12/8/25, 5:01 PM QuestionBank Test

Questions
[Link].TZ1.2
A beam of electrons each of de Broglie wavelength 2.4 × 10–15 m is incident on a thin
film of silicon-30 ( 30
14 Si ) . The variation in the electron intensity of the beam with
scattering angle is shown.

a.i. Use the graph to show that the nuclear radius of silicon-30 is about 4 fm. [3]

[Link].

Estimate, using the result from (a)(i), the nuclear radius of thorium-232 ( 232
90 Th ) .

[2]

[Link].

Suggest one reason why a beam of electrons is better for investigating the size of a
nucleus than a beam of alpha particles of the same energy.

[1]

[Link].

Outline why deviations from Rutherford scattering are observed when high-energy
alpha particles are incident on nuclei.

[2]

[Link].TZ1.3
A beam of microwaves is incident normally on a pair of identical narrow slits S1 and S2.
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When a microwave receiver is initially placed at W which is equidistant from the slits, a
maximum in intensity is observed. The receiver is then moved towards Z along a line
parallel to the slits. Intensity maxima are observed at X and Y with one minimum
between them. W, X and Y are consecutive maxima.

a. Explain why intensity maxima are observed at X and Y. [2]

b. The distance from S1 to Y is 1.243 m and the distance from S2 to Y is 1.181 m.

Determine the frequency of the microwaves. [3]

c.

Outline one reason why the maxima observed at W, X and Y will have different
intensities from each other.

[1]

d.

The microwaves emitted by the transmitter are horizontally polarized. The

microwave receiver contains a polarizing filter. When the receiver is at position W
it detects a maximum intensity.

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The receiver is then rotated through 180° about the horizontal dotted line passing
through the microwave transmitter. Sketch a graph on the axes provided to show
the variation of received intensity with rotation angle.

[2]

[Link].TZ1.5
The moon Phobos moves around the planet Mars in a circular orbit.

a.i. Outline the origin of the force that acts on Phobos. [1]

[Link]. Outline why this force does no work on Phobos. [1]

b.i. The orbital period T of a moon orbiting a planet of mass M is given by

𝑅3
= 𝑘𝑀
𝑇2

where R is the average distance between the centre of the planet and the centre
of the moon.
𝐺
Show that 𝑘 = [3]
4𝜋2

[Link].

The following data for the Mars–Phobos system and the Earth–Moon system are
available:

Mass of Earth = 5.97 × 1024 kg

The Earth–Moon distance is 41 times the Mars–Phobos distance.

The orbital period of the Moon is 86 times the orbital period of Phobos.

Calculate, in kg, the mass of Mars. [2]

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c.

The graph shows the variation of the gravitational potential between the Earth and
Moon with distance from the centre of the Earth. The distance from the Earth is
expressed as a fraction of the total distance between the centre of the Earth and
the centre of the Moon.

Determine, using the graph, the mass of the Moon. [3]

[Link].TZ1.6
A small metal pendulum bob is suspended at rest from a fixed point with a length of
thread of negligible mass. Air resistance is negligible.

The pendulum begins to oscillate. Assume that the motion of the system is simple
harmonic, and in one vertical plane.

The graph shows the variation of kinetic energy of the pendulum bob with time.

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When the 75 g bob is moving horizontally at 0.80 m s–1, it collides with a small
stationary object also of mass 75 g. The object and the bob stick together.

a.i.

Calculate, in m, the length of the thread. State your answer to an appropriate

number of significant figures.

[3]

[Link].

Label on the graph with the letter X a point where the speed of the pendulum is
half that of its initial speed.

[1]

[Link].

The mass of the pendulum bob is 75 g. Show that the maximum speed of the bob
is about 0.7 m s–1.

[2]

b.i. Calculate the speed of the combined masses immediately after the collision.

[1]

[Link]. Show that the collision is inelastic. [3]

[Link].

Sketch, on the axes, a graph to show the variation of gravitational potential energy
with time for the bob and the object after the collision. The data from the graph
used in (a) is shown as a dashed line for reference.

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[2]

[Link].

The speed after the collision of the bob and the object was measured using a
sensor. This sensor emits a sound of frequency f and this sound is reflected from
the moving bob. The sound is then detected by the sensor as frequency f′.

Explain why f and f′ are different. [3]

[Link].TZ1.7
(a)

Show that during an adiabatic expansion of an ideal monatomic gas the temperature T
and volume V are given by
2
TV 3 = constant

[2]

(b.i) Calculate the efficiency of the cycle. [1]

([Link])

The work done during the isothermal expansion A → B is 540 J. Calculate the thermal
energy that leaves the gas during one cycle.

[2]

([Link])
VC
Calculate the ratio where V C is the volume of the gas at C and V B is the volume at B.
VB

[2]

(c.i) Calculate the change in the entropy of the gas during the change A to B. [1]

([Link])
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Explain, by reference to the second law of thermodynamics, why a real engine operating
between the temperatures of 620 K and 340 K cannot have an efficiency greater than
the answer to (b)(i).

[2]

[Link].TZ2.10
A small magnet is dropped from rest above a stationary horizontal conducting ring. The
south (S) pole of the magnet is upwards.

a.

While the magnet is moving towards the ring, state why the magnetic flux in the
ring is increasing.

[1]

b.

While the magnet is moving towards the ring, sketch, using an arrow on Diagram
2, the direction of the induced current in the ring.
[1]

c.

While the magnet is moving towards the ring, deduce the direction of the
magnetic force on the magnet.

[2]

[Link].TZ2.11
In an experiment to determine the radius of a carbon-12 nucleus, a beam of neutrons is
scattered by a thin film of carbon-12. The graph shows the variation of intensity of the
scattered neutrons with scattering angle. The de Broglie wavelength of the neutrons is
1.6 × 10-15 m.

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A pure sample of copper-64 has a mass of 28 mg. The decay constant of copper-64 is 5.5
× 10-2 hour–1.

a.

Suggest why de Broglie’s hypothesis is not consistent with Bohr’s conclusion that
the electron’s orbit in the hydrogen atom has a well defined radius.

[2]

bi. Estimate, using the graph, the radius of a carbon-12 nucleus. [2]

bii. The ratio

volume of a nucleaus of mass number 𝐴
is approximately A.
volume of a nucleon

Comment on this observation by reference to the strong nuclear force. [2]

ci. Estimate, in Bq, the initial activity of the sample. [2]

cii.

Calculate, in hours, the time at which the activity of the sample has decreased to
one-third of the initial activity.

[2]

[Link].TZ2.4
Three identical light bulbs, X, Y and Z, each of resistance 4.0 Ω are connected to a cell of
emf 12 V. The cell has negligible internal resistance.

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When fully charged the space between the plates of the capacitor is filled with a
dielectric with double the permittivity of a vacuum.

a. The switch S is initially open. Calculate the total power dissipated in the circuit.

[2]

bi.

The switch is now closed. State, without calculation, why the current in the cell will
increase.

[1]

bii. The switch is now closed. Deduce the ratio

power dissipated in Y with S open
. [2]
power dissipated in Y with S closed

c.

The cell is used to charge a parallel-plate capacitor in a vacuum. The fully charged
capacitor is then connected to an ideal voltmeter.

The capacitance of the capacitor is 6.0 μF and the reading of the voltmeter is 12 V.

Calculate the energy stored in the capacitor. [1]

di. Calculate the change in the energy stored in the capacitor. [3]

dii. Suggest, in terms of conservation of energy, the cause for the above change.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.6
(a) Define proper length . [1]

(bi)

In the reference frame of the train a ball travels with speed 0.50 c from the back to the
front of the train, as the train passes the platform. Calculate the time taken for the ball to
reach the front of the train in the reference frame of the train.

[1]

(bii)

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In the reference frame of the train a ball travels with speed 0.50 c from the back to the
front of the train, as the train passes the platform. Calculate the time taken for the ball to
reach the front of the train in the reference frame of the platform.

[3]

[Link].TZ2.8
Monochromatic coherent light is incident on two parallel slits of negligible width a
distance d apart. A screen is placed a distance D from the slits. Point M is directly
opposite the midpoint of the slits.

Initially the lower slit is covered and the intensity of light at M due to the upper slit alone
is 22 W m-2. The lower slit is now uncovered.

The width of each slit is increased to 0.030 mm. D, d and λ remain the same.

a. Deduce, in W m-2, the intensity at M. [3]

b.

P is the first maximum of intensity on one side of M. The following data are
available.

d = 0.12 mm D = 1.5 m Distance MP = 7.0 mm

Calculate, in nm, the wavelength λ of the light. [2]

ci. Suggest why, after this change, the intensity at P will be less than that at M.

[1]

cii.

Show that, due to single slit diffraction, the intensity at a point on the screen a
distance of 28 mm from M is zero.

[2]
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[Link].TZ2.9
A planet of mass m is in a circular orbit around a star. The gravitational potential due to
the star at the position of the planet is V.

ai. Show that the total energy of the planet is given by the equation shown.
1
𝐸 = 2 𝑚𝑉 [2]

aii.

Suppose the star could contract to half its original radius without any loss of mass.
Discuss the effect, if any, this has on the total energy of the planet.

[2]

b.

The diagram shows some of the electric field lines for two fixed, charged particles
X and Y.

The magnitude of the charge on X is 𝑄 and that on Y is 𝑞. The distance between X

and Y is 0.600 m. The distance between P and Y is 0.820 m.

At P the electric field is zero. Determine, to one significant figure, the ratio 𝑞 .
𝑄
[2]

[Link].TZ1.3
A beam of microwaves is incident normally on a pair of identical narrow slits S1 and S2.

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When a microwave receiver is initially placed at W which is equidistant from the slits, a
maximum in intensity is observed. The receiver is then moved towards Z along a line
parallel to the slits. Intensity maxima are observed at X and Y with one minimum
between them. W, X and Y are consecutive maxima.

a. Explain why intensity maxima are observed at X and Y. [2]

b. The distance from S1 to Y is 1.243 m and the distance from S2 to Y is 1.181 m.

Determine the frequency of the microwaves.

[3]

c.

Outline one reason why the maxima observed at W, X and Y will have different
intensities from each other.

[1]

[Link].TZ1.5
A small metal pendulum bob of mass 75 g is suspended at rest from a fixed point with a
length of thread of negligible mass. Air resistance is negligible. The bob is then
displaced to the left.

At time t = 0 the bob is moving horizontally to the right at 0.8 m s–1. It collides with a
small stationary object also of mass 75 g. Both objects then move together with motion
that is simple harmonic.

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a. Calculate the speed of the combined masses immediately after the collision.

[1]

b. Show that the collision is inelastic. [3]

c.

Describe the changes in gravitational potential energy of the oscillating system

from t = 0 as it oscillates through one cycle of its motion.

[1]

[Link].TZ1.6
The Moon has no atmosphere and orbits the Earth. The diagram shows the Moon with
rays of light from the Sun that are incident at 90° to the axis of rotation of the Moon.

a.i.

A black body is on the Moon’s surface at point A. Show that the maximum
temperature that this body can reach is 400 K. Assume that the Earth and the
Moon are the same distance from the Sun.

[2]

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[Link]. Another black body is on the Moon’s surface at point B.

Outline, without calculation, why the aximum temperature of the black body at
point B is less than at point A.

[2]

b.

The albedo of the Earth’s atmosphere is 0.28. Outline why the maximum
temperature of a black body on the Earth when the Sun is overhead is less than
that at point A on the Moon.

[1]

c.i. Outline why a force acts on the Moon. [1]

[Link]. Outline why this force does no work on the Moon. [1]

[Link].TZ2.1

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A student strikes a tennis ball that is initially at rest so that it leaves the racquet at a
speed of 64 m s–1. The ball has a mass of 0.058 kg and the contact between the ball and
the racquet lasts for 25 ms.

The student strikes the tennis ball at point P. The tennis ball is initially directed at an
angle of 7.00° to the horizontal.

The following data are available.

Height of P = 2.80 m

Distance of student from net = 11.9 m

Height of net = 0.910 m

Initial speed of tennis ball = 64 m s-1

ai. Calculate the average force exerted by the racquet on the ball. [2]

aii. Calculate the average power delivered to the ball during the impact. [2]

bi. Calculate the time it takes the tennis ball to reach the net. [2]

bii. Show that the tennis ball passes over the net. [3]

biii. Determine the speed of the tennis ball as it strikes the ground. [2]

c.

The student models the bounce of the tennis ball to predict the angle θ at which
the ball leaves a surface of clay and a surface of grass.

The model assumes

• during contact with the surface the ball slides.

• the sliding time is the same for both surfaces.

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• the sliding frictional force is greater for clay than grass.

• the normal reaction force is the same for both surfaces.

Predict for the student’s model, without calculation, whether θ is greater for a clay
surface or for a grass surface.

[3]

[Link].TZ2.14
(a)

Show that, when the speed of the train is 10 m s-1, the frequency of the periodic force is
0.4 Hz.

[1]

(b)

Outline, with reference to the curve, why it is unsafe to drive a train across the bridge at
30 m s -1 for this amount of damping.

[2]

(c)

The damping of the bridge system can be varied. Draw, on the graph, a second curve
when the damping is larger.

[2]

[Link].TZ2.15
(a) Identify, on the HR diagram, the position of the Sun. Label the position S. [1]

(d)

During its evolution, the Sun is likely to be a red giant of surface temperature 3000 K
and luminosity 10 4 L ☉ . Later it is likely to be a white dwarf of surface temperature 10
radius of the Sun as a white dwarf
000 K and luminosity 10-4 L ☉ . Calculate the radius of the Sun as a red giant .

[2]

[Link].TZ2.2
A container of volume 3.2 × 10-6 m3 is filled with helium gas at a pressure of 5.1 × 105 Pa
and temperature 320 K. Assume that this sample of helium gas behaves as an ideal gas.

A helium atom has a volume of 4.9 × 10-31 m3.

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a.

The molar mass of helium is 4.0 g mol-1. Show that the mass of a helium atom is 6.6
× 10-27 kg.

[1]

b. Estimate the average speed of the helium atoms in the container. [2]

c. Show that the number of helium atoms in the container is about 4 × 1020. [2]

di. Calculate the ratio

total volume of helium atoms
. [1]
volume of helium gas

dii.

Explain, using your answer to (d)(i) and with reference to the kinetic model, why
this sample of helium can be assumed to be an ideal gas.

[2]

[Link].TZ2.7
The average temperature of ocean surface water is 289 K. Oceans behave as black
bodies.

a. Show that the intensity radiated by the oceans is about 400 W m-2. [1]

b.

Explain why some of this radiation is returned to the oceans from the atmosphere.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.11
Monochromatic light of very low intensity is incident on a metal surface. The light causes
the emission of electrons almost instantaneously. Explain how this observation

In an experiment to demonstrate the photoelectric effect, light of wavelength 480 nm is

incident on a metal surface.

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The graph shows the variation of the current 𝐼 in the ammeter with the potential 𝑉 of the
cathode.

a(i). does not support the wave nature of light. [2]

a(ii). does support the photon nature of light. [2]

b(i). Calculate, in eV, the work function of the metal surface. [3]

b(ii).

The intensity of the light incident on the surface is reduced by half without
changing the wavelength. Draw, on the graph, the variation of the current 𝐼 with
potential 𝑉 after this change.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.6

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(a(i)) Show that the pressure at B is about 130 kPa. [2]

VA
(a(ii)) Calculate the ratio . [1]
VC

(b(i)) determine the thermal energy removed from the system. [3]

(b(ii)) explain why the entropy of the gas decreases. [2]

(b(iii)) state and explain whether the second law of thermodynamics is violated. [2]

[Link].TZ0.1
The graph shows the variation with time t of the horizontal force F exerted on a tennis
ball by a racket.

The tennis ball was stationary at the instant when it was hit. The mass of the tennis ball is
5.8 × 10–2 kg. The area under the curve is 0.84 N s.

a. Calculate the speed of the ball as it leaves the racket. [2]

b. Show that the average force exerted on the ball by the racket is about 50 N.

[2]

c.

Determine, with reference to the work done by the average force, the horizontal
distance travelled by the ball while it was in contact with the racket.

[3]

d.
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Draw a graph to show the variation with t of the horizontal speed v of the ball
while it was in contact with the racket. Numbers are not required on the axes.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.3
The solid line in the graph shows the variation with distance 𝑥 of the displacement 𝑦 of a
travelling wave at t = 0. The dotted line shows the wave 0.20 ms later. The period of the
wave is longer than 0.20 ms.

One end of a string is attached to an oscillator and the other is fixed to a wall. When the
frequency of the oscillator is 360 Hz the standing wave shown is formed on the string.

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Point X (not shown) is a point on the string at a distance of 10 cm from the oscillator.

a(i). Calculate, in m s–1, the speed for this wave. [1]

a(ii). Calculate, in Hz, the frequency for this wave. [2]

b.

The graph also shows the displacement of two particles, P and Q, in the medium at
t = 0. State and explain which particle has the larger magnitude of acceleration at t
= 0.

[2]

c(i).

State the number of all other points on the string that have the same amplitude
and phase as X.

[1]

c(ii).

The frequency of the oscillator is reduced to 120 Hz. On the diagram, draw the
standing wave that will be formed on the string.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.4
A proton is moving in a region of uniform magnetic field. The magnetic field is directed
into the plane of the paper. The arrow shows the velocity of the proton at one instant
and the dotted circle gives the path followed by the proton.

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The speed of the proton is 2.0 × 106 m s–1 and the magnetic field strength B is 0.35 T.

a. Explain why the path of the proton is a circle. [2]

b(i). Show that the radius of the path is about 6 cm. [2]

b(ii). Calculate the time for one complete revolution. [2]

c. Explain why the kinetic energy of the proton is constant. [2]

[Link].TZ0.5
An electron is placed at a distance of 0.40 m from a fixed point charge of –6.0 mC.

a.

Show that the electric field strength due to the point charge at the position of the
electron is 3.4 × 108 N C–1.

[2]

b(i). Calculate the magnitude of the initial acceleration of the electron. [2]

b(ii). Describe the subsequent motion of the electron. [3]

[Link].TZ0.7
A stationary nucleus of uranium-238 undergoes alpha decay to form thorium-234.

The following data are available.

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Energy released in decay 4.27 MeV

Binding energy per nucleon for helium 7.07 MeV
Binding energy per nucleon for thorium 7.60 MeV

a.

Radioactive decay is said to be “random” and “spontaneous”. Outline what is

meant by each of these terms.

Random: Spontaneous: [2]

b(i). Calculate the binding energy per nucleon for uranium-238. [3]

b(ii). Calculate the ratio

kinetic energy of alpha particle
. [2]
kinetic energy of thorium nucleus

[Link].TZ0.10
The de Broglie wavelength 𝜆 of a particle accelerated close to the speed of light is
approximately
ℎ𝑐
𝜆≈
𝐸

where 𝐸 is the energy of the particle.

A beam of electrons of energy 4 . 2 × 108 eV is produced in an accelerator.

The electron beam is used to study the nuclear radius of carbon-12. The beam is
directed from the left at a thin sample of carbon-12. A detector is placed at an angle 𝜃
relative to the direction of the incident beam.

The graph shows the variation of the intensity of electrons with 𝜃. There is a minimum of
intensity for 𝜃 = 𝜃0 .

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a. Show that the wavelength of an electron in the beam is about 3 × 10-15 m. [1]

b(i).

Discuss how the results of the experiment provide evidence for matter waves. [2]

b(ii).

The accepted value of the diameter of the carbon-12 nucleus is 4 . 94 × 10-15 m.

Estimate the angle 𝜃0 at which the minimum of the intensity is formed.

[2]

b(iii).

Outline why electrons with energy of approximately 107 eV would be unsuitable

for the investigation of nuclear radii.

[2]

c.

Experiments with many nuclides suggest that the radius of a nucleus is

1
proportional to 𝐴 3 , where 𝐴 is the number of nucleons in the nucleus. Show that
the density of a nucleus remains approximately the same for all nuclei.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.6
One possible fission reaction of uranium-235 (U-235) is
235 1
92U + 0n → 140 94 1
54Xe + 38Sr + 2 0n

Mass of one atom of U-235 = 235 u

Binding energy per nucleon for U-235 = 7 . 59 MeV
Binding energy per nucleon for Xe-140 = 8 . 29 MeV
Binding energy per nucleon for Sr-94 = 8 . 59 MeV

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A nuclear power station uses U-235 as fuel. Assume that every fission reaction of U-235
gives rise to 180 MeV of energy.

A sample of waste produced by the reactor contains 1 . 0 kg of strontium-94 (Sr-94). Sr-

94 is radioactive and undergoes beta-minus (β- ) decay into a daughter nuclide X. The
reaction for this decay is
94
38Sr → X + v̄𝑒 + 𝑒.

The graph shows the variation with time of the mass of Sr-94 remaining in the sample.

a(i). State what is meant by binding energy of a nucleus. [1]

a(ii).

Outline why quantities such as atomic mass and nuclear binding energy are often
expressed in non-SI units.

[1]

a(iii). Show that the energy released in the reaction is about 180 MeV. [1]

b(i). Estimate, in J kg-1 , the specific energy of U-235. [2]

b(ii).

The power station has a useful power output of 1 . 2 GW and an efficiency of 36 %.

Determine the mass of U-235 that undergoes fission in one day.

[2]

b(iii).
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The specific energy of fossil fuel is typically 30 MJ kg – 1 . Suggest, with

reference to your answer to (b)(i), one advantage of U-235 compared with fossil
fuels in a power station.

[1]

c(i). Write down the proton number of nuclide X. [1]

c(ii). State the half-life of Sr-94. [1]

c(iii). Calculate the mass of Sr-94 remaining in the sample after 10 minutes. [2]

[Link].TZ0.7
A vertical solid cylinder of uniform cross-sectional area 𝐴 floats in water. The cylinder is
partially submerged. When the cylinder floats at rest, a mark is aligned with the water
surface. The cylinder is pushed vertically downwards so that the mark is a distance 𝑥
below the water surface.

At time 𝑡 = 0 the cylinder is released. The resultant vertical force 𝐹 on the cylinder is
related to the displacement 𝑥 of the mark by
𝐹 = - 𝜌𝐴𝑔𝑥

where 𝜌 is the density of water.

The cylinder was initially pushed down a distance 𝑥 = 0 . 250 m.

a. Outline why the cylinder performs simple harmonic motion when released. [1]

b.

The mass of the cylinder is 118 kg and the cross-sectional area of the cylinder is
2 . 29 × 10-1 m2 . The density of water is 1 . 03 × 103 kg m-3 . Show that the angular
frequency of oscillation of the cylinder is about 4 . 4 rad s-1 .

[2]

c(i). Determine the maximum kinetic energy 𝐸kmax of the cylinder. [2]

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c(ii).

Draw, on the axes, the graph to show how the kinetic energy of the cylinder varies
with time during one period of oscillation 𝑇.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.8
The diagram shows the electric field lines of a positively charged conducting sphere of
radius 𝑅 and charge 𝑄.

Points A and B are located on the same field line.

A proton is placed at A and released from rest. The magnitude of the work done by the
electric field in moving the proton from A to B is 1 . 7 × 10-16 J. Point A is at a distance of
5 . 0 × 10-2 m from the centre of the sphere. Point B is at a distance of 1 . 0 × 10-1 m from
the centre of the sphere.

a. Explain why the electric potential decreases from A to B. [2]

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b.

Draw, on the axes, the variation of electric potential 𝑉 with distance 𝑟 from the
centre of the sphere.

[2]

c(i). Calculate the electric potential difference between points A and B. [1]

c(ii). Determine the charge 𝑄 of the sphere. [2]

d.

The concept of potential is also used in the context of gravitational fields. Suggest
why scientists developed a common terminology to describe different types of
fields.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.9
The diagram shows an alternating current generator with a rectangular coil rotating at a
constant frequency in a uniform magnetic field.

The graph shows how the generator output voltage 𝑉 varies with time 𝑡.

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Electrical power produced by the generator is delivered to a consumer some distance

away.

a.

Explain, by reference to Faraday’s law of induction, how an electromotive force

(emf) is induced in the coil.

[3]

b(i).

The average power output of the generator is 8 . 5 × 105 W. Calculate the root
mean square (rms) value of the generator output current.

[2]

b(ii).

The voltage output from the generator is stepped up before transmission to the
consumer. Estimate the factor by which voltage has to be stepped up in order to
reduce power loss in the transmission line by a factor of 2 . 5 × 102 .

[1]

b(iii).

The frequency of the generator is doubled with no other changes being made.
Draw, on the axes, the variation with time of the voltage output of the generator.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.1
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A company delivers packages to customers using a small unmanned aircraft. Rotating

horizontal blades exert a force on the surrounding air. The air above the aircraft is initially
stationary.

The air is propelled vertically downwards with speed 𝑣. The aircraft hovers motionless
above the ground. A package is suspended from the aircraft on a string. The mass of the
aircraft is 0 . 95 kg and the combined mass of the package and string is 0 . 45 kg. The
mass of air pushed downwards by the blades in one second is 1 . 7 kg.

a(i). State the value of the resultant force on the aircraft when hovering. [1]

a(ii).

Outline, by reference to Newton’s third law, how the upward lift force on the
aircraft is achieved.

[2]

a(iii).

Determine 𝑣. State your answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

[3]

b.

The package and string are now released and fall to the ground. The lift force on
the aircraft remains unchanged. Calculate the initial acceleration of the aircraft.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.12
(b) Determine the terminal velocity of the sphere. [3]

(c(i))

Determine the force exerted by the spring on the sphere when the sphere is at rest. [2]

[Link].TZ0.15
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(a)
AT4
Show that the apparent brightness b ∝ 2 , where d is the distance of the object from
d
Earth, T is the surface temperature of the object and A is the surface area of the object.

[1]

(b)

Two of the brightest objects in the night sky seen from Earth are the planet Venus and
4
AT
the star Sirius. Explain why the equation b ∝ 2 is applicable to Sirius but not to Venus.
d

[2]

[Link].TZ0.3
A sample of vegetable oil, initially in the liquid state, is placed in a freezer that transfers
thermal energy from the sample at a constant rate. The graph shows how temperature 𝑇
of the sample varies with time 𝑡.

The following data are available.

Mass of the sample = 0 . 32 kg

Specific latent heat of fusion of the oil = 130 kJ kg-1
Rate of thermal energy transfer = 15 W

a(i).

Calculate the thermal energy transferred from the sample during the first 30
minutes.

[1]

a(ii).

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Estimate the specific heat capacity of the oil in its liquid phase. State an
appropriate unit for your answer.

[2]

b.

The sample begins to freeze during the thermal energy transfer. Explain, in terms of
the molecular model of matter, why the temperature of the sample remains
constant during freezing.

[3]

c. Calculate the mass of the oil that remains unfrozen after 60 minutes. [2]

[Link].TZ0.5
The graph shows how current 𝐼 varies with potential difference 𝑉 across a component X.

Component X and a cell of negligible internal resistance are placed in a circuit.

A variable resistor R is connected in series with component X. The ammeter reads 20 mA

.

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Component X and the cell are now placed in a potential divider circuit.

a. Outline why component X is considered non-ohmic. [1]

b(i). Determine the resistance of the variable resistor. [3]

b(ii). Calculate the power dissipated in the circuit. [1]

c(i).

State the range of current that the ammeter can measure as the slider S of the
potential divider is moved from Q to P.

[1]

c(ii).

Describe, by reference to your answer for (c)(i), the advantage of the potential
divider arrangement over the arrangement in (b).

[2]

[Link].TZ0.7
(a) Outline why the cylinder performs simple harmonic motion when released. [1]

(b)

The mass of the cylinder is 118 kg and the cross-sectional area of the cylinder is
2 . 29 × 10 - 1 m2 . The density of water is 1 . 03 × 103 kg m - 3 . Show that the angular
frequency of oscillation of the cylinder is about 4 . 4 rad s - 1 .

[2]

(c(ii))

Draw, on the axes, the graph to show how the kinetic energy of the cylinder varies with
time during one period of oscillation T .

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[2]

[Link].TZ1.10
In an electric circuit used to investigate the photoelectric effect, the voltage is varied
until the reading in the ammeter is zero. The stopping voltage that produces this reading
is 1.40 V.

a. Describe the photoelectric effect. [2]

b. Show that the maximum velocity of the photoelectrons is 700 km s-1 . [2]

c.

The photoelectrons are emitted from a sodium surface. Sodium has a work function
of 2.3 eV.

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Calculate the wavelength of the radiation incident on the sodium. State an

appropriate unit for your answer.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.2
A planet is in a circular orbit around a star. The speed of the planet is constant. The
following data are given:

Mass of planet = 8 . 0 × 1024 kg

Mass of star = 3 . 2 × 1030 kg
Distance from the star to the planet R = 4 . 4 × 1010 m.

A spacecraft is to be launched from the surface of the planet to escape from the
star system. The radius of the planet is 9.1 × 103 km.

a. Explain why a centripetal force is needed for the planet to be in a circular orbit.

[2]

b. Calculate the value of the centripetal force. [1]

c.i.

Show that the gravitational potential due to the planet and the star at the
surface of the planet is about −5 × 109 J kg−1.

[3]

[Link]. Estimate the escape speed of the spacecraft from the planet–star system.

[2]

[Link].TZ1.8
On a guitar, the strings played vibrate between two fixed points. The frequency of
vibration is modified by changing the string length using a finger. The different strings
have different wave speeds. When a string is plucked, a standing wave forms between
the bridge and the finger.

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The string is displaced 0.4 cm at point P to sound the guitar. Point P on the
string vibrates with simple harmonic motion (shm) in its first harmonic with a frequency
of 195 Hz. The sounding length of the string is 62 cm.

a. Outline how a standing wave is produced on the string. [2]

b.i. Show that the speed of the wave on the string is about 240 m s−1. [2]

[Link].

Sketch a graph to show how the acceleration of point P varies with

its displacement from the rest position.

[1]

[Link].

Calculate, in m s−1, the maximum velocity of vibration of point P when it is vibrating

with a frequency of 195 Hz.

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[2]

[Link]. Calculate, in terms of g, the maximum acceleration of P. [2]

b.v. Estimate the displacement needed to double the energy of the string. [2]

c.

The string is made to vibrate in its third harmonic. State the distance
between consecutive nodes.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.10
The table gives data for Jupiter and three of its moons, including the radius r of each
object.

A spacecraft is to be sent from Io to infinity.

a.

Calculate, for the surface of Io, the gravitational field strength gIo due to the mass
of Io. State an appropriate unit for your answer.

[2]

b.i. Show that the

gravitational potential due to Jupiter at the orbit of Io
is about 80. [2]
gravitational potential due to Io at the surface of Io

[Link].

2𝐺 × mass of Io
Outline, using (b)(i), why it is not correct to use the equation √
radius of Io
to calculate the speed required for the spacecraft to reach infinity from the
surface of Io.

[1]

c.

An engineer needs to move a space probe of mass 3600 kg from Ganymede to

Callisto. Calculate the energy required to move the probe from the orbital radius of
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Ganymede to the orbital radius of Callisto. Ignore the mass of the moons in your
calculation.

[2]

[Link].TZ2.8
Monochromatic light of wavelength λ is normally incident on a diffraction grating. The
diagram shows adjacent slits of the diffraction grating labelled V, W and X. Light waves
are diffracted through an angle θ to form a second-order diffraction maximum. Points Z
and Y are labelled.

State the effect on the graph of the variation of sin θ with n of:

a.i. State the phase difference between the waves at V and Y. [1]

[Link]. State, in terms of λ, the path length between points X and Z. [1]

[Link].

The separation of adjacent slits is d. Show that for the second-order

diffraction maximum 2𝜆 = 𝑑sin 𝜃.

[1]

b.

Monochromatic light of wavelength 633 nm is normally incident on a diffraction

grating. The diffraction maxima incident on a screen are detected and their angle θ
to the central beam is determined. The graph shows the variation of sinθ with the
order n of the maximum. The central order corresponds to n = 0.

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Determine a mean value for the number of slits per millimetre of the grating. [4]

c.i. using a light source with a smaller wavelength. [1]

[Link]. increasing the distance between the diffraction grating and the screen. [1]

[Link].TZ2.9
In an experiment to demonstrate the photoelectric effect, monochromatic
electromagnetic radiation from source A is incident on the surfaces of metal P and metal
Q. Observations of the emission of electrons from P and Q are made.

The experiment is then repeated with two other sources of electromagnetic radiation: B
and C. The table gives the results for the experiment and the wavelengths of
the radiation sources.

a.i. Outline the cause of the electron emission for radiation A. [1]

[Link]. Outline why electrons are never emitted for radiation C. [1]

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[Link]. Outline why radiation B gives different results. [1]

b.

Explain why there is no effect on the table of results when the intensity of source
B is doubled.

[1]

c.

Photons with energy 1.1 × 10−18 J are incident on a third metal surface. The
maximum energy of electrons emitted from the surface of the metal is 5.1 × 10−19 J.

Calculate, in eV, the work function of the metal. [2]

[Link].TZ1.1
Two players are playing table tennis. Player A hits the ball at a height of 0.24 m above
the edge of the table, measured from the top of the table to the bottom of the ball. The
initial speed of the ball is 12.0 m s−1 horizontally. Assume that air resistance is negligible.

The ball bounces and then reaches a peak height of 0.18 m above the table with
a horizontal speed of 10.5 m s−1. The mass of the ball is 2.7 g.

a.

Show that the time taken for the ball to reach the surface of the table is about 0.2
s.

[1]

b.

Sketch, on the axes, a graph showing the variation with time of the vertical
component of velocity vv of the ball until it reaches the table surface. Take g to be
+10 m s−2.

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[2]

c.

The net is stretched across the middle of the table. The table has a length of 2.74
m and the net has a height of 15.0 cm.

Show that the ball will go over the net. [3]

d.i. Determine the kinetic energy of the ball immediately after the bounce. [2]

[Link].

Player B intercepts the ball when it is at its peak height. Player B holds a
paddle (racket) stationary and vertical. The ball is in contact with the paddle for
0.010 s. Assume the collision is elastic.

Calculate the average force exerted by the ball on the paddle. State your
answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.2
A planet is in a circular orbit around a star. The speed of the planet is constant.

a.i.

Explain why a centripetal force is needed for the planet to be in a circular orbit.

[2]

[Link]. State the nature of this centripetal force. [1]

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b. Determine the gravitational field of the planet. The following data are given:

Mass of planet = 8 . 0 × 1024 kg [2]

Radius of the planet = 9 . 1 × 106 m.

[Link].TZ1.3

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A mass of 1.0 kg of water is brought to its boiling point of 100 °C using an electric heater
of power 1.6 kW.

A mass of 0.86 kg of water remains after it has boiled for 200 s.

The electric heater has two identical resistors connected in parallel.

The circuit transfers 1.6 kW when switch A only is closed. The external voltage is 220 V.

a.i.

The molar mass of water is 18 g mol−1. Estimate the average speed of the
water molecules in the vapor produced. Assume the vapor behaves as an ideal gas.

[2]

[Link]. State one assumption of the kinetic model of an ideal gas. [1]

b.i.

Estimate the specific latent heat of vaporization of water. State an appropriate unit
for your answer.

[2]

[Link]. Explain why the temperature of water remains at 100 °C during this time. [1]

c.

The heater is removed and a mass of 0.30 kg of pasta at −10 °C is added to the
boiling water.

Determine the equilibrium temperature of the pasta and water after the pasta is
added. Other heat transfers are negligible.

Specific heat capacity of pasta = 1.8 kJ kg−1 K−1 [3]

Specific heat capacity of water = 4.2 kJ kg−1 K−1

d.i. Show that each resistor has a resistance of about 30 Ω. [1]

[Link].

Calculate the power transferred by the heater when both switches are closed. [2]

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[Link].TZ1.6
On a guitar, the strings played vibrate between two fixed points. The frequency of
vibration is modified by changing the string length using a finger. The different strings
have different wave speeds. When a string is plucked, a standing wave forms between
the bridge and the finger.

The string is displaced 0.4 cm at point P to sound the guitar. Point P on the
string vibrates with simple harmonic motion (shm) in its first harmonic with a frequency
of 195 Hz. The sounding length of the string is 62 cm.

a. Outline how a standing wave is produced on the string. [2]

b.i. Show that the speed of the wave on the string is about 240 m s−1. [2]

[Link].

Sketch a graph to show how the acceleration of point P varies with

its displacement from the rest position.

[1]

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[Link].TZ1.8
(a) Outline how a standing wave is produced on the string. [2]

(b.i) Show that the speed of the wave on the string is about 240 m s −1 . [2]

([Link])

Sketch a graph to show how the acceleration of point P varies with its displacement
from the rest position.

[1]

(c)

The string is made to vibrate in its third harmonic. State the distance
between consecutive nodes.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.1
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A football player kicks a stationary ball of mass 0.45 kg towards a wall. The initial speed
of the ball after the kick is 19 m s−1 and the ball does not rotate. Air resistance is
negligible and there is no wind.

a.

The player’s foot is in contact with the ball for 55 ms. Calculate the average force
that acts on the ball due to the football player.

[2]

b.i.

The ball leaves the ground at an angle of 22°. The horizontal distance from
the initial position of the edge of the ball to the wall is 11 m. Calculate the time
taken for the ball to reach the wall.

[2]

[Link].

The top of the wall is 2.4 m above the ground. Deduce whether the ball will hit the
wall.

[3]

c.

In practice, air resistance affects the ball. Outline the effect that air resistance has
on the vertical acceleration of the ball. Take the direction of the acceleration due to
gravity to be positive.

[2]

d.

The player kicks the ball again. It rolls along the ground without sliding with a
horizontal velocity of 1 . 40 m s−1 . The radius of the ball is 0 . 11 m. Calculate the
angular velocity of the ball. State an appropriate SI unit for your answer.

[1]

[Link].TZ2.5
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A vertical tube, open at both ends, is completely immersed in a container of water. A

loudspeaker above the container connected to a signal generator emits sound. As the
tube is raised the loudness of the sound heard reaches a maximum because a standing
wave has formed in the tube.

a. Describe two ways in which standing waves differ from travelling waves. [2]

b.i. Outline how a standing wave forms in the tube. [2]

[Link].

The tube is raised until the loudness of the sound reaches a maximum for a second
time.
Draw, on the following diagram, the position of the nodes in the tube when
the second maximum is heard.

[1]

[Link].

Between the first and second positions of maximum loudness, the tube is raised
through 0.37 m. The speed of sound in the air in the tube is 320 m s−1. Determine
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the frequency of the sound emitted by the loudspeaker.

[2]

[Link].TZ2.6
A photovoltaic cell is supplying energy to an external circuit. The photovoltaic cell can
be modelled as a practical electrical cell with internal resistance.

The intensity of solar radiation incident on the photovoltaic cell at a particular time is at
a maximum for the place where the cell is positioned.

The following data are available for this particular time:

Operating current = 0.90 A

Output potential difference to external circuit = 14.5 V
Output emf of photovoltaic cell = 21.0 V
Area of panel = 350 mm × 450 mm

a.

Explain why the output potential difference to the external circuit and the output
emf of the photovoltaic cell are different.

[2]

b.

Calculate the internal resistance of the photovoltaic cell for the maximum
intensity condition using the model for the cell.

[3]

c.

The maximum intensity of sunlight incident on the photovoltaic cell at the place on
the Earth’s surface is 680 W m−2.

A measure of the efficiency of a photovoltaic cell is the ratio

energy available every second to the external circuit
energy arriving every second at the photovoltaic cell surface
.

Determine the efficiency of this photovoltaic cell when the intensity incident upon
it is at a maximum.

[3]

d.

State two reasons why future energy demands will be increasingly reliant on
sources such as photovoltaic cells.

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[2]

[Link].TZ0.5
A square loop of side 5.0 cm enters a region of uniform magnetic field at t = 0. The loop
exits the region of magnetic field at t = 3.5 s. The magnetic field strength is 0.94 T and is
directed into the plane of the paper. The magnetic field extends over a length 65 cm.
The speed of the loop is constant.

a. Show that the speed of the loop is 20 cm s−1. [1]

b.i.

Sketch, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with time of the magnetic flux
linkage 𝛷 in the loop.

[1]

[Link].

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Sketch, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with time of the magnitude of
the emf induced in the loop.

[1]

c.i.

There are 85 turns of wire in the loop. Calculate the maximum induced emf in the
loop.

[2]

[Link].

The resistance of the loop is 2.4 Ω. Calculate the magnitude of the magnetic
force on the loop as it enters the region of magnetic field.

[2]

d.i. Show that the energy dissipated in the loop from t = 0 to t = 3.5 s is 0.13 J.

[2]

[Link].

The mass of the wire is 18 g. The specific heat capacity of copper is 385 J kg−1
K−1. Estimate the increase in temperature of the wire.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.7
A conducting sphere has radius 48 cm. The electric potential on the surface of the
sphere is 3.4 × 105 V.

The sphere is connected by a long conducting wire to a second conducting sphere

of radius 24 cm. The second sphere is initially uncharged.

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a. Show that the charge on the surface of the sphere is +18 μC. [1]

b.i. Describe, in terms of electron flow, how the smaller sphere becomes charged.

[1]

[Link]. Predict the charge on each sphere. [3]

[Link].TZ0.8
The graph shows the variation with diffraction angle of the intensity of light after it
has passed through four parallel slits.

The number of slits is increased but their separation and width stay the same. All slits are
illuminated.

a. State what is meant by the Doppler effect. [2]

b.

A plate performs simple harmonic oscillations with a frequency of 39 Hz and

an amplitude of 8.0 cm.

Show that the maximum speed of the oscillating plate is about 20 m s−1. [2]

c.

Sound of frequency 2400 Hz is emitted from a stationary source towards the

oscillating plate in (b). The speed of sound is 340 m s−1.

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Determine the maximum frequency of the sound that is received back at the
source after reflection at the plate.

[2]

d.i. State what will happen to the angular position of the primary maxima. [1]

[Link]. State what will happen to the width of the primary maxima. [1]

[Link]. State what will happen to the intensity of the secondary maxima. [1]

[Link].TZ0.3
A longitudinal wave travels in a medium with speed 340 m s−1. The graph shows the
variation with time t of the displacement x of a particle P in the medium. Positive
displacements on the graph correspond to displacements to the right for particle P.

Another wave travels in the medium. The graph shows the variation with time t of
the displacement of each wave at the position of P.

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A standing sound wave is established in a tube that is closed at one end and open at the
other end. The period of the wave is 𝑇. The diagram represents the standing wave at
𝑇
𝑡 = 0 and at 𝑡 = 8 . The wavelength of the wave is 1.20 m. Positive displacements mean
displacements to the right.

a. Calculate the wavelength of the wave. [2]

b.i. State the phase difference between the two waves. [1]

[Link]. Identify a time at which the displacement of P is zero. [1]

[Link]. Estimate the amplitude of the resultant wave. [1]

c.i. Calculate the length of the tube. [1]

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[Link]. A particle in the tube has its equilibrium position at the open end of the tube.
𝑇
State and explain the direction of the velocity of this particle at time 𝑡 = 8 .

[2]

𝑇
[Link]. Draw on the diagram the standing wave at time 𝑡 = . [1]
4

[Link].TZ0.4
A charged particle, P, of charge +68 μC is fixed in space. A second particle, Q, of charge
+0.25 μC is held at a distance of 48 cm from P and is then released.

The diagram shows two parallel wires X and Y that carry equal currents into the page.

Point Q is equidistant from the two wires. The magnetic field at Q due to wire X alone is
15 mT.

a.

The work done to move a particle of charge 0.25 μC from one point in an electric
field to another is 4.5 μJ. Calculate the magnitude of the potential difference
between the two points.

[1]

b.i. Determine the force on Q at the instant it is released. [2]

[Link]. Describe the motion of Q after release. [2]

c.i.

On the diagram draw an arrow to show the direction of the magnetic field at Q due
to wire X alone.
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[1]

[Link]. Determine the magnitude and direction of the resultant magnetic field at Q.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.5
Plutonium-238 (Pu) decays by alpha (α) decay into uranium (U).

The following data are available for binding energies per nucleon:

plutonium 7.568 MeV

uranium 7.600 MeV

alpha particle 7.074 MeV

a.i. State what is meant by the binding energy of a nucleus. [1]

[Link].

Draw, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with nucleon number 𝐴 of
BE
the binding energy per nucleon, 𝐴 . Numbers are not required on the vertical axis.

[2]

[Link]. Identify, with a cross, on the graph in (a)(ii), the region of greatest stability.

[1]

b.i. Show that the energy released in this decay is about 6 MeV. [3]

[Link]. The plutonium nucleus is at rest when it decays.

Calculate the ratio

kinetic energy of alpha particle
. [2]
kinetic energy of uranium

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[Link].TZ0.6
Titan is a moon of Saturn. The Titan-Sun distance is 9.3 times greater than the Earth-Sun
distance.

a.i.

Show that the intensity of the solar radiation at the location of Titan is 16 W m−2

[1]

[Link].

Titan has an atmosphere of nitrogen. The albedo of the atmosphere is 0.22.

The surface of Titan may be assumed to be a black body. Explain why the
average intensity of solar radiation absorbed by the whole surface of Titan is 3.1 W
m−2

[3]

[Link]. Show that the equilibrium surface temperature of Titan is about 90 K. [1]

b.i. The orbital radius of Titan around Saturn is 𝑅 and the period of revolution is 𝑇.

Show that 𝑇2 =
4π2 𝑅 3
where 𝑀 is the mass of Saturn. [2]
𝐺𝑀

[Link].

The orbital radius of Titan around Saturn is 1.2 × 109 m and the orbital period is 15.9
days. Estimate the mass of Saturn.

[2]

[Link].TZ1.3
Two loudspeakers A and B are initially equidistant from a microphone M. The frequency
and intensity emitted by A and B are the same. A and B emit sound in phase. A is fixed in
position.

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B is moved slowly away from M along the line MP. The graph shows the variation
with distance travelled by B of the received intensity at M.

a.

Explain why the received intensity varies between maximum and minimum values.

[3]

b. State and explain the wavelength of the sound measured at M. [2]

c.

B is placed at the first minimum. The frequency is then changed until the
received intensity is again at a maximum.

Show that the lowest frequency at which the intensity maximum can occur is about
3 kHz.

Speed of sound = 340 m s−1 [2]

d.

Loudspeaker A is switched off. Loudspeaker B moves away from M at a speed of

1.5 m s−1 while emitting a frequency of 3.0 kHz.

Determine the difference between the frequency detected at M and that emitted
by B.

[2]

[Link].TZ1.1
A student uses a load to pull a box up a ramp inclined at 30°. A string of constant
length and negligible mass connects the box to the load that falls vertically. The string
passes over a pulley that runs on a frictionless axle. Friction acts between the base of
the box and the ramp. Air resistance is negligible.

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The load has a mass of 3.5 kg and is initially 0.95 m above the floor. The mass of the box
is 1.5 kg.

The load is released and accelerates downwards.

a.

Outline two differences between the momentum of the box and the momentum
of the load at the same instant.

[2]

b. The vertical acceleration of the load downwards is 2.4 m s−2.

Calculate the tension in the string. [2]

c.i. Show that the speed of the load when it hits the floor is about 2.1 m s−1. [2]

[Link].

The radius of the pulley is 2.5 cm. Calculate the angular speed of rotation of
the pulley as the load hits the floor. State your answer to an appropriate number
of significant figures.

[2]

d.

After the load has hit the floor, the box travels a further 0.35 m along the ramp
before coming to rest. Determine the average frictional force between the box and
the surface of the ramp.

[4]

e.

The student then makes the ramp horizontal and applies a constant horizontal
force to the box. The force is just large enough to start the box moving. The force
continues to be applied after the box begins to move.

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Explain, with reference to the frictional force acting, why the box accelerates
once it has started to move.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.2
Cold milk enters a small sterilizing unit and flows over an electrical heating element.

The temperature of the milk is raised from 11 °C to 84 °C. A mass of 55 g of milk

enters the sterilizing unit every second.

Specific heat capacity of milk = 3.9 kJ kg−1 K−1

The milk flows out through an insulated metal pipe. The pipe is at a temperature of 84
°C. A small section of the insulation has been removed from around the pipe.

a.

Estimate the power input to the heating element. State an appropriate unit for your
answer.

[2]
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b.

Outline whether your answer to (a) is likely to overestimate or underestimate the

power input.

[2]

c.

Discuss, with reference to the molecules in the liquid, the difference between
milk at 11 °C and milk at 84 °C.

[2]

d.i.

State how energy is transferred from the inside of the metal pipe to the outside of
the metal pipe.

[1]

[Link].

The missing section of insulation is 0.56 m long and the external radius of the pipe
is 0.067 m. The emissivity of the pipe surface is 0.40. Determine the energy lost
every second from the pipe surface. Ignore any absorption of radiation by the pipe
surface.

[3]

[Link].

Describe one other method by which significant amounts of energy can

be transferred from the pipe to the surroundings.

[2]

[Link].TZ1.3
Two loudspeakers A and B are initially equidistant from a microphone M. The frequency
and intensity emitted by A and B are the same. A and B emit sound in phase. A is fixed in
position.

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B is moved slowly away from M along the line MP. The graph shows the variation
with distance travelled by B of the received intensity at M.

a.

Explain why the received intensity varies between maximum and minimum values.

[3]

b. State and explain the wavelength of the sound measured at M. [2]

c.

B is placed at the first minimum. The frequency is then changed until the
received intensity is again at a maximum.

Show that the lowest frequency at which the intensity maximum can occur is about
3 kHz.

Speed of sound = 340 m s−1 [2]

[Link].TZ1.6
(a)

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Outline two reasons why both models predict that the motion is simple harmonic when
a is small.

[2]

(b) Determine the time period of the system when a is small. [4]

(c)

Outline, without calculation, the change to the time period of the system for the
model represented by graph B when a is large.

[2]

(d)

The graph shows for model A the variation with x of elastic potential energy E p stored in
the spring.

Describe the graph for model B.

[2]

[Link].TZ2.2
A fixed mass of an ideal gas is contained in a cylinder closed with a frictionless
piston. The volume of the gas is 2.5 × 10−3 m3 when the temperature of the gas is 37 °C
and the pressure of the gas is 4.0 × 105 Pa.

Energy is now supplied to the gas and the piston moves to allow the gas to expand. The
temperature is held constant.

a. Calculate the number of gas particles in the cylinder. [2]

b.i. Discuss, for this process, the changes that occur in the density of the gas.

[2]

[Link].

Discuss, for this process, the changes that occur in the internal energy of the gas.

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[2]

[Link].TZ2.3
A loudspeaker emits sound waves of frequency 𝑓 towards a metal plate that reflects the
waves. A small microphone is moved along the line from the metal plate to the
loudspeaker. The intensity of sound detected at the microphone as it moves varies
regularly between maximum and minimum values.

The speed of sound in air is 340 m s−1.

a.i. Explain the variation in intensity. [3]

[Link]. Adjacent minima are separated by a distance of 0.12 m. Calculate 𝑓. [2]

b.

The metal plate is replaced by a wooden plate that reflects a lower intensity
sound wave than the metal plate.

State and explain the differences between the sound intensities detected by the
same microphone with the metal plate and the wooden plate.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.6
(a)

Outline, by reference to nuclear binding energy, why the mass of a nucleus is less
than the sum of the masses of its constituent nucleons.

[2]

(b.i) Calculate, in MeV, the energy released in this decay. [2]

([Link])

The polonium nucleus was stationary before the decay.

Show, by reference to the momentum of the particles, that the kinetic energy of the
alpha particle is much greater than the kinetic energy of the lead nucleus.
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[3]

([Link])

In the decay of polonium−210, alpha emissions can be accompanied by the emissions of

gamma photons, all of the same wavelength of 1.54 × 10 −12 m.
Discuss how this observation provides evidence for discrete nuclear energy levels.

[3]

(c)

A sample contains 5.0 g of pure polonium-210. The decay constant of polonium-210 is

5.8 × 10 −8 s −1 . Lead-206 is stable.
Calculate the mass of lead-206 present in the sample after one year.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.7
(a.i)

The intensity of light at point O is I0 . The distance OP is x .

Sketch, on the axes, a graph to show the variation of the intensity of light with distance
from point O on the screen. Your graph should cover the distance range from 0 to 2 x .

[2]

[Link].TZ0.8
(a)

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The diagram shows field lines for an electrostatic field. X and Y are two points on
the same field line.

Outline which of the two points has the larger electric potential.

[2]

(b.i) Show that the kinetic energy of the satellite in orbit is about 2 × 10 10 J. [2]

([Link])

Determine the minimum energy required to launch the satellite. Ignore the original
kinetic energy of the satellite due to Earth’s rotation.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.1
(a) State the initial acceleration of the raindrop. [1]

(b)

Explain, by reference to the vertical forces, how the raindrop reaches a constant speed.

[3]

(c.i)

Determine the energy transferred to the air during the first 3.0 s of motion. State your
answer to an appropriate number of significant figures.

[3]

([Link]) Describe the energy change that takes place for t > 3.0 s. [1]

[Link].TZ0.2
(a.i)
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Determine the minimum area of the solar heating panel required to increase
the temperature of all the water in the tank to 30°C during a time of 1.0 hour.

[3]

([Link]) Estimate, in °C, the temperature of the roof tiles. [3]

(b.i) State one way in which a real gas differs from an ideal gas. [1]

([Link]) The water is heated. Explain why the quantity of air in the storage tank decreases.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.3
(a.i)

Draw, on the axes, a graph to show the variation with t of the displacement of particle Q.

[2]

([Link]) Calculate the speed of waves on the string. [2]

(b.i) Determine the fundamental SI unit for a . [2]

([Link])

The tension force on the string is doubled. Describe the effect, if any, of this change on
the frequency of the standing wave.

[2]

(c)

The standing wave on the string creates a travelling sound wave in the surrounding air.
Outline two differences between a standing wave and a travelling wave.

[2]

(c.i) Outline one difference between a standing wave and a travelling wave. [1]

([Link]) The speed of sound in air is 340 m s −1 and in water it is 1500 m s −1 . [2]
Discuss whether the sound wave can enter the water.

[Link].TZ0.4
(a)

The scale diagram shows the weight W of the mass at an instant when the rod is
horizontal.

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Draw, on the scale diagram, an arrow to represent the force exerted on the mass by the
rod.

[2]

(b)

Explain why the magnitude of the force exerted on the mass by the rod is not constant.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.5
(a) State what is meant by an ideal voltmeter. [1]

(b.i) Show that the internal resistance of the cell is about 0.7 Ω. [2]

([Link]) Show that the internal resistance of the cell is about 0.7 Ω. [2]

([Link]) Calculate the emf of the cell. [2]

(c.i)

Explain, by reference to charge carriers in the wire, how the magnetic force on the wire
arises.

[2]

([Link]) Identify the direction of the magnetic force on the wire. [1]

[Link].TZ0.6
(a)

Outline, by reference to nuclear binding energy, why the mass of a nucleus is less
than the sum of the masses of its constituent nucleons.

[2]

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(b.i) Calculate, in MeV, the energy released in this decay. [2]

([Link])

The polonium nucleus was stationary before the decay.

Show, by reference to the momentum of the particles, that the kinetic energy of the
alpha particle is much greater than the kinetic energy of the lead nucleus.

[3]

([Link])

In the decay of polonium-210, alpha emission can be followed by the emission of a

gamma photon.
State and explain whether the alpha particle or gamma photon will cause greater
ionization in the surrounding material.

[2]

[Link].TZ1.3
(a)

A transverse water wave travels to the right. The diagram shows the shape of the surface
of the water at time t = 0. P and Q show two corks floating on the surface.

(i) State what is meant by a transverse wave. [1]

(ii) The frequency of the wave is 0.50 Hz. Calculate the speed of the wave. [1]

(iii) Sketch on the diagram the position of P at time t = 0.50 s. [1]

(iv)

Show that the phase difference between the oscillations of the two corks is π radians.

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[1]

(b)

Monochromatic light is incident on two very narrow slits. The light that passes through
the slits is observed on a screen. M is directly opposite the midpoint of the slits. x
represents the displacement from M in the direction shown.

A student argues that what will be observed on the screen will be a total of two bright
spots opposite the slits. Explain why the student’s argument is incorrect.

[2]

(c)

The graph shows the actual variation with displacement x from M of the intensity of the
light on the screen. I0 is the intensity of light at the screen from one slit only.

(i) Explain why the intensity of light at x = 0 is 4 I0 . [2]

(ii)

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The slits are separated by a distance of 0.18 mm and the distance to the screen is 2.2 m.
Determine, in m, the wavelength of light.

[2]

(iii)

The two slits are replaced by many slits of the same separation. State one feature of the
intensity pattern that will remain the same and one that will change.
Stays the same:
Changes:

[2]

[Link].TZ1.5
(a)

Identify with ticks [✓] in the table, the forces that can act on electrons and the forces
that can act on quarks.

[2]

(i) Show that the energy released is about 18 MeV. [2]

(i) two difficulties of energy production by nuclear fusion. [2]

(ii) one advantage of energy production by nuclear fusion compared to nuclear fission.
[1]

(i) State the nucleon number of the He isotope that 31H decays into. [1]

(iii) Estimate the fraction of tritium remaining after one year. [2]

[Link].TZ1.6
(a)

The centres of two identical fixed conducting spheres each of charge + Q are separated
by a distance D . C is the midpoint of the line joining the centres of the spheres.

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(i)

Sketch, on the axes, how the electric potential V due to the two charges varies with the
distance r from the centre of the left charge. No numbers are required. Your graph
should extend from r = 0 to r = D.

[3]

(ii) Calculate the work done to bring a small charge q from infinity to point C. [2]
Data given:
Q = 2.0 × 10 −3 C,
q = 4.0 × 10 −9 C
D = 1.2 m

(i)
32kQq
The magnitude of the net force on q is given by x . Explain why the charge q will
D3
execute simple harmonic oscillations about C.

[2]

(ii)

The mass of the charge q is 0.025 kg.

Calculate the angular frequency of the oscillations using the data in (a)(ii) and the
expression in (b)(i).

[2]

(c)

The charges Q are replaced by neutral masses M and the charge q by a neutral mass m .
The mass m is displaced away from C by a small distance x and released. Discuss
whether the motion of m will be the same as that of q .

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[2]

[Link].TZ1.7
(a)

Explain, by reference to Faraday’s law of electromagnetic induction, why there is an

electromotive force (emf) induced in the loop as it leaves the region of magnetic field.

[2]

(b)

Just before the loop is about to completely exit the region of magnetic field, the loop
moves with constant terminal speed v .
The following data is available:
Mass of loop m = 4.0 g
Resistance of loop R = 25 mΩ
Width of loop L = 15 cm
Magnetic flux density B = 0.80 T
Determine, in m s −1 the terminal speed v .

[4]

[Link].TZ1.8
(a)

Photons of wavelength 468 nm are incident on a metallic surface. The maximum kinetic
energy of the emitted electrons is 1.8 eV.
Calculate

(i) the work function of the surface, in eV. [2]

(ii) the longest wavelength of a photon that will eject an electron from this surface.

[2]

(i)

In an experiment, alpha particles of initial kinetic energy 5.9 MeV are directed at
82Pb ). Show that the distance of closest approach is about 4
stationary nuclei of lead ( 207
−14
× 10 m.

[2]

(ii)

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The radius of a nucleus of 207

is 7.1 × 10 −15 m.
Explain why there will be no deviations
82Pb
from Rutherford scattering in the experiment in (b)(i).

[2]

[Link].TZ2.4
(a)

State the value of the maximum distance between the stars that can be measured in any
reference frame.

[1]

(b) State the speed of shuttle S relative to observer P using Galilean relativity. [1]

(c) Calculate the distance between star A and star B relative to observer P. [2]

(d) Show that the speed of shuttle S relative to observer P is approximately 0.6 c . [2]

(e)

Calculate the time, according to observer P, that the shuttle S takes to travel from star A
to star B.

[2]

(f)

State and explain the reference frame in which the proper time for shuttle S to journey
from star A to star B can be measured.

[2]

[Link].TZ2.5
(a) Outline what is meant by an isotope. [1]

(a) Determine the speed of the spaceship relative to Earth. [1]

(b)

Estimate, using the spacetime diagram, the time in seconds when the flash of light
reaches the spaceship according to the Earth observer.

[2]

(c)

Determine the time coordinate ct′ when the flash of light reaches the spaceship,
according to an observer at rest in the spaceship.

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[2]

[Link].TZ2.6
gM
(a) Determine . [2]
gP

(a)

Show that the net torque on the system about the central axis is approximately 30 N m.

[1]

(b)

The system rotates from rest and reaches a maximum angular speed of 20 rad s −1 in a
time of 5.0 s. Calculate the angular acceleration of the system.

[1]

(i) State and explain the magnitude of the resultant gravitational field strength at O.

[2]

(ii) Outline why the graph between P and O is negative. [2]

(iii)

Show that the gravitational potential V P at the surface of P due to the mass of P is given
by V P = − g P R P where R P is the radius of the planet.

[2]

(iv)

The gravitational potential due to the mass of M at the surface of P can be assumed to
be negligible.
Estimate, using the graph, the gravitational potential at the surface of M due to the mass
of M.

[2]

(v) Draw on the axes the variation of gravitational potential between O and M. [1]

(c) Determine the moment of inertia of the system about the central axis. [2]

(i) Outline why the angular speed ω decreases when the spheres move outward. [2]

(ii)
1
Show that the rotational kinetic energy is 2
Lω where L is the angular momentum of the
system.

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[1]

(iii)

When the spheres move outward, the angular speed decreases from 20 rad s −1 to 12
rad s −1 . Calculate the percentage change in rotational kinetic energy that occurs when
the spheres move outward.

[2]

[Link].TZ2.7
(a) Calculate the pressure of the gas at B. [2]

(b)

Sketch, on the pV diagram, the remaining two processes BC and CA that the gas
undergoes.

[2]

(c) Show that the temperature of the gas at C is approximately 350 °C. [2]

(d)

Explain why the change of entropy for the gas during the process BC is equal to zero.

[1]

(e)

Explain why the work done by the gas during the isothermal expansion AB is less than
the work done on the gas during the adiabatic compression BC.

[1]

(f)

The quantity of trapped gas is 53.2 mol. Calculate the thermal energy removed from the
gas during process CA.

[2]

[Link].TZ2.8
(a)

Show that the net torque on the system about the central axis is approximately 30 N m.

[1]

(b)
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The system rotates from rest and reaches a maximum angular speed of 20 rad s −1 in a
time of 5.0 s. Calculate the angular acceleration of the system.

[1]

(c) Determine the moment of inertia of the system about the central axis. [2]

(i) Outline why the angular speed ω decreases when the spheres move outward. [2]

(ii)
1
Show that the rotational kinetic energy is 2
Lω where L is the angular momentum of the
system.

[1]

(iii)

When the spheres move outward, the angular speed decreases from 20 rad s −1 to 12
rad s −1 . Calculate the percentage change in rotational kinetic energy that occurs when
the spheres move outward.

[2]

(e) Outline one reason why this model of a dancer is unrealistic. [1]

[Link].TZ2.9
(a)

Show, using the data, that the energy released in the decay of one magnesium-27
nucleus is about 2.62 MeV.
Mass of aluminium-27 atom = 26.98153 u
Mass of magnesium-27 atom = 26.98434 u
The unified atomic mass unit is 931.5 MeV c −2 .

[1]

(a) Calculate the pressure of the gas at B. [2]

(b)

Sketch, on the pV diagram, the remaining two processes BC and CA that the gas
undergoes.

[2]

(i) State the conclusion that can be drawn from the existence of these two routes. [1]

(ii)

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Calculate the difference between the magnitudes of the total energy transfers in parts
(a) and (b).

[1]

(iii) Explain how the difference in part (b)(ii) arises. [1]

(c) Show that the temperature of the gas at C is approximately 350 °C. [2]

(i)

The smallest mass of magnesium that can be detected with this technique is 1.1 × 10 −8
kg.
Show that the smallest number of magnesium atoms that can be detected with this
technique is about 10 17 .

[2]

(ii)

A sample of glass is irradiated with neutrons so that all the magnesium atoms become
magnesium-27. The sample contains 9.50 × 10 15 magnesium atoms.
The decay constant of magnesium-27 is 1.22 × 10 −3 s −1 .
Determine the number of aluminium atoms that form in 10.0 minutes after the irradiation
ends.

[3]

(iii)

Estimate, in W, the average rate at which energy is transferred by the decay of

magnesium-27 during the 10.0 minutes after the irradiation ends.

[2]

(d)

Explain why the change of entropy for the gas during the process BC is equal to zero.

[1]

(e)

Explain why the work done by the gas during the isothermal expansion AB is less than
the work done on the gas during the adiabatic compression BC.

[1]

(f)

The quantity of trapped gas is 53.2 mol. Calculate the thermal energy removed from the
gas during process CA.

[2]

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[Link].TZ1.1
(a) Deduce the unit of μ in terms of fundamental SI units. [1]

(i)

draw a free-body diagram for the ball.

[2]

(ii) show that the speed of the ball is about 4.3 m s −1 . [1]

(iii) determine the tension in the string. [2]

(i) Show that the collision is elastic. [4]

(ii) Calculate the maximum height risen by the centre of the ball. [2]

(iii) Explain a possible reason for the systematic error. [1]

(iv) Calculate the gradient of the graph. [2]

(c)

The coefficient of dynamic friction between the block and the rough surface is 0.400.
Estimate the distance travelled by the block on the rough surface until it stops.

[3]

[Link].TZ1.2
(a)

Show that the average rate at which thermal energy is transferred into the chocolate is
about 15 W.

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[3]

(i) one variable that must be controlled, [1]

(ii) the main source of error in T . [1]

(b)

To determine T more precisely, the student measures the total time for 20 oscillations
and divides by 20.
Explain why this is preferable to measuring the time for just one oscillation.

[2]

(c)

Compare the internal energy of the chocolate at t = 2 minutes with that at t = 6 minutes.

[2]

(i)

The student plots a graph with L on the horizontal axis. State the variable that must be
plotted on the vertical axis in order to obtain a line of best fit that is straight.

[1]

(ii)

Calculations using the data of the experiment show that g = 9.71622 m s −2 with a
percentage uncertainty of 8 %. Determine the value of g that can be obtained from this
experiment. Include the absolute uncertainty in g to one significant figure.

[2]

[Link].TZ1.3
(a)

A transverse water wave travels to the right. The diagram shows the shape of the surface
of the water at time t = 0. P and Q show two corks floating on the surface.

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(i) State what is meant by a transverse wave. [1]

(ii) The frequency of the wave is 0.50 Hz. Calculate the speed of the wave. [1]

(iii) Plot on the diagram the position of P at time t = 0.50 s. [1]

(b)

Monochromatic light is incident on two very narrow slits. The light that passes through
the slits is observed on a screen. M is directly opposite the midpoint of the slits. x
represents the displacement from M in the direction shown.

A student argues that what will be observed on the screen will be a total of two bright
spots opposite the slits. Explain why the student’s argument is incorrect.

[2]

(c)

The graph shows the actual variation with displacement x from M of the intensity of the
light on the screen. I0 is the intensity of light at the screen from one slit only.

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The slits are separated by a distance of 0.18 mm and the distance to the screen is 2.2 m.
Determine, in m, the wavelength of light.

[2]

[Link].TZ1.4
(a) Show that the speed of the spacecraft is 0.80 c as measured in S. [1]

(i) Show that the current in Q is 0.45 A. [3]

(ii) Calculate the resistance of R. [2]

(iii) Calculate the total power dissipated in the circuit. [1]

(b)

Resistor P is removed. State and explain, without any calculations, the effect of this on
the resistance of Q.

[2]

(i)

An event has coordinates x = 0 and ct = 0.60 ly in S. Show, using a Lorentz

transformation, that the time coordinate of this event in S′ is ct ′ = 1.00 ly .

[2]

(ii)

Label, on the diagram with the letter P, the point on the ct ′ axis whose ct ′ coordinate is
1.00 ly.

[2]

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(i) Draw lines to indicate R on the diagram. [2]

(ii) Determine, using the diagram or otherwise, the space coordinate x ′ of event R in S′.

[2]

[Link].TZ1.5
(a) According to laboratory observers
number of muons detected
=
1
. [2]
number of muons produced 2
Calculate D .

(i) Show that the energy released is about 18 MeV. [2]

(ii) determine the time taken for the detector to reach the muon source. [1]

(c) Calculate, using the answers to (b)(i) and (b)(ii) the ratio
number of muons detected
in S.
number of muons produced

[2]

(i) two difficulties of energy production by nuclear fusion. [2]

(ii) one advantage of energy production by nuclear fusion compared to nuclear fission.
[1]

(d) Discuss the ratios in (a) and (c). [2]

(i) State the nucleon number of the He isotope that 31H decays into. [1]

[Link].TZ1.6

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(a)

The moment of inertia of the rod about the axis is 0.180 kg m 2 . Show that the moment
of inertia of the rod–particle system is about 0.25 kg m 2 .

[1]

(b)

Show that the angular speed of the system immediately after the collision is about 5.7
rad s −1 .

[2]

(c) Calculate the energy lost during the collision. [2]

(i) the angular deceleration of the rod. [1]

(ii) the number of revolutions made by the rod until it stops rotating. [2]

(e)

In another situation the rod rests on a horizontal frictionless surface with no

pivot. Predict, without calculation, the motion of the rod–particle system after the
collision.

[2]

[Link].TZ1.7
(a) Suggest why AC is the adiabatic part of the cycle. [2]

(b) Show that the volume at C is 3.33 × 10 −2 m 3 . [2]

(c)

Suggest, for the change A ⇒ B, whether the entropy of the gas is increasing, decreasing
or constant.

[2]

(d) Calculate the thermal energy (heat) taken out of the gas from B to C. [2]

(e)

The highest and lowest temperatures of the gas during the cycle are 602 K and 92 K.
The efficiency of this engine is about 0.6. Outline how these data are consistent with the
second law of thermodynamics.

[2]

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[Link].TZ1.8
(a)

The moment of inertia of the rod about the axis is 0.180 kg m 2 . Show that the moment
of inertia of the rod–particle system is about 0.25 kg m 2 .

[1]

(b)

Show that the angular speed of the system immediately after the collision is about 5.7
rad s −1 .

[2]

(c) Calculate the energy lost during the collision. [2]

(i) the angular deceleration of the rod. [1]

(ii) the number of revolutions made by the rod until it stops rotating. [2]

(e)

In another situation the rod rests on a horizontal frictionless surface with no

pivot. Predict, without calculation, the motion of the rod–particle system after the
collision.

[2]

[Link].TZ1.9
(a) Suggest why AC is the adiabatic part of the cycle. [2]

(b) Show that the volume at C is 3.33 × 10 −2 m 3 . [2]

(c)

Suggest, for the change A ⇒ B, whether the entropy of the gas is increasing, decreasing
or constant.

[2]

(d) Calculate the thermal energy (heat) taken out of the gas from B to C. [2]

(e)

The highest and lowest temperatures of the gas during the cycle are 602 K and 92 K.
The efficiency of this engine is about 0.6. Outline how these data are consistent with the
second law of thermodynamics.

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[2]

[Link].TZ2.1
(a) Estimate, using the graph, the maximum height of the bottle. [3]

(b) Estimate the acceleration of the bottle when it is at its maximum height. [2]

(i)

Calculate the fraction of the kinetic energy of the bottle that remains after the bounce.

[2]

(ii)

The mass of the bottle is 27 g and it is in contact with the ground for 85 ms.
Determine the average force exerted by the ground on the bottle. Give your answer to
an appropriate number of significant figures.

[3]

(d)

The maximum height reached by the bottle is greater with an air–water mixture than
with only high-pressure air in the bottle.
Assume that the speed at which the propellant leaves the bottle is the same in both
cases.
Explain why the bottle reaches a greater maximum height with an air–water mixture.

[2]

(i)

Calculate the absolute uncertainty in F3max for Δ p = 30 kPa. State an appropriate number
of significant figures for your answer.

[3]

(ii) Draw the absolute uncertainty determined in part (d)(i) as an error bar on the graph.

[1]

(iii) Explain why the new hypothesis is supported. [1]

(e)

The maximum height reached by the bottle is greater with an air–water mixture than
with only high-pressure air in the bottle.
Assume that the speed at which the propellant leaves the bottle is the same in both
cases.
Explain why the bottle reaches a greater maximum height with an air–water mixture.

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[2]

[Link].TZ2.11
(i) Determine which star will appear to move more. [2]

(ii) Calculate, in m, the distance to star X. [1]

(iii) Determine the ratio

luminosity of star X
. [2]
luminosity of star Y

[Link].TZ2.12
(a) State the main element that is undergoing nuclear fusion in star C. [1]

(b) Explain why star B has a greater surface area than star A. [2]

(c)

White dwarfs with similar volumes to each other are shown on the HR diagram.
Sketch, on the HR diagram, to show the possible positions of other white dwarf stars
with similar volumes to those marked on the HR diagram.

[2]

[Link].TZ2.17
(a) State the main element that is undergoing nuclear fusion in star C. [1]

(b) Explain why star B has a greater surface area than star A. [2]

(c)

White dwarfs with similar volumes to each other are shown on the HR diagram.
Sketch, on the HR diagram, to show the possible positions of other white dwarf stars
with similar volumes to those marked on the HR diagram.

[2]

[Link].TZ2.2
(a) State the unit for pV in fundamental SI units. [1]

(b) Determine, using the graph, whether the gas acts as an ideal gas. [3]

(c) Calculate, in g, the mass of the gas. [3]

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[Link].TZ2.3
(a) Explain the pattern seen on the screen. [3]

(b) Calculate, in nm, λ . [3]

(i) Calculate, in nm, λ . [3]

(ii)

The student moves the screen closer to the double slit and repeats the measurements.
The instruments used to make the measurements are unchanged.
Discuss the effect this movement has on the fractional uncertainty in the value of λ .

[2]

(c) The student changes the light source to one that emits two colours: [3]
• blue light of wavelength λ , and
• red light of wavelength 1.5 λ .
Predict the pattern that the student will see on the screen.

[Link].TZ2.4
(a) The designers state that the energy transferred by the resistor every second is 15 J.
Calculate the current in the resistor.

[1]

(i) The resistor has a cross-sectional area of 9.6 × 10 −6 m 2 . [3]

Show that a resistor made from carbon fibre will be suitable for the pad.

(ii)

The power supply to the pad has a negligible internal resistance.

State and explain the variation in current in the resistor as the temperature of the pad
increases.

[2]

(i) outline the magnetic force acting on it due to the current in PQ. [1]

(ii)

state and explain the net magnetic force acting on it due to the currents in PQ and TU.

[2]

(d)

The design of the pad encloses the resistor in a material that traps air. The design also
places the resistor close to the top surface of the pad.

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Explain, with reference to thermal energy transfer, why the pad is designed in this way.

[3]

[Link].TZ2.5
(a) Outline what is meant by an isotope. [1]

(i) mass number. [1]

(ii) proton number. [1]

(e) A beta-minus particle and an alpha particle have the same initial kinetic energy.
Outline why the beta-minus particle can travel further in air than the alpha particle.

[2]

[Link].TZ2.6
gM
(a) Determine . [2]
gP

(e) Outline one reason why this model of a dancer is unrealistic. [1]

[Link].TZ0.1
(a.i) State the principal energy change in nuclear fission. [1]

(i) State the principal energy change in nuclear fission. [1]

(ii)

The energy released in the reaction is about 180 MeV. Estimate, in J, the energy released
when 1 kg of 235
92U undergoes fission.

[3]

(i) State and explain the decay mode of 132

52Te . [2]

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(ii) Calculate, in s −1 , the initial activity of the sample. [1]

(iii)

Show that the decay constant of a nuclide is given by − m , where m is the slope of the
graph of ln A against t .

[1]

(iv) Determine, in days, the half-life of 132

52Te . [2]

(i) Outline the role of the heat exchanger in a nuclear power station. [1]

(ii) Calculate the maximum temperature of the gas during the cycle. [3]

(iii) Outline why the entropy of the gas remains constant during changes BC and DA.

[1]

(iv) Determine the efficiency of the cycle. [2]

(d) Show that the rotational kinetic energy of the turbine decreases at a constant rate.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.10
(a) Calculate the angular impulse applied to the flywheel. [2]

(b)

The angular speed of the flywheel increased by 280 rad s −1 during the application of the
angular impulse.
Determine the moment of inertia of the flywheel.

[2]

(c)

The flywheel was rotating at 150 rev per minute before the application of the angular
impulse. Determine the change in angular rotational energy of the flywheel during the
application of the flywheel.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.11
(a)

Explain why the gas in configuration B has a greater number of microstates than in A.

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[3]

(b)

Deduce, with reference to entropy, that the expansion of the gas from the initial
configuration A is irreversible.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.12
(a) State what is meant by an isolated system. [1]

(b) State and explain the number of microstates of the system in configuration A. [2]

(c)

Configuration B has 120 microstates. Calculate the entropy difference between

configurations B and A. State the answer in terms of kB .

[2]

(d)

The system is initially in configuration A. Comment, with reference to the second law of
thermodynamics and your answer in (c), on the likely evolution of the system.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.14
(a)

Determine the fractional number of throws for which the three most likely macrostates
occur.

[3]

(b)

A throw is made once every minute. Estimate the average time required before a throw
occurs where all coins are heads or all coins are tails.

[2]

(c)

In one throw the coins all land heads upwards. The following throw results in 7 heads
and 3 tails. Calculate, in terms of kB , the change in entropy between the two throws.

[2]

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[Link].TZ0.15
(i) orbital speed; [1]

(ii) escape speed from its orbit. [1]

(i) in its initial circular orbit; [1]

(ii) in its final orbit. [1]

[Link].TZ0.16
(a)

The radius of the dwarf planet Pluto is 1.19 x 10 6 m. The acceleration due to gravity at its
surface is 0.617 m s −2 .
Determine the escape speed for an object at the surface of Pluto.

[4]

(b)

Pluto rotates about an axis through its centre. Its rotation is in the opposite sense to that
of the Earth, i.e. from east to west.
Explain the advantage of an object launching from the equator of Pluto and travelling to
the west.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.17
(a) Show that the energy of the scattered photon is about 16 keV. [1]

(b) Determine the wavelength of the incident photon. [2]

(c)

Outline why the results of the experiment are inconsistent with the wave model of
electromagnetic radiation.

[2]

(d) Calculate the scattering angle of the photon. [2]

[Link].TZ0.18
(a) Outline why the pattern observed on the screen is an evidence for matter waves.

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[2]

(b)

A typical interatomic distance in the graphite crystal is of the order of 2 × 10 - 10 m.

Estimate the minimum value of U for the pattern in (a) to be formed on the screen.

[4]

(c)

Protons can also be accelerated by the same potential difference U . Compare, without
calculation, the de Broglie wavelength of the protons to that of the electrons.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.19
(a) State the de Broglie hypothesis. [2]

(b) Calculate the maximum speed of the electrons in the beam. [2]

(c)

After passing through the circular hole the electrons strike a fluorescent screen.
Predict whether an apparatus such as this can demonstrate that moving electrons have
wave properties.

[4]

[Link].TZ0.2
(a.i) State the movement direction for which the geophone has its greatest sensitivity.

[1]

(i) State the movement direction for which the geophone has its greatest sensitivity.

[1]

(ii) Outline how an emf is generated in the coil. [2]

(iii)

Explain why the magnitude of the emf is related to the amplitude of the ground
movement.

[3]

(iv)

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In one particular event, a maximum emf of 65 mV is generated in the geophone. The

geophone coil has 150 turns.
Calculate the rate of flux change that leads to this emf.

[2]

(b) Suggest two changes to the system that will make the geophone more sensitive.

[4]

(i)

Show that, when sound travels from clay to sandstone, the critical angle is
approximately 40°.

[2]

(ii)

The angle between the clay–air surface and path 1 is 80°.

Draw, on the diagram, the subsequent path of a sound wave that travels initially in the
clay along path 1 .

[2]

(d) Calculate d . [4]

[Link].TZ0.20
(a) The quantity
h
is known as the Compton wavelength. [1]
me c
Show that the Compton wavelength is about 2.4 pm.

(i) State the wavelength of the photon after the interaction. [1]

(ii) Outline why the wavelength of the photon has changed. [2]

(iii) Deduce the scattering angle for the photon. [2]

(iv) Determine, in J, the kinetic energy of the electron after the interaction. [2]

[Link].TZ0.21
(a)

Suggest one problem that is faced in dealing with the waste from nuclear fission
reactors. Go on to outline how this problem is overcome.

[2]

(b)

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Strontium-90 is a waste product from nuclear reactors that has a decay constant of 7.63 x
10 −10 s −1 . Determine, in s, the time that it takes for the activity of strontium-90 to
decay to 2% of its original activity.

[2]

(i)

Calculate the energy released when one mole of strontium-90 decays to 2% of its
original activity forming the stable daughter product.

[3]

(ii)

Strontium-90 decays to Zirconium-90 via two successive beta emissions. Discuss

whether all the energy released when strontium-90 decays to Zirconium-90 can be
transferred to a thermal form.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.3
(a.i) State the vertical component of the total momentum of the balls after the collision.

[1]

(i) State the vertical component of the total momentum of the balls after the collision.

[1]

(ii) Hence, calculate the vertical component of the velocity of ball B after the collision.

[2]

(b)

Determine the angle θ that the velocity of ball B makes with the initial direction of
motion of ball A.

[3]

(c) Predict whether the collision is elastic. [4]

[Link].TZ0.4
(a.i) State what is meant by an elastic collision. [1]

(i) State what is meant by an elastic collision. [1]

(ii)

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No unbalanced external forces act on the system of the curling stones. Outline why the
momentum of the system does not change during the collision.

[1]

sin 70 °
(b) Show that vB = vA . [1]
sin 20 °

(c) Determine v A . State the answer in terms of v . [3]

[Link].TZ0.5
(a.i)

Calculate the component of momentum of the first curling stone perpendicular to the
initial direction.

[1]

(i)

Calculate the component of momentum of the first curling stone perpendicular to the
initial direction.

[1]

(ii) Calculate the velocity component of the first curling stone in the initial direction.

[2]

(iii) Determine the velocity of the first curling stone. [2]

(b) Deduce whether this collision is elastic. [2]

[Link].TZ0.6
(a) Determine the recoil velocity of the cannon. [3]

(b) Calculate the initial kinetic energy of the cannon. [1]

(c)

Suggest what happens to the vertical component of momentum of the cannon when the
shell is fired.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.7
(a) Calculate the angular impulse delivered to the flywheel during the acceleration.
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[2]

(b) Determine the average magnitude of F . [2]

(c) State two assumptions of your calculation in part (b). [2]

[Link].TZ0.8
(a) Calculate:

(i) the angular acceleration of the ring; [2]

(ii) the angular velocity of the ring after a time of 5.0 s. [1]

(i) the angular impulse delivered to the disc and to the ring during the first 5.0 s. [2]

(ii) the final kinetic energy of the disc and the ring. [2]

[Link].TZ0.9
(a) For the propellor, L = 5 . 0cm and M = 0 . 035 kg . [1]
Calculate the moment of inertia of the propellor.

(i) Calculate the angular impulse that acts on the propellor. [2]

(ii)

Calculate, using your answer to (b)(i), the time taken by the propellor to attain this
rotational speed.

[2]

(iii) State and explain the effect of the angular impulse on the body of the aeroplane.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.10
(a) Calculate the pressure of the gas in the container. [1]

(b) Determine the mass of the gas in the container. [1]

(c) Calculate the average translational speed of the gas particles. [1]

(d)

The temperature of the gas in the container is increased.

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Explain, using the kinetic theory, how this change leads to a change in pressure in the
container.

[4]

[Link].TZ0.11
(a)

A comet orbits the Sun in an elliptical orbit. A and B are two positions of the comet.

Explain, with reference to Kepler’s second law of planetary motion, the change in the
kinetic energy of the comet as it moves from A to B.

[3]

(b)

An asteroid (minor planet) orbits the Sun in a circular orbit of radius 4.5 × 10 8 km. The
radius of Earth’s orbit is 1.5 × 10 8 km. Calculate, in years, the orbital period of the
asteroid.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.12
1
(a) Show that k = . [2]
GM

(b) The table gives data relating to the two moons of Mars. [2]
Moon T / hour r / Mm
Phobos 7.66 9.38
Deimos 30.4 -
Determine r for Deimos.

(c) Determine the mass of Mars. [3]

[Link].TZ0.13
(a)

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3
Show that T ∝ r for the planets in a solar system where T is the orbital period of a
2

planet and r is the radius of circular orbit of planet about its sun.

[2]

(i) Outline what is meant by one astronomical unit (1 AU) [1]

(ii)

Pluto is a dwarf planet of the Sun that orbits at a distance of 5.9 × 10 9 km from the Sun.
Determine, in years, the orbital period of Pluto.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.14
(a)

State and explain the magnitude of the force on a length of 0.50 m of wire Q due to the
current in P.

[2]

(b) Calculate the current in wire Q. [2]

(i) State the direction of the current in R, relative to the current in P. [1]

(ii) Deduce the current in R. [2]

[Link].TZ0.15
(a) State the fundamental SI units for permeability of free space, μ0 . [1]

(i) magnetic field at A; [1]

(ii) magnetic force on section AB of the loop. [1]

(i) magnitude of the net force acting on the loop; [2]

(ii) direction of the net force acting on the loop. [1]

[Link].TZ0.16

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(a)

Determine the magnetic force acting on the 15 Ω wire due to the current in the 30 Ω
wire.

[4]

(b) The magnetic field strength of Earth’s field at the location of the wires is 45 μT. [3]
Discuss the assumption made in this question.

[Link].TZ0.17
(a.i) Draw the magnetic field lines due to A. [2]

(i) Draw the magnetic field lines due to A. [2]

(ii)

State and explain, using your diagram, why a force acts on B due to A in the plane of the
paper.

[3]

(b)

Both wires are 7.5 m long and are 0.25 m apart. The current in both wires is 12 A.
Determine the force that acts on one wire due to the other.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.18
(a)

Outline, with reference to the decay equation above, the role of chain reactions in the
operation of a nuclear power station.

[3]

(b) Calculate, in MeV, the energy released in the reaction. [2]

(c)

Two nuclides present in spent nuclear fuel 137

55Cs are and cerium-144 ( 58Ce ). The initial
144

activity of a sample of pure 144

58Ce is about 40 times greater than the activity of the same
amount of pure 55Cs .
137

Discuss which of the two nuclides is more likely to require long-term storage once
removed from the reactor.

[3]

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[Link].TZ0.19
(a) Compare and contrast spontaneous and neutron-induced nuclear fission. [2]

(b)

Every neutron-induced fission reaction of uranium-235 releases an energy of about 200

MeV. A nuclear power station transfers an energy of about 2.4 GJ per second.
Determine the mass of uranium-235 that undergoes fission in one day in this power
station.

[3]

(c)

State two properties of the products of nuclear fission due to which the spent nuclear
fuel needs to be kept safe.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.2
(a) A tram is just leaving the lower railway station.
Determine, as the train leaves the lower station,

(i) the pd across the motor of the tram, [2]

(ii) the mechanical power output of the motor. [2]

(b)

Discuss the variation in the power output of the motor with distance from the lower
station.

[2]

(c)

The total friction in the system acting on the tram is equivalent to an opposing force of
750 N.
For one particular journey, the tram is full of passengers.
Estimate the maximum speed v of the tram as it leaves the lower station.

[4]

(d)

The tram travels at v throughout the journey. Two trams are available so that one is
returning to the lower station on another line while the other is travelling to the village.
The journeys take the same time.
It takes 1.5 minutes to unload and 1.5 minutes to load each tram. Ignore the time taken
to accelerate the tram at the beginning and end of the journey.
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Estimate the maximum number of passengers that can be carried up to the village in one
hour.

[4]

(e)

There are eight wheels on each tram with a brake system for each wheel. A pair of brake
pads clamp firmly onto an annulus made of steel.
The train comes to rest from speed v . Ignore the energy transferred to the brake pads
and the change in the gravitational potential energy of the tram during the braking.
Calculate the temperature change in each steel annulus as the tram comes to rest.
Data for this question
The inner radius of the annulus is 0.40 m and the outer radius is 0.50 m.
The thickness of the annulus is 25 mm.
The density of the steel is 7860 kg m −3
The specific heat capacity of the steel is 420 J kg −1 K −1

[4]

(f)

The speed of the tram is measured by detecting a beam of microwaves of wavelength

2.8 cm reflected from the rear of the tram as it moves away from the station. Predict the
change in wavelength of the microwaves at the stationary microwave detector in the
station.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.20
(a) State one source of the radioactive waste products from nuclear fission reactions.

[1]

(b) Outline how this waste is treated after it has been removed from the fission reactor.

[4]

[Link].TZ0.3
(a) Calculate:

(i)

the initial temperature gradient through the base of the pot. State an appropriate unit
for your answer.

[2]

(ii)
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the initial rate, in kW, of thermal energy transfer by conduction through the base of the
pot.

[1]

(b)

The electrical power rating of the hot plate is 1 kW. Comment, with reference to this
value, on your answer in (a)(ii).

[3]

(c)

Describe how thermal energy is distributed throughout the volume of the water in the
pot.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.4
(a)

The temperature of the air outside of the bottle is 20 °C. The surface area of the bottle is
4.0 × 10 −2 m 2 . Calculate the initial rate of thermal energy transfer by conduction
through the bottle.

[2]

(b) Explain why the rate calculated in part (a) is decreasing. [2]

(c)

Estimate the initial rate of the change of the temperature of the water in the bottle. State
your answer in K s −1 . The specific heat capacity of water is 4200 J kg −1 K −1 .

[2]

[Link].TZ0.5
(a) Discuss the mechanism that accounts for the greatest rate of energy transfer when:

(i) T t > T b [2]

(ii) T b > T t [2]

(b)

The liquid now freezes so that the vertical column is entirely of ice. Suggest how your
answer to (a)(ii) will change.
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[2]

[Link].TZ0.6
(a)

The side of the rod can be unlagged or ideally lagged. Explain the difference in energy
transfer for these two cases.

[3]

(i) Calculate the temperature at Y. [3]

(ii)

The temperatures are now reversed so that X is at 45 °C and Z is at 90 °C. Show that the
rate of energy transfer is unchanged.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.7
(a)

State two assumptions of the kinetic model of an ideal gas that refer to intermolecular
collisions.

[2]

(b) Discuss how the motion of the molecules of a gas gives rise to pressure in the gas.

[3]

(c)

The average speed of the molecules of a gas is 500 m s −1 . The density of the gas is 1.2
kg m −3 . Calculate, in kPa, the pressure of the gas.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.8

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(a) Calculate the average translational speed of air molecules. [2]

(b)

The air is a mixture of nitrogen, oxygen and other gases. Explain why the component
gases of air in the container have different average translational speeds.

[3]

(c)

The temperature of the sample is increased without a change in pressure. Outline the
effect it has on the density of the gas.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.9
(a) Outline how the concept of absolute zero of temperature is interpreted in terms of:

(i) the ideal gas law, [1]

(ii) the kinetic energy of particles in an ideal gas. [1]

(b) A container holds a mixture of argon and helium atoms at a temperature of 37 °C.
Calculate the average translational speed of the argon atoms.
The molar mass of argon is 4.0 × 10 −2 kg mol −1 .

[4]

(c)

Discuss how the mean kinetic energy of the argon atoms in the mixture compares with
that of the helium atoms.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.1
(a) State the nature and direction of the force that accelerates the 15 kg object. [1]

(b)

Determine the largest magnitude of F for which the block and the object do not
move relative to each other.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.2
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(a) Calculate γ for a speed of 0.80 c . [1]

[Link].TZ0.3
(a) Outline how this standing wave pattern of melted spots is formed. [2]

[Link].TZ0.4
(a)

Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the direction of the acceleration of the
satellite.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.5
(a) Outline why the magnetic flux in ring B increases. [1]

(d)

Outline why work must be done on ring B as it moves towards ring A at a constant
speed.

[2]

[Link].TZ0.6
(a)

A nucleus of americium-241 has 146 neutrons. This nuclide decays to neptunium through
alpha emission.
Complete the nuclear equation for this decay.

[2]

(d)

Calculate the maximum current in the chamber due to the electrons when there is
no smoke in the chamber.

[3]

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[Link].TZ0.7
(a) Show that the surface temperature of δ Vel A is about 9000 K. [1]

[Link].TZ0.8
(a) Calculate the theoretical equilibrium temperature of the mixture. [3]

(ii) The mixture was held in a large metal container during the mixing. [1]
Explain one change to the procedure that will reduce the difference in (b)(i).

[Link].TZ0.9
(a.i) Draw the electric field lines due to the charged plates. [2]

(i) Draw the electric field lines due to the charged plates. [2]

(ii)

Draw the forces acting on the oil drop, ignoring the buoyancy force.

[2]

(iii) Show that the electric charge on the oil drop is given by [2]
ρ gV
q = oE
where ρ o is the density of oil and V is the volume of the oil drop.

[Link].TZ0.1
(a) State the nature and direction of the force that accelerates the 15 kg object. [1]

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[Link].TZ0.2
(a) Outline how this standing wave pattern of melted spots is formed. [2]

[Link].TZ0.3
(a)

Draw an arrow on the diagram to represent the direction of the acceleration of the
satellite.

[1]

[Link].TZ0.4
(a)

A nucleus of americium-241 has 146 neutrons. This nuclide decays to neptunium through
alpha emission.
Complete the nuclear equation for this decay.

[2]

(c)

Calculate the maximum current in the chamber due to the electrons when there is
no smoke in the chamber.

[3]

[Link].TZ0.5
(a) Show that the surface temperature of δ Vel A is about 9000 K. [1]

[Link].TZ0.6
(a) Calculate the theoretical equilibrium temperature of the mixture. [3]

[Link].TZ0.7

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(a.i) Draw the electric field lines due to the charged plates. [2]

(i) Draw the electric field lines due to the charged plates. [2]

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Markschemes
[Link].TZ1.2
a.i.

read off between 17 and 19 «deg» ✔

= 7.8 × 10−15 «m» ✔

𝜆
correct use of d = sin⁡𝜃

7.8
so radius = «fm» = 3.9 «fm» ✔
2

Award ecf for wrong angle in MP1.

Answer for MP3 must show at least 2 sf.

[Link]. 7.4 «fm» ✔

1
𝐴 3
RTh = Rsi ( 𝐴Th ) or substitution ✔
Si

[Link]. electron wavelength shorter than alpha particles (thus increased resolution)
OR
electron is not subject to strong nuclear force ✔

[Link]. nuclear forces act ✔ nuclear recoil occurs ✔

significant penetration into nucleus / probing internal structure of individual nucleons

✔

incident particles are relativistic ✔

[Link].TZ1.3
a.

two waves superpose/mention of superposition/mention of «constructive»

interference ✔

they arrive in phase/there is a path length difference of an integer number of

wavelengths ✔

b. path difference = 0.062 «m»✔ so wavelength = 0.031 «m»✔

frequency = 9.7 × 109 «Hz»✔ Award [2 max] for 4.8 x 109 Hz.

c. intensity is modulated by a single slit diffraction envelope OR

intensity varies with distance OR points are different distances from the slits ✔

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d.

cos2 variation shown ✔ with zero at 90° (by eye) ✔

Award [1 max] for an inverted curve with maximum at 90°.

[Link].TZ1.5
a.i.

gravitational attraction/force/field «of the planet/Mars» ✔

Do not accept “gravity”.

[Link]. the force/field and the velocity/displacement are at 90° to each other OR

there is no change in GPE of the moon/Phobos ✔

b.i. ALTERNATE 1 «using fundamental equations»

use of Universal gravitational force/acceleration/orbital velocity equations ✔

equating to centripetal force or acceleration. ✔ rearranges to get 𝑘 = ✔

𝐺
4𝜋2

ALTERNATE 2 «starting with 𝑅3

𝑇2
= 𝑘𝑀»

substitution of proper equation for T from orbital motion equations ✔

substitution of proper equation for M OR R from orbital motion equations ✔

rearranges to get 𝑘 = ✔
𝐺
4𝜋2

3 2
[Link]. 𝑅 𝑇
𝑚Mars = ( 𝑅 Mars ) ( 𝑇Earth ) 𝑚Earth or other consistent re-arrangement ✔
Earth 𝑀𝑎𝑟𝑠

6.4 × 1023 «kg» ✔

c. read off separation at maximum potential 0.9 ✔

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equating of gravitational field strength of earth and moon at that location OR

✔
7.4 × 1022 «kg» ✔ Allow ECF from MP1

[Link].TZ1.6
a.i.

identifies T as 2.25 s ✔

L = 1.26 m ✔

1.3 / 1.26 «m» ✔

Accept any number of s.f. for MP2.

Accept any answer with 2 or 3 s.f. for MP3.

1
[Link]. X labels any point on the curve where EK of maximum/5 mJ ✔
4

mv2 = 20 × 10−3 seen OR × 7.5 × 10-2 × v2 = 20 × 10-3 ✔ 0.73 «m s−1» ✔

1 1
[Link].
2 2

Must see at least 2 s.f. for MP2.

b.i. 0.40 «m s-1» ✔

[Link]. initial energy 24 mJ and final energy 12 mJ ✔

energy is lost/unequal /change in energy is 12 mJ ✔

inelastic collisions occur when energy is lost ✔

[Link]. graph with same period but inverted ✔

amplitude one half of the original/two boxes throughout (by eye) ✔

[Link]. mention of Doppler effect ✔

there is a change in the wavelength of the reflected wave ✔

because the wave speed is constant, there is a change in frequency ✔

[Link].TZ1.7

(a)

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manipulation to get result ✔

5 5
nRT
substitution of P =
V
in PX VX = PY VY ✔
3 3

(b.i)
Tc 340
e«=1− Th
=1− 620
» = 0.45 ✔

([Link])
heat into gas «is along AB» and equals Q in «= Δ U + W = 0 + 540» = 540 «J» ✔

heat out is (1− e ) Q in = (1−0.45) × 540 = 297 «J» ≈ 3.0 × 10 2 «J» ✔

Award [2] for bald correct answer.

([Link])
2 2 3 3
VC TB VC 620
TB VB3 = TC VC3 ⇒
VB
= (
TC
) 2
✔ VB
= (
340
) 2
= 2.5 ✔

Award [2] for bald correct answer.

(c.i)
Q 540
Δ S «= = »= 0.87 «JK −1 » ✔
T 620

([Link])
the Carnot cycle has the maximum efficiency «for heat engines operating between two
given temperatures »✔

real engine can not work at Carnot cycle/ideal cycle ✔

the second law of thermodynamics says that it is impossible to convert all the input heat
into mechanical work ✔

a real engine would have additional losses due to friction etc ✔

[Link].TZ2.10
a.

the magnetic field at the position of the ring is increasing «because the magnet gets
closer to the ring» ✔

b. the current must be counterclockwise «in diagram 2» ✔ eg:

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c. since the induced magnetic field is upwards OR

by Lenz law the change «of magnetic field/flux» must be opposed OR

by conservation of energy the movement of the magnet must be opposed ✔

therefore the force is repulsive/upwards ✔

[Link].TZ2.11
a.

«de Broglie’s hypothesis states that the» electron is represented by a wave ✔

therefore it cannot be localized/it is spread out/it does not have a definite position ✔

Award MP1 for any mention of wavelike property of an electron.

1.6 × 10−15 𝑑
bi. «m» ✔
−15
«𝑑sin⁡𝜃 = 𝜆 ⇒ » 𝑑 = / 5.47 × 10−15 «m» ✔ 𝑅= 2
≈ 2.7 / 2.8 × 10
sin⁡17∘

bii.

this implies that the nucleons are very tightly packed/that there is very little space in
between the nucleons ✔

because the nuclear force is stronger than the electrostatic force ✔

ci. 28 × 10−3
number of nuclei is × 6.02 × 1023 / 2.63 × 1020 ✔
64

5.5 × 10−2
«Bq» ✔
20 15
𝐴 = «𝜆𝑁 = 2.63 × 10 × 3600
» 4.0 × 10

t = 20«hr» ✔
1
cii. 3
= 𝑒−𝜆𝑡 ✔

[Link].TZ2.4
a.

total resistance of circuit is 8.0 «Ω» ✔

122
𝑃= = 18«W» ✔
8.0

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bi. «a resistor is now connected in parallel» reducing the total resistance OR

current through YZ unchanged and additional current flows through X ✔

bii.

evidence in calculation or statement that pd across Y/current in Y is the same as before ✔

so ratio is 1 ✔

1 1
c. 𝐸 = « 2 𝐶𝑉2 = 2 × 6 × 10−6 × 122 = » 4.3 × 10−4 «J» ✔

di. ALTERNATIVE 1 capacitance doubles and voltage halves ✔

1
since 𝐸 = 2 𝐶𝑉2 energy halves ✔ so change is «–»2.2×10–4 «J» ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2 1 𝑄2
𝐸 = 2 𝐶𝑉2 and 𝑄 = 𝐶𝑉 so 𝐸 = 2𝐶
✔

capacitance doubles and charge unchanged so energy halves ✔

so change is «−»2.2 × 10−4 «J» ✔

dii. it is the work done when inserting the dielectric into the capacitor ✔

[Link].TZ2.6

(a)
the length measured «in a reference frame» where the object is at rest ✔

(bi)

(bii)
ALTERNATIVE 1: ALTERNATIVE 2:

v of ball is 0.846 c for platform ✔ length of train is 68m for platform ✔

ALTERNATIVE 3:

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[Link].TZ2.8
a.

there is constructive interference at M

OR

the amplitude doubles at M ✔

intensity is «proportional to» amplitude2 ✔

88 «W m−2» ✔

b. «𝑠 =
𝜆𝐷
⇒ »𝜆=
𝑠𝑑
/
0.12 × 10−3 × 7.0 × 10−3
✔ 𝜆 = 560 « nm» ✔
𝑑 𝐷 1.5

ci. «the interference pattern will be modulated by» single slit diffraction ✔

«envelope and so it will be less»

cii. ALTERNATIVE 1 28 × 10−3

the angular position of this point is 𝜃 = = 0.01867«rad» ✔
1.5

which coincides with the first minimum of the diffraction envelope

𝜆 560 × 10−9 «so intensity will be zero» ALTERNATIVE 2

𝜃= = = 0.01867 «rad» ✔
𝑏 0.030 × 10−3

𝜆 560 × 10−9
the first minimum of the diffraction envelope is at 𝜃 = = = 0.01867«rad» ✔
𝑏 0.030 × 10−3

distance on screen is 𝑦 = 1.50 × 0.01867 = 28«mm» ✔ «so intensity will be zero»

[Link].TZ2.9
ai.
1 𝐺𝑀 𝐺𝑀𝑚 1 𝐺𝑀𝑚
𝐸 = 2𝑚 − = −2 ✔
𝑟 𝑟 𝑟

𝐺𝑀
comparison with 𝑉 = − 𝑟
✔

«to give answer»

aii. ALTERNATIVE 1

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«at the position of the planet» the potential depends only on the mass of the star /does
not depend on the radius of the star ✔

the potential will not change and so the energy will not change ✔ ALTERNATIVE 2

r / distance between the centres of the objects / orbital radius remains unchanged ✔
1 𝐺𝑀𝑚
since 𝐸𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 = − 2 𝑟
, energy will not change ✔

𝑘𝑄 𝑘𝑞 (0.600 + 0.820)2
b. (0.600 + 0.820)2
=
0.8202
✔ 𝑄
= « = 2.9988 ≈ » 3 ✔
𝑞 0.8202

[Link].TZ1.3
a.

two waves superpose/mention of superposition/mention of «constructive»

interference ✔

they arrive in phase/there is a path length difference of an integer number of

wavelengths ✔

Ignore references to nodes/antinodes.

b. path difference = 0.062 «m» ✔ so wavelength = 0.031 «m» ✔

frequency = 9.7 × 109 «Hz» ✔

If no unit is given, assume the answer is in Hz. Accept other prefixes (eg 9.7 GHz)

Award [2 max] for 4.8 x 109 Hz.

c. intensity varies with distance OR points are different distances from the slits ✔

Accept “Intensity is modulated by a single slit diffraction envelope”.

[Link].TZ1.5
a.

0.40 «m s−1» ✔

b. initial energy 24 mJ and final energy 12 mJ ✔

energy is lost/unequal /change in energy is 12 mJ ✔

inelastic collisions occur when energy is lost ✔

c. maximum GPE at extremes, minimum in centre ✔

[Link].TZ1.6
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a.i.

1360 0.25
T= ( ) ✔
𝜎

390 «K» ✔

Must see 1360 (from data booklet) used for MP1.

Must see at least 2 s.f.

[Link]. energy/Power/Intensity lower at B ✔

connection made between energy/power/intensity and temperature of blackbody ✔

b.

(28 %) of sun’s energy is scattered/reflected by earth’s atmosphere OR only 72 % of

incident energy gets absorbed by blackbody ✔

Must be clear that the energy is being scattered by the atmosphere.

Award [0] for simple definition of “albedo”.

c.i. gravitational attraction/force/field «of the planet/Moon» ✔

Do not accept “gravity”.

[Link].

the force/field and the velocity/displacement are at 90° to each other OR there is no
change in GPE of the moon ✔

Award [0] for any mention of no net force on the satellite.

Do not accept acceleration is perpendicular to velocity.

[Link].TZ2.1
ai.
Δ𝑚𝑣 Δ𝑣 0.058 × 64.0
𝐹= / 𝑚 Δ𝑡 / ✔
Δ𝑡 25 × 10−3

𝐹 = 148«N»≈150«N» ✔

aii. ALTERNATIVE 1 𝑃=
1
2
𝑚𝑣2
/
1
2
× 0.058 × 64.02
✔ 𝑃 = 4700 / 4800 « W» ✔
𝑡 −3
25 × 10

ALTERNATIVE 2 𝑃 = average𝐹𝑣 / 148 ×

64.0
2
✔ 𝑃 = 4700 / 4800 « W» ✔

bi. horizontal component of velocity is 64.0 × cos7° = 63.52 «ms−1» ✔

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𝑡= «
11.9
= » 0.187 / 0.19 « s» ✔ Do not award BCA. Check working.
63.52

Do not award ECF from using 64 m s-1.

bii. ALTERNATIVE 1 uy = 64 sin7/7.80 «ms−1»✔

1
decrease in height = 7.80 × 0.187 + × 9.81 × 0.1872/1.63 «m» ✔
2

final height = «2.80 − 1.63» = 1.1/1.2 «m» ✔ «higher than net so goes over»

ALTERNATIVE 2 vertical distance to fall to net «= 2.80 − 0.91» = 1.89 «m»✔

time to fall this distance found using «=1.89 = 7.8t + × 9.81 ×t2» t = 0.21 «s»✔
1
2

0.21 «s» > 0.187 «s» ✔ «reaches the net before it has fallen far enough so goes over»

Other alternatives are possible

biii. ALTERNATIVE 1 Initial KE + PE = final KE /

× 0.058 × 642 + 0.058 × 9.81 × 2.80 = × 0.058 × v2 ✔ v = 64.4 «ms−1» ✔

1 1
2 2

ALTERNATIVE 2 𝑣𝑣 = « √7.82 + 2 × 9.81 × 2.8 » = 10.8 « ms−1 » ✔

« 𝑣 = √63.52 + 10.82 » 𝑣 = 64.4 « ms−1 » ✔

c. so horizontal velocity component at lift off for clay is smaller ✔

normal force is the same so vertical component of velocity is the same ✔

so bounce angle on clay is greater ✔

[Link].TZ2.14

(a)
time period T=«
25
10
» = 2.5 s AND f =
1
T
OR evidence of f =
10
25
✔

Answer 0.4 Hz is given, check correct working is shown.

(b)
30 m s –1 corresponds to f = 1.2 Hz ✔

the amplitude of vibration is a maximum for this speed OR

corresponds to the resonant frequency ✔

(c)
similar shape with lower amplitude ✔

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maximum shifted slightly to left of the original curve ✔

Amplitude must be lower than the original, but allow the amplitude to be equal at the
extremes.

[Link].TZ2.15

(a)
the letter S should be in the region of the shaded area ✔

(d)

[Link].TZ2.2
a.
4.0 × 10−3
𝑚= 23 «kg»
6.02 × 10

OR

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6.64 × 10−27 «kg» ✔

b. 1 3 3𝑘𝑇 3 × 1.38 × 10
−23
× 320 v = 1.4 × 103 «ms−1» ✔
𝑚𝑣2 = 2 𝑘𝑇 / 𝑣 = √ /√ −27 ✔
2 𝑚 6.6 × 10

c. 𝑁=
𝑝𝑉
/
5
5.1 × 10 × 3.2 × 10
−23
−6
OR 𝑁=
𝑝𝑉𝑁𝐴
/
5 −6
5.1 × 10 × 3.2 × 10 × 6.02 × 10
23
✔
𝑘𝑇 1.38 × 10 × 320 𝑅𝑇 8.31 × 320

N = 3.7 × 1020 ✔

di. «
4 × 1020 × 4.9 × 10−31
= » 6 × 10−5 ✔
−6
3.2 × 10

dii.

«For an ideal gas» the size of the particles is small compared to the distance between
them/size of the container/gas

OR
«For an ideal gas» the volume of the particles is negligible/the volume of the particles
is small compared to the volume of the container/gas

OR «For an ideal gas» particles are assumed to be point objects ✔

calculation/ratio/result in (d)(i) shows that volume of helium atoms is negligible

compared to/much smaller than volume of helium gas/container «hence assumption is
justified» ✔

[Link].TZ2.7
a.

5.67 × 10−8 × 2894

OR
= 396 «W m−2» ✔

«≈ 400 W m−2»

b. «most of the radiation emitted by the oceans is in the» infrared ✔

«this radiation is» absorbed by greenhouse gases/named greenhouse gas in the

atmosphere ✔

«the gases» reradiate/re-emit ✔

partly back towards oceans/in all directions/awareness that radiation in other

directions is also present ✔

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[Link].TZ0.11
a(i).

«low intensity light would» transfer energy to the electron at a low rate/slowly ✔
time would be required for the electron «to absorb the required energy» to
escape/be emitted ✔

NOTE: OWTTE

a(ii). «in the photon theory of light» the electron interacts with a single photon ✔
and absorbs all the energy OR and can leave the metal immediately ✔

NOTE: Reference to photon-electron collision scores MP1

b(i). 𝜙=
ℎ𝑐
- 𝐸K ✔ 𝐸K = 1 . 5 « eV » ✔ 𝜙= «
1 . 24 × 10-6
- 1 . 5 = » 1 . 1 « eV » ✔
𝜆 480 × 10-9

NOTE: Allow reading from the graph of 𝐸𝑘 = 1 .4 leading to an answer of 1.2 «eV».

b(ii). similar curve lower than original ✔ with same horizontal intercept ✔

[Link].TZ0.6

(a(i))

« from PB 1 . 5 VA 3 = 250 × 103 × VA 3 » ✔ = 127 kPa ✔

3 5 5
250 × 10
PB = 5
1. 53

(a(ii))
« 127 × 103 × 1 . 5 VA = 250 × 103 VC » 1.31 ✔

(b(i))
ALTERNATIVE 1 work done ∆ W = « - » 250 × 103 × 1 . 5 × 10 - 3 = « - » 375 « J » ✔

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3
change in internal energy ∆ U = 2
× 0 . 300 × 8 . 31 × - 150 = « - » 561 « J »
OR
3 3
∆U= P∆V= × 375 = « - » 563 « J » ✔
2 2

thermal energy removed ∆ Q = 375 + 561 = 936 « J » ALTERNATIVE 2

OR
∆ Q = 375 + 563 = 938 « J » ✔
5
∆ Q = « nCp ∆ T = » 2
× nRT ✔

thermal energy removed ∆ Q = 0 . 300 × 2 . 5 × 8 . 31 × 150 ✔ = 935 « J » ✔

(b(ii))
ALTERNATIVE 1 «from b(i)» ∆ Q is negative ✔ ∆S=
∆Q
T
AND ∆ S is negative ✔

ALTERNATIVE 2 T and/or V decreases ✔ less disorder/more order «so S decreases» ✔

ALTERNATIVE 3 T decreases ✔ T2
∆ S = K × ln T1 < 0 ✔

NOTE: Answer given, look for a valid reason that S decreases.

(b(iii))
not violated ✔

the entropy of the surroundings must have increased

OR
the overall entropy of the system and the surroundings is the same or increased ✔

[Link].TZ0.1
a.

links 0.84 to Δp ✔

= » 14.5 «m s–1»✔
0 . 84
𝑣=« -2
5 . 8 × 10

NOTE: Award [2] for bald correct answer

b. use of Δt = «(28 – 12) × 10–3 =» 16 × 10–3 «s» ✔ ∆𝑝

𝐹¯ =« ∆𝑡 = »
0 . 84
16 × 10
-3 OR 53 «N» ✔

NOTE: Accept a time interval from 14 to 16 ms

Allow ECF from incorrect time interval

× 5.8 × 10–2 × 14.52 ✔ Ek = W ✔

1 1
c. Ek = 𝑊 × 5 . 8 × 10-2 × 14 . 52
2 s = «𝐹 = 2
= » 0.12 « m » ✔
53

Allow ECF from (a) and (b) Allow ECF from MP1

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Award [2] max for a calculation without reference to work done, eg: average velocity
× time

d.

graph must show increasing speed from an initial of zero all the time ✔
overall correct curvature ✔

[Link].TZ0.3
a(i).

= » 250 «m s–1»✔
0 . 05
v=«
0 . 20 × 10-3

a(ii). λ = 0.30 «m» ✔ NOTE: Allow ECF from (a)(i)

250
𝑓 = « 0 . 30 = » 830 «Hz» ✔ Allow ECF from wrong wavelength for MP2

b. Q✔
acceleration is proportional to displacement «and Q has larger displacement» ✔

c(i). 3 «points» ✔

c(ii). first harmonic mode drawn ✔

NOTE: Allow if only one curve drawn, either solid or dashed.

[Link].TZ0.4
a.

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magnetic force is to the left «at the instant shown»

OR
explains a rule to determine the direction of the magnetic force ✔

force is perpendicular to velocity/«direction of» motion

OR
force is constant in magnitude ✔

force is centripetal/towards the centre ✔

NOTE: Accept reference to acceleration instead of force

b(i). 𝑞𝑣𝐵 =
𝑚𝑣2
✔ 𝑅=
1 . 67 × 10-27 × 2 . 0 × 106
OR 0.060 « m »
𝑅 1 . 6 × 10-19 × 0 . 35

NOTE: Award MP2 for full replacement or correct answer to at least 2 significant
figures
2π𝑅 2π × 0 . 06
b(ii). 𝑇= ✔ 𝑇= « = 1 . 9 × 10-7 « s » ✔
𝑣 2 . 0 × 106

NOTE: Award [2] for bald correct answer

c. ALTERNATIVE 1
work done by force is change in kinetic energy ✔
work done is zero/force perpendicular to velocity ✔

NOTE: Award [2] for a reference to work done is zero hence Ek remains constant

ALTERNATIVE 2
proton moves at constant speed ✔
kinetic energy depends on speed ✔

NOTE: Accept mention of speed or velocity indistinctly in MP2

[Link].TZ0.5
a.
𝑘×𝑞
𝐸= ✔
𝑟2
9 -3
𝐸=
8 . 99 × 10 × 6 . 0 × 10
0 . 42
OR 𝐸 = 3 . 37 × 108 « N C-1 » ✔
NOTE: Ignore any negative sign.

b(i). 𝐹 = 𝑞 ×𝐸 OR 𝐹 = 1 . 6 × 10-19 × 3 . 4 × 108 = 5 . 4 × 10-11 « N » ✔

-11
5 . 4 × 10
𝑎= « -31 = » 5 . 9 × 1019 « m s-2 » ✔
9 . 1 × 10

NOTE: Ignore any negative sign.

Award [1] for a calculation leading to 𝑎 = « m s-2 »
Award [2] for bald correct answer

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b(ii).

the electron moves away from the point charge/to the right «along the line joining
them» ✔
decreasing acceleration ✔
increasing speed ✔

NOTE: Allow ECF from MP1 if a candidate mistakenly evaluates the force as attractive
so concludes that the acceleration will increase

[Link].TZ0.7
a.

random:
it cannot be predicted which nucleus will decay
OR
it cannot be predicted when a nucleus will decay ✔

NOTE: OWTTE

spontaneous:
the decay cannot be influenced/modified in any way ✔

NOTE: OWTTE

b(i). 234 × 7.6 OR 4 × 7.07 ✔

BEU =« 234 × 7.6 + 4 × 7.07 – 4.27 =» 1802 « MeV » ✔

𝐵𝐸U 1802
= « = » 7 . 57 « MeV » ✔ NOTE: Allow ECF from MP2
𝐴 238
Award [3] for bald correct answer
Allow conversion to J, final answer is 1.2 × 10–12

b(ii). states or applies conservation of momentum ✔

𝑝2 NOTE: Award [2] for bald correct answer
𝐸 234
ratio is « k𝛼 = 2𝑚𝛼
= » 58.5 ✔
𝐸kTh 𝑝2 4
2𝑚Th

[Link].TZ0.10
a.
-34 8
𝜆=
6 . 63 × 10 × 3 × 10
1 . 60 × 10-19 × 4 . 2 × 108
OR = 2 . 96 × 10-15 « m » ✓

Answer to at least 2 s.f. (i.e. 3.0)

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b(i).

«the shape of the graph suggests that» electrons undergo diffraction «with carbon
nuclei» ✓

only waves diffract ✓

b(ii). sin𝜃0 =
2 . 96 × 10-15
« = 0 . 599 » ✓ 37 « degrees » OR 0 . 64 / 0 . 65 « rad » ✓
4 . 94 × 10-15

b(iii).

the de Broglie wavelength of electrons is «much» longer than the size of a nucleus ✓

hence electrons would not undergo diffraction

OR
no diffraction pattern would be observed ✓

c. 13
volume of a nucleus proportional to 𝐴 3 = 𝐴 AND mass proportional to 𝐴 ✓
mass
the ratio independent of 𝐴 «hence density the same for all nuclei» ✓
volume

Both needed for MP1

[Link].TZ0.6
a(i).

energy required to «completely» separate the nucleons

OR
energy released when a nucleus is formed from its constituent nucleons ✓

Allow protons AND neutrons.

a(ii). the values «in SI units» would be very small ✓

a(iii). 140 × 8 . 29 + 94 × 8 . 59 - 235 × 7 . 59 OR 184 « MeV » ✓

b(i).

see « energy = » 180 × 106 × 1 . 60 × 10-19 AND « mass = » 235 × 1 . 66 × 10-27 ✓

7 . 4 × 1013 « J kg-1 » ✓

b(ii).
9
1 . 2 × 10 × 24 × 3600
energy produced in one day = = 2 . 9 × 1014 « J » ✓
0 . 36

2 . 9 × 1014
mass = = 3 . 9 « kg » ✓
7 . 4 × 1013

b(iii).

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«specific energy of uranium is much greater than that of coal, hence» more energy
can be produced from the same mass of fuel / per kg
OR
less fuel can be used to create the same amount of energy ✓

c(i). 39 ✓
Do not allow 94
39X unless the proton number is indicated.

c(ii). 75 « s » ✓

c(iii). ALTERNATIVE 1 10 min = 8 𝑡1 / 2 ✓

18
mass remaining = 1 . 0 × 2 = 3 . 9 × 10-3 « kg » ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2
ln2
decay constant = « = » 9 . 24 × 10-3 « s-1 » ✓
75
-3
mass remaining = 1 . 0 × 𝑒-9 . 24 × 10 × 600
= 3 . 9 × 10-3 « kg » ✓

[Link].TZ0.7
a.

the «restoring» force/acceleration is proportional to displacement ✓

Allow use of symbols i.e. 𝐹 ∝ - 𝑥 or 𝑎 ∝ - 𝑥

𝜌𝐴𝑔
b. Evidence of equating 𝑚𝜔2 𝑥 = 𝜌𝐴𝑔𝑥 «to obtain = 𝜔2 » ✓
𝑚

Answer to at least 3 s.f.

𝜔=√
1 . 03 × 103 × 2 . 29 × 10-1 × 9 . 81
118
OR 4 . 43 « rad s-1 » ✓

1
c(i). «𝐸K is a maximum when 𝑥 = 0 hence» 𝐸K, max = 2 × 118 × 4 . 42 0 . 2502 - 02 ✓

71 . 4 «J» ✓

c(ii). energy never negative ✓ correct shape with two maxima ✓

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[Link].TZ0.8
a.

ALTERNATIVE 1
work done on moving a positive test charge in any outward direction is negative ✓
potential difference is proportional to this work «so 𝑉 decreases from A to B» ✓

ALTERNATIVE 2
potential gradient is directed opposite to the field so inwards ✓
the gradient indicates the direction of increase of 𝑉 «hence 𝑉 increases towards the
centre/decreases from A to B» ✓

ALTERNATIVE 3
𝑘𝑄
𝑉=
𝑅
so as 𝑟 increases 𝑉 decreases ✓
𝑉 is positive as 𝑄 is positive ✓

ALTERNATIVE 4
the work done per unit charge in bringing a positive charge from infinity ✓
to point B is less than point A ✓

b. curve decreasing asymptotically for 𝑟 > 𝑅 ✓

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non - zero constant between 0 and 𝑅 ✓

c(i). «
𝑊
=
1 . 7 × 10-16
= » 1 . 1 × 103 «V» ✓
𝑞 1 . 60 × 10-19

1 1
c(ii). 8 . 99 × 109 × 𝑄 × -2 - -1 = 1 . 1 × 103 ✓
5 . 0 × 10 1 . 0 × 10
𝑄 = 1 . 2 × 10-8 « C » ✓

d. to highlight similarities between «different» fields ✓

[Link].TZ0.9
a.

there is a magnetic flux «linkage» in the coil / coil cuts magnetic field ✓

this flux «linkage» changes as the angle varies/coil rotates ✓

«Faraday’s law» connects induced emf with rate of change of flux «linkage» with time
✓

Do not award MP2 or 3 for answers that don’t discuss flux.

b(i). 𝑉rms =
25 × 103
« = 17 . 7 × 103 V» ✓ 𝐼rms =
8 . 5 × 105
= 48 « A » ✓
√2 17 . 7 × 103

b(ii). «power loss proportional to 𝐼2 hence the step-up factor is √2 . 5 × 102 » 16 ✓

b(iii). peak emf doubles ✓ 𝑇 halves ✓

Must show at least 1 cycle.

[Link].TZ0.1
a(i).

zero ✓

a(ii). Blades exert a downward force on the air ✓

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air exerts an equal and opposite force on the blades «by Newton’s third law»
OR
air exerts a reaction force on the blades «by Newton’s third law» ✓

Downward direction required for MP1.

a(iii). «lift force/change of momentum in one second» = 1 . 7𝑣 ✓

1 . 7𝑣 = 0 . 95 + 0 . 45 × 9 . 81 ✓ 𝑣 = 8 . 1 « ms-1 » AND answer expressed to 2 sf only ✓

Allow 8 . 2 from 𝑔 = 10 𝑚𝑠-2 .

b. vertical force = lift force – weight OR = 0 . 45 × 9 . 81 OR = 4 . 4 « N » ✓

0 . 45 × 9 . 81
acceleration =
0 . 95
= 4 . 6 « ms-2 » ✓

[Link].TZ0.12

(b)
radius of sphere = 0 . 012 « m » ✓ weight of sphere = 6πηrv + ρVg OR
✓
-2 -6
v=
1 . 26 × 10 - 915 × 7 . 24 × 10 × 9 . 81
✓ v = 6 . 84 « m s – 1 »
-3 -2
6π × 37 . 9 × 10 × 1 . 2 × 10

Accept use of g = 10 leading to v = 7 . 0 « m s – 1 »

Allow implicit calculation of radius for MP1

Do not allow ECF for MP3 if buoyant force omitted.

(c(i))
F = mg - ρVg OR F = 0 . 0126 × 9 . 81 - 915 × 7 . 24 × 10 - 6 × 9 . 81 ✓

F = 5 . 86 × 10 - 2 « N » ✓ Accept use of g = 10 leading to F = 6 . 0 × 10 - 2 N

[Link].TZ0.15

(a)
L σAT4
substitution of L = σAT4 into b = 2 giving b = 2
4πd 4πd

Removal of constants σ and 4π is optional

(b)
equation applies to Sirius/stars that are luminous/emit light «from fusion» ✓

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but Venus reflects the Sun’s light/does not emit light « from fusion » ✓ OWTTE

[Link].TZ0.3
a(i).

« 15 × 30 × 60 » = 27000 « J » ✓

a(ii). 27 × 103 = 0 . 32 × 𝑐 × 290 - 250 OR 2100 ✓ J kg-1 K-1 OR J kg-1 0

C-1 ✓

𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑦
Allow any appropriate unit that is 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 × 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒

b. «intermolecular» bonds are formed during freezing ✓

bond-forming process releases energy

OR
«intermolecular» PE decreases «and the difference is transferred as heat» ✓

«average random» KE of the molecules does not decrease/change ✓

temperature is related to «average» KE of the molecules «hence unchanged» ✓

To award MP3 or MP4 molecules/particles/atoms must be mentioned.

c. mass of frozen oil « =

27 × 103
» = 0 . 21 « kg » ✓
130 × 103

unfrozen mass « = 0 . 32 - 0 . 21 » = 0 . 11 « kg » ✓

[Link].TZ0.5
a.

current is not «directly» proportional to the potential difference

OR
resistance of X is not constant
OR
resistance of X changes «with current/voltage» ✓

b(i). ALTERNATIVE 1 voltage across X = 2 . 3 « V » ✓

voltage across R « = 4 . 0 - 2 . 3 » = 1 . 7 « V » ✓

resistance of variable resistor « =

1.7
0 . 020
» = 85 « Ω » ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2

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4.0
overall resistance « = » = 200 « Ω » ✓
0 . 020

2.3
resistance of X « = » = 115 « Ω » ✓
0 . 020

resistance of variable resistor « = 200 - 115 » = 85 « Ω » ✓

b(ii). power « = 4 . 0 × 0 . 020 » = 0 . 080 « W » ✓

c(i). from 0 to 60 mA ✓

c(ii). allows zero current through component X / potential divider arrangement ✓

provides greater range «of current through component X» ✓

[Link].TZ0.7

(a)
the « restoring » force/acceleration is proportional to displacement ✓

Allow use of symbols i.e. F ∝ - x or a ∝ - x

(b)
ρAg
Evidence of equating mω2 x = ρAgx «to obtain = ω2 » ✓
m

Answer to at least 3 s.f.

ω=√
1 . 03 × 103 × 2 . 29 × 10 - 1 × 9 . 81
118
OR 4 . 43 « rad s-1 » ✓

(c(ii))
energy never negative ✓ correct shape with two maxima ✓

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[Link].TZ1.10
a.

electrons are ejected from the surface of a metal ✓

after gaining energy from photons/electromagnetic radiation ✓

there is a minimum «threshold» energy/frequency

OR
maximum «threshold» wavelength ✓

𝑚𝑣2 » and manipulation to get 𝑣 ✓

1
b. «𝑒𝑉 = 2

𝑣=√
2 × 1 . 6 × 10-19 × 1 . 4
9 . 1 × 10 -31
OR 702 « km s-1 » ✓

Must see either complete substitution or calculation to at least 3 s.f. for MP2

c. 𝐸 = 2.3 + 1.4 ✓ = 3 . 4 × 10-7 m OR 340 nm ✓

-34 8
𝜆=
6 . 63 × 10
3 . 7 × 1 . 6 × 10
× 3 × 10
-19 ✓

Must see an appropriate unit to award MP3.

[Link].TZ1.2
a.

«circular motion» involves a changing velocity ✓

«Tangential velocity» is «always» perpendicular to centripetal force/acceleration ✓

there must be a force/acceleration towards centre/star ✓

without a centripetal force the planet will move in a straight line ✓

b. ( 6 . 67 × 10-11 ) ( 8 × 1024 ) ( 3 . 2 × 1030 )

𝐹= = 8 . 8 × 1023 «N» ✓
( 4 . 4 × 1010 ) 2

c.i. ( 6 . 67 × 10-11 ) ( 8 × 1024 )

Vplanet = «−» = «−» 5.9 × 107 «J kg−1» ✓
9 . 1 × 106

( 6 . 67 × 10-11 ) ( 3 . 2 × 1030 )
Vstar = «−» 10 = «−» 4.9 × 109 «J kg−1» ✓
4 . 4 × 10

Vplanet + Vstar = «−» 4.9 «09» × 109 «J kg−1» ✓

Must see substitutions and not just equations.

[Link]. use of vesc = √ 2𝑉 ✓ v = 9.91 × 104 «m s−1» ✓

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[Link].TZ1.8
a.

«travelling» wave moves along the length of the string and reflects «at fixed end» ✓

superposition/interference of incident and reflected waves ✓

the superposition of the reflections is reinforced only for certain wavelengths ✓

b.i. 𝜆 = 2𝑙 = 2 × 0 . 62 = « 1 . 24 m » ✓ 𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆 = 195 × 1 . 24 = 242 « m s-1 » ✓

Answer must be to 3 or more sf or working shown for MP2.

[Link]. straight line through origin with negative gradient ✓

[Link]. max velocity occurs at x = 0 ✓

𝑣 = « ( 2𝜋) ( 195 ) √0 . 0042 » = 4 . 9 « m s−1 » ✓

[Link]. 𝑎 = 2π 1952 × 0 . 004 = 6005 « m s−2 » ✓ = 600 g ✓

b.v. use of 𝐸 ∝ 𝐴2 OR 𝑥 o 2 ✓ 𝐴 = 0 . 4√ 2 = 0 . 57 « cm » ≅ 0.6 « cm » ✓

c.
62
3
= 21 « cm » ✓

[Link].TZ2.10
a.
-11 22
= » 1.8 ✓
𝐺𝑀 6 . 67 × 10 × 8 . 9 × 10
« 𝑟2
= 2
1 . 8 × 106

N kg−1 OR m s−2 ✓
b.i. 1 . 9 × 1027
4 . 9 × 108
AND 8 . 9 × 1022
1 . 8 × 106
seen ✓ «
1 . 9 × 1027 × 1 . 8 × 106
4 . 9 × 108 × 8 . 9 × 1022
= » 78 ✓

For MP1, potentials can be seen individually or as a ratio.

[Link].

«this is the escape speed for Io alone but» gravitational potential / field of Jupiter
must be taken into account ✓

OWTTE
c. -𝐺𝑀Jupiter
1
1 . 88 × 10
9 -
1
1 . 06 × 10
9 = « 5 . 21 × 107 J kg-1 » ✓

« multiplies by 3600 kg to get » 1.9 × 1011 «J» ✓

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Award [2] marks if factor of ½ used, taking into account orbital kinetic energies,
leading to a final answer of 9.4 x 1010 «J».

Allow ECF from MP1 Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer.

[Link].TZ2.8
a.i.

0 OR 2π OR 360° ✓

[Link]. 4λ ✓

[Link]. sin 𝜃 « =
XZ
» =
4𝜆
✓
Do not award ECF from(a)(ii).
VX 2𝑑

b. identifies gradient with

𝜆
𝑑
OR use of 𝑑 sin 𝜃 = 𝑛𝜆 ✓

gradient = 0.08 OR correct replacement in equation with coordinates of a point ✓

𝑑=
633 × 10
-9
= « 7 . 91 × 10-6 m » ✓ 1 . 26 × 102 OR 1 . 27 × 102 « mm-1 » ✓
0 . 080

Allow ECF from MP3

c.i. gradient smaller ✓

[Link]. no change ✓

[Link].TZ2.9
a.i.

photon transfers «all» energy to electron ✓

[Link]. photon energy is less than both work functions

OR
photon energy is insufficient «to remove an electron» ✓

Answer must be in terms of photon energy.

[Link]. Identifies P work function lower than Q work function ✓

b.

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changing/doubling intensity «changes/doubles number of photons arriving but» does

not change energy of photon ✓

c. 5 . 1 × 10-19 = 1 . 1 × 10-18 - ϕ ✓ ( 11 . 0 - 5 . 1 ) × 10
-19
work function = «
1 . 6 × 10-19
= » 3.7 «eV» ✓

Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer.

[Link].TZ1.1
a.

2𝑑
t = «√ =» 0.22 «s»
𝑔

OR
t=√
2 × 0 . 24
9.8
✓

Answer to 2 or more significant figures or formula with variables replaced by correct

values.

b. increasing straight line from zero up to 0.2 s in x-axis ✓ with gradient = 10 ✓

c. ALTERNATIVE 1 𝑡=
1 . 37
12
= «0.114 s» ✓
1
𝑦 = 2 × 10 × 0 . 1142 = 0 . 065 m ✓

so (0.24 − 0.065) = 0.175 > 0.15 OR 0.065 < (0.24 − 0.15) «so it goes over the net»
✓
ALTERNATIVE 2 «0.24 − 0.15 = 0.09 = 2 × 10 × 𝑡2 so» t = 0.134 s ✓
1

0.134 × 12 = 1.6 m ✓ 1.6 > 1.37 «so ball passed the net already» ✓
Allow use of g = 9.8.

d.i. ALTERNATIVE 1 KE = mv2 + mgh = 0.0027 ×10.52 + 0.0027 × 9.8 × 0.18 ✓

1
2
1
2

0.15 «J» ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2

Use of vx = 10.5 AND vy = 1.88 to get v = «√10 . 52 + 1 . 882 » = 10.67 «m s−1» ✓

KE =
1
2
× 0.0027 × 10.672 = 0.15 «J» ✓

[Link]. Δ𝑣 = 21 «m s−1» ✓ 𝐹 = 0 . 0027 × 21

0 . 01
OR 5.67 «N» ✓

any answer to 2 significant figures «N» ✓

[Link].TZ1.2
a.i.
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«circular motion» involves a changing velocity ✓

«Tangential velocity» is «always» perpendicular to centripetal force/acceleration ✓

there must be a force/acceleration towards centre/star ✓

without a centripetal force the planet will move in a straight line ✓

[Link]. gravitational force/force of gravity ✓

b. use of
𝐺𝑀
2 ✓ 6.4 «Nkg−1 or ms−2» ✓
𝑅

[Link].TZ1.3
a.i.

Ek = « 2 ( 1 . 38 × 10-23 ) ( 373 ) » = 7 . 7 × 10-21 «J» ✓

3

3 × 1 . 38 × 10-23 × 6 . 02 × 1023 × 373

v = «√ 0 . 018
» = 720 «m s−1» ✓

[Link]. particles can be considered points «without dimensions» ✓

no intermolecular forces/no forces between particles «except during collisions»✓

the volume of a particle is negligible compared to volume of gas ✓

collisions between particles are elastic ✓

time between particle collisions are greater than time of collision ✓

no intermolecular PE/no PE between particles ✓

Accept reference to atoms/molecules for “particle”

» = 2.3 x 106 «J kg-1» ✓ J kg−1 ✓

1600 × 200
b.i. «mL = P t» so «𝐿 =
0 . 14

[Link].

«all» of the energy added is used to increase the «intermolecular» potential energy of
the particles/break «intermolecular» bonds/OWTTE ✓

Accept reference to atoms/molecules for “particle”

c. use of mcΔT ✓ 0.86 × 4200 × (100 – T) = 0.3 × 1800 × (T +10) ✓

Teq = 85.69«°C» ≅ 86«°C» ✓ Accept Teq in Kelvin (359 K).

d.i. 𝑃=
𝑣2
so
2202
so 𝑅 = 30 . 25 «Ω» ✓
𝑅 1600

Must see either the substituted values OR a value for R to at least three s.f.

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[Link]. use of parallel resistors addition so Req = 15 «Ω» ✓ P = 3200 «W» ✓

[Link].TZ1.6
a.

«travelling» wave moves along the length of the string and reflects «at fixed end» ✓

superposition/interference of incident and reflected waves ✓

the superposition of the reflections is reinforced only for certain wavelengths ✓

b.i. 𝜆 = 2𝑙 = 2 × 0 . 62 = « 1 . 24 m » ✓ 𝑣 = 𝑓𝜆 = 195 × 1 . 24 = 242 « m s-1 » ✓

Answer must be to 3 or more sf or working shown for MP2.

[Link]. straight line through origin with negative gradient ✓

[Link].TZ1.8

(a)
«travelling» wave moves along the length of the string and reflects «at fixed end» ✓

superposition/interference of incident and reflected waves ✓

the superposition of the reflections is reinforced only for certain wavelengths ✓

(b.i)
λ = 2l = 2 × 0 . 62 = « 1 . 24 m » ✓ v = fλ = 195 × 1 . 24 = 242 « m s - 1 » ✓

Answer must be to 3 or more sf or working shown for MP2.

([Link])
straight line through origin with negative gradient ✓

(c)
62
3
= 21 « cm » ✓

[Link].TZ2.1
a.

Δ𝑝 = 0 . 45 × 19 OR 𝑎 =
19
0 . 055
✓

« =𝐹=
0 . 45 × 19
0 . 055
» 160 «N» ✓
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Allow [2] marks for a bald correct answer.

Allow ECF for MP2 if 19 sin22 OR 19 cos22 used.

b.i. horizontal speed = 19 × cos 22 « = 17 . 6 m s-1 » ✓

time = «
distance
=
11
= » 0 . 62 « s » ✓ Allow ECF for MP2
speed 19 cos 22

[Link]. initial vertical speed = 19 × sin 22 « = 7 . 1 m s-1 » ✓

« 7 . 12 × 0 . 624 - 0 . 5 × 9 . 81 × 0 . 6242 = » 2.5 « m » ✓
ball does not hit wall OR 2.5 «m» > 2.4 «m» ✓
Allow ECF from (b)(i) and from MP1

Allow g = 10 m s−2

c. air resistance opposes «direction of» motion

OR
air resistance opposes velocity ✓

on the way up «vertical» acceleration is increased OR greater than g ✓

on the way down «vertical» acceleration is decreased OR smaller than g ✓

Allow deceleration/acceleration but meaning must be clear

d. 13 « rad » s-1 ✓ Accept Hz

Unit must be seen for mark

Accept 4 𝜋 « rad » s-1

[Link].TZ2.5
a.

energy is not propagated by standing waves ✓

amplitude constant for travelling waves OR amplitude varies with position for
standing waves OR standing waves have nodes/antinodes ✓

phase varies with position for travelling waves OR phase constant inter-node for
standing waves ✓

travelling waves can have any wavelength OR standing waves have discrete
wavelengths ✓

OWTTE
b.i. «sound» wave «travels down tube and» is reflected ✓

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incident and reflected wave superpose/combine/interfere ✓

OWTTE
Do not award MP1 if the reflection is quoted at the walls/container

nodes shown at water surface AND 3 way up tube (by eye) ✓

2
[Link].

Accept drawing of displacement diagram for correct harmonic without nodes

specifically identified.

Award [0] if waveform is shown below the water surface

[Link]. 𝜆 = 0 . 74 « m » ✓ 𝑓= «
𝑐
=
320
= » 430 « Hz » ✓
Allow ECF from MP1
𝜆 0 . 74

[Link].TZ2.6
a.

there is a potential difference across the internal resistance

OR
there is energy/power dissipated in the internal resistance ✓

when there is current «in the cell»/as charge flows «through the cell» ✓

Allow full credit for answer based on 𝑉 = 𝜀 - 𝐼𝑟

b. ALTERNATIVE 1 internal resistance =

6.5
0.9
✓ 7.2 «Ω»✓
pd dropped across cell = 6 . 5 « V » ✓

𝜀 = 𝐼 ( 𝑅 + 𝑟 ) so 𝜀 = 𝑉 + 𝐼𝑟 ✓ 21 . 0 = 14 . 5 + 0 . 9 × 𝑟 ✓
ALTERNATIVE 2
7.2 «Ω» ✓
Alternative solutions are possible

Award [3] marks for a bald correct answer

c. power arriving at cell = 680 x 0.35 x 0.45 = «107 W» ✓

power in external circuit = 14.5 x 0.9 = «13.1 W» ✓ efficiency = 0.12 OR 12 % ✓

Allow ECF for MP3

Award [3] marks for a bald correct answer

d. «energy from Sun/photovoltaic cells» is renewable non-polluting/clean ✓

OR
non-renewable are running out ✓

no greenhouse gases
OR OWTTE
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does not contribute to global warming/climate change ✓

Do not allow economic aspects (e.g. free energy)

[Link].TZ0.5
a.
70
3.5
✓

b.i. shape as above ✓

[Link]. shape as above ✓

Vertical lines not necessary to score. Allow ECF from (b)(i).

c.i. ALTERNATIVE 1
maximum flux at «5 . 0 × 5 . 0 × 10-4 × 85 × 0 . 94» = 0 . 19975 ≈ 0 . 20 «Wb» ✓
0 . 20
emf = « = » 0 . 80 «V» ✓
0 . 25
ALTERNATIVE 2
emf induced in one turn = BvL = 0 . 94 × 0 . 20 × 0 . 05 = 0 . 0094 «V» ✓

emf = 85 × 0 . 0094 = 0 . 80 «V» ✓ Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer.

Allow ECF from MP1.

[Link]. 𝐼= «
𝑉
𝑅
= »
0.8
2.4
OR 0 . 33 «A» ✓

𝐹 = « 𝑁𝐵𝐼𝐿 = 85 × 0 . 94 × 0 . 33 × 0 . 05 = » = 1 . 3 «N» ✓ Allow ECF from (c)(i).

Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer.

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d.i. Energy is being dissipated for 0.50 s ✓

𝐸 = 𝐹𝑣𝑡 = 1 . 3 × 0 . 20 × 0 . 50 = «0 . 13 J»

OR 𝐸 = 𝑉𝑙𝑡 = 0 . 80 × 0 . 33 × 0 . 50 = «0 . 13 J» ✓ Allow ECF from (b) and (c).

Watch for candidates who do not justify somehow the use of 0.5 s and just divide by
2 their answer.

[Link]. ∆𝑇 =
0 . 13
✓ ∆𝑇 = 1 . 9 × 10-2 «K» ✓
0 . 018 × 385

Allow [2] marks for a bald correct answer. Award [1] for a POT error in MP1.

[Link].TZ0.7
a.
5
𝑉𝑅 3 . 4 × 10 × 0 . 48
𝑄= « = » 9
𝑘 8 . 99 × 10

OR
𝑄 = 18 . 2 «μC» ✓

b.i. electrons leave the small sphere «making it positively charged» ✓

𝑞1 𝑞2
[Link]. 𝑘 =𝑘 ⇒ 𝑞1 = 2𝑞2 ✓ 𝑞1 + 𝑞2 = 18 ✓ so 𝑞1 = 12 «μC», 𝑞2 = 6 . 0 «μC» ✓
48 24

Award [3] marks for a bald correct answer.

[Link].TZ0.8

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a.

the change in the observed frequency ✓

when there is relative motion between the source and the observer ✓

Do not award MP1 if they refer to wavelength.

b. use of 2π𝑓𝐴 ✓ maximum speed is 2π × 39 × 0 . 080 = 19 . 6 «m s−1» ✓

Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

340 + 19 . 6
c. frequency at plate 2400 × « = 2538 Hz»
340

340
at source 2538 ×
340 - 19 . 6
= 2694 ≈ 2700 «Hz» ✓

Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer.

Award [1] mark when the effect is only applied once.

d.i. stays the same ✓

[Link]. decreases ✓

[Link]. decreases ✓

[Link].TZ0.3

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a.

𝑇 = 4 × 10-3 «s» or 𝑓 = 250 «Hz» ✓

𝜆 = 340 × 4 . 0 × 10-3 = 1 . 36 ≈ 1 . 4 «m» ✓

Allow ECF from MP1.

Award [2] for a bald correct answer.

b.i. «±»
π
2
/ 90° OR 3π
2
/ 270° ✓

[Link]. 1.5 «ms» ✓

[Link]. 8.0 OR 8.5 «μm» ✓

From the graph on the paper, value is 8.0. From the calculated correct trig functions,
value is 8.49.
3
c.i. L = « 𝜆 = » 0.90 «m» ✓
4

[Link]. to the right ✓ displacement is getting less negative OR

change of displacement is positive ✓

[Link]. horizontal line drawn at the equilibrium position ✓

[Link].TZ0.4
a.
4.5
«𝑉 = 0 . 25
= » 18 «V» ✓

b.i. 𝐹 = 0 . 66 «N» ✓
9 -6 -6
8 . 99 × 10 × 68 × 10 × 0 . 25 × 10
𝐹= 2 ✓
0 . 48

Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer. Allow symbolic k in substitutions for MP1.

Do not allow ECF from incorrect or not squared distance.

[Link]. Q moves to the right/away from P «along a straight line» OR

Q is repelled from P ✓
with increasing speed/Q accelerates ✓

acceleration decreases ✓

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c.i. arrow of any length as shown ✓

[Link]. «using components or Pythagoras to get» B = 21 «mT» ✓

directed «horizontally» to the right ✓ If no unit seen, assume mT.

[Link].TZ0.5
a.i.

the energy needed to «completely» separate the nucleons of a nucleus

OR
the energy released when a nucleus is assembled from its constituent nucleons ✓

Accept reference to protons AND neutrons.

[Link]. curve rising to a maximum between 50 and 100 ✓

curve continued and decreasing ✓ Ignore starting point.

Ignore maximum at alpha particle

[Link]. At a point on the peak of their graph ✓

b.i. correct mass numbers for uranium (234) and alpha (4) ✓

234 × 7 . 600 + 4 × 7 . 074 - 238 × 7 . 568 «MeV» ✓ energy released 5.51 «MeV» ✓

Ignore any negative sign.

234
[Link]. 𝑝2
« = » 58 . 5 ✓
𝐾𝐸
« 𝐾𝐸𝛼
𝑈
=» 2𝑚𝛼
𝑝2 OR 𝑚𝑈
𝑚𝛼
✓ 4
2𝑚𝑈

Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer. Accept 117

for MP2.
2

[Link].TZ0.6
a.i.

incident intensity
1360
9 . 32
OR 15 . 7 ≈ 16 «W m−2» ✓
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Allow the use of 1400 for the solar constant.

[Link]. exposed surface is ¼ of the total surface ✓

absorbed intensity = (1−0.22) × incident intensity ✓

0.78 × 0.25 × 15.7 OR 3.07 «W m−2» ✓

Allow 3.06 from rounding and 3.12 if they use 16 W m−2.

[Link]. σT 4 = 3.07 OR T = 86 «K» ✓

b.i.

correct equating of gravitational force / acceleration to centripetal force /

acceleration ✓

correct rearrangement to reach the expression given ✓

for MP1.
𝐺𝑀 2π𝑅
Allow use of √ 𝑅
= 𝑇

[Link]. 𝑇 = 15 . 9 × 24 × 3600 «s» ✓ 4π2 1 . 2 × 10

93
𝑀= -11 2 = 5 . 4 × 1026 «kg» ✓
6 . 67 × 10 × 15 . 9 × 24 × 3600

Award [2] marks for a bald correct answer. Allow ECF from MP1.

[Link].TZ1.3

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a.

movement of B means that path distance is different « between BM and AM »

OR
movement of B creates a path difference «between BM and AM» ✓

interference
OR
superposition «of waves» ✓

maximum when waves arrive in phase / path difference = n x lambda

OR
minimum when waves arrive «180° or 𝜋 » out of phase / path difference = (n+½) x
lambda ✓

b. wavelength = 26 cm ✓

OR
peak to peak distance is the path difference which is one wavelength

this is the distance B moves to be back in phase «with A» ✓

Allow 25 – 27 cm for MP1.

𝑐 340
c. 𝜆
« 2 » = 13 cm ✓ 𝑓 = «𝜆 = = » 2.6 «kHz» ✓
0 . 13

Allow ½ of wavelength from (b) or data from graph for MP1. Allow ECF from MP1.

d. ALTERNATIVE 1𝑣
use of 𝑓' = 𝑓 𝑣 + 𝑢 (+ sign must be seen) OR 𝑓'= 2987 «Hz» ✓
0
« 𝛥𝑓» = 13 «Hz» ✓

ALTERNATIVE 2
𝛥𝑓 𝑣
Attempted use of ≈
𝑓 𝑐

« Δf » = 13 «Hz» ✓

[Link].TZ1.1
a.

direction of motion is different / OWTTE ✓

mv / magnitude of momentum is different «even though v the same» ✓

b. use of ma = mg − T «3.5 x 2.4 = 3.5g − T » OR T = 3.5(g − 2.4) ✓ 26 «N» ✓

Accept 27 N from g = 10 m s−2

proper use of kinematic equation ✓ −1

c.i. √ 2 × 2 . 4 × 0 . 95 = 2 . 14 «m s » ✓

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Must see either the substituted values OR a value for v to at least three s.f. for MP2.

[Link]. use of 𝜔 =
𝑣
𝑟
to give 84 «rad s−1» OR 𝜔 = 2 . 1 / 0 . 025 to give 84 «rad s−1» ✓

quoted to 2sf only✓

d. ALTERNATIVE 1 «𝑣2 = 𝑢2 + 2𝑎𝑠 ⇒ 0 = 2 . 12 - 2𝑎 × 0 . 35» leading to a = 6.3 «m s-2»

OR « 𝑥 = 1 / 2𝑢 + 𝑣𝑡 » leading to t = 0.33 « s » ✓

Fnet = « 𝑚𝑎 = 1 . 5 × 6 . 3 = » 9.45 «N» ✓

Weight down ramp = 1.5 x 9.8 x sin(30) = 7.4 «N» ✓

friction force = net force – weight down ramp = 2.1 «N» ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2
kinetic energy initial = work done to stop 0.5 x 1.5 x (2.1)2 = FNET x 0.35 ✓

Fnet = 9.45 «N» ✓ Weight down ramp = 1.5 x 9.8 x sin(30) = 7.4 «N» ✓

friction force = net force – weight down ramp = 2.1 «N» ✓

Accept 1.95 N from g = 10 m s-2.

Accept 2.42 N from u = 2.14 m s-1.

e. static coefficient of friction > dynamic/kinetic coefficient of friction / μs > μk ✓

«therefore» force of dynamic/kinetic friction will be less than the force of

static friction ✓

there will be a net / unbalanced forward force once in motion «which results
in acceleration»

OR reference to net F = ma ✓

[Link].TZ1.2
a.

energy required for milk entering in 1 s = mass x specific heat x 73 ✓

16 kW OR 16000 W ✓

MP1 is for substitution into mcΔT regardless of power of ten.

Allow any correct unit of power (such as J s-1 OR kJ s-1) if paired with an answer to the
correct power of 10 for MP2.

b. Underestimate / more energy or power required ✓

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because energy transferred as heat / thermal energy is lost «to surroundings or

electrical components» ✓

Do not allow general term “energy” or “power” for MP2.

c.

the temperature has increased so the internal energy / « average » KE «of the
molecules» has increased OR temperature is proportional to average KE «of the
molecules». ✓

«therefore» the «average» speed of the molecules or particles is higher OR more

frequent collisions « between molecules » OR spacing between molecules has
increased OR average force of collisions is higher OR intermolecular forces are less
OR intermolecular bonds break and reform at a higher rate OR molecules are
vibrating faster. ✓

d.i. conduction/conducting/conductor «through metal» ✓

[Link]. use of 𝑃 = 𝑒𝜎𝐴𝑇4 where T = 357 K ✓ use of 𝐴 = 2𝜋 𝑟 𝑙 « = 0.236 m2» ✓

P = 87 «W» ✓ Allow 85 – 89 W for MP3. Allow ECF for MP3.

[Link]. convection «is likely to be a significant loss» ✓

«due to reduction in density of air near pipe surface» hot air rises «and is replaced by
cooler air from elsewhere»

OR «due to» conduction «of heat or thermal energy» from pipe to air ✓

[Link].TZ1.3
a.

movement of B means that path distance is different « between BM and AM »

OR
movement of B creates a path difference «between BM and AM» ✓

interference
OR
superposition «of waves» ✓

maximum when waves arrive in phase / path difference = n x lambda

OR
minimum when waves arrive «180° or 𝜋 » out of phase / path difference = (n+½) x
lambda ✓

b. wavelength = 26 cm ✓

OR
peak to peak distance is the path difference which is one wavelength

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this is the distance B moves to be back in phase «with A» ✓

Allow 25 − 27 cm for MP1.

𝑐 340
c. 𝜆
« 2 » = 13 cm ✓ 𝑓=« = = » 2.6 «kHz» ✓
𝜆 0 . 13

Allow ½ of wavelength from (b) or data from graph.

[Link].TZ1.6

(a)
For both models:
displacement is ∝ to acceleration/force «because graph is straight and through origin»
✓

displacement and acceleration / force in opposite directions «because gradient

is negative»
OR
acceleration/«restoring» force is always directed to equilibrium ✓

(b)
suitable read-offs leading to gradient of line = 28 « s -2 » ✓
a
attempted use of ω2 = - x
✓

T=
2π
«
2π
»✓ T=1.2s✓
ω √28

(c)
time period increases ✓ because average ω «for whole cycle» is smaller OR
slope / acceleration / force at large x is smaller OR
area under graph B is smaller so average speed is smaller. ✓

(d)
same curve OR shape for small amplitudes «to about 0.05 m» ✓

for large amplitudes «outside of 0.05 m» E p smaller for model B / values are lower than
original / spread will be wider ✓ OWTTE

Accept answers drawn on graph – e.g.

[Link].TZ2.2
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a.

Correct conversion of T «T = 310 K» seen ✓

to get » 2.3 × 1023 ✓

𝑝𝑉
« use of = 𝑁 = 𝑘𝑇

Allow ECF from MP1 i.e., T in Celsius (Result is 2.7 x 1024)

Allow use of n, R and NA

b.i. density decreases ✓

volume is increased AND mass/number of particles remains constant ✓

[Link]. internal energy is constant ✓

OR
internal energy depends on kinetic energy/temperature «only»

since temperature/kinetic energy is constant ✓

Do not award MP2 for stating that “temperature is constant” unless linked to the
correct conclusion, as that is mentioned in the stem.

Award MP2 for stating that kinetic energy remains constant.

[Link].TZ2.3
a.i.

«incident and reflected» waves superpose/interfere/combine ✓

«that leads to» standing waves formed OR nodes and antinodes present ✓

at antinodes / maxima there is maximum intensity / constructive interference

/ «displacement» addition / louder sound ✓

at nodes / minima there is minimum intensity / destructive interference

/ «displacement» cancellation / quieter sound ✓

OWTTE
Allow a sketch of a standing wave for MP2

Allow a correct reference to path or phase differences to identify constructive /

destructive interference

wavelength = 0.24 «m» ✓ 𝑓 = « 0 . 24 =» 1.4 «kHz» OR 1400 «Hz» ✓

340
[Link].

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Allow ECF from MP1

b. relates intensity to amplitude ✓

antinodes / maximum intensity will be decreased / quieter ✓

nodes / minimum will be increased / louder ✓ difference in intensities will be less ✓

maxima and minima are at the same positions ✓ OWTTE

[Link].TZ0.6

(a)
according to Δ E = Δ mc 2 / identifies mass energy equivalence ✓

energy is released when nucleons come together / a nucleus is formed «so nucleus has
less mass than individual nucleons»

OR
energy is required to «completely» separate the nucleons / break apart a nucleus «so
individual nucleons have more mass than nucleus» ✓

Accept protons and neutrons.

(a)
according to Δ E = Δ mc 2 / identifies mass energy equivalence ✓

energy is released when nucleons come together / a nucleus is formed «so nucleus has
less mass than individual nucleons»

OR
energy is required to «completely» separate the nucleons / break apart a nucleus «so
individual nucleons have more mass than nucleus» ✓

Accept protons and neutrons.

(b.i)
( m polonium − m lead − m α ) c 2 OR (209.93676 − 205.92945 − 4.00151) OR
mass difference = 5.8 × 10 −3 ✓ conversion to MeV using 931.5 to give 5.4 «MeV» ✓

Allow ECF from MP1 . Award [2] for a BCA . Award [1] for 8.6 x 10 −13 J.

([Link])
ALTERNATIVE 1 energy ratio expressed in terms of momentum, e.g.
Eα
= 2
p2α / 2mα
✓
Elead plead / 2mlead

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Eα mlead
pα = plead hence
Elead
=
mα
✓

mlead
mα
≃
206
4
= 51 . 5 ⇒ Eα = 51 . 5Elead «so α has a much greater KE» OR
mlead «much» greater than malpha «so α has a much greater KE» ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2
alpha particle and lead particle have equal and opposite momenta ✓

so their velocities are inversely proportional to mass ✓

but KE ∝ v 2 «so α has a much greater KE» ✓

([Link])
photon energy is determined by its wavelength ✓

photons are emitted when nucleus undergoes transitions between its «nuclear» energy
levels

OR photon energy equals the difference between «nuclear» energy levels ✓

OR energy is quantized / discrete ✓

photons have the same energy / a fixed value

(c)
-8
undecayed mass = 5 . 0 × e - 5 . 8 × 10 × 365 × 24 × 60 × 60 « = 0 . 8 g» ✓

mass of decayed polonium « = 5 . 0 - undecayed mass» = 4 . 2 «g» ✓

206
mass of lead « = × 4 . 2 » = 4 . 1 «g» ✓
210

Allow [2] max for answers that ignore mass difference between Pb and Po (4.2 g).

Allow calculations in number of particles or moles for MP1 and MP2 .

Allow ECF from MP1 and MP2 .

[Link].TZ0.7

(a.i)
smooth curve decreasing from I0 to 0 between 0 and x ✓

secondary maximum correctly placed AND of intensity less than 0.3 I0 ✓

E.g.

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(a.i)
smooth curve decreasing from I0 to 0 between 0 and x ✓

secondary maximum correctly placed AND of intensity less than 0.3 I0 ✓

E.g.

[Link].TZ0.8

(a)
potential greater at Y ✓
ΔVe
«from E = - Δr
» the potential increases in the direction opposite to field strength «so
from X to Y»

OR opposite to the direction of the field lines, «so from X to Y» OR

«from W = q ∆ Ve » work done to move a positive charge from X to Y is positive «so the
potential increases from X to Y» ✓

(a)
potential greater at Y ✓

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ΔVe
«from E = - Δr
» the potential increases in the direction opposite to field strength «so
from X to Y»

OR opposite to the direction of the field lines, «so from X to Y» OR

«from W = q ∆ Ve » work done to move a positive charge from X to Y is positive «so the
potential increases from X to Y» ✓

(b.i)
orbital radius = 6 . 4 × 106 + 5 . 0 × 105 « = 6 . 9 × 106 m» ✓

OR 2 . 3 × 1010 «J» ✓
- 11 24
1 6 . 67 × 10 × 6 . 0 × 10
KE = 2
× 8 . 0 × 102 × 6
6 . 9 × 10

Award [1] max for answers ignoring orbital height (KE = 2.5 × 10 10 J ).

([Link])
1 1
change in PE = 6 . 67 × 10 - 11 × 6 . 0 × 1024 × 8 . 0 × 102 - = «
6 . 4 × 106 6 . 9 × 106
3 . 6 × 109 J» ✓

energy needed = KE + ΔPE = 2 . 7 × 1010 «J» ✓ Allow ECF from 8(b)(i).

[Link].TZ0.1

(a)
g OR 9.81 «m s −2 » OR acceleration of gravity/due to free fall ✓ Accept 10 « m s −2 ».

Ignore sign. Do not accept bald “gravity”.

Accept answer that indicates tangent of the graph at time t=0.

(a)
g OR 9.81 «m s −2 » OR acceleration of gravity/due to free fall ✓ Accept 10 « m s −2 ».

Ignore sign. Do not accept bald “gravity”.

Accept answer that indicates tangent of the graph at time t=0.

(b)
Identification of air resistance/drag force «acting upwards» ✓

«that» increases with speed ✓ OR

«until» weight and air resistance cancel out

net force/acceleration becomes zero ✓

A statement as “air resistance increases with speed” scores MP1 and MP2 .

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(c.i)
«loss in» GPE = 3.4 × 10 −5 × 9.81 × 21 «= 7.0 × 10 −3 » «J» OR
«gain in» KE = 0.5 × 3.4 × 10 −5 × 9.0 2 «= 1.4 × 10 −3 » «J» ✓

energy transferred to air «=7.0 × 10 −3 − 1.4 × 10 −3 » = 5.6 × 10 −3 » «J» ✓

any calculated answer to 2 sf ✓

Allow [1] through the use of kinematics assuming constant acceleration.

Allow ECF from MP1 .

([Link])
«gravitational» potential energy «of the raindrop» into thermal/internal energy «of the
air» ✓

Accept heat for thermal energy. Accept into kinetic energy of air particles.

Ignore sound energy.

[Link].TZ0.2

(a.i)
energy required = 250 × 4200 × (30 − 15) ✓ energy available = 0.30 × 680 × t × A ✓

A=«
250 × 4200 × 15
= » 21 «m 2 » OR 22 «m 2 » ✓ Allow ECF from MP1 and MP2 .
0 . 30 × 680 × 60 × 60

Accept the correct use of 0.30 in either MP1 or MP2 .

([Link])
absorbed intensity = (1 − 0.2) × 680 «= 544» «W m −2 » OR
emitted intensity = 0.97 × 5.67 × 10 −8 × T 4 ✓ 544
T = 4√ - 8 = 315 «K» ✓
0 . 97 × 5 . 67 × 10

42 «°C» ✓ Allow ECF from MP1 and MP2 .

Allow MP1 if absorbed or emitted intensity is multiplied by area.

(b.i)
can be liquefied ✓ has intermolecular forces / potential energy ✓

has atoms/molecules that are not point objects / take up volume ✓

does not follow the ideal gas law «for all T and p » ✓

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collisions between particles are non-elastic ✓ Accept the converse argument.

([Link])
ALTERNATIVE 1 «constant p and V imply» nT = const ✓

T increases hence n decreases ✓

ALTERNATIVE 2
«constant p and n imply» V is proportional to T / air expands as it is heated ✓

«original» air occupies a greater volume OR some air leaves through opening ✓

MP2 in ALT 2 must come from expansion of air, not from expansion of water.
Award [0] for an answer based on expansion of water.

Award [1] max for an answer based on convection currents.

[Link].TZ0.3

(a.i)
oscillation in antiphase ✓ smaller amplitude than P ✓

(a.i)
oscillation in antiphase ✓ smaller amplitude than P ✓

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([Link])
= 190 «m s −1 » ✓
2 0 . 53
wavelength = 3
× 0 . 80 = 0 . 53 «m» ✓ speed = -3
2 . 8 × 10

Allow ECF from incorrect wavelength.

(b.i)
kg m s −2 OR m 2 s −2 seen ✓ kg m −1 ✓ Award [2] for a BCA .

([Link])
speed increases hence frequency increases ✓ by factor √ 2 ✓

(c)
travelling waves transfer energy OR standing waves don’t ✓

amplitude of oscillation varies along a standing wave OR is constant along a travelling

wave ✓

standing waves have nodes and antinodes OR travelling waves don’t ✓

points in an internodal region have same phase in standing waves OR different phase in
travelling waves ✓

(c.i)
travelling waves transfer energy OR standing waves don’t ✓

amplitude of oscillation varies along a standing wave OR is constant along a travelling

wave ✓

standing waves have nodes / antinodes OR travelling waves don’t ✓

points in an internodal region have same phase in standing waves OR different phase in
travelling waves ✓

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([Link])
ALTERNATIVE 1 critical angle = 13 ° «from sin θc =
340
1500
»✓

the angle of incidence is greater than θc hence the sound can’t enter water ✓

ALTERNATIVE 2 sin θr =
1500
340
sin 30 ° ✓

sine value greater than one hence the sound can’t enter water ✓

Conclusion must be justified, award [0] for BCA .

[Link].TZ0.4

(a)
horizontal component of any length to the left ✓

vertical component two squares long upwards ✓ E.g.

Ignore point of application.

Award [1] max if arrowhead not present.

(a)
horizontal component of any length to the left ✓

vertical component two squares long upwards ✓ E.g.

Ignore point of application.

Award [1] max if arrowhead not present.

(b)
ALTERNATIVE 1 the net/centripetal force has constant magnitude ✓

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the direction of the net/centripetal force constantly changes ✓

this is achieved by vector-adding weight and the force from the rod OR
the force from the rod is vector difference of the centripetal force and weight ✓

ALTERNATIVE 2 at the top F rod = F c − W ✓ at the bottom, F rod = F c + W ✓

net F/F c is constant so the force from the rod is different «hence is changing» ✓

Accept reference to centripetal or net force indistinctly.

Allow reference to centripetal acceleration.

[Link].TZ0.5

(a)
infinite resistance OR no current is flowing through it ✓

(b.i)
- 50 . 0 OR 0 . 68 «Ω» ✓
1 . 47 1 . 49
current = = 2 . 94 × 10 - 2 «A» ✓ r = -2
50 . 0 2 . 94 × 10

For MP2 , allow any other correctly substituted expression for r.

([Link])
29.4 (50.0 + r ) = 139 (10.0 + r ) ✓

OR 0.73 «Ω» ✓
attempt to solve for r , e.g. 29.4 × 50.0 − 139 × 10.0 = r (139 − 29.4)

Do not allow working backwards from 0.7 Ω.

([Link])
139 × 10 −3 (10.0 + 0.73) OR 29.4 × 10 −3 (50.0 + 0.73) ✓
1.49 «V» ✓

Watch for ECF from 5(b)(i).

(c.i)
charge/carriers are moving in a magnetic field ✓

there is a magnetic force on them / quote F = qvB OR

this creates a magnetic field that interacts with the external magnetic field ✓

Accept electrons. For MP2 , the force must be identified as acting on charge / carriers.

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([Link])
into the plane «of the paper» ✓

[Link].TZ0.6

(a)
according to Δ E = Δ mc 2 / identifies mass energy equivalence ✓

energy is released when nucleons come together / a nucleus is formed «so nucleus has
less mass than individual nucleons»

OR
energy is required to «completely» separate the nucleons / break apart a nucleus «so
individual nucleons have more mass than nucleus» ✓

Accept protons and neutrons.

(a)
according to Δ E = Δ mc 2 / identifies mass energy equivalence ✓

energy is released when nucleons come together / a nucleus is formed «so nucleus has
less mass than individual nucleons»

OR
energy is required to «completely» separate the nucleons / break apart a nucleus «so
individual nucleons have more mass than nucleus» ✓

Accept protons and neutrons.

(b.i)
( m polonium − m lead − m α ) c 2 OR (209.93676 − 205.92945 − 4.00151) OR
mass difference = 5.8 × 10 −3 ✓ conversion to MeV using 931.5 to give 5.4 «MeV» ✓

Allow ECF from MP1 . Award [2] for a BCA . Award [1] for 8.6 x 10 −13 J.

([Link])
ALTERNATIVE 1 energy ratio expressed in terms of momentum, e.g.
Eα
= 2
p2α / 2mα
✓
Elead plead / 2mlead

Eα mlead
pα = plead hence Elead
= mα
✓

mlead
mα
≃
206
4
= 51 . 5 ⇒ Eα = 51 . 5Elead «so α has a much greater KE» OR
mlead «much» greater than malpha «so α has a much greater KE» ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2

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alpha particle and lead particle have equal and opposite momenta ✓

so their velocities are inversely proportional to mass ✓

but KE ∝ v 2 «so α has a much greater KE» ✓

([Link])
alpha particle ✓

is electrically charged hence more likely to interact with electrons «in the surrounding
material» ✓

[Link].TZ1.3

(a)
«A wave where the» displacement of particles/oscillations of particles/movement of
particles/vibrations of particles is perpendicular/normal to the direction of energy
transfer/wave travel/wave velocity/wave movement/wave propagation ✓

Allow medium, material, water, molecules, or atoms for particles.

(i)
«A wave where the» displacement of particles/oscillations of particles/movement of
particles/vibrations of particles is perpendicular/normal to the direction of energy
transfer/wave travel/wave velocity/wave movement/wave propagation ✓

Allow medium, material, water, molecules, or atoms for particles.

(ii)
v = «0.50 × 16 =» 8.0 «m s −1 » ✓

(iii)
P at (8, 1.2) ✓

(iv)
ALTERNATIVE 1 ALTERNATIVE 2
2π λ
Phase difference is λ
× 2
✓
«= π » ✓

One wavelength/period represents «phase difference» of 2 π and «corks» are ½

wavelength/period apart so phase difference is π / OWTTE ✓

(b)
light acts as a wave «and not a particle in this situation» ✓

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light at slits will diffract / create a diffraction pattern ✓

light passing through slits will interfere / create an interference pattern «creating bright
and dark spots» ✓

(c)
The amplitude «at x = 0» will be doubled ✓

intensity is proportional to amplitude squared / I ∝ A 2 ✓

(i)
The amplitude «at x = 0» will be doubled ✓

intensity is proportional to amplitude squared / I ∝ A 2 ✓

(ii)

Use of s =
λD
d
⇒λ=
sd
D
OR s = nλD
d
sd
⇒ λ = nD ✓
-2 -3
=» 4.6 × 10 −7 «m» ✓
0 . 567 × 10 × 0 . 18 × 10
λ=« 2.2

(iii)
Stays the same: Position/location of maxima/distance/separation between maxima «will
be the same» / OWTTE ✓

Changes: Intensity/brightness/width/sharpness «of maxima will change»/ OWTTE ✓

Allow other phrasing for maxima (fringes, spots, etc).

[Link].TZ1.5

(a)
Weak nuclear: 2 ticks ✓
Strong nuclear: quarks only ✓

(i)
«𝜇» = 2.0141 + 3.0160 − (4.0026 + 1.008665) «= 0.0188 u» OR
In MeV: 1876.13415 + 2809.404 − (3728.4219 + 939.5714475) ✓

= 0.0188 × 931.5 OR = 17.512 «MeV» ✓

Must see either clear substitutions or answer to at least 3 s.f. for MP2 .

(i)

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Requires high temp/pressure ✓

Must overcome Coulomb/intermolecular repulsion ✓
Difficult to contain / control «at high temp/pressure» ✓
Difficult to produce excess energy/often energy input greater than output / OWTTE ✓
Difficult to capture energy from fusion reactions ✓
Difficult to maintain/sustain a constant reaction rate ✓

(ii)
Plentiful fuel supplies OR larger specific energy OR larger energy density OR little or no
«major radioactive» waste products ✓

Allow descriptions such as “more energy per unit mass” or “more energy per unit
volume”

(i)
3✓ Do not accept 32He by itself.

(iii)

»0.056«y −1 » OR 0 . 5 12 . 3 OR e - 1 × 12 . 3 0.945 OR 94.5% ✓

1 ln 2
ln 2
λ=« 12 . 3

Allow ECF from MP1

[Link].TZ1.6

(a)
Constant, non-zero within spheres ✓ A clear, non-zero positive minimum at C ✓

Symmetric bowl shaped up curved shape in between ✓

Do not allow a bowl shaped down curve for MP3 .

(i)
Constant, non-zero within spheres ✓ A clear, non-zero positive minimum at C ✓

Symmetric bowl shaped up curved shape in between ✓

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Do not allow a bowl shaped down curve for MP3 .

(ii)
8 . 99 × 109 × 2 . 0 × 10 - 3
V «= 2 × » = 6.0 × 10 7 «V» ✓
0 . 60

W = «qV = 6.0 × 10 7 × 4.0 × 10 −9 =» 0.24 «J» ✓ Allow ECF from MP1

(i)
The restoring force/acceleration is opposite to the displacement/towards equilibrium /
OWTTE ✓
and proportional to displacement from equilibrium / OWTTE✓

Allow discussions based on the diagram (such as towards C for towards equilibrium).

Accept F ∝ x OR a ∝ x for MP2

(ii)

ω=√
32kQq
mD3
OR use of F = mω 2 r OR F = 1.33 x OR a = 53.3 x ✓
9 -3 -9
» = 7.299 «s −1 »
32 × 8 . 99 × 10 × 2 . 0 × 10 × 4 . 0 × 10
«√ 3
0 . 025 × 1 . 2

(c)
the net force will no longer be a restoring force/directed towards equilibrium OR
the gravitational force is attractive/neutral mass would be pulled towards larger masses/
OWTTE ✓
«and so» no, motion will not be the same/no longer be SHM / OWTTE ✓

[Link].TZ1.7

(a)
The induced emf is equal/proportional/related to the «rate of» change of «magnetic»
flux/flux linkage ✓

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Flux is changing because the area pierced/enclosed by magnetic field lines changes
«decreases»

OR Flux is changing because the loop is leaving/moving out of the «magnetic» field. ✓

Need to see a connection between the EMF and change in flux for MP1 .

Need to see a connection between the area changing or leaving the field and the
change in flux for MP2

(a)
The induced emf is equal/proportional/related to the «rate of» change of «magnetic»
flux/flux linkage ✓

Flux is changing because the area pierced/enclosed by magnetic field lines changes
«decreases»

OR Flux is changing because the loop is leaving/moving out of the «magnetic» field. ✓

Need to see a connection between the EMF and change in flux for MP1 .

Need to see a connection between the area changing or leaving the field and the
change in flux for MP2

(b)
mg = BIL OR I = 0.33 «A» ✓ BvL = IR OR ℰ = 8.25 × 10 −3 «V» OR ℰ = 0.12 v ✓

=» 0.068 «m s −1 »
mgR 0 . 040 × 9 . 81 × 0 . 025
Combining results to get v = 2 2 ✓ v=« 2 2
B L 0 . 80 × 0 . 15

Allow ECF between steps if clear work is shown.

[Link].TZ1.8

(a)
hc hc
Use of E max = λ
-ϕ⇒ϕ= λ
- E max ✓
- 34 8
hc 6 . 63 × 10 3 × 10
ϕ= « − E max = − 1.81» = 0.85625 ≈ 0.86 «eV» ✓
λ 468 × 10 - 9 1 . 6 × 10 - 19

(i)
hc hc
Use of E max = -ϕ⇒ϕ= - E max ✓
λ λ

hc 6 . 63 × 10 - 34 3 × 108
ϕ= « λ
− E max = -9 - 19 − 1.81» = 0.85625 ≈ 0.86 «eV» ✓
468 × 10 1 . 6 × 10

(ii)
hc hc 6 . 63 × 10 - 34 3 × 108
Use of λ
=ϕ⇒λ= ϕ
✓ λ= « =» 1.45 × 10 −6 «m»✓
468 × 10 - 9 1 . 6 × 10 - 19

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Allow ECF from a(i)

(i)
2e AND 82e seen OR 3.2 × 10 −19 «C» AND 1.312 × 10 −17 «C» seen ✓
8 . 99 × 109 × ( 2e ) ( 82e )
d= = 3.998 × 10 −14 ≈ 4 × 10 −14 «m» ✓
5 . 9 × 106 × e

Must see either clear substitutions or answer to at least 4 s.f. for MP2 .

(ii)
The closest approach is «significantly» larger than the radius of the nucleus / far away
from the nucleus/ OWTTE . ✓

«Therefore» the strong nuclear force will not act on the alpha particle.✓

[Link].TZ2.4

(a)
4.8 «light years» ✓

(b)
«−» 0.48 c ✓ Ignore sign

(c)
y = 1.6 ✓ D=
4.8
= 3 «ly» ✓ Allow ECF from MP1
1.6

(d)
«−» 0.63 c ✓
0 . 3c - 0 . 78c
= 0 . 78c × 0 . 3c ✓
1-
c2

Award [2] if MP1 correct and correct answer given to 1 significant figure.

(e)
Δtp =
3 ly
( 0 . 78 - 0 . 627 ) c
OR Δtp = 1 . 6
4 . 8 ly
0 . 3c
-
0 . 78c × 4 . 8 ly
c2
✓ = 19 OR 20 «years» ✓

Award [2] for BCA

(f)
shuttle measures proper time ✓

as the events occur at the same place for the shuttle / shuttle is at both events ✓

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[Link].TZ2.5

(a)
«An atom with» the same number of protons AND different numbers of neutrons
OR
Same chemical properties AND different physical properties ✓

Do not allow just atomic number and mass number

(a)
0.6 c OR = 1.8 × 10 8 «m s −1 » ✓

(b)
Line drawn at 45° from ct = 2 km to hit spaceship world line at ct = 5 km OR
ct = 1.2/( c − 0.6 c ) + 2 = 5 «km» ✓ t = 5000
= 1.7 × 10 −5 «s» ✓ Award [2] for BCA
c

(c)
( ct ') 2 − 0 = 5 2 − 3 2 OR γ = 1.25 ✓ ct ' = 4 «km» OR t ' = 13 « µ s» ✓

Allow ECF from (b) Allow ECF from MP1

[Link].TZ2.6

(a)
m
Work using g ∝ ✓ gM
=
mM r P 2
= 0.75 ✓
r2 gP mP r M

(a)
ΣΓ = 50 × 0.5 + 40 × 0.2 OR 33 «Nm» ✓

Accept opposite rotational sign convention

(b)
=» 4 «rad s −2 » ✓
20
«α = 5

(i)
g=0✓
ΔVg
As g «= - which» is the gradient of the graph
Δr

OR
As the force of attraction/field strength of P and M are equal ✓

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(ii)
The gravitational field is attractive so that energy is required «to move away from P» ✓

the gravitational potential is defined as 0 at ∞ , (the potential must be negative) ✓

(iii)
V P= -
GM
RP
AND g P = RGMP2 (at surface) ✓
Suitable working and cancellation of G and M seen ✓ V P= − g PR P

Must see negative sign

(iv)
VM gM RM
« = = 0.75 × 0.27» = 0.20 ✓
VP gP RP

V M = «−6.4 × 10 7 × 0.2 =» «−»1.3 × 10 7 «J kg −1 »✓

(v)
Line always negative, of suitable shape and end point below −8 and above −20 unless
awarding ECF from b(iv) ✓

(c)
I=
Γ
α
OR 33 = I × 4 ✓ I = 8.25 «kg m 2 » ✓ Allow ECF from (a) and (b)

Award [2] for a BCA

(i)
moment of inertia increases ✓ Angular momentum is conserved ✓

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so ω decreases for MP2

L
Allow algebraic expressions e.g. ω = I

(ii)
E k «= 2 I ω 2 =»
1 1 1
(Iω)ω= Lω ✓ Accept equivalent methods
2 2

(iii)
«E k =»
1
2
Lω 1 =
1
2
Lω 2 ✓ OR Ek1
Ek2
=
ω1
ω2
OR
« L is constant so» E k is proportional to ω ✓ 40 % «energy loss» ✓

MP1 is for understanding that angular momentum is constant so change in rotational

kinetic energy is proportional to change in angular velocity

Award [0] if E = 0.5 I ω 2 is used with the same I value for both values of E
Award [2] for BCA

[Link].TZ2.7

(a)
use of pV = constant ✓ P B = 43 «Kpa» ✓ Award [2] for BCA

(b)
concave curved line from B to locate C with a higher pressure than A ✓

vertical line joining C to A ✓

Allow ECF from MP1 i.e., award [1] for first process locating C at a lower pressure than A,
then vertical line to A.

Arrows on the processes are not needed. Point C need not be labelled.

(c)
ALTERNATIVE 1 2
use of TV 3 = constant «so 300 ( 3VA )
2
3 = TC ( VA )
2
3 »✓

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T C = 624 «K» OR T C = 351 «°C» ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2

OR p c = 268 «kPa» ✓
5 5
use of pV 3 to get either p c = 43 ( 3 ) 3

« T C = 268 × 300/129 = so » T C = 624 «K» OR T C = 351 «°C» ✓

(d)
ALTERNATIVE 1 «the process is adiabatic so» ΔQ = 0 ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2
The compression is reversible «so ΔS = 0» ✓ OWTTE

(e)
area under curve AB is less than area under curve BC ✓

Do not allow ECF from part (b)

(f)
«W = 0 so» Q = ΔU ✓ × 53.2 × R × (351 – 27) so » ΔU = 2.15 × 10 5 «J» ✓
3
«ΔU = 2

Award [2] for BCA

[Link].TZ2.8

(a)
ΣΓ = 50 × 0.5 + 40 × 0.2 OR 33 «Nm» ✓

Accept opposite rotational sign convention

(b)
=» 4 «rad s −2 » ✓
20
«α = 5

(c)
I=
Γ
α
OR 33 = I × 4 ✓ I = 8.25 «kg m 2 » ✓ Allow ECF from (a) and (b)

Award [2] for a BCA

(i)
moment of inertia increases ✓ Angular momentum is conserved ✓

so ω decreases for MP2

L
Allow algebraic expressions e.g. ω = I

(ii)

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ω 2 =»
1 1 1
E k «= I (Iω)ω= Lω ✓ Accept equivalent methods
2 2 2

(iii)
«E k =»
1
2
Lω 1 =
1
2
Lω 2 ✓ OR Ek1
Ek2
=
ω1
ω2
OR
« L is constant so» E k is proportional to ω ✓ 40 % «energy loss» ✓

MP1 is for understanding that angular momentum is constant so change in rotational

kinetic energy is proportional to change in angular velocity

Award [0] if E = 0.5 I ω 2 is used with the same I value for both values of E
Award [2] for BCA

(e)
one example specified eg friction, air resistance, mass distribution not modelled ✓

Award [1] for any reasonable physical parameter that is not consistent with the model

[Link].TZ2.9

(a)
(26.98434 - 26.98153) × 931.5 OR 2.6175 «MeV» seen ✓

(a)
use of pV = constant ✓ P B = 43 «Kpa» ✓ Award [2] for BCA

(b)
concave curved line from B to locate C with a higher pressure than A ✓

vertical line joining C to A ✓

Allow ECF from MP1 i.e., award [1] for first process locating C at a lower pressure than A,
then vertical line to A.

Arrows on the processes are not needed. Point C need not be labelled.

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(i)
evidence for nuclear energy levels ✓

(ii)
Difference = 2.6175 – (1.76656 +0.84376) = 2.6175 – 2.61032 = 0.007195 «MeV» OR
Difference = 2.6175 – (1.59587 +1.01445) = 2.61032 = 0.007195 «MeV» ✓

(iii)
Another particle/«anti» neutrino is emitted «that accounts for this mass / energy» ✓

(c)
ALTERNATIVE 1 2
use of TV 3 = constant «so 300 ( 3VA )
2
3 = TC ( VA )
2
3 »✓

T C = 624 «K» OR T C = 351 «°C» ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2

OR p c = 268 «kPa» ✓
5 5
use of pV 3 to get either p c = 43 ( 3 ) 3

« T C = 268 × 300/129 = so » T C = 624 «K» OR T C = 351 «°C» ✓

(i)
So 1.1 × 10 −8 kg ≡
1.1
0 . 027
× 10 −8 «mol» OR Mass of atom = 27 × 1.66 × 10 −27 «kg» ✓

2.4 − 2.5 x 10 17 atoms ✓

(ii)
N 10 = 9.50 × 10 15 × e −0.00122×60 seen ✓ N 10 = 4.57 × 10 15 ✓

So number of aluminium-27 nuclei = (9.50 – 4.57) × 10 15 = 4.9(3) × 10 15 ✓

(iii)
Total energy released = ans (c)(ii) × 2.62 × 10 6 × 1.6 × 10 −19 «= 2100 J» ✓
2100
« 600
=» 3.4 −3.5 «W» ✓

(d)
ALTERNATIVE 1 «the process is adiabatic so» ΔQ = 0 ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2
The compression is reversible «so ΔS = 0» ✓ OWTTE

(e)
area under curve AB is less than area under curve BC ✓

Do not allow ECF from part (b)

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(f)
«W = 0 so» Q = ΔU ✓ × 53.2 × R × (351 – 27) so » ΔU = 2.15 × 10 5 «J» ✓
3
«ΔU = 2

Award [2] for BCA

[Link].TZ1.1

(a)

[μ] = «
kg × m s - 2
» kg × m −1 Accept kg/m. Do not accept g m −1 .
s - 2 × m2

(i)
Tension upwards, weight downwards ✓ Look for:
Tension is clearly longer than weight ✓

(ii)
v = √2 × 9 . 81 × 0 . 95 OR = 4.32 «m s −1 » ✓
Must see either full substitution or answer to at least 3 s.f.

(iii)

T − mg = F net OR T − mg =
mv2 2
✓ T «= 0.800 × 9.81 +
0 . 800 × 4 . 317
» = 23.5 «N» ✓
r 0 . 95

(i)
Use of conservation of momentum. ✓
Rebound speed = 2.16 «m s −1 » ✓
Calculation of initial KE = « 2 × 0.800 × 4.317 2 » = 7.46 « J » ✓
1

1 1
Calculation of final KE = « × 0.800 × 2.16 2 + × 2.40 × 2.16 2 » = 7.46 «J» ✓
2 2
«hence elastic»

(ii)
ALTERNATIVE 1
Rebound speed is halved so energy less by a factor of 4 ✓

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95
Hence height is 4
=23.8 «cm» ✓

ALTERNATIVE 2
1
Use of conservation of energy / × 0.800 × 2.16 2 = 0.800 × 9.8 × h
2
OR
Use of proper kinematics equation (e.g. 0 = 2.16 2 − 2 × 9.8 × h ) ✓ h = 23.8 «cm» ✓

Allow ECF from b(i)

(iii)
mass of tray of weights neglected/friction at pulley/friction at slider/thickness of
slider/zero off-set error ✓

Do not allow vague answers like friction neglected / error in length measurement.

(iv)
large enough triangle Δ m ≥ 50 g✓ answer in range 0.210 − 0.240 «kg m −1 » ✓

Accept answers in g m −2 . Do not allow ECF from MP1 .

(c)
ALTERNATIVE 1
Frictional force is f «= 0.400 × 2.40 × 9.81» = 9.42 «N» ✓
9.42 × d = 2 × 2.40 × 2.16 2 OR d = 9 . 42 ✓
1 5 . 5987

d = 0.594 «m» ✓

ALTERNATIVE 2
f
a=« = µg = 0.4 × 9.81 =» 3.924 «m s −2 » ✓
m

Proper use of kinematics equation(s) to determine ✓ d = 0.594 «m» ✓

[Link].TZ1.2

(a)
Reads change in temperature to be 45 − 31 OR 14 °C ✓
1 . 84 × 103
P= = 15.3 ≈ 15 «W»✓
Q = 0.082 × 1.6 × 10 3 × 14 = 1.84 × 10 3 «J» ✓ 2 . 0 × 60

Must see either full substitution OR answer to at least 3 s.f. in MP3

(i)
mass OR diameter OR material of bob OR « initial » amplitude/angle ✓

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Do not allow statements about rulers, stopwatches, string, number of oscillations,

constant gravity.

(ii)
student’s reaction time «in starting and stopping stopwatch» / starting/stopping
stopwatch ✓

(b)
it reduces «the random» error/uncertainty ✓

by a factor of 20 «compared to that in a single period measurement» ✓

For MP1 , allow increasing accuracy/precision.

Award [0] for answers related to number of trials, 20 measurements of one period.

(c)
Internal energy is greater at t = 6 min OR internal energy is lower at t = 2 min OR
internal energy increases «as energy is added to the system» ✓

Because kinetic energy «of the molecules» is the same AND potential energy «of the
molecules» has increased / OWTTE ✓

(i)
T2✓

(ii)
g = 9.7 «m s −2 » ✓ Δ g = 0.8 «m s −2 » ✓

[Link].TZ1.3

(a)
«A wave where the» displacement of particles/oscillations of particles/movement of
particles/vibrations of particles is perpendicular/normal to the direction of energy
transfer/wave travel/wave velocity/wave movement/wave propagation ✓

Allow medium, material, water, molecules, or atoms for particles.

(i)
«A wave where the» displacement of particles/oscillations of particles/movement of
particles/vibrations of particles is perpendicular/normal to the direction of energy
transfer/wave travel/wave velocity/wave movement/wave propagation ✓

Allow medium, material, water, molecules, or atoms for particles.

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(ii)
v = «0.50 × 16 =» 8.0 «m s −1 » ✓

(iii)
P at (8, 1.2) ✓

(b)
light acts as a wave «and not a particle in this situation» ✓

light at slits will diffract / create a diffraction pattern ✓

light passing through slits will interfere / create an interference pattern «creating bright
and dark spots» ✓

(c)

Ue of s =
λD
d
⇒λ=
sd
D
OR s = nλD
d
sd
⇒ λ = nD ✓
-2 -3
=» 4.6 × 10 −7 «m» ✓
0 . 567 × 10 × 0 . 18 × 10
λ=«
2.2

[Link].TZ1.4

(a)
moves 4 ly in 5 years OR slope of angle with time axis is 0.8 ✓

Allow evidence for mark on the graph.

(i)
Voltage across P is 1.4 «V» ✓ Voltage across Q is 4.6 «V» ✓ And 6 – 1.4 = 4.6 «V» ✓

Need to see a calculation involving the two voltages and the total voltage in the circuit
for MP3 (e.g. 1.4 + 4.6 = 6).

(ii)
Current in R is «(0.45 − 0.4)=» 0.05 A ✓
1.4
So resistance is « » = 28 «Ω»
0 . 05

Allow ECF from a(i) Allow ECF from MP1

(iii)
«0.45 × 6.0» = 2.7 «W»✓

(b)

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Q will have a smaller resistance ✓

«Because total resistance in the circuit is now larger so» the current «through the
circuit/Q» is smaller / OWTTE ✓

Allow similar argument for MP2 based on voltage across Q becoming smaller.

(i)
γ = 1.67 OR OR √1 - 10 . 82 ✓ «= 1.00 ly»
5 vx 5
3
ct ' = « γ ( ct − c
)» = 3
× (0.60 +0) ✓

For MP2 , working should be seen.

(ii)
identifies point with coordinates x = 0, ct = 0.60 on vertical axis ✓

draws line parallel to the x prime axis until it intersects the prime ct axis ✓

Award [2] for correct position of P without working shown.

(i)

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R located at (4,4) ✓

«as intersection of» vertical line through 4 ly and photon worldline at 45 degrees✓

Allow MP2 even if one of the lines is not drawn.

(ii)
ALTERNATIVE 1 Using diagram:

line from R parallel to prime ct axis until it intersects space axis ✓

use of scale from (b) to estimate coordinate to x ' = (1.3 ± 0.2) ly ✓

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ALTERNATIVE 2

Using Lorentz transformation: event R has coordinates x = ct = 4.00 ly in S ✓

5
so x ' = « y ( x − vt ) = 3
× (4.00 − 0.80 × 4.00)» = 1.33 ly ✓

[Link].TZ1.5

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(a)
T 1 = 2.00 × 1.56 × 10 −6 or 3.12 × 10 −6 s ✓
2

D = «3.12 × 10 −6 × 0.866 × 3 × 10 8 =» 811 m Award [2] for BCA

(i)
«𝜇» = 2.0141 + 3.0160 − (4.0026 + 1.008665) «= 0.0188 u» OR
In MeV: 1876.13415 + 2809.404 − (3728.4219 + 939.5714475) ✓

= 0.0188 × 931.5 OR = 17.512 «MeV» ✓

Must see either clear substitutions or answer to at least 3 s.f. for MP2 .

(ii)
transit time =
405
0 . 866c
= 1.56 µs ✓ Award [1] for BCA .

(c)
transit time is one half life ✓ so ratio has to be
1
2
✓ Award [2] for BCA .

(i)
Requires high temp/pressure ✓
Must overcome Coulomb/intermolecular repulsion ✓
Difficult to contain / control «at high temp/pressure» ✓
Difficult to produce excess energy/often energy input greater than output / OWTTE ✓
Difficult to capture energy from fusion reactions ✓
Difficult to maintain/sustain a constant reaction rate ✓

(ii)
Plentiful fuel supplies OR larger specific energy OR larger energy density OR little or no
«major radioactive» waste products ✓

Allow descriptions such as “more energy per unit mass” or “more energy per unit
volume”

(d)
the answers are the same ✓ count rates cannot vary from frame to frame / OWTTE ✓

Do not allow ECF from (c) .

Award [2] for “count rates cannot vary” if student made a mistake OR no answer in (c)
and well discussed here.

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(i)
3✓ Do not accept 32He by itself.

[Link].TZ1.6

(a)
0.180 + 0.200 × 0.60 2 «= 0.252 kg m 2 » ✓

(b)
angular speed of particle = «12/0.6 = » 20 «rad s −1 » OR
angular momentum of particle «0.200 × 12.0 × 0.60» = 1.44 «Js» ✓

«angular momentum of rod-particle system 0.252 ω »

» = 5.71 rad s −1 ✓
1 . 44
equating ω = « 0 . 252

For MP2 , working or answer to at least 3 SF should be seen.

(c)
(0.252) × 5.71 2 ✓ 10.3 J ✓
1 1
× 0.200 × 12.0 2 −
2 2

Award [1] for answer 11.5 J that neglects moment of inertia of particle but do not
penalize this omission in (d)(i) .

(i)
= 0.603 rads −2 ✓
0 . 152
α= Accept negative values.
0 . 252

(ii)
2 27 . 0
θ=
5 . 71
= 27.0 rad ✓ N= = 4.3 ✓
2 × 0 . 603 2×π

(e)
the rod will rotate «about centre of mass» ✓

«centre of mass» will move along straight line

«parallel to the particle’s initial velocity» ✓

For MP2 , mention of translational motion is not enough.

[Link].TZ1.7

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(a)
ALTERNATIVE 1
«considering expansions from A» an adiabatic process will reduce/change temperature
✓

and so curve AC must be the steeper ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2

temperature drop occurs for BC ✓

therefore CA must increase temperature «via adiabatic process». ✓

(b)
ALTERNATIVE 1 Use of adiabatic formula « pA VA = pC VC
5
3
5
3 ⇒ » VC =
pA 5
3

VA ✓
pC

3
5
5 . 00 × 10 5
VC = × 2.00 × 10 −3 «= 3.333 × 10 −2 m 3 » ✓
4 . 60 × 103

For MP2 , working or answer to at least 4 SF must be seen. ALTERNATIVE 2

V C = V B AND p A V A = p B V B ✓ ALTERNATIVE 3
5 -3
5 × 10 × 2 × 10
VC = 4 ✓
3 × 10

V C = V B AND n = 0.2 mol ✓ V C = (0.2 × 8.31 × 602) / 4 × 10 4 ✓

(c)
Increasing ✓

because thermal energy/heat is being provided to the gas « and temperature is

ΔQ
constant, ΔS = T ✓

(d)
ALTERNATIVE 1 3
Q = ΔU = 2 VC ΔP ✓
3
Q= « × 3.33 × 10 −2 × (3.00 × 10 4 − 4.60 × 10 3 )» = 1268.7 ≈ 1270 «J» ✓
2

Award [2] for BCA . Accept negative values. ALTERNATIVE 2

= 1 . 66 OR T c = 4.6 × 10 3 × 3.33 × 10 −2 × 1.66 = 92.2 ✓
5 × 105 × 2 × 10 - 3
Rn =
602

ΔU =
3
× 1 . 661 × ( 602 - 92 . 21 ) = 1270 «J» ✓ Award MP1 if T c = 92 taken from (e)
2

(e)
this engine has e < e c as it should ✓
92
e c= 1 − 602
= 0.847 ✓

Award [0] if no calculation shown.

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[Link].TZ1.8

(a)
0.180 + 0.200 × 0.60 2 «= 0.252 kg m 2 » ✓

(b)
angular speed of particle = «12/0.6 = » 20 «rad s −1 » OR
angular momentum of particle «0.200 × 12.0 × 0.60» = 1.44 «Js» ✓

«angular momentum of rod-particle system 0.252 ω »

» = 5.71 rad s −1 ✓
1 . 44
equating ω = « 0 . 252

For MP2 , working or answer to at least 3 SF should be seen.

(c)
(0.252) × 5.71 2 ✓ 10.3 J ✓
1 1
× 0.200 × 12.0 2 −
2 2

Award [1] for answer 11.5 J that neglects moment of inertia of particle but do not
penalize this omission in (d)(i) .

(i)
= 0.603 rads −2 ✓
0 . 152
α= Accept negative values.
0 . 252

(ii)
2 27 . 0
θ=
5 . 71
= 27.0 rad ✓ N= = 4.3 ✓
2 × 0 . 603 2×π

(e)
the rod will rotate «about centre of mass» ✓

«centre of mass» will move along straight line

«parallel to the particle’s initial velocity» ✓

For MP2 , mention of translational motion is not enough.

[Link].TZ1.9

(a)
ALTERNATIVE 1

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«considering expansions from A» an adiabatic process will reduce/change temperature

✓

and so curve AC must be the steeper ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2

temperature drop occurs for BC ✓

therefore CA must increase temperature «via adiabatic process». ✓

(b)
ALTERNATIVE 1 Use of adiabatic formula « pA VA = pC VC
5
3
5
3 ⇒ » VC =
pA 5
3

VA ✓
pC

3
5
5 . 00 × 10 5
VC = × 2.00 × 10 −3 «= 3.333 × 10 −2 m 3 » ✓
4 . 60 × 103

For MP2 , working or answer to at least 4 SF must be seen. ALTERNATIVE 2

V C = V B AND p A V A = p B V B ✓ ALTERNATIVE 3
5 -3
5 × 10 × 2 × 10
VC = 4 ✓
3 × 10

V C = V B AND n = 0.2 mol ✓ V C = (0.2 × 8.31 × 602) / 4 × 10 4 ✓

(c)
Increasing ✓

because thermal energy/heat is being provided to the gas « and temperature is

ΔQ
constant, ΔS = T ✓

(d)
ALTERNATIVE 1 3
Q = ΔU = 2 VC ΔP ✓

3
Q= « × 3.33 × 10 −2 × (3.00 × 10 4 − 4.60 × 10 3 )» = 1268.7 ≈ 1270 «J» ✓
2

Award [2] for BCA . Accept negative values. ALTERNATIVE 2

= 1 . 66 OR T c = 4.6 × 10 3 × 3.33 × 10 −2 × 1.66 = 92.2 ✓
5 × 105 × 2 × 10 - 3
Rn = 602

ΔU =
3
× 1 . 661 × ( 602 - 92 . 21 ) = 1270 «J» ✓ Award MP1 if T c = 92 taken from (e)
2

(e)
e c= 1 −
92
= 0.847 ✓ this engine has e < e c as it should ✓
602

Award [0] if no calculation shown.

[Link].TZ2.1

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(a)
ALTERNATIVE 1 Attempt to count squares ✓ Area of one square found ✓

7.2 «m» (accept 6.4 – 7.4 m) ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2

Uses area equation for either triangle ✓

Correct read offs for estimate of area of triangle ✓ 7.2 «m» (accept 6.4 – 7.4) ✓

(b)
Attempt to calculate gradient of line at t = 1.2 s ✓

«−» 9.8 «m s −2 » (accept 9.6 − 10.0) ✓

(i)
Vfinal 2 4 . 52
=» 0.20 OR 20 % OR
1
Attempt to evaluate KE ratio as ✓ « ✓
Vinitial 10 5

Accept ± 0.5 velocity values from graph

(ii)
Attempt to use force = momentum change ÷ time ✓
( 4 . 5 + 10 ) × 0 . 027
«= = 4.6»
85 × 10 - 3

Force = «4.6 + 0.3» 4.9 «N» ✓ Any answer to 2sf ✓

Accept ± 0.5 velocity values from graph

(d)
Mass «leaving the bottle per second» will be larger for air–water ✓

the momentum change/force is greater ✓ Allow opposite argument for air only

(i)
15 % seen anywhere ✓ «Δ( F 3 ) =» 39.4 × 10 5 × 0.15 = 5.9 × 10 5 ✓ ±6 × 10 5 ✓

MP1 is for the propagation of 5 %. It can be shown differently, e.g. 3 × 5% Allow students
to use 40 × 10 5 (from the graph).

Award MP3 for any uncertainty rounded to 1 significant digit Award [3] for a BCA .
Allow ECF from MP1 and MP2

(ii)
error bar drawn at 30 kPa from 34 × 10 5 to 46 × 10 5 N 3 ✓

Allow ± half square on each side of the bar or one square overall (± 2 × 10 5 )
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Allow ECF from d(i) .

(iii)
a «straight» line can be drawn that passes through origin ✓

(e)
Mass «leaving the bottle per second» will be larger for air–water ✓

the momentum change/force is greater ✓ Allow opposite argument for air only

[Link].TZ2.11

(i)
Star Y ✓

because parallax angle is greater OR star Y is closer «and that means movement relative
to distant stars is greater» ✓

Allow reverse argument for star X

(ii)
× 3.26 × 9.46 × 10 15 » 1.6 × 10 18 «m» ✓
1
«distance =
0 . 019

(iii)
= 10.8 ≈ 11 ✓
2
Luminosity of Star X b x dx
Luminosity of Star Y
= 2 ✓
b y dy

Award MP1 if ratio shown with distance or parallax angle.

Award MP1 for any correct substitution into ratio expression Award [2] for BCA
Allow ECF for incorrect distances from b(i) or b(ii) .

[Link].TZ2.12

(a)
Hydrogen ✓

(b)
stars have same/similar L AND star B has lower T ✓

correct reference to luminosity formula ( L α AT 4 ) ✓

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MP1 Allow reverse argument i.e., star A has higher T

(c)
Any evidence of correct identification that three dots bottom left represent white
dwarfs ✓

line passing through all 3 white dwarfs OR line continuing from 3 white dwarfs with
approximately same gradient, in either direction ✓

Award MP2 if no line drawn through the three dots but just beyond them in either
direction

[Link].TZ2.17

(a)
Hydrogen ✓

(b)
stars have same/similar L AND star B has lower T ✓

correct reference to luminosity formula ( L α AT 4 ) ✓

MP1 Allow reverse argument i.e., star A has higher T

(c)
Any evidence of correct identification that three dots bottom left represent white
dwarfs ✓

line passing through all 3 white dwarfs OR line continuing from 3 white dwarfs with
approximately same gradient, in either direction ✓

Award MP2 if no line drawn through the three dots but just beyond them in either
direction

[Link].TZ2.2

(a)
kg m 2 s −2 ✓

(b)
ALTERNATIVE 1 Graph shown is a straight line/linear
OR
expected graph should be a straight line/linear ✓
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If ideal then T intercept must be at T = −273 °C ✓

Use of y = mx + c to show that x = −273 °C when y = 0 ✓ ALTERNATIVE 2

(hence ideal)
pV
Calculates T for two different points ✓
Obtains 1.50 «J K −1 » for both ✓
pV
States that for ideal gas = nR which is constant and concludes that gas is ideal ✓
T

(c)
Use of n =
pV
OR N = pV ✓ Mass of gas = n × N A × mass of molecule 5.1 «g» ✓
RT kT
OR
Mass of gas = N × mass of molecule ✓

[Link].TZ2.3

(a)
Mention of interference / superposition ✓

Bright fringe occurs when light from the slits arrives in phase ✓

Dark fringe occurs when light from the slits arrives 180°/ π out of phase ✓

(b)
s=
0 . 15
8
OR = 0.0188 «m» ✓ use of λ =
ds
D
✓ 450 «nm» ✓

(i)
s=
0 . 15
8
OR = 0.0188 «m» ✓ use of λ =
ds
D
✓ 450 «nm» ✓

(ii)
«As the measurements decrease» the fractional uncertainty in D/s increases. ✓

«Fractional uncertainties are additive here» so fractional uncertainty in λ increases ✓

Answers can be described in symbols e.g. Δs/s

(c)
Blue fringe is unchanged ✓ Red fringes are farther apart than blue ✓

By a factor of 1.5 ✓ At some point/s the fringes coincide/are purple ✓

[Link].TZ2.4
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(a)
P
I = « √ =» 1.9 «A» ✓
R

(i)
ALTERNATIVE 1 (Calculation of length)
Read off from graph [2.8 − 3.2 × 10 −5 Ω m]✓
RA
Use of I = ρ ✓
l = 1.3 − 1.4 «m» ✓

ALTERNATIVE 2 (Calculation of area) A = 8.3 − 9.5 × 10 −6 «m 2 » ✓

−5
Read off from graph [2.8 − 3.2 × 10 Ω m]✓
I
Use of A = ρ ✓
R

ALTERNATIVE 3 (Calculation of resistance) R = 3.6 − 4.2 «Ω» ✓

Read off from graph [2.8 − 3.2 × 10 −5 Ω m]✓
I
Use of R = ρ A ✓

ALTERNATIVE 4 (Calculation of resistivity) ρ = 3.2 × 10 −5 «Ω m» ✓

RA
Use of ρ = ✓
I

Read off from graph 260 – 280 K ✓

(ii)
«Resistivity and hence» resistance will decrease ✓

«Pd across pad will not change because internal resistance is negligible»
Current will increase ✓

(i)
«The force is» away from PQ/repulsive/to the right ✓

(ii)
The magnetic fields «due to currents in PQ and TU» are in opposite directions
OR
There are two «repulsive» forces in opposite directions ✓

Net force is zero ✓

(d)
Air is a poor «thermal» conductor ✓

Lack of convection due to air not being able to move in material ✓

Appropriate statement about energy transfer between the pet, the resistor and
surroundings ✓
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The rate of thermal energy transfer to the top surface is greater than the bottom «due to
thinner material» ✓

Accept air is a good insulator

[Link].TZ2.5

(a)
«An atom with» the same number of protons AND different numbers of neutrons
OR
Same chemical properties AND different physical properties ✓

Do not allow just atomic number and mass number

(i)
3✓

(ii)
2✓

(e)
Alphas have double charge «and so are better ionisers »✓

alphas have more mass and therefore slower «for same energy» ✓

so longer time/more likely to interact with the «atomic» electrons/atoms «and therefore
better ionisers» ✓

Accept reverse argument in terms of betas travelling faster.

[Link].TZ2.6

(a)
m
Work using g ∝ ✓ gM
=
mM r P 2
= 0.75 ✓
r2 gP mP r M

(e)
one example specified eg friction, air resistance, mass distribution not modelled ✓

Award [1] for any reasonable physical parameter that is not consistent with the model

[Link].TZ0.1

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(a.i)
Mass-energy «of uranium» into kinetic energy of fission products ✓

(i)
Mass-energy «of uranium» into kinetic energy of fission products ✓

(ii)
Mass of uranium nucleus ≈ 235u ✓ energy
=
180 × 106 × 1 . 60 × 10 - 19
✓ 7 . 4 × 1013 «J» ✓
mass - 27
235 × 1 . 661 × 10

(i)
beta minus decay ✓
N
132
52Te has more neutrons / higher ratio than stable nuclides of similar A «and beta minus
Z
N
reduces Z
»✓

(ii)
e25 = 7 . 2 × 1010 «s −1 » ✓

(iii)
Takes ln of both sides of A = A0 e - λt , leading to ln A = ln A0 - λt ✓

«hence slope = - λ » ✓

(iv)
Slope =«−» 2 . 5 × 10 - 6 «s −1 » ✓ T1 = «
ln 2
-6 = » 3.2 «days» ✓
2 2 . 5 × 10 × 60 × 60 × 24

(i)
Collects thermal energy from the coolant and delivers it to the gas ✓

Prevents the «irradiated» coolant from leaving the reactor vessel ✓

(ii)
Correct read offs of pressure and volume at B ✓

8 . 0 × 106 × 1 . 6 × 10 - 3 = 1 . 0 × 8 . 31 × T ✓ T = 1500 «K» ✓

(iii)
ΔQ
From ΔS = , the change in entropy is zero when ΔQ = 0 ✓
T

(iv)

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Net work done = « 8 . 23 + 9 . 11 - 4 . 32 - 3 . 25 » 9.77 «kJ» ✓

9 . 77
Efficiency =« 20 . 58
= » 0.47 ✓

(d)
Rotational KE is proportional to ω2 ✓

Calculation of ω2 for at least four points, e.g. {96.1, 76.7, 57.6, 38.4, 19.3}×10 3

Shows that the differences in equal time intervals are approximately the same, e.g. {19.4,
19.1, 19.2, 19.1, 19.3}×10 3 ✓

Allow a tolerance of ±1×10 3 s −2 from the values stated in MP2.

[Link].TZ0.10

(a)
Attempt to find area of triangle ✓
1
× 8 . 0 × 180 = 720 «kg m 2 s −1 » ✓
2

(a)
Attempt to find area of triangle ✓ × 8 . 0 × 180 = 720 «kg m 2 s −1 » ✓
1
2

(b)
Use of ΔL = ΔIω ✓ 2.6 kg m 2 ✓

(c)
Correct conversions to a consistent set of ω units ✓

113 kJ ✓
1
2
× L × ω2f - ω2i or correct substitution seen ✓

[Link].TZ0.11

(a)
Configuration A has only one microstate ✓

In configuration B, pairs of particles can be swapped between the halves ✓

Every such change gives rise to a new microstate «so there is a large number of
microstates in B» ✓

(a)
Configuration A has only one microstate ✓

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In configuration B, pairs of particles can be swapped between the halves ✓

Every such change gives rise to a new microstate «so there is a large number of
microstates in B» ✓

(b)
The entropy of the gas is related to the number of microstates OR
SA = kB ln ΩA and SA = kB ln ΩB ✓

Since ΩB > ΩA , the entropy in configuration B is greater ✓

A process that results in an increase of entropy in an isolated system is irreversible ✓

[Link].TZ0.12

(a)
Neither mass nor energy is exchanged with the surroundings ✓

(a)
Neither mass nor energy is exchanged with the surroundings ✓

(b)
6 microstates ✓ Any of the six particles can be the one of the highest energy ✓

(c)
kB ln 120 - kB ln 6 ✓ 3 . 0kB ✓

(d)
The second law predicts that isolated systems spontaneously evolve towards high-
entropy states ✓

From (c), the entropy of B is greater than that of A ✓

The final state will likely be similar to B / contain relatively many low-energy particles «of
different energies» ✓

[Link].TZ0.14

(a)
Recognises that 4 heads and 6 tails also required ✓

Total number of microstates = 672 ✓ Fractional number = 672/1024 = 0.66 ✓

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Allow ecf for MP3

(a)
Recognises that 4 heads and 6 tails also required ✓

Total number of microstates = 672 ✓ Fractional number = 672/1024 = 0.66 ✓

Allow ecf for MP3

(b)
Two chances in 1024 so once every 512 throws ✓

512 throws take 8.5 h so (a reasonable estimate is half way through) on average 4.3 h ✓

(c)
ΔS = kB ln 120 - ln 1 ✓ = 4 . 8kB ✓

[Link].TZ0.15

(i)
- 11 24
= » 7 . 71 × 103 «m s −1 » ✓
6 . 67 × 10 × 5 . 97 × 10
«√ 6
6 . 70 × 10

(ii)
- 11 24
2 × 6 . 67 × 10 × 5 . 97 × 10
«√ 6 = » 1 . 09 × 104 « m s - 1 » ✓
6 . 70 × 10

(i)
Negative ✓

(ii)
Positive ✓

[Link].TZ0.16

(a)

vesc = √
2GM
AND g =
GM
seen ✓ vesc = √
2gr2
✓ Leading to vesc = √ 2gr ✓ 1.2 km s −1 ✓
r r2 r

(a)

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vesc = √
2GM
AND g =
GM
seen ✓ vesc = √
2gr2
✓ Leading to vesc = √ 2gr ✓ 1.2 km s −1 ✓
r r2 r

(b)
Object at equator has the maximum linear/tangential speed possible ✓

It therefore has maximum kinetic energy before takeoff (and this is not required from the
fuel) ✓

Idea that the object is already moving in direction of planet before takeoff ✓

[Link].TZ0.17

(a)
1 . 24 × 10 - 6
«= 15.9 keV» ✓
7 . 80 × 10 - 11

(a)
-6
1 . 24 × 10
«= 15.9 keV» ✓
7 . 80 × 10 - 11

(b)
Energy of incident photon =« 15 . 9 × 103 + 500 = » 16 . 4 × 103 «eV» ✓
-6
1 . 24 × 10
Wavelength of incident photon =« = » 7 . 56 × 10 - 11 «m» ✓
16 . 4 × 103

(c)
The wavelength of the X-rays changes ✓

According to the wave model, the wavelength of the incident and scattered X-rays
should be the same ✓

(d)
θ = 89 ° ✓
-6
1 . 24 × 10
7 . 80 - 7 . 56 × 10 - 11 = 6 1 - cos θ ✓
0 . 511 × 10

[Link].TZ0.18

(a)
The pattern is formed when the electrons scattered from adjacent planes in the graphite
crystal undergo interference / diffract ✓

Interference / diffraction is a property of waves only ✓

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(a)
The pattern is formed when the electrons scattered from adjacent planes in the graphite
crystal undergo interference / diffract ✓

Interference / diffraction is a property of waves only ✓

(b)
The de Broglie wavelength of the electrons should be comparable to or shorter than the
interatomic distance / 2 × 10 - 10 m ✓
6 . 63 × 10 - 34
Momentum of electrons ≈ « = 3 . 32 × 10 - 2 N s» ✓
2 × 10 - 10
2
p2 3 . 32 × 10 - 24
Kinetic energy of electrons = « 2m
= - 31 = » 6 . 0 × 10 - 18 «J» ✓
2 × 9 . 11 × 10

E 6 . 10 × 10 - 18
U=« e
= - 19 = »40 «V» ✓
1 . 6 × 10

(c)
The protons have the same energy but greater mass hence a greater momentum than
the electrons ✓
h
From λ = p
, the protons will have a shorter wavelength ✓

[Link].TZ0.19

(a)
a moving particle has wave properties ✓

de Broglie wavelength = Planck constant÷momentum (must define p if quoted as

equation) ✓

(a)
a moving particle has wave properties ✓

de Broglie wavelength = Planck constant÷momentum (must define p if quoted as

equation) ✓

(b)
use of ½ mv 2 = eV ✓ 1.33 × 10 7 m s −1 ✓

(c)
idea that de Broglie wavelength and hole size must be similar ✓ Use of λ =
h
✓
√2meV

Leading to λ around 5 x 10 −11 m (which is unrealistic for a practical situation) ✓

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It would not be possible to construct this hole

OR
hole must be smaller than an atom so impossible ✓

[Link].TZ0.2

(a.i)
Vertical direction / parallel to springs ✓

(i)
Vertical direction / parallel to springs ✓

(ii)
The magnetic field moves relative to the coil ✓

As field lines cut the coil, forces act on (initially stationary) electrons in the wire (and
these move producing an emf) ✓

(iii)
The springs have a natural time period for the oscillation ✓

A greater amplitude of movement leads to higher magnet speed (with constant time
period) ✓

So field lines cut coil more quickly leading to greater emf ✓

(iv)
= 0 . 43 mWb s −1 ✓
ΔNΦ 65 × 10 - 3
Use of ε = - Δt
✓ ΔΦ
= -
Δt 150

(b)
Any two suggestions from: Increase number of turns in coil ✓
Because more flux cutting per cycle ✓

Increase field strength of magnet ✓

So that there are more field lines ✓

Change mass-spring system so that time period decreases ✓

So magnet will be moving faster for given amplitude of movement ✓

(i)
3.0 1
cn s =
4.7
= 1 . 57 ✓ Critical angle = sin - 1 1 . 57 = 39 . 6 ° ✓

(ii)
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ray shown reflected back into the clay (and then to Z) at (by eye) the incidence angle ✓

ray shown refracted into the sandstone with angle of refraction greater than angle of
incidence (by eye) ✓

(d)
distance difference = 3000 × 0 . 00667 = 19 . 8 m ✓

½ distance difference = 9 . 9 m so YZ = 49 . 9 m ✓ XZ 2
d = √YZ2 - 2
= √49 . 92 - 402 ✓

OR Recognises situation as (almost) 3:4:5 triangle ✓

29.8 m ✓

30 m ( 1 sf answer only accepted in this route ) ✓

[Link].TZ0.20

(a)
2.43 pm ✓

(a)
2.43 pm ✓

(i)
8.43 pm ✓

(ii)
(Energy of photon inversely prop to wavelength)

photon transfers some of its energy to the electron. ✓

If its energy decreases so its wavelength increases. ✓

(iii)
(for this interaction) Δλ =
h
1 - cos θ =
h
and therefore 1 - cos θ must equal 1 ✓
me c me c

so cos theta = 0 and theta = 90 deg ✓

(iv)
(Because energy is conserved)
1 1
Ek = hc λ -
i λf

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= 6 . 63 × 10 - 34 × 3 . 00 × 108
1
- 12 -
1
- 12 ✓ 9.6 fJ ✓
6 . 00 × 10 8 . 43 × 10

[Link].TZ0.21

(a)
Waste is very hot …

… So has to be placed in cooling ponds to transfer the (thermal) energy away ✓ OR

Waste is very radioactive … ✓

… So has to be placed in cooling ponds to absorb this radiation OR

… So has to be handled remotely OR
… So has to be transported in crash resistant casings / stored on site ✓ OR
Waste will be radioactive for thousands of years … ✓

… So storage needs to be (eventually) in geologically stable areas ✓

(a)
Waste is very hot …

… So has to be placed in cooling ponds to transfer the (thermal) energy away ✓ OR

Waste is very radioactive … ✓

… So has to be placed in cooling ponds to absorb this radiation OR

… So has to be handled remotely OR
… So has to be transported in crash resistant casings / stored on site ✓ OR
Waste will be radioactive for thousands of years … ✓

… So storage needs to be (eventually) in geologically stable areas ✓

(b)
ln 0 . 02 = - 7 . 63 × 10 - 10 t or equivalent seen ✓ t = 5 . 1 Gs ✓

(i)
Idea that the Yttrium half life is much less than Strontium so can assume all Yttrium
energy is included. ✓

0 . 98 × 6 . 02 × 1023 × 0 . 52 + 2 . 3 × 106 seen ✓ = 1 . 67 × 1030 eV

Answer × 1 . 6 × 10 - 19 = 270 GJ ✓

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(ii)
(No)
(anti-)neutrinos are released in (both) decays ✓

Carrying away energy because they interact poorly with matter ✓

Ignore arguments relating to energy transferred to nucleus as this appears eventually as

thermal energy.

[Link].TZ0.3

(a.i)
Zero ✓

(i)
Zero ✓

(ii)
m × 1 . 0 × sin 45 ° + m × vy = 0 ✓ vy = «−»0.71 «m s −1 » ✓

(b)
The use of conservation of momentum in the horizontal direction, e.g.
m × 1 . 0 × cos 45 ° + m × vx = m × 2 . 0 ✓
v
vx = « 2 . 0 - 1 . 0 × cos 45 ° = » 1 . 3 «m s −1 » ✓ θ = tan - 1 vy = 29 ° ✓
x

(c)
1
Initial kinetic energy = m2 . 02 = 2 . 0 m
2

1.6 (m) ✓
1
Final kinetic energy = 2 m1 . 02 + 0 . 712 + 1 . 32 ✓

Final energy is less than the initial energy hence inelastic ✓

[Link].TZ0.4

(a.i)
No change in the kinetic energy of the system ✓

(i)
No change in the kinetic energy of the system ✓

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(ii)
From F =
Δp
Δt
, zero net force on the system implies that Δp = 0 OR
From Newton’s third law, the impulse delivered to A is equal but opposite to the impulse
delivered to B, hence Δp = 0 for the system ✓

(b)
The vertical momentum is zero hence mvA sin 70 ° - mvB sin 20 ° = 0 ✓

«leading to the expected result» ✓

(c)
1 1 1
Energy is conserved hence mvA 2 + mvB 2 = mv2 ✓
2 2 2

Eliminate vB using the result of part (a), e.g., vA 2 +

sin 70 ° 2
vA 2 = v2 ✓ vA = 0 . 342v ✓
sin 20 °

[Link].TZ0.5

(a.i)
19 × 0 . 5 × sin30
v17 sin θ = 17
= 0 . 279 m s - 1 ✓

(i)
19 × 0 . 5 × sin30
v17 sin θ = = 0 . 279 m s - 1 ✓
17

(ii)
= 2 . 02 m s - 1 ✓
17 × 2 . 5 - 19 × 0 . 50 × cos30
v17 cos θ =
17
✓

(iii)
2.04 m s −1 ✓ At 7.9° to initial direction ✓

(b)
Total angle between stones is 38°, angle will be 90° when elastic OR
Compares kinetic energies in a correct calculation (initial ke = 53 J, final ke = 34 J +2.4 J)
✓

Collision is not elastic ✓

[Link].TZ0.6

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(a)
Momentum must be conserved in initial direction of shell (20° above horizontal) ✓

Recoil velocity is 4.2 m s −1 at 20° below horizontal ✓ 3.95 m s −1 ✓

(a)
Momentum must be conserved in initial direction of shell (20° above horizontal) ✓

Recoil velocity is 4.2 m s −1 at 20° below horizontal ✓ 3.95 m s −1 ✓

(b)
1
Ek = 2 mv2 = 11 . 7 kJ ✓

(c)
Must be transferred into the ground beneath the cannon OR into the suspension system
✓

[Link].TZ0.7

(a)
0 . 10 «N m s» ✓
1
ΔL = lΔω = × 1 . 8 × 0 . 152 9 . 0 - 4 . 0 ✓
2

(a)
ΔL = lΔω =
1
× 1 . 8 × 0 . 152 9 . 0 - 4 . 0 ✓ 0 . 10 «N m s» ✓
2

(b)
ΔL 0 . 10 τ 0 . 42
Average torque =
Δt
= 0 . 24
= 0 . 42 «N m» ✓ Average force =
R
= 0 . 15
= 2 . 8 «N» ✓

(c)
No other forces than F provide the torque ✓ The thread unwinds without slipping ✓

The thread is weightless ✓ F is always tangent to the flywheel ✓

[Link].TZ0.8

(a)
α=
τ
=
0 . 20
✓ 10 «rad s −2 » ✓
l 0 . 32 × 0 . 252

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(i)
10 «rad s −2 » ✓
τ 0 . 20
α= l
= 2 ✓
0 . 32 × 0 . 25

(ii)
10 × 5 . 0 = 50 «rad s −1 » ✓

(i)
The angular impulse is the product of torque and time ✓

Both factors are the same so the angular impulse is the same ✓

(ii)
The disc has a smaller moment of inertia «because its mass is distributed closer to the
axis of rotation» ✓
L2
From Ek = , the disc will achieve a greater kinetic energy «because L is the same for
2l
both» ✓

[Link].TZ0.9

(a)
7 . 3 × 10 - 6 kg m2 ✓

(a)
7 . 3 × 10 - 6 kg m2 ✓

(i)
190 rev s −1 = 1190 rad s −1 ✓ ΔL = ΔIω = 7 . 3 × 10 - 6 × 1190 = 8 . 7 × 10 - 3 kg m2 s - 1 ✓

(ii)
0.25 s ✓
ΔL
Δt = τ
used ✓

(iii)
As the motor is internal, angular momentum is conserved (ignoring the torques due to
resistive forces) ✓

The body of the plane will (try to) rotate in the opposite direction to the propellor ✓

[Link].TZ0.10

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(a)
nRT
p= V
seen = 12 kPa ✓

(a)
nRT
p= seen = 12 kPa ✓
V

(b)
6 . 4 × 10 - 2 kg ✓

(c)
3PV
v=√ = 450 m s - 1 ✓
M

(d)
increased temperature means increased average KE and hence increased average
translational speed ✓

This increases the momentum transfer at the walls for each collision / mv is greater per
collision ✓

This increases the frequency of collisions at the walls / particles cover the distance
between walls more quickly ✓
Δp F
Ideas that Fwall = Δt
AND P = A
(can be in words) so that force increases and pressure
increases ✓

[Link].TZ0.11

(a)
The areas swept out in unit time by the Sun-comet line are the same at A and B ✓

At B, the distance is greater hence the orbital speed/distance moved in unit time is
lower «so that the area remains the same» ✓

A decrease in speed means that the kinetic energy also decreases ✓

(a)
The areas swept out in unit time by the Sun-comet line are the same at A and B ✓

At B, the distance is greater hence the orbital speed/distance moved in unit time is
lower «so that the area remains the same» ✓

A decrease in speed means that the kinetic energy also decreases ✓

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(b)
T2 4 . 53 4 . 51 . 5
An attempt to use Kepler’s 3 rd law, e.g., = ✓ T= « = » 5.2 «years» ✓
1 1.5 1.5

[Link].TZ0.12

(a)
Equates centripetal force (with Newton’s law of gravitation mr ω2 =
GMm
r2
) OR
2π
T= ✓
ω
Uses both equation correctly with clear re-arrangement ✓

(a)
Equates centripetal force (with Newton’s law of gravitation mr ω2 =
GMm
r2
) OR
2π
T=
ω
✓
Uses both equation correctly with clear re-arrangement ✓

(b)

r3De =
T2De r3Ph
seen or correct substitution ✓ 23.5 Mm ✓
T2Ph

(c)
Converts T to 27.6 ks and converts to m from Mm ✓ k = 7 . 33 × 10 - 14 «s 2 m −3 » ✓

«M=
1
» = 2 . 04 × 1023 «kg» ✓ MP1 can be implicit
kG

[Link].TZ0.13

(a)
GMm 2π
Equates centripetal force (with Newton’s law gravitation mr ω2 = ) AND T= ✓
r2 ω

4π2
leads to T2 = r3 × hence result ✓
GM

(a)
GMm 2π
Equates centripetal force (with Newton’s law gravitation mr ω2 = ) AND T= ✓
r2 ω

4π2
leads to T2 = r3 × hence result ✓
GM

(i)
«mean» Distance from centre of Sun to centre of Earth ✓ OR
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Suitable ratio in terms of parsec and arcsecond ✓

(ii)
r3
T2Pluto = T2Earth r3Pluto used ✓
Earth

Earth orbital radius = 1.5 × 10 11 m (from AU) AND uses 1 earth year (in any units) ✓

247 years ✓

[Link].TZ0.14

(a)
From Newton’s third law, the force on a length of Q is equal but opposite to the force on
the same length of P ✓

2 . 0 × 10 - 5 N ✓

(a)
From Newton’s third law, the force on a length of Q is equal but opposite to the force on
the same length of P ✓

2 . 0 × 10 - 5 N ✓

(b)
IQ = 4 . 0 «A» ✓
-7
2 . 0 × 10 - 5 4π × 10 × 5 . 0 × IQ
= ✓
0 . 50 2π × 0 . 10

(i)
Opposite ✓

(ii)
The force on Q due to R must have the same magnitude «but opposite direction» as the
force on Q due to P ✓

The distance is halved therefore one half of the current is needed to produce the same
force, so 2.5 A ✓

[Link].TZ0.15

(a)
kg m s −2 A −2 ✓

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(a)
kg m s −2 A −2 ✓

(i)
Into the page ✓

(ii)
Repulsive / to the right ✓

(i)
4π × 10 - 7 × 2 . 0 × 1 . 0
-
4π × 10 - 7 × 2 . 0 × 1 . 0
× 0 . 20 ✓ 1 . 1 × 10 - 7 «N» ✓
2π × 0 . 30 2π × 0 . 50

(ii)
Repulsive / to the right ✓

[Link].TZ0.16

(a)
Use of combination of resistors OR V = IR ✓ To show that current in 30 Ω wire is 5.0 A ✓
F
=
2 × 10 - 7 I15 I30
=
2 × 10 - 7 × 10 × 5
✓ F = 5 × 10 - 5 × 0 . 25 = 1 . 3 × 10 - 5 N ✓
I r 0 . 20

(a)
Use of combination of resistors OR V = IR ✓ To show that current in 30 Ω wire is 5.0 A ✓
F
=
2 × 10 - 7 I15 I30
=
2 × 10 - 7 × 10 × 5
✓ F = 5 × 10 - 5 × 0 . 25 = 1 . 3 × 10 - 5 N ✓
I r 0 . 20

(b)
Use of F = BIl ✓ 45 × 10 - 6 × 10 × 0 . 25 = 1 . 15 × 10 - 4 N ✓

Concludes that the assumption is not valid ✓

[Link].TZ0.17

(a.i)
At least one circle centred on centre of wire A
AND
indication of clockwise direction ✓

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More than 2 circles with increasing separation between circles from centre outwards (by
eye) ✓

(i)
At least one circle centred on centre of wire A
AND
indication of clockwise direction ✓

More than 2 circles with increasing separation between circles from centre outwards (by
eye) ✓

(ii)
B lies in magnetic field of A OWTTE ✓

Explained use of appropriate rule together with drawn indication of rule operating in this
case ✓

To show that force on B is to left and in plane of paper ✓

OR
Magnetic field lines of B merge with those of A to give combined field line pattern ✓

Sketch of combined pattern to show null point somewhere on line between wires. ✓

Wires will move to reduce stored energy and this is achieved by moving together so
force on B is to left ✓

(b)
F
=
2 × 10 - 7 IA IB
=
2 × 10 - 7 × 122
✓ 8 . 6 × 10 - 4 N ✓
l r 0 . 25

[Link].TZ0.18

(a)
The four neutrons released in the reaction may initiate further fissions ✓

«If sufficient U-235 is available,» the reaction is self-sustained ✓

Allowing for the continuous production of energy ✓

The number of neutrons available is controlled with control rods «to maintain the
desired reaction rate» ✓

(a)
The four neutrons released in the reaction may initiate further fissions ✓

«If sufficient U-235 is available,» the reaction is self-sustained ✓

Allowing for the continuous production of energy ✓

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The number of neutrons available is controlled with control rods «to maintain the
desired reaction rate» ✓

(b)
137 × 8 . 389 + 95 × 8 . 460 - 235 × 7 . 591 ✓ 169 «MeV» ✓

(c)
«For the same number of nuclei,» the activity is inversely related to half-life ✓

Thus 137
55Cs has a longer half-life and will likely require longer storage ✓

Half-lives of their decay products need also be considered when planning storage ✓

[Link].TZ0.19

(a)
Spontaneous fission occurs with no external influence, neutron-induced fission requires
an interaction with a neutron «of appropriate energy» ✓

Both result in the release of energy

OR
both have a large number of possible pairs of products ✓

(a)
Spontaneous fission occurs with no external influence, neutron-induced fission requires
an interaction with a neutron «of appropriate energy» ✓

Both result in the release of energy

OR
both have a large number of possible pairs of products ✓

(b)
2 . 4 × 109 × 60 × 60 × 24
Fissions per day = « = 6 . 5 × 1024 » ✓
200 × 106 × 1 . 6 × 10 - 19

Mass of uranium =
6 . 5 × 1024
× 0 . 235 ✓ 2.5 «kg» ✓
6 . 05 × 1023

(c)
Have relatively short half-lives / high activity ✓

Their decay products are «usually» also radioactive ✓ Volatile / chemically active ✓

Biologically active / easily absorbed by living matter ✓

[Link].TZ0.2
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(a)
Resistance of cable = 0.072 Ω ✓ Pd is (500 − 0.072 × 600) = 457 V ✓

(i)
Resistance of cable = 0.072 Ω ✓ Pd is (500 − 0.072 × 600) = 457 V ✓

(ii)
Power input = 457 × 600 = 274 kW ✓ Power output = 0.9 × 274 = 247 kW ✓

(b)
The pd across the motor increases as the tram travels up the track ✓

(As the current is constant), the power output also rises ✓

(c)
Total weight of tram = 75 × 710 + 5 × 10 4 = 1.03 × 10 5 N ✓

Total force down track = 750 + 1.03 × 10 5 sin (10) = 1.87 × 10 4 N ✓ Use of P = F × v ✓

( v = 247 000 ÷ 1.87 × 10 4 )= 13 m s −1 ✓

(d)
Time for run = s/v = 3000 ÷ 13.2 = 227 s ✓ 3 minutes loading = 180 s

So one trip = 407 s ✓ And there are 3600/407 trips per hour = 8.84 ✓

So 8 complete trips with 75 = 600 passengers ✓

(e)
Work leading to volume = 7.1 x 10 −3 m 3 ✓ Work leading to mass of steel = 55 .8 kg ✓
1 2
mv 1 1 . 03 × 105 = 110 kJ ✓
Kinetic Energy transferred per annulus = 2
= × × 132
8 16 9 . 81

Ek 1 . 1 × 105
ΔT = = =4.7K✓
mc 55 . 8 × 420

(f)

Use of
Δλ
≈
v
✓ 1.2 nm ✓
λ c

[Link].TZ0.20

(a)
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Fission fragments from the fuel rods OR activated materials in (e.g.) fuel rod casings
OR nuclei formed by neutron activation from U-235
OR stated products, e.g. Pu, U-236 etc. ✓

(a)
Fission fragments from the fuel rods OR activated materials in (e.g.) fuel rod casings
OR nuclei formed by neutron activation from U-235
OR stated products, e.g. Pu, U-236 etc. ✓

(b)
Waste (fuel rod) is placed in cooling ponds for a number of years ✓

After most active products have decayed the uranium is separated to be

recycled/reprocessed ✓

The remaining highly active waste is vitrified / made into a solid form ✓

And stored (deep) underground ✓

[Link].TZ0.3

(a)
K m −1 ✓
180 - 10
0 . 005
= 3 . 4 × 104 ✓

(i)
K m −1 ✓
180 - 10
= 3 . 4 × 104 ✓
0 . 005

(ii)
45 × 0.15 × 3.4 × 10 4 = 230 «kW» ✓

(b)
The answer is unrealistically large / impossible to sustain ✓

Due to much lower actual power, a lower temperature gradient through the base of the
pot is quickly established ✓

The surface of the hot plate becomes colder from contact with pot
OR
there is a temperature gradient also through the hot plate ✓

(c)

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By means of convection currents ✓

That arise due to density difference between hot and cold water ✓

[Link].TZ0.4

(a)
480 «W» ✓
60 - 20
0 . 90 × 4 . 0 × 10 - 2 × 0 . 003
✓

(a)
480 «W» ✓
60 - 20
0 . 90 × 4 . 0 × 10 - 2 × ✓
0 . 003

(b)
The temperature gradient decreases as the water cools down ✓

The rate of energy transfer is proportional to the temperature gradient ✓

(c)
= 0 . 23 «K s −1 » ✓
ΔT ΔT
480 = 4200 × 0 . 50 ×
Δt
✓ Δt

[Link].TZ0.5

(a)
Conduction identified ✓

energy transfer through interaction of particles in liquid at atomic scale ✓

(i)
Conduction identified ✓

energy transfer through interaction of particles in liquid at atomic scale ✓

(ii)
Convection identified ✓

energy transfer through movement of bodies of liquid at different densities ✓

(b)
the solid cannot now move relative to material above it ✓ so conduction only ✓

[Link].TZ0.6
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(a)
When ideally lagged, no energy transfer can occur through the sides of the bar. ✓

All the power input/ energy input per second at one end will emerge at the other end. ✓

When unlagged, energy transfer occurs from the sides of the bar and the power /energy
input per second at input > the energy output per second at the other end. ✓

Max 1 if answer does not refer to rate of energy transfer in MP2 and MP3.

(a)
When ideally lagged, no energy transfer can occur through the sides of the bar. ✓

All the power input/ energy input per second at one end will emerge at the other end. ✓

When unlagged, energy transfer occurs from the sides of the bar and the power /energy
input per second at input > the energy output per second at the other end. ✓

Max 1 if answer does not refer to rate of energy transfer in MP2 and MP3.

(i)
dQ
idea that dt
is same in both bars because lagged ✓

work to show that 90 - θ = 2θ - 45

OR
Temperature difference across XY is twice temperature difference across YZ ✓

solves to show that θ = 60 ° C ✓

(ii)
repeats calculation to show that θ = 75 °C ✓

temperature difference across YZ is still 15 K which gives the same rate of energy transfer
(but in opposite direction) ✓

[Link].TZ0.7

(a)
The collisions are elastic ✓

The time for a collision is much shorter than the time between collisions ✓

The intermolecular forces are only present during collisions ✓

(a)
The collisions are elastic ✓
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The time for a collision is much shorter than the time between collisions ✓

The intermolecular forces are only present during collisions ✓

(b)
The momentum of a molecule changes when it collides with a container wall ✓
Δp
From F = and Newton’s third law, this leads to a force exerted on the wall by the
Δt
molecule ✓

The average force exerted by all the molecules on a unit area of the wall is equivalent to
pressure ✓

(c)
1
× 1 . 2 × 5002 ✓ 100 «kPa» ✓
3

[Link].TZ0.8

(a)
v = 520 «m s −1 » ✓
1
1 . 8 × 105 = × 2 . 0 × v2 ✓
3

(a)
1 . 8 × 105 =
1
× 2 . 0 × v2 ✓ v = 520 «m s −1 » ✓
3

(b)
Average kinetic energy of the molecules is determined by the temperature only ✓

The mass of a molecule is different for each component gas ✓

1
From Ek = mv2 , the same Ek and different mass implies a different average velocity ✓
2

(c)
ALTERNATIVE 1 The average translational speed increases «because T increases» ✓
1
From P = 3 ρv2 , the density decreases «to keep P constant» ✓
ALTERNATIVE 2
From the ideal gas law, the volume of the gas increases ✓
m
Since ρ = and m is constant, the density decreases ✓
v

[Link].TZ0.9
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(a)
it is the temperature at which the volume OR
the pressure extrapolates to zero (can be shown by sketch) ✓

(i)
it is the temperature at which the volume OR
the pressure extrapolates to zero (can be shown by sketch) ✓

(ii)
it is the temperature at which all the (random) motion stops OR
at which all the motion can be extrapolated to stop OR
at which the kinetic energy of all particles is zero ✓

(b)
4 . 0 × 10 - 2
Use of = 6 . 6 × 10 - 26 kg ✓ Work showing that v =
3p
=√
3pV
=√
3kT
✓
NA √ρ m m

Correct substitution AND conversion to K (310 K) ✓ 430/440 «m s −1 » ✓

(c)
the gases are in the same container at the same temperature so are in equilibrium ✓

they must have the same mean/average kinetic energy ✓

[Link].TZ0.1

(a)
static friction force «between blocks» AND directed to the right ✓

(a)
static friction force «between blocks» AND directed to the right ✓

(b)
F = 60 a ✓ F f = 0.6 × 15 × 9.8 «= 88.2 N» ✓ 88 . 2 = 15 ×
F
⇒ F = 350 «N» ✓
60

Allow use of a = 0.6 g leading to 353 N.

[Link].TZ0.2
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(a)
1 5
γ= 2 = 3
= 1 . 67 ✓
1 - 0 . 80

(a)
1 5
γ= 2 = 3
= 1 . 67 ✓
1 - 0 . 80

[Link].TZ0.3

(a)
standing waves form «in the oven» by superposition / constructive interference ✓

energy transfer is greatest at the antinodes «of the standing wave pattern» ✓

(a)
standing waves form «in the oven» by superposition / constructive interference ✓

energy transfer is greatest at the antinodes «of the standing wave pattern» ✓

[Link].TZ0.4

(a)
arrow normal to the orbit towards the Earth ✓

(a)
arrow normal to the orbit towards the Earth ✓

[Link].TZ0.5

(a)
ring B cuts an increasing number of magnetic field lines ✓ OR
magnetic field from current in A increases at the position of B ✓

(a)
ring B cuts an increasing number of magnetic field lines ✓ OR
magnetic field from current in A increases at the position of B ✓

(d)
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the current induced in B gives rise to a magnetic field opposing that of A OR

there will be a magnetic force opposing the motion ✓

work must be done to move B in the opposite direction to this force ✓

[Link].TZ0.6

(a)
241
95Am ✓ 237
93Np + 42α ✓

(d)
5 . 5 × 106
Each alpha gives rise to = 3 . 67 × 105 ion pairs ✓
15

3 . 67 × 105 × 42000
So = 5 . 13 × 109 ion pairs per second ✓
3

current = 1 . 6 × 10 - 19 × 5 . 13 × 109 = 0 . 82 × 10 - 9 «A» ✓

[Link].TZ0.7

(a)
2 . 9 × 10 - 3
correct substitution into λmax = T
OR 9350 K ✓

(a)
-3
2 . 9 × 10
correct substitution into λmax = OR 9350 K ✓
T

[Link].TZ0.8

(a)
0 . 030 × 0 . 7 × 103 × 5 + 0 . 030 × 220 × 103 + 0 . 030 × 2 . 13 × 103 T - 47
= 0 . 150 × 2 . 13 × 103 240 - T One heat capacity term correctly substituted ✓

latent heat correctly substituted 0 . 030 × 220 × 103 ✓ T = 190 «°C» ✓

(a)
0 . 030 × 0 . 7 × 103 × 5 + 0 . 030 × 220 × 103 + 0 . 030 × 2 . 13 × 103 T - 47
= 0 . 150 × 2 . 13 × 103 240 - T One heat capacity term correctly substituted ✓

latent heat correctly substituted 0 . 030 × 220 × 103 ✓ T = 190 «°C» ✓

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(ii)
Insulate the container OR Carry out experiment quicker OR
Use larger volumes of substances ✓

[Link].TZ0.9

(a.i)
equally spaced arrows «by eye» all pointing down ✓

edge effects also shown with arrows ✓

(i)
equally spaced arrows «by eye» all pointing down ✓

edge effects also shown with arrows ✓

(ii)
Weight vertically down AND electric force vertically up ✓ Of equal length «by eye» ✓

(iii)
Mass of drop is ρ o V ✓ qE = ρ o Vg ✓ «hence answer»

MP1 must be shown implicitly for credit.

[Link].TZ0.1

(a)
static friction force «between blocks» AND directed to the right ✓

(a)
static friction force «between blocks» AND directed to the right ✓

[Link].TZ0.2

(a)
standing waves form «in the oven» by superposition / constructive interference ✓

energy transfer is greatest at the antinodes «of the standing wave pattern» ✓

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(a)
standing waves form «in the oven» by superposition / constructive interference ✓

energy transfer is greatest at the antinodes «of the standing wave pattern» ✓

[Link].TZ0.3

(a)
arrow normal to the orbit towards the Earth ✓

(a)
arrow normal to the orbit towards the Earth ✓

[Link].TZ0.4

(a)
241
95Am ✓ 237
93
Np + 42α ✓

(c)
5 . 5 × 106
Each alpha gives rise to 15
= 3 . 67 × 105 ion pairs ✓
5
3 . 67 × 10 × 42000
So = 5 . 13 × 109 ion pairs per second ✓
3

current = 1 . 6 × 10 - 19 × 5 . 13 × 109 = 0 . 82 × 10 - 9 «A» ✓

[Link].TZ0.5

(a)
-3
2 . 9 × 10
correct substitution into λmax = OR 9350 K ✓
T

(a)
2 . 9 × 10 - 3
correct substitution into λmax = OR 9350 K ✓
T

[Link].TZ0.6

(a)
0 . 030 × 0 . 7 × 103 × 5 + 0 . 030 × 220 × 103 + 0 . 030 × 2 . 13 × 103 T - 47
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= 0 . 150 × 2 . 13 × 10 240 - T One heat capacity term correctly substituted ✓

3

latent heat correctly substituted 0 . 030 × 220 × 103 ✓ T = 190 «°C» ✓

(a)
0 . 030 × 0 . 7 × 103 × 5 + 0 . 030 × 220 × 103 + 0 . 030 × 2 . 13 × 103 T - 47
= 0 . 150 × 2 . 13 × 103 240 - T One heat capacity term correctly substituted ✓

latent heat correctly substituted 0 . 030 × 220 × 103 ✓ T = 190 «°C» ✓

[Link].TZ0.7

(a.i)
equally spaced arrows «by eye» all pointing down ✓

edge effects also shown with arrows ✓

(i)
equally spaced arrows «by eye» all pointing down ✓

edge effects also shown with arrows ✓

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