Looping Statements:

It is used to execute an Instruction or set of Instructions Multiple times. Or Looping Statement will help
programmer to execute the statements again & again.

*) It will allow programmer to control the number of repetitions.

In Java We Have 4 Types of Looping Statements

1.) while loop

2.) do-while loop

3.) for loop

4.) for each loop/enhanced for loop/Advanced for loop

Note: Every loop statement we design must and should have three

important segments.

i) Initialization

ii) Condition

iii) Updation

1.) while loop: It is a keyword used as loop statement.

Syntax: while(condition)

// java stmts;

*) we go for while loop whenever we need to execute a stmt/ group of stmts repeatedly based on a
condition.

*) we go for while loop whenever we don’t know number of iterations

Basics Programs :

1.)wajp to print * 5 times vertically?

2.) wajp to print * 5 times Horizontally?

2.) do-while loop: It is a loop statement which uses 2 keywords.

i) do

ii) while

Syntax: do{

// java stmts;

while(condition);

*) we go for do-while stmt whenever we need to execute a statement or group of statements atleast
once irrespective whatever the situation is.

Basics Programs :

1.)wajp to print “HI” 3 times using do while loop.

2.) wajp to print “HI” 1 time using do while loop.

3.) wajp to print “HI” infinite times using do while loop.

3.) For Loop: It is a keyword used as loop statement.

Syntax: for(initialization ; Condition ; Updation)

// java Stmts;

*) we use for loop whenever we know number of iterations.

Note: The variable declared inside initialization segment of for loop will be a local variable to the for
loop, i.e, we cannot use that variable outside for loop, If we try to use we get Compile Time Error.
4.)Nested for loop: A Loop inside another loop is known as nested loop.

Syntax: for(initialization ; Condition ; Updation)

for(initialization ; Condition ; Updation)

// java Stmts;

METHODS / FUNCTIONS

Method is a set of instructions or Block of codes which is used to perform a specific task.

*Method gets executed only when they are called.

Syntax to create a method in java:

[modifiers] Returntype methodName ([formal arguments])

// java Stmts;

[ return [value/exp];]

Some Imp Method Terminologies:

1.)Method Signature: A methodName followed by formal arguments is known as Method Signature.

2.)Method Declaration: The Modifiers & Returntype followed by Method Signature is known as Method
Declaration.

3.)Method Definition: A Method declaration followed by a method block or body is known as Method
Definition.
Modifier:

*) These are the Keywords

*) They are responsible to change the behaviour of the members of the class.

Types of Modifiers:

*) Based on Access Modifiers: public , private, protected .

*) Based on Non-Access Modifiers: static, abstract, final …etc……

Return Type: It is a datatype which specifies (tells) what type of data is given back to the caller of the
method, once the execution is completed.

*) A Method Can Have 3 Possible return types.

i) Primitive type ( byte, short, int, long, float, double, char, boolean ).

ii) Non Primitive type (Any classname).

Iii) void

Types Of Methods

i) Based on Arguments:

a.) No-Argument Method

b.) Parameterized Method

ii) Based on modifiers:

a.) static method

b.) non-static method

c.) final method

d.) abstract method

e.) concrete method

*) Characteristics of Method

1.) Method gets executed only when it is called.

*) we can call method with the help of method signature.

Syntax: methodName();
2.) Methods can execute any number of times.

3.) It will Increase the code Reusability.

4.) If a method returns something, store it Or Print it.

 What Happens when a method is called ?

*) Execution of current method is paused.

*) Control is transferred from calling method or caller to called method.

*) Execution of called method starts from beginning.

*) Once the execution is completed, control returns to the caller or calling method.

*) Execution of caller resumes.

 No-Argument Method:

*) A method which doesn’t have a formal arguments declared in it is known as No-argument method.

Or

*) A method declared without formal arguments is known as No-argument method.

Syntax to call No-argument Method:

methodName();

 Parameterized Method:

*) A method which is having formal arguments is known as Parameterized method.

Syntax to create parameterized Method:

Modifier returntype methodName (datatype v1, datatype v2){

Syntax to call parameterized Method:

methodName (actual arguments);

*) Formal Argument: The variable declared /created in the method declaration stmt is called as formal
arguments.

Note:
*) formal arguments are local variables of the method.

*) we can use v1 & v2 only in the block where it is declared.

*) Actual Arguments: The data / value which is passed in the method call statement is known as actual
arguments.

Note:

*) Actual arguments are in method calling stmt.

*) Formal arguments are in method definition.

Return data:

*) If the return type is void it will not return anything to the caller.

*) A method can return the data to the caller ,if the returntype of the method is anything other than
void.

Rules to call a method:

1.) The number of formal arguments & actual arguments should be same.

2.) The type of corresponding actual and formal argument should be same, else compiler tries for
widening , if it is not possible then it throws CTE.

Return Statement:

*) It is a keyword.

*) Return is a control transfer stmt, it stops the execution of current method and transfer the control
back to the caller.

Rules:

*) return stmt is mandatory if the returntype of the method is anything other than void.

*) If the returntype is void , return stmt is optional. ,but we should use return stmt without value.

*) return stmt in java can return only one value.

*) return stmt should be the last stmt of the block.