 1st energy level (in 1s) ]
G) In which orbital(s) are these- inner shell electrons located ?
1s orbital

EX
A) Given the electron configuration of aluminum as 1s22s22p6 3s23p1 answer the following:
questions How many electrons are there in each aluminum atom ?
13 electrons
B) What is the atomic number of this element ?
13
C) Write the orbital notation for aluminum electron configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑

D) How many unpaired electrons does aluminum have?

1 electron ( the single electrons in 3p)
E) What is the highest occupied energy level ?
( the third energy level )[as the highest principal quantum number is 3]
F) How many inner-shell electrons does the atom contain ?
10 electrons [ the electrons in 1st energy level (in 1s) and the electrons in 2nd energy level
(in 2s ,2p)]
G) In which orbital(s) are these- inner shell electrons located ?
1s 2s 2p orbitals

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 5 Chapter one
Development of the atomic concept
FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026
 Nobel gas notation

[2He ]2s 2p  Noble gas notation is a shortcut electron configuration

[10Ne]3s 3p  In this method ,the electron configuration of the element shown by
writing the symbol of the prior (previous) noble gas then completed
[18Ar] 3d 4s 4p by the rest electron configuration of the element
[36Kr] 4d 5s 5p  In this method we concentrate on the valence electrons ,which are
the electrons that participate in the chemical reactions
[54Xe] 4f 5d 6s 6p Notice the order of d and s orbitals!!

Ex
Write the expanded electron configuration , orbital notation and noble gas notation for each of
the following atoms :
4Be :

1s2 2s2 expanded electron configuration

1s2 2s2
↑↓ ↑↓ Orbital notation

[2He] 2s2 noble gas notation

8O :
1s2 2s2 2p4 expanded electron configuration
1s2 2s2 2p4
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ Orbital notation

[2He] 2s22p4 noble gas notation

13Al :
2
1s 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1 expanded electron configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ Orbital notation

[10Ne] 3s23p1 noble gas notation

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 6 Chapter one
Development of the atomic concept
FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026
19K :
1s 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
2
expanded electron configuration
1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ Orbital notation

[18Ar] 4s1 noble gas notation

Ex;
Write the expanded electron configuration and noble gas notation for the following

21Sc :
2
1s 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d1 expanded electron configuration

[18Ar] 4s2 3d1 noble gas notation

24Cr :
2
1s 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5 expanded electron configuration

[18Ar] 4s1 3d5 noble gas notation

29Cu :
2
1s 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10 expanded electron configuration

[18Ar] 4s1 3d10 noble gas notation

31Ga :
2
1s 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p1 expanded electron configuration

[18Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p1 noble gas notation

36Kr :
2
1s 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 expanded electron configuration

[18Ar] 4s2 3d10 4p6 noble gas notation

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 7 Chapter one
Development of the atomic concept
FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026
38Sr :
2
1s 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 expanded electron configuration

[36Kr] 4s2 noble gas notation

47Ag :
2
1s 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d10 expanded electron configuration

[36Kr] 4s1 4d10 noble gas notation

54Xe :
2
1s 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 expanded electron configuration

[36Kr] 4s2 4d10 5p6 noble gas notation

60Nd :
2
1s 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s24f4 expanded electron configuration

[54Xe] 6s2 4f4 noble gas notation

80Hg :
2
1s 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s2 4d10 5p6 6s24f14 5d10 expanded electron configuration

[54Xe] 6s2 4f14 5d10 noble gas notation

Note
There are several atoms with electron configuration which do not follow the rule of
s s ps ps dps dps fdps

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 8 Chapter one
Development of the atomic concept
FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026
Quantum numbers
 They are four numbers
1. Principal quantum number
2. Angular momentum quantum number
3. Magnetic quantum number
4. Spin quantum number
 They are used to describe the properties of orbitals and the electrons in that
orbitals
 The first three quantum numbers are resulted from solving Schrodinger equation
1. Principle quantum number :
 Its symbol is n
 It refers or determines the main energy level
 It takes integer values n=1,2,3,4,…….
 The value of n determines the size and the energy of the main level
 Increasing in the value of n means increasing in the size and energy of the main
level
n =1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
increasing in the size and energy
of the level
2. Angular quantum number :
 Its symbol is ( 𝑙 ) Type equation here.
 It refers or determines the shape of the electron cloud ( the place in which the
electrons might be found )

 (It refers to the sublevels )

 It takes the values from (0 to n-1 )

𝑛 =1 𝑙 = 0
𝑛 =2 𝑙 = 0 ,1
𝑛 =3 𝑙 = 0 , 1 ,2
𝑛 =4 𝑙 = 0 , 1 ,2 , 3
 Each value of (𝑙) is shown by specific letter :

𝑙 = 0 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑠
𝑙 = 1 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑝
𝑙 = 2 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑑
𝑙 = 3 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑓
𝑙 = 4 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑛𝑠 𝑔

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 9 Chapter one
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FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026

3. Magnetic quantum number :

 Its symbol is ml
 It refers to or determines the direction or ( position ) of the electron cloud
around the nucleus
 It takes the values from ( +𝑙 , 0 , – 𝑙 )
 If the value of( 𝑙 = 0 ) , ml = 0
 If the value of( 𝑙 = 1) , ml = +1 0 -1
 If the value of( 𝑙 = 2 ) , ml = +2 +1 0 -1 -2
 If the value of( 𝑙 = 3 ) , ml = +3 +2 +1 0 -1 -2 -3
s
0
p
+1 0 -1
d
+2 +1 0 +1 +2
4. Spin quantum number :
 Its symbol is ms
 It refers to the spin of electron ,whether it was clockwise or counterclockwise
1 1
 It takes the values of ( + , − )
2 2
Briefly

 Refers to main energy levels in which the electron might be found

Quantum  Refers to sublevels in which the electron might be found
numbers  Refers to orbitals in which the electron might be found
 Refers to the spin in which the electron might be found

Ex:
Write the quantum numbers of the last electron in 5B
First we need to write the electron configuration
5B :

1s2 2s22p1
1s2 2s2 2p1
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
+1 0 -1
Principal quantum number n = 2
Angular momentum quantum number 𝑙 = 1
Magnetic quantum number ml = +1
1
Spin quantum number ms = + 2

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10 Chapter one
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FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026

Ex:
Write the quantum numbers of the last electron in 8O
First we need to write the electron configuration
8O :

1s2 2s22p4
1s2 2s2 2p4
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
+1 0 -1
Principal quantum number n = 2
Angular momentum quantum number l = 1
Magnetic quantum number ml = +1
1
Spin quantum number ms = - 2

Ex:
Write the quantum numbers of the last electron in 13Al
First we need to write the electron configuration
13Al :

1s2 2s22p6 3s23p1

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
+1 0 -1
Principal quantum number n = 3
Angular momentum quantum number l = 1
Magnetic quantum number ml = +1
1
Spin quantum number ms = + 2

Ex:
Write the quantum numbers of the last electron in 15P
First we need to write the electron configuration
15P :

1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p3

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p3
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
+1 0 -1
Principal quantum number n = 3
Angular momentum quantum number l = 1
Magnetic quantum number ml = -1

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11 Chapter one
Development of the atomic concept
FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026
1
Spin quantum number ms = + 2

Ex:
Write the quantum numbers of the last electron in 17Cl
First we need to write the electron configuration
17Cl :

1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p5

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p5
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
+1 0 -1
Principal quantum number n = 3
Angular momentum quantum number l = 1
Magnetic quantum number ml = 0
1
Spin quantum number ms = -
2

Ex:
Write the quantum numbers of the last electron in 24Cr

First we need to write the electron configuration

1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d5
Or 24Cr : [18Ar] 4s1 3d5
3d5
↑ ↑ ↑ ↑ ↑
+2 +1 0 -1 -2
Principal quantum number n = 3
Angular momentum quantum number l = 2
Magnetic quantum number ml = -2
1
Spin quantum number ms = + 2

Ex:
Write the quantum numbers of the last electron in 23V

First we need to write the electron configuration

1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d3
Or 23V : [18Ar] 4s2 3d3
3d3
↑ ↑ ↑
+2 +1 0 -1 -2
Principal quantum number n = 3

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12 Chapter one
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Angular momentum quantum number l = 2
Magnetic quantum number ml = 0
1
Spin quantum number ms = + 2

Ex:
Write the quantum numbers of the last electron in 28Ni

First we need to write the electron configuration

1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d8
Or 28Ni : [18Ar] 4s2 3d8
3d8
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
+2 +1 0 -1 -2
Principal quantum number n = 3
Angular momentum quantum number l = 2
Magnetic quantum number ml = 0
1
Spin quantum number ms = -
2

Ex:
Write the quantum numbers of the last electron in 54Xe

First we need to write the electron configuration

1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d104p65s2 4d105p6
2 10 6
54Xe : [36Kr] 5s 4d 5p

5p6
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
+1 0 -1
Principal quantum number n = 5
Angular momentum quantum number l = 1
Magnetic quantum number ml = -1
1
Spin quantum number ms = - 2

Ex:
Write the quantum numbers of the last electron in 56Ba

First we need to write the electron configuration

1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d104p65s2 4d105p66s2
2
56Ba : [54Xe] 6s

6s2
↑↓
0
Principal quantum number n = 6

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13 Chapter one
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FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026
Angular momentum quantum number l = 0
Magnetic quantum number ml = 0
1
Spin quantum number ms = - 2

Ex:
Write the quantum numbers of the last electron in 53I

First we need to write the electron configuration

1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d104p65s2 4d105p5
2 10 5
53I : [ 36Kr] 5s 4d 5p

5p5
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
+1 0 -1
Principal quantum number n = 5
Angular momentum quantum number l = 1
Magnetic quantum number ml = 0
1
Spin quantum number ms = - 2

Ex:
Write the quantum numbers of the last electron in 27Co

First we need to write the electron configuration

1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7
Or 27Co : [18Ar] 4s2 3d7
3d7
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
+2 +1 0 -1 -2
Principal quantum number n = 3
Angular momentum quantum number l = 2
Magnetic quantum number ml = +1
1
Spin quantum number ms = - 2

Ex:
Write the quantum numbers of the last electron in 29Cu

First we need to write the electron configuration

1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s1 3d10
Or 28Ni : [18Ar] 4s1 3d10
3d10
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓

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+2 +1 0 -1 -2
Principal quantum number n = 3
Angular momentum quantum number l = 2
Magnetic quantum number ml = -2
1
Spin quantum number ms = - 2

Ex:
Write the quantum numbers of the last electron in 20Ca

First we need to write the electron configuration

1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2
2
20Ca : [18Ar] 4s

4s2
↑↓
0
Principal quantum number n = 4
Angular momentum quantum number l = 0
Magnetic quantum number ml = 0
1
Spin quantum number ms = - 2

Ex:
Write the quantum numbers of the last electron in 20Ca2+
The positive charge above the symbol of the element refers to lost electrons
First we need to write the electron configuration
1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6
2+
20Ca : [10Ne] 3s2 3p6
3p6
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
+1 0 -1
Principal quantum number n = 3
Angular momentum quantum number l = 1
Magnetic quantum number ml = -1
1
Spin quantum number ms = - 2

Ex: Write the quantum numbers of the last electron in 8O2-

The negative charge refers to the gained electrons
First we need to write the electron configuration
2-
8O :

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15 Chapter one
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FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026
2 2 6
1s 2s 2p
1s2 2s2 2p6
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
+1 0 -1
Principal quantum number n = 2
Angular momentum quantum number l = 1
Magnetic quantum number ml = -1
1
Spin quantum number ms = -
2

Ex:
Compare between the quantum numbers of the last electron in each of 11Na , 3Li
Write the quantum number of the last electron in 11Na

First we need to write the electron configuration

11Na :

1s2 2s22p6 3s1

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s1
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
0
Principal quantum number n = 3
Angular momentum quantum number l = 0
Magnetic quantum number ml = 0
1
Spin quantum number ms = + 2

Write the quantum number of the last electron in 3Li

First we need to write the electron configuration

3Li :

1s2 2s1
1s2 2s1
↑↓ ↑
0
Principal quantum number n = 2
Angular momentum quantum number l = 0
Magnetic quantum number ml = 0
1
Spin quantum number ms = + 2

their quantum numbers differ in the principal quantum number (n )

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16 Chapter one
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Ex:
Compare between the quantum numbers of the last electron in each of 13Al , 14Si
Write the quantum number of the last electron in 13Al

First we need to write the electron configuration

13Al :

1s2 2s22p6 3s23p1

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p1
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
+1 0 -1
Principal quantum number n = 3
Angular momentum quantum number l = 1
Magnetic quantum number ml = +1
1
Spin quantum number ms = +
2

Write the quantum number of the last electron in 14Si

First we need to write the electron configuration

14Si :

1s2 2s22p6 3s23p2

1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p2
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
+1 0 -1
Principal quantum number n = 3
Angular momentum quantum number l = 1
Magnetic quantum number ml = 0
1
Spin quantum number ms = + 2

their quantum numbers differ in the magnetic quantum number (ml)

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17 Chapter one
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Ex
Write the quantum numbers of each electron in 6C

First we need to write the electron configuration

6C :

1s 2s22p2
2

1s2 2s2 2p2

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑
0 0 +1 0 -1
1e 2e 3e 4e 5e 6e
Principal quantum number n 1 1 2 2 2 2
Angular momentum quantum number l 0 0 0 0 1 1
Magnetic quantum number ml 0 0 0 0 +1 0
Spin quantum number ms +
1
-
1
+
1
-
1
+
1
+
1
2 2 2 2 2 2

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18 Chapter one
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Ex
Write the quantum numbers of each electron in 9F

First we need to write the electron configuration

9F :

1s 2s22p5
2

1s2 2s2 2p5

↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ↑
0 0 +1 0 -1
1e 2e 3e 4e 5e 6e 7e 8e 9e
Principal quantum number n 1 1 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
Angular momentum quantum number l 0 0 0 0 1 1 1 1 1
Magnetic quantum number ml 0 0 0 0 +1 0 -1 +1 0
Spin quantum number ms +2
1 1
-2 +2
1 1
-2 +2
1 1
+2
1
+2
1
-2
1
-2

EX
What is the atomic number of an element if its last electron has the following quantum numbers:
1
n = 3 , l = 2 , ml = +1 ms = -
2
 As ( n ) equals 3, so it is located at the third main energy level
 As ( l ) equals 2, so it is located at d sublevel
 Then show the orbital notation of d sublevel and fill it with electrons according to Hund’s
rule until reaching ml =+1 ,ms = -1/2
3d7
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
+2 +1 0 -1 -2
 Finally write an electron configuration ends with 3d7

 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d7

 The total number of electrons equals the atomic number of the element =27

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19 Chapter one
Development of the atomic concept
FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026

EX
What is the atomic number of an element if its last electron has the following quantum numbers:
1
n = 3 , l = 2 , ml = +1 ms = + 2
 As ( n ) equals 3, so it is located at the third main energy level
 As ( l ) equals 2, so it is located at d sublevel
 Then show the orbital notation of d sublevel and fill it with electrons according to Hund’s
rule until reaching ml =+1 ,ms = +1/2
3d2
↑ ↑
+2 +1 0 -1 -2
 Finally write an electron configuration ends with 3d2

 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d2

 The total number of electrons equals the atomic number of the element =22

EX
What is the atomic number of an element if its last electron has the following quantum numbers:
1
n = 4 , l = 1 , ml = +1 ms = +
2
 As ( n ) equals 4, so it is located at the fourth main energy level
 As ( l ) equals 1, so it is located at p sublevel
 Then show the orbital notation of p sublevel and fill it with electrons according to Hund’s
rule until reaching ml =+1 ,ms = +1/2
4p1
↑
+1 0 -1
 Finally write an electron configuration ends with 4p1

 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d104p1

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20 Chapter one
Development of the atomic concept
FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026
The total number of electrons equals the atomic number of the element =31

EX
What is the atomic number of an element if its last electron has the following quantum numbers:
1
n = 4 , l = 1 , ml = +1 ms = - 2
 As ( n ) equals 4, so it is located at the fourth main energy level
 As ( l ) equals 1, so it is located at p sublevel
 Then show the orbital notation of p sublevel and fill it with electrons according to Hund’s
rule until reaching ml =+1 ,ms = -1/2
4p4
↑↓ ↑ ↑
+1 0 -1
 Finally write an electron configuration ends with 4p1

 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d104p4

 The total number of electrons equals the atomic number of the element =34

EX
What is the atomic number of an element if its last electron has the following quantum numbers:
1
n = 4 , l = 0 , ml = 0 , ms = + 2
 As ( n ) equals 4, so it is located at the fourth main energy level
 As ( l ) equals 0, so it is located at s sublevel
 Then show the orbital notation of s sublevel and fill it with electrons according to Hund’s
rule until reaching ml =+1 ,ms = +1/2
4s1
↑
0
 Finally write an electron configuration ends with 4s1

 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s1

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21 Chapter one
Development of the atomic concept
FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026

 The total number of electrons equals the atomic number of the element =19

EX
What is the atomic number of an element if its last electron has the following quantum numbers:
1
n = 4 , l = 0 , ml = 0 ms = - 2
 As ( n ) equals 4, so it is located at the fourth main energy level
 As ( l ) equals 0, so it is located at s sublevel
 Then show the orbital notation of s sublevel and fill it with electrons according to Hund’s
rule until reaching ml =+1 ,ms = -1/2
4s2
↑↓
0
 Finally write an electron configuration ends with 4s2

 1s2 2s22p6 3s2 3p6 4s2

 The total number of electrons equals the atomic number of the element =20

EX
What is the atomic number of an element if its last electron has the following quantum numbers:
1
n = 1 , l = 0 , ml = 0 ms = + 2
 wAs ( n ) equals 1, so it is located at the first main energy level
 As ( l ) equals 0, so it is located at s sublevel
 Then show the orbital notation of s sublevel and fill it with electrons according to Hund’s
rule until reaching ml =0 ,ms = +1/2
1s1
↑
0
 Finally write an electron configuration ends with 1s1
 1s1

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22 Chapter one
Development of the atomic concept
FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026
 The total number of electrons equals the atomic number of the element =1

EX
What is the atomic number of an element if its last electron has the following quantum numbers:
1
n = 1 , l = 0 , ml = 0 ms = - 2
 As ( n ) equals 1, so it is located at the first main energy level
 As ( l ) equals 0, so it is located at s sublevel
 Then show the orbital notation of s sublevel and fill it with electrons according to Hund’s
rule until reaching ml =0 ,ms = -1/2
1s2
↑↓
0
 Finally write an electron configuration ends with 1s2
 1s2
 The total number of electrons equals the atomic number of the element =2

EX:
If you know the value of the four quantum numbers of the last electron in the following atoms :
A ) n = 4 , l = 2 , ml = +1 ms = -1/2
B ) n = 2 , l = 0 , ml = 0 ms =+1/2
C ) n = 3 , l = 1 , ml = -1 ms =-1/2
write the electron configuration and tell the atomic number of each
A ) n = 4 , l = 2 , ml = +1 ms = - 1/2
 As ( n ) equals 4, so it is located at the fourth main energy level
 As ( l ) equals 2, so it is located at d sublevel
 Then show the orbital notation of d sublevel and fill it with electrons according to Hund’s
rule until reaching ml =+1 ,ms = -1/2

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23 Chapter one
Development of the atomic concept
FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026
4d7
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑ ↑ ↑
+2 +1 0 -1 -2
 Finally write an electron configuration ends with 4d7
 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6 4s2 3d10 4p6 5s1 4d7 it is not following the rule
 The total number of electrons equals the atomic number of the element =44
B ) n = 2 , l = 0 , ml = 0 ms =+1/2
 As ( n ) equals 2, so it is located at the second main energy level
 As ( l ) equals 0, so it is located at s sublevel
 Then show the orbital notation of s sublevel and fill it with electrons according to Hund’s
rule until reaching ml =+0 ,ms = +1/2
2s2
↑
0
 Finally write an electron configuration ends with 2s2
 1s2 2s2
 The total number of electrons equals the atomic number of the element =4
C ) n = 3 , l = 1 , ml = -1 ms = - 1/2
 As ( n ) equals 3, so it is located at the third main energy level
 As ( l ) equals 1, so it is located at p sublevel
 Then show the orbital notation of p sublevel and fill it with electrons according to Hund’s
rule until reaching ml =-1 ,ms = -1/2
3p6
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓
+1 0 -1
 Finally write an electron configuration ends with 3p6
 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p6
 The total number of electrons equals the atomic number of the element =18

EX
If you know the value of the four quantum numbers of the penultimate electron
(next to the last)what is the atomic number of this atom
n = 2 , l = 0 , ml = 0 ms =+1/2
 As ( n ) equals 2, so it is located at the second main energy level
 As ( l ) equals 0, so it is located at s sublevel
 Then show the orbital notation of s sublevel and fill it with electrons according to Hund’s
rule until reaching ml =0 ,ms = +1/2
2s1
↑

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24 Chapter one
Development of the atomic concept
FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026
0
 Finally write an electron configuration ends with 2s1 ,then add one electron to reach the
last one
 1s2 2s2
 The total number of electrons equals the atomic number of the element =4

EX:
If you know the value of the four quantum numbers of the penultimate electron
(next to the last)what is the atomic number of this atom
n = 2 , l = 1 , ml = +l ms =+1/2
 As ( n ) equals 2, so it is located at the second main energy level
 As ( l ) equals 1, so it is located at p sublevel
 Then show the orbital notation of p sublevel and fill it with electrons according to Hund’s
rule until reaching ml =+1 ,ms = +1/2
2p1
↑
+1 0 -1
 Finally write an electron configuration ends with 2p1 ,then add one electron to reach the
last one
 1s2 2s22p2
The total number of electrons equals the atomic number of the element =6

The four quantum numbers for the electrons in 3p3 differ only in magnetic quantum number

2p3 n = 2 they are all located at the second energy level

↑ ↑ ↑ l = 1 they are all located at p sublevel
+1 0 -1 ml = +1 0 -1 each one has specific value for ml
ms =+ ½

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25 Chapter one
Development of the atomic concept
FAISAL GHAZI chemistry club (grade 11) 2025/2026
The four quantum numbers for the electrons in 4s2 differ only in spin quantum number

n = 4 they are all located at the fourth energy level

2
4s l = 0 they are all located at s sublevel
↑↓ ml = 0 both of them in same orbital
0 ms =+ ½ , - ½ they have different values for spin quantum
number

The four quantum numbers for the electrons in 4s2 differ only in spin quantum number

n = 5 they are all located at the fourth energy level

6
5p l = 1 they are all located at s sublevel
↑↓ ↑↓ ↑↓ ml = +1 0 -1 different values
+1 0 -1 ms =+ ½ , - ½ they have different values for spin quantum number

Q:If the electron configuration ends with 2p6, that means it is probable :
 The atom is neon
 There are more than atom ( Ne and F ) sharing this electron configuration
 The atom is neon in addition to the atoms that lost or gained electrons to obtain the noble
gas electron configuration

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