Structural Calculation Note

1
Structural Calculation Note

CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1. Villa Consists of:
Floor Height (m)
Ground 5.45
First 3.00
Second 3.00
Third (Roof) 3.00

1.2. Material Properties:

1.2.1. Concrete:
 fcu = 250 kg/cm2.

1.2.2. Rebar:
 fy (main steel) = 3500 kg/cm2.
 fy (stirrups) = 2400 kg/cm2.

1.2.3. Soil:
 Allowable Net Bearing Capacity = 15 t/m2 (Soil Report)
 Soil Subgrade Modulus = 1850 t/m3 (Soil Report)

1.3. Loads Used:

1.3.1. Dead and Superimposed Dead Loads:
[Link]. Cover Loads:
 Cover = 0.15 t/m3.

[Link]. Wall Loads:

 Weight of used brick =1400 kg/m3.

1.3.2. Live Loads:

According to ECP 201-2012
 L.L = 0.20 t/m2 (‫)للغرف السكنية‬
 L.L = 0.30 t/m2 (‫)للمطابخ والحمامات والساللم والبلكونات‬

1.4. Design Method:

 Limit State Design Method
(Ultimate Strength + Serviceability "Working" + Stability)

1.5. Load Combinations:

 Ultimate Strength Limit State: U1 = 1.40 D + 1.60 L
U2 = 1.50 D + 1.50 L
 Serviceability Limit States: W = 1.00 D + 1.00 L

2
Structural Calculation Note

1.6. Structural System:

1.6.1. Super-Structure:
 Flat Slab with Marginal Beams.

1.6.2. Sub-Structure:
 Shallow Foundations (Isolated + Combined + Strap Beam).

1.7. Computer Programs Used in Analysis, Design and Detailing:

(CSI ETAPS + CSI SAFE + CSI SAP2000 + Excel + AutoCAD 2D)

1.8. Design Codes of Practice:

 ECP 203-2020
(Egyptian Code of Practice for Design and Construction of Reinforced Concrete
Structures)
 ECP 201-2012
(Egyptian Code of Practice for Calculating Loads and Forces in the
Structural and Masonry Works for Loads)
 ECP 202-2002
(Egyptian Code of Practice for Soil Mechanics and Foundation Engineering)

3
Structural Calculation Note

CHAPTER TWO
LOADS ON BUILDING
2.1. Vertical Loads
2.1.1 Dead and Superimposed Dead Loads
 The Own Weight of the objects themselves:
(Calculated automatically using CSI Programs)
Hint: The self-weight multiplier should be set as the unity for the dead load pattern.

 The Weight of Covering materials (Calculated using Excel Sheet)

 The Weight of Walls has two ways to apply to the structure: (Calculated using Excel
Sheet)
A. The wall loads are distributed on their real places on lines if their places are well-
determined, and their places would not change.
Regarding those walls of the clear height that gives the following loads:

and masonry fence walls of height 1 m gives the following loads:

4
Structural Calculation Note

B. The wall loads are uniform over the area according to ECP 203-2012 as the wall line
load is multiplied by 0.33 to obtain the load over area.

2.1.2 Live Loads

Determined by ECP 201-2012 as follows:

5
Structural Calculation Note

CHAPTER THREE
DESIGN OF SLABS AND BEAMS
3.1. Minimum Concrete Dimensions of Slabs and Beams
The minimum concrete dimensions of beams and the minimum thickness for different types
of slabs may depend on if deflection check is necessary or not.

CASE 1: If Deflection Has to Be Checked

A. Solid Slabs
The Minimum Thickness (ts):
 One-way solid slab:
- L/30 for simply supported slab.
- L/35 for continuous slab from one side.
- L/40 for continuous slab from two sides.

 Two-way solid slab:

- L/35 for simply supported slab.
- L/40 for continuous slab from one side.
- L/45 for continuous slab from two sides.

The Effective Span:

6
Structural Calculation Note

B. Flat Slabs
The Minimum Thickness (ts):

The Effective Span is considered as the net span between columns.

C. Beams
The minimum dimensions (b x t):
The Width (b) should be greater than ¾ of slab thickness but not less than 100mm.
The Depth (t) should be greater than 3 times the slab thickness.

Don’t forget check the slenderness ratio limit for beams

CASE 2: If Deflection May Not Be Checked

7
Structural Calculation Note

8
Structural Calculation Note

3.2. Minimum Flexural Reinforcement

The allowable limits for minimum reinforcement to resist the flexural bending:
A. Solid Slabs
0.6
A s min= bd ,
fy
0.25
¿ b t , for mild steel
100
0.15
¿ b t , for high tensile steel
100

B. Flat Slabs and Beams

A s min=0.225
√ f cu b d ≥ 1.1 b d ,
fy fy Minimum
¿ 1.30 A s req . ,
0.25 Maximum
¿ b t , for mild steel
100
0.15
¿ b t , for high tensile steel∧f cu <30 MPa
100
0.18
¿ b t , for high tensile steel∧f cu ≥ 30 MPa
100

9
Structural Calculation Note

3.3. Code Limits for Deflection Check

1. Check for Total Deflection

2. Check for Immediate Deflection due to Live Load

3. Check for Incremental Deflection due to Finishing

10
Structural Calculation Note

Where (L) is considered as follows:

- The span of beams, slabs and cantilevers.
- The short span for two-way slabs (solid and hollow block) and the long span of flat slab.

The allowable limits of Cambering (if used) for:

- Beams and Slabs = (L/500 up to L/300).
- Cantilever Beams = (L/150) and Cantilever Slabs = (L/100).

11
Structural Calculation Note

3.4. Code Limits for Punching Shear (Two-Way Shear) Check

Punching shear is resisted by:
1. Only concrete and without the contribution of punch-resisting stirrups in solid and flat
slabs with a thickness less than 250 mm.

2. Concrete and punch-resisting stirrups if the thickness of flat slab is equal or greater than
250 mm.

Critical Sections:
1. In case of not using punch-resisting stirrups; the dimensions of critical section are
measured at a distance of (d/2) from the face of column with no drop panel.

2. In case of using punch-resisting stirrups; the dimensions of the critical sections are
measured as mentioned in the above item in addition to that at a distance (d/2) from
the region reinforced by punch-resisting stirrups.

12
Structural Calculation Note

General equation used for the calculation of punching shear:

13
Structural Calculation Note

14
Structural Calculation Note

3.5. Ground Slab Design - SAFE

3.5.1. Slab Thickness and Layout
Used System is Flat Slab with Marginal Beams
Flat Slab with thickness of 20 cm and Marginal Beams with (12 x 60) cm

3.5.2. Check for Deflection

Deflection Results using CSI SAFE Program
Short-Term Deflection
CASE 1

Max. value = 6.5 mm

Long-Term Deflection
CASE 3

Max. value = 7 mm

15
 Immediate Def. (All Dead Loads) Long-Term Deflection
CASE 4 Load Combination
Structural Calculation Note

16
Max. value = 5.2 mm
Max. value = 12.6 mm
Structural Calculation Note

1. Check for total deflection

For panel 1:
Δ total act . =Δ short + Δlong =6.5+12.6=19.1 mm
l 6000
Δ total all. = = =24 mm< Δtotal act . , Safe ,
250 250

2. Check for immediate deflection due to live load

For panel 1:
Δ D =5.2 mm
Δ D + L=6.5 mm
Δ L act . =Δ D + L− Δ D=6.5−5.2=1.3 mm
l 6000
Δ L all. = = =16.67 mm> Δ L act . , Safe
360 360

3. Check for incremental deflection due to finishing

For panel 1:
ξ
α=
1+50 μ '
2
π 12
' 6x
' A s 4
μ= = =0.004
A c 1000 x 168
2
α= =1.67
1+50 x 0.004
Δ D + Ls=7 mm
Δ Ls =Δ D + Ls− Δ D=7−5.2=1.8 mm
Δ incr .act .=[ Δ ¿ ¿ D+ Δ Ls ] [ α 1−α 2 ]+ [ Δ L− Δ Ls ]= [ 7 ][ 1.67−0 ] +[1.3−1.8 ]=11.19 mm¿
l 6000
Δ incr all. = = =25 mm> Δ incr .act . , Safe
240 240
l 6000
Δ incr all. = = =12.5 mm> Δincr . act . , Safe
480 480
Results by Excel Sheet

17
Structural Calculation Note

Decision:
Deflection is Safe according to the limitations set by ECP 203-2020 that are mentioned
before.

3.5.3. Check for Punching Shear

Punching Shear Results using CSI SAFE Program
Punching Shear Ratio

D/ C Ratio=q u
q cup (uncr )< 1.00
❑
N
( Not Calculated )
C
Decision:
Punching shear is Safe according to the limitations set by ECP 203-2020 that are
mentioned before.
EXAMPLE OF CHECK OF PUNCHING:
Check Punching of Columns:
Input Data:
- Column:
pcol ultimate =30 ton ( ¿ CSI SAFE )
Column Dimensions=( 30 x 60 ) cm
- Slab:
f cu=25 MPa
t s=20 cm
Clear Concrete Cover=2 cm
Kg
Live Loads=200 2
m
Kg
Cover Loads=170 2
m
t
W Slab=1.4 D . L+1.6 L. L=1.4 ( 2.5 x 0.2+0.17 )+1.6 x 0.2=1.258 2
m
- Another Data:
design cover=clear concrete cover+ϕ ¯¿=20+12=32 mm¿
d=t s−design cover=200−32=168 mm
b o=2 [ ( a+ d )+ ( b+d ) ] =2 [ ( 300+168 )+ ( 600+168 ) ] =2472 mm
2
A o=( a+ d ) x ( b+d ) =( 300+168 ) x ( 600+168 )=0.359 m

18
Structural Calculation Note

Solution:
Q cr
q u= xβ
bo d
Qcr =[P ¿ ¿ Col−(W Slab x A o )]=¿=29.55 ton¿
4
29.55 x 10
q u= x 1.15=0.818 MPa
2472 x 168
q cup (uncr )=0.316 √ f cu /γc=0.316 √ 25/1.5=1.29 MPa

¿ 0.316 0.5+ ( a
b )√f cu (
)√ 25/1.5=1.29 MPa
/γc=0.316 x 0.5+
0.3
0.6

¿ 0.8 ( 0.2+
b )√
f /γc=0.8 x ( 0.2+
2472 )
αd 4 x 168
cu √ 25/1.5=1.54 MPa
o

¿ 1.7 MPa

q u=0.818 MPa< qcup ( uncr)=1.29 MPa , Safe

D/C Ratio=qu ❑ q cup (uncr )=0.637

❑

Using CSI SAFE Program:

D/C Ratio=qu ❑ q cup (uncr )=1.182 ,Usafe
❑
Note:
Program take into consideration unbalanced moment not beta factor

3.5.4. Ultimate Bending Moment M11 and M22 for the Ground Slab
Direction Moment Results from CSI SAFE program
Moment in Direction 11
(m.t)

19
Structural Calculation Note

Moment in Direction 22
(m.t)

3.5.5. Design of Slab due to Ultimate Bending Moment using FEM

Input data
for bays witht s=200 mm
Clear Concrete Cover=2 cm
Design cover=clear concrete cover+ ϕ¯¿=20+ 12=32 mm ¿
d=t s−design cover=200−32=168 mm
0.6 0.6 2
A s min= b d= x 1000 x 168=288 mm
fy 350
0.15 0.15 2
¿ b t= x 1000 x 200=300 mm
100 100
5 ϕ 10
⸫ A s min =300 mm , use
2
m
or
√ 25 2 1.1 2
A s min=0.225 1000 x 168=540 mm ≥ 1000 x 168=528 mm ,
350 350
0.15 2
¿ 1000 x 200=300 mm
100

⸫ A s min =540 mm , use 5 ϕ 12∨7 ϕ 10

2

Input data in - SAFE

- Slab
f cu=25 MPa
f y High =350 MPa
t s=200 mm
Kg
Live Loads=200∧300 2
m
Kg
Cover Loads=170 2
m
Wall Loads=Variable , according ¿ width∧hight of brick walls
- Assumed mesh:
6 ϕ 12
Slabs with t s=200 mm , Let's try use mesh top and bottom both-ways.
m

20
 Upper Reinforcement in Upper Reinforcement in Bottom Reinforcement in Bottom Reinforcement in Direction
Direction 22 Direction 11 Direction 22 Direction 11

6 ϕ 12 / m 6 ϕ 12 / m 6 ϕ 12 / m 6 ϕ 12 / m
Main mesh
Structural Calculation Note

Reinforcement

3 ϕ 12 / m and 6 ϕ 12 / m 3 ϕ 12 / m and 6 ϕ 12 / m 3 ϕ 12 / m and 6 ϕ 12 / m 3 ϕ 12 / m and 6 ϕ 12 / m

Add. RFT

21
Steel Results from CSI SAFE Program
Structural Calculation Note

3.5.6. Ultimate Straining Actions for the Ground Slab Beams

Straining Actions Results from CSI SAFE Program

Bending Moment 33
(m.t)
Shear Force 22
(ton)
Torsional Moment
(m.t)

3.5.7. Design of Ground Slab Beams

- Bending Moment using FEM
Input data
For beams with ( 120 x 600 ) :
√ 25 2 1.1 2
A s min=0.225 120 x 550=212.14 mm ≥ 120 x 550=207.42mm ,
350 350
0.15 2
¿ 120 x 600=108 mm
100

⸫ A s min =212.14 mm ,use 2 ϕ 12∨2 ϕ 16

2

22
Structural Calculation Note

Required Reinforcement Area (m2) - CSI SAFE Program

- Shear Force using FEM and Excel Sheet

❑ with2 branches
⸫ Use Stirrups 7∅ 8
m

- Shear Force and Torsional Moment using Excel Sheets

23
Structural Calculation Note

❑
⸫ Use Closed Stirrups 7∅ 8 with2 branches
m

3.5.8. Table of Sections and Reinforcement of Ground Slab Beams

CHAPTER FOUR
DESIGN OF STAIR SLABS AND BEAMS

24
Structural Calculation Note

4.1. Architectural Plan of Stair

4.1.1. Stair Slab Thickness and Layout

Used System is Slab Type Stair with 3 Flight
Stair Slab with thickness of 20 cm and Supported Beams with (12 x 60) cm

4.2. Loads
Loads assigned to Flight were as follows:
- The additional dead load of steps that is:
Γ R .C∗t step 2.5∗0.15 t
= =0.1875 2 (in gravity direction).
2 2 m
2
- Live loads = 300 kg/m (in gravity projection direction).
- Cover loads = 170 kg/m2 (in gravity direction).

Loads assigned to Landings were as follows:

- Live loads = 300 kg/m2 (in gravity projection direction).
- Cover loads = 170 kg/m2 (in gravity direction).

Wall loads are calculated using excel sheet as follows:

- Loads on walls were assigned to beams and null lines created in the places with no
beams.
- The handrail height is taken as 1.0 m when calculating the handrail loads.

Input data
for stair slab witht s=200 mm
Clear Concrete Cover=2 cm
Design cover=clear concrete cover+ ϕ¯¿=20+ 12=32 mm ¿
d=t s−design cover=200−32=168 mm
0.6 0.6 2
A s min= b d= x 1000 x 168=288 mm
fy 350

25
Structural Calculation Note

0.15 0.15 2
¿ b t= x 1000 x 200=300 mm
100 100
5 ϕ 10
⸫ A s min =300 mm , use
2
m
or
√ 25 2 1.1 2
A s min=0.225 1000 x 168=540 mm ≥ 1000 x 168=528 mm ,
350 350
0.15 2
¿ 1000 x 200=300 mm
100

⸫ A s min =540 mm , use 5 ϕ 12∨7 ϕ 10

2

Assumed mesh:
6 ϕ 12
Slabs with t s=200 mm , Let's try use mesh .
m

4.3. Results of Stair Slabs and Beams - SAP2000

Analytical Model 3D Extruded Model

M11 (For Secondary Reinforcement) M22 (For Main Reinforcement)

Max. M11 = 1.5 m.t Max. M22 = 3.8 m.t

Using First Principles according to ECP 203-2020

26
Structural Calculation Note

- The Ultimate Moment in Direction 22 (for the Main reinforcement)

❑
Max. M22 = 5.2 m.t, Use 6 ∅ 16 m

- The Ultimate Moment in Direction 11 (for the Secondary reinforcement)

❑
Max. M11 = 1.5 m.t, Use 6 ∅ 12 m

Supported Beam located at half level of stair:

For beams with ( 120 x 600 ) :
√ 25 2 1.1 2
A s min=0.225 120 x 550=212.14 mm ≥ 120 x 550=207.42mm ,
350 350
0.15 2
¿ 120 x 600=108 mm
100
⸫ A s min =212.14 mm ,use 2 ϕ 12∨2 ϕ 16
2

Ultimate Max. Positive Bnding Moment:

Ultimate Max. Negative Bnding Moment:

Ultimate Max. Shear Force:

❑ with2 branches
⸫ Use Stirrups 7∅ 8
m

CHAPTER FIVE
27
Structural Calculation Note

DESIGN OF COLUMNS
5.1. Classification of Columns
According to ECP 203-2020, columns are classified as follows:
1. Braced or Unbraced:

Columns are assumed Unbraced

2. Short or Slender:
A column is said to be short if the slenderness ratio is as follows:
for braced columns: λ ≤ 15 and for unbraced columns: λ ≤ 10

A column is said to be slender if the slenderness ratio is as follows:

for braced columns:15< λ ≤ 30 and for unbraced columns: 10< λ ≤ 23

Columns are Slender as λ is greater than 10 for the current unbraced columns

3. Tied or spiral columns

Column type depends on the type of tie as follows:
- Tied

28
Structural Calculation Note

- Spiral
Current columns are Tied Columns
4. Centric and eccentric columns:
- Centric column: axial load in addition to minimum moment.
- Eccentric column: axial load in addition to a moment (greater than the minimum
moment) either about one axis (uniaxially) or two moments about the two axes
(biaxially).

Current columns are slender, unbraced, eccentric, and tied columns

5.2. Minimum Dimensions

 For a column, the section length must be less than 5-times its width.
 The minimum width of column must be 200 mm or more.
 In flat slab, the minimum width of columns shall be not less than the greatest of:
- 1/20 bay length in the considered direction measured from columns centers.
- 1/15 story height.
- 300 mm.

5.3. Minimum Reinforcement

A. Vertical Reinforcement:
Minimum reinforcement
For tied-short columns
- 0.80% required area of concrete.
- 0.60% actual area of concrete.
For tied-slender columns, the min. reinforcemnt ratio relative to the required area of concrete
is:
- For any slender column: 0.25+ 0.015 λi
- For rectangular slender column: 0.25+ 0.052 λ b
For spiral colums, the minimum reinforcemnt ratio is the largest of:
- 1.00% total area of concrete.
- 1.20% area of concrete core bounded by spirals.
Minimum Rebar Diameter is 12 mm.

29
Structural Calculation Note

Maximum reinforcement
- 4% of concrete area - interior column.
- 5% of concrete area - edge column.
- 6% of concrete area - corner column.
Maximum reinforcement at the overlap area is 8.00%.

B. Horizontal Reinforcement:
Minimum reinforcement
- Minimum stirrup diameter is 0.25 of the largest rebar size but not less than 8 mm.
- The spacing between stirrups is 15 times the smallest rebar size but not greater than 200
mm.
- Minimum volume of stirrups is 0.25% that of concrete.
- The pitch of spirals is 30 to 80 mm

5.4. Design of Columns - ETABS

1. BS 8110-97 Code is used to accommodate ECP 203-2020.
2. For 3D interaction diagrams, 11 points and 24 curves are used.

3. A utilization factor of 0.90 is set to make sure that all columns will be safe.

30
Structural Calculation Note

4. In order to simulate the unbraced structure, framing type with sway permitted was
chosen.
5. Live load will be uniform over the area, so live load reduction factor is set as the
unity.

6. Insert the columns with the actual dimensions and the proposed reinforcement in
ETABS.
7. Reinforcement to be checked.

8. Unbraced length ratio means the ratio of the clear height to the total height in major
and minor directoins.
9. K-values in ECP 203-2020 are called β in BS 8110-97 and it simulates the end
conditions of columns.
10. Minimum eccentricity of columns in ECP 203-2020 is taken as the maximum value of:
- 0.05 of the dimension in the direction under consideration (b or t).
- 20 mm
In BS 8110-97, it is taken as the minimum value.

Ho (Clear Hight) / H (Total Hight)

in Major
Ho (Clear Hight) / H (Total Hight)
in Minor
K Major from ECP203-2020

K Minor from ECP203-2020

31
Structural Calculation Note

11. To take the clear height of column in design (in addition to item no.8), end offset of
columns are taken into consideration according to the footing or beams connected to it.

12. Check the column labels.

13. Check the local axes of each column.

14. Columns are set fixed at base.

15. Check warnings in the model.

5.5. Design Results – ETABS and Excel Sheet

Check if all columns are safe or not and get the D/C for all columns.

32
Structural Calculation Note

D
The ratio is less than0 .90 for all columns , which is okay
C
The Final Cross-Sections for Columns

33
Structural Calculation Note

CHAPTER SIX
DESIGN OF FOOTINGS
6.1. Introduction
According to Soil Report:
1. The Foundation Level is -1.5 m.
2. The Allowable Net Bearing Capacity of soil is 1.5 kg/cm2.
3. The Expected Total Settlement of soil is 25 mm and the Expected Differential Settlement
is 10 mm that is required for designing ground beams.
4. Recommendation:
- For Ground Beams: All footings must be connected by ground beams with a width not
less than 25 cm and at the same level as footings with reinforcement of 4 ϕ 16 at top and
bottom.
- For Compaction: The base layer must be well-compacted according to the specifications
of ECP203-2020 and the construction experience before performing any structural works.
- Soil Stabilization: Soil may need a replacement of a mix of sand and gravel by ratio 1:1
and with a thickness of 30 cm.
6.2. Minimum Dimensions.
For Isolated, Combined, Strip and Raft Footings:
The least thickness should be greater than 300mm at satisfies the shear and punch shear
stresses requirements.

For Strap Beam Footing:

The minimum dimensions were not mentioned in ECP 203-2020 so, its dimensions will be
determined by design. Hint: the width of strap beam should be equal to the least width of the
two columns connected by it.
For Plain Concrete Thickness:
- May be less than 30 cm if it is not taken into consideration of design.
- Should be greater than 30 cm if it is taken into consideration of design.
For Ground Beams:
The width of ground beam must be greater than 1/20 of the clear span with 450 mm as
maximum but satisfies the slenderness condition.

6.3. Minimum Reinforcement

For All Footings types except the Strap Beam:
0.25
A s min= b t , for Mild Steel
100
f y Mild 0.25
¿ x bt,
f y High 100
for HighTensile Steel
0.15
¿ bt ,
100
34
Structural Calculation Note

¿ 5 ϕ 12 ❑ m
❑

Strap Beam:
The minimum area of reinforcement is:
√f
A s min=0.225 cu b d ≥
1.1
bd,
fy fy Minimum
¿ 1.30 A s req . ,
0.25 Maximum
¿ b t , for mild steel
100
0.15
¿ b t , for high tensile steel∧f cu <30 MPa
100
0.18
¿ b t , for high tensile steel∧f cu ≥ 30 MPa
100

6.4. Design of Footings - SAFE

6.4.1. Check for Soil Pressure
 Allowable Net Bearing Capacity = 15 t/m2 (Soil Report)
 Soil Subgrade Modulus = 1850 t/m3 (Soil Report)

35
Structural Calculation Note

Maximum Soil Pressure = 14.5 t/m2 which is less than 15 t/m2, SAFE
6.4.2. Check for Settlement
 Allowable Total Settlement = 25 mm (Soil Report)

Maximum Total Settlement = 13 mm which is less than 25 mm, SAFE

6.4.3. Check for Punching Shear

Punching Shear Results using CSI SAFE Program
Punching Shear Ratio

D/C Ratio=q u
q cup (uncr )< 1.00
❑
N
( Not Calculated )
C
Decision:
Punching shear is Safe according to the limitations set by ECP 203-2020

EXAMPLE OF CHECK OF PUNCHING:

Check Punching of Columns:

36
Structural Calculation Note

Input Data:
- Column:
pcol ultimate =250 ton ( ¿ CSI ETABS )
Column Dimensions=( 30 x 60 ) cm
- Footing:
f cu=25 MPa
t f =60 cm
Clear Concrete Cover=5.5 cm
design cover=clear concrete cover+ϕ ¯¿=55+12=67=70mm ¿
d=t s−design cover=600−70=530 mm
- Soil
t
q soil=15 2
m
- Another Data:
b o=2 [ ( a+ d )+ ( b+d ) ] =2 [ ( 300+530 )+ ( 600+530 ) ] =3920 mm
2
A o=( a+ d ) x ( b+d ) =( 300+530 ) x ( 600+530 )=0.94 m
Solution:
Q cr
q u=
bo d
Qcr =[P ¿ ¿ Col−(q Soil x Ao )]=¿=235.93 ton ¿
4
235.93 x 10
q u= =0.11 MPa
3920 x 530

√
f
q cup (uncr )=0.316 cu =0.316
γc
25
1.5√=1.29 MPa

( a
)
¿ 0.316 0.5+ √ f cu /γc=0.316 x 0.5+
b (
0.3
0.6)√ 25/1.5=1.29 MPa

( b)
¿ 0.8 0.2+
αd
√ f /γc=0.8 x ( 0.2+
o
cu
2472 )
4 x 168
√ 25/1.5=1.54 MPa
¿ 1.7 MPa

q u=0.11 MPa< qcup ( uncr)=1.29 MPa , Safe

D/C Ratio=qu ❑ q cup (uncr )=0.085
❑
Using CSI SAFE Program:
D/C Ratio=qu ❑ q cup (uncr )=0.22 , Safe
❑
Note: Program take into consideration unbalanced moment not beta factor

6.4.4 Ultimate Bending Moment M11 and M22 for the Footings
Direction Moment Results from CSI SAFE program

37
Structural Calculation Note

Moment in Direction 11
(m.t)
Moment in Direction 22
(m.t)

6.4.5. Design of Footings due to Ultimate Bending Moment using FEM

Input data
t f =600 mm
Clear Concrete Cover=5.5 cm
Design cover=clear concrete cover+ ϕ¯¿=55+12=67=70 mm ¿
d=t s−design cover=600−70=530 mm
f y Mild 0.25 240 0.25 2
A s min= x b t= x x 1000 x 600=1028.57 mm
f y High 100 350 100
0.15 0.15 2
¿ bt= x 1000 x 600=900 mm
100 100
10 ϕ 12 6 ϕ 16 5 ϕ 12
⸫ A s min =1028.57 mm , use
2
∨ >
m m m
Direction

Reinforcement
Steel Results from CSI SAFE Program
Main mesh Add. RFT

38
 Upper Reinforcement in Upper Reinforcement in Bottom Reinforcement in Bottom Reinforcement in
Direction 22 Direction 11 Direction 22 Direction 11

10 ϕ 12 / m 10 ϕ 12 / m 10 ϕ 12 / m 10 ϕ 12 / m

Straining Actions
Structural Calculation Note

-------------- -------------- -------------- --------------

39
6.4.6. Ultimate Straining Actions for the Strap Beams
Results from CSI SAFE Program
Structural Calculation Note

Bending Moment 33
(m.t)
Shear Force 22
(ton)
Torsional Moment
(m.t)

6.4.7. Design of Strap Beams

- Bending Moment using FEM
Input data
For SB 1 with ( 400 x 800 ) :
√ 25 2 1.1 2
A s min=0.225 400 x 730=938.57 mm ≥ 400 x 730=917.71 mm ,
350 350
0.15 2
¿ 400 x 800=480 mm
100

⸫ A s min =938.57 mm ,use 5 ϕ 16

2

40
Structural Calculation Note

Required Reinforcement Area (m2) - CSI SAFE Program

- Shear Force using FEM and Excel Sheets

For SB 1 with ( 400 x 800 ) :

❑ with4 branches
⸫ Use Stirrups 5∅ 10
m

- Shear Force and Torsional Moment using Excel Sheets

For SB 1 with ( 400 x 800 ) :

41
Structural Calculation Note

❑
⸫ Use Closed Stirrups 5∅ 10 with4 branches
m

6.5. Design of Ground Beams – SAP2000

6.6. Tables of Sections and Reinforcement of Footings, Strap and

Ground Beams

42