MIDTERMS LESSONS 2 1−cos 2u

sin u=
2
Basic Formulas
2 1+ cos 2u
These formulas show that u and v are differentiable cos u=
2
function of x . The letter a , n , and C are constants
TYPE B ∫ ( tanm u sec n u ) du
1. ∫ du=u+C
2. ∫ ( u+ v ) dx=∫ udx +∫ vdx +C Case 1.
3. ∫ audx=a ∫ udx=au+ C If n is an even positive integer, factor out sec 2 u du ,
n +1
u then use sec 2 u=1+tan2 u
4. ∫ u du= n+1 + C
n

Case 2.
du
5. ∫ u
=ln|u|+C
If m is an odd positive integer, factor out
sec u tanu du, then use tan2 u=sec 2 u−1
u – substitution
Let u be the higher degree TYPE C ∫ ( cotm u csc n u ) du

Transcendental Functions Case 1.

- Functions which are not algebraic If n is an even positive integer, factor out csc 2 u du,
then use csc 2 u=1+ cot2 u
Types:
Case 2.
Trigonometric Functions
1. ∫ sin (u) du=−cos ( u ) +C If m is an odd positive integer, factor out
csc u cot u du, then use cot 2 u=csc 2 u−1
2. ∫ cos ( u ) du=sin (u )+ C
3. ∫ tan ( u ) du=−ln |cos ( u )|+ C PYTHAGOREAN IDENTITY is used
∫ tan ( u ) du=ln|sec ( u )|+C Inverse Trigonometric Functions
4. ∫ cot (u ) du=ln|sin (u )|+C
du u
5. ∫ sec ( u ) du=ln|sec ( u ) + tan ( u )|+C ∫ =arcsin +C
√ a −u
2 2 a
6. ∫ csc ( u ) du=ln|csc ( u )−cot ( u )|+C
du 1 u
7. ∫ sec (u ) du=tan ( u ) +C
2
∫ a 2+u 2 = a arctan a +C
8. ∫ csc (u)du=−cot ( u )+C
2

du 1 u
9. ∫ sec ( u ) tan ( u ) du=sec ( u ) +C ∫ = arcsec +C
u √ u −a a
2 2a
10. ∫ csc ( u ) cot ( u ) du=−csc ( u ) +C
Where a pertains to any constant number
1
∫ cos ( au ) du= a sin ( au )+ C Hyperbolic Functions
1. ∫ sinh (u)du=cosh (u)+C
u – substitution
2. ∫ cosh (u)du=sinh(u)+C
Let the one being multiplied by the dx be the du 3. ∫ tanh(u)du=ln|cosh (u)|+C
Transformation By Trigonometric 4. ∫ coth (u)du=ln|sin(u)|+C
Functions 5. ∫ sech (u)du=2 tanh−1 e u +C
TYPE A ∫ ( sin u cos u ) du
|
∫ csch ( u ) du=ln tanh 12 u +C |
m n
6.
Case 1.
7. ∫ sech2(u)du=tanh (u)+C
Either m or n is an odd, positive integer. If m is odd, 8. ∫ csch ( u ) du=−coth (u )+ C
2

factor out sin u du then apply sin2 u=1−cos 2 u

9. ∫ sech (u)tanh(u) du=−sech ( u ) +C
If n is odd, factor out cos u du then apply 10. ∫ csch ( u ) coth(u)du=−csch ( u ) +C
2 2
cos u−1=sin u Exponential Functions
Case 2.
∫ eu du=eu +C
Both m or n are even positive integers or zero. Thus
use,
 a
u
0 1 2x
∫ a du=
u
ln a
+C
8
e

Shortcut for ∫ x ∙(function )

n

REMEMBER:  Integration by Partial Fraction

b It is shown in algebra that every rational
b ln a=ln a
fraction whose numerator is of lower
degree than the denominator can be
broken up into so-called partial
fractions
m
f (x)
n
g(x)

TECHNIQUES OF INTEGRATION Factor in the Term in partial fraction

denominator decomposition
 Algebraic Substitution ax +h A
Integrals may be evaluated by Distinct linear factor ax +b
(DLF)
introducing a new variable of
( ax +b )n A B
integration in place of the original +…+
Repeating linear ax +b ( ax +b )n
variable. The change in variable is done factor (RLF)
through substitution. 2
a x +bx +c Ax+ B
Substitution is determined by inspection Distinct Quadratic 2
a x + bx+ c
of the integrand. factor (DQF)
( a x 2 +bx +c )
n
Ax+ B Cx + D
2
+…+ n
 Trigonometric Substitution Repeating Quadratic a x + bx+ c ( a x 2 +bx +c )
factor (RQF)
The objective is to eliminate the radical
in the integrand  Difference of cube (a−b)( a2+ ab+b 2)
FINALS LESSONS
Expression in Trigonometric The Definite Integral
integrand Substitution
√ a2−u2 u=a sin θ 1. Summation Theorems and Operations
2. The Riemann Sum
√ a2 +u2 u=a tan θ
3. Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
√ u2−a2 u=a sec θ
4. Properties of the Definite Integral
 Integration by Parts Summation Theorems and Operations
∫ udv =uv−∫ vdu n

In choosing u and dv , always remember:

∑ ai=a1+ a2 +a3 + …+an
i=1

- dx is always included in dv Where:

- It must be possible to integrate dv directly
i=¿ index of summation or summation variable
- It is best usually to choose the most
complicated factor as dv a i=¿ ith term of the sum
Integration by Parts may be applied to n and 1=¿ upper and lower bounds of summation
integrands involving:
NOTE: The lower bound limit doesn’t have to be
- Products of different functions always 1
- Logarithms
- Inverse trigonometric functions Examples of Sigma Notation:
6

u dv
∑ i=1+ 2+ 3+4 +5+6
i=1
2 2x
x e 5
2x 1 2x
e ∑ (i+1)=1+ 2+ 3+4 +5+6
2 i=0

2 1 2x 7
e
4 ∑ j2=32 +4 2 +52 +62 +7 2
j=3
 n
is continuous on [a , b] and differentiable on (a ,b) ,
∑ 1n (k 2+1)= 1n ( 12+1 )+ 1n ( 22 +1 ) +…+ 1n (n 2+1) and that
k =1

'
n g ( x ) =f ( x )
∑ f (x i ) ∆ x=f ( x 1 ) ∆ x+ f ( x 2 ) ∆ x+ …+f ( x n)∆ x
i=1  Second Fundamental Theorem of
8 800 Calculus
∑ (2 i+1)vs ∑ (2 i+1) If f is a continuous function on [a , b], then
i=1 i=1

b
Properties of Summation:
n n
∫ f ( x ) dx=F ( b ) −F (a)
a
∑ c a i=c ∑ ai
i=1 i=1 Where F is an antiderivative of f .
n n n
Properties of Definite Integral
∑ (a i+ bi)=∑ ai +∑ bi
i=1 i=1 i=1
 Constant Multiple
Summation Formulas: b b

n ∫ kf (x)dx=k ∫ f (x )dx; where k is any

∑ c=cn a
constant
a

i=1

n
n (n+1)  Sum/Difference
∑ i= 2 b b b
i=1

n ∫ [ f (x )± g(x) ] dx=∫ f ( x ) dx ±∫ g ( x ) dx
n(n+1)(2n+ 1)
∑i = 2
6
a a a

i=1
 Reverse Interval
n 2 2 b a
n ( n+1 )
∑i = 4 3
∫ f (x )dx =−∫ f ( x )dx
i=1 a b
 Zero-Length Interval
The Riemann Sum a

n ∫ f ( x ) dx=0
A=∑ f (xi −1 )∆ x( LEP) a

i=1  Adding Intervals

b c c

∫ f ( x ) dx +∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f ( x ) dx
a b a
Where:
Applications of the Definite Integrals
b−a
∆ x= Area of a Plane Region
n
 A region above the x-axis
 A region below the x-axis
 A region between two curves
VERTICAL STRIP
x2

A=∫ ( y t − y b ) dx
x1

HORIZONTAL STRIP
y2

A=∫ ( x r−x l ) dy
y1

Fundamental Theorem of Calculus

 First Fundamental Theorem of Calculus
If f is continuous on [a , b], then the function
defined by
x
g ( x )=∫ f (t)dt
a
5 steps involved in Integration of Plane Areas
1. Sketch the Region
2. Slice it into thin pieces (strips); label a
typical piece
3. Approximate the area of this typical piece,
pretending it as a rectangle Solving for Plane Areas
4. Add up the approximations to the areas of Area With Polar Coordinates (Single Curve)
the pieces
β
5. Take the limit as the width of the pieces 1 2
A=∫ r dθ
approaches zero, thus getting a definite α 2
integral
Polar Coordinate System
Graphing a Polar Equation
r =2(1+sin θ)
θ r
2π 2
π 3
6 Area With Polar Coordinates (Between Two
π 2+ √ 2 Curves)
4 β
π 2+ √ 3 1 2 2
A=∫ ( r −r ) dθ
3 α 2 o i
π 4
2
2π 2+ √ 3
3
3π 2+ √ 2
4
5π 3
6
π 2
7π 1
6
5π 2− √ 2
4
4π 2− √ 3
3
3π 0
2
5π 2− √ 3
3
7π 2− √ 2
4
11π 1
6
Centroid of Plane Areas
 The earth exerts a gravitational force on
each of the particles forming a body. These
forces can be replaced by a single equivalent
force equal to the weight of the body and
applied at the center of gravity for the body.
 The centroid of an area is analogous to the
center of gravity of a body. The concept of
the first moment of an area is used to locate
the centroid.
Center of Gravity of a 2D Body
x A=∫ x c dA=Q y

= first moment with respect to y

y A=∫ y c dA=Q x

= first moment with respect to x

∑ M y x W =∑ x ∆ W The Volume of a Solid of Revolution

¿ ∫ xdW  Solid Revolution – solid generated when a

plane region, lying entirely on one side of a
∑ M y y W =∑ x ∆ W fixed line in its plane, is revolved about that
line
¿ ∫ ydW  Axis of the Solid Revolution – fixed line
Properties of Centroids
1. The centroid must lie on any line of
symmetry of a homogenous figure.
2. If a homogenous figure has a geometrical
center, that point is the centroid.
3. If a figure A, consists of several parts A1, A2,
…, etc., and the distances of their centroids
from an axis S are respectively r1, r2, …, etc.,
the centroid of A lies at a distance r from S
given by:
Ar = A1 r 1 + A 2 r 2+ …+ An r n

Centroids and First Moments of Areas

x W =∫ x dW

x (γAt )∫ x ( γt ) dA

x A=∫ x d=Q y

= first moment with respect to y

y A=∫ y dA=Q x

= first moment with respect to x

 dV =A∗dr
dV =LWH
dV =2 πr∗h∗dr
x2

V =∫ 2 πx ( y t− y b ) dx
x1

x2

V =2 π ∫ x ( y t − y b ) dx (VERTICAL SHELL)
x1

y2

V =∫ 2 πy ( x r −x l ) dy
y1

y2
 Method of Disks V =2 π ∫ y ( x r −x l ) dy (HORIZONTAL SHELL)
y1

Arc length and Area of Surface of Revolution

 ARC LENGTH

dV =A∗dh We want to determine the length of the continuous

2
dV =π r dh function y=f (x ) on the interval [a,b]. We’ll also
x2 need to assume that the derivative is continuous on
V =π ∫ ( y t )2 dx (VERTICAL DISK) [a,b].
x1
y2 Initially, we’ll need to estimate the length of the
V =π ∫ ( x r ) dy (HORIZONTAL DISK)
2
curve. We’ll do this by dividing the interval up into
y1 n equal subintervals each of width ∆ x and we’ll
 Method of Washers denote the point on the curve at each point by Pi.
We can then approximate the curve by a series of
straight lines connecting the points. Here’s a sketch
of this situation for n=9

dV =A∗dh
dV =π ( r 2o−r 2i ) dh
x2

V =π ∫ ( y 2t − y 2b ) dx (VERTICAL WASHER)

√
x2

( )
2
x1 dy
y2 L=∫ 1+ dx
dx
V =π ∫ ( x r −x l ) (HORIZONTAL DISK)
2 2 x1

∫√
y1 y2

L=
y1
1+ ( )
dx 2
dy
dy

 Method of Cylindrical Shells/Shells

 AREA OF SURFACE OF REVOLUTION
* Cylindrical Shell – solid bounded by two
We can derive a formula for the surface area much
concentric right circular cylinders
as we derived the formula for arc length. We’ll start
by dividing the interval into n equal subintervals of
∆ x . On each subinterval, we will approximate the
function with a straight line that agrees with the product of the masses and inversely
function at the endpoints of each interval. Here is a proportional to the square of the distance d
sketch of that for our representative function using between the two particles. That is,
n=4 m1 m2
F=k 2
d
Where m1 and m2 are given in grams and d
in centimeters, F will be in dynes for a value
of k =6.670 ×10−8 cubic centimeters per
gram-second squared.

√
x2
LIQUID PRESSURE AND FLUID FORCE
S=2 π ∫ y 1+
x1
( ) dy 2
dx
dx
 Pressure is defined as force per unit area
over the surface of a body. The pressure on
(ROTATED ABOUT THE X-AXIS)
the object at depthh in a liquid is

√
y2
P=wh
( )
2
dx
S=2 π ∫ x 1+ dy Where w is the weight-density of the liquid
y1
dy
per unit volume
(ROTATED ABOUT THE Y-AXIS)  The force of F exerted by a fluid of constant
weight-density w (per unit of volume)
Work and Liquid Pressure
against a submerged vertical plane region
WORK from y=c to y=d us
d
 Work done by a Constant Force F=w ∫ h ( y ) L( y ) dy
c
If an object is moved a distance d in the Where h( y) is the depth of the fluid at y and
direction of an applied constant force F , then L( y ) is the horizontal length of the region at
the work W done by the force is defined as y.
W =Fd
Improper Integrals and Multiple Integrals
Example:
 Improper Integral that has an Infinite Limit
Determine the work done by lifting 50-pound object
of Integration
4 feet.
1. If f is continuous on the interval ¿, then
W =Fd ∞ b

∫ f ( x ) dx= blim ∫ f (x )dx

W =( 50 ) ( 4 ) a →∞ a
2. If f is continuous on the interval ¿, then
W =200 ft −lbs b b

 Work done by Variable Force

∫ f ( x ) dx= lim ∫ f (x )dx
→−∞ a
−∞
3. If f is continuous on the interval (−∞, ∞),
If an object is moved along a straight line by a
then
continuously varying Force F (x), then the work ∞ c ∞

x=a to x=b is
W done by the force as the object is moved from ∫ f ( x ) dx= ∫ f (x)dx +∫ f (x)dx
−∞ −∞ c

b
Where c is any real number
W =∫ F ( x ) dx
a NOTE:
 Converges – if the limit exists
1. Hooke’s Law. The force F required to  Diverges – if the limit does not exist
compress or stretch a spring (within its
elastic limits is proportional to the distance 1. Take out ∞
d that the spring is compressed or stretched 2. Integrate
from its original length. That is,
F=kd 3. lim ¿
x→ ∞

Where the constant of proportionality k  Improper Integral that has an Infinite

(spring constant) depend on the specific Discontinuity
nature of the spring 1. If f is continuous on the interval ¿ and has
2. Newton’s Law of Universal Gravitation. The an infinite discontinuity at b , then
force F of attraction between two particle
masses m1 and m2 is proportional to the
 b

∫ f ( x ) dx= lim
c
¿
a
c→ b
−¿
∫ f ( x)dx ¿
a

2. If f is continuous on the interval ¿, and has

an infinite disconituity at a , then
b

∫ f ( x ) dx= lim
b
¿
a
c→ a
+¿
∫ f (x)dx¿
c

3. If f is continuous on the interval [a , b],

except from some in c in (a ,b) at which f
has an infinite discontinuity, then
b c b

∫ f ( x ) dx=∫ f (x )dx+∫ f (x )dx

a a c
NOTE:
 Converges – if the limit exists
 Diverges – if the limit does not exist