IGCSE O Level Mathematics: Vectors

IGCSE O Level Mathematics

Vectors
Practice Questions
 IGCSE O Level Mathematics: Vectors

1. Geometric Vectors
1.

# » # »
In the figure 𝑂𝐴 and 𝑂𝐵 represents the vectors a and b respectively. If 𝑀 is the midpoint of 𝑂𝐴 and
# » # »
𝐵 is the mid-point of 𝑂𝑁 . Write down 𝐵𝑀 and 𝑀𝑁 in terms of a and b.

2.

# » # » # » 1 # »
In the figure 𝑂𝐵 = b and 𝑂𝐶 = c. Make the points E and F such that 𝑂𝐸 = b, 𝑂𝐹 = −2c. Find
# » # » # » 2
in terms of b and c, the vectors 𝐸𝐶, 𝐵𝐹 and 𝐹 𝐸

3.

Express the following vectors in terms of p, q, r and s as denoted in the figure.

# » # » # »
(a) 𝐴𝐶 (b) 𝐴𝐷 (c) 𝐵𝐸

# »
If 𝐹 is the midpoint of 𝐴𝐸. find :
# » # » # »
(a) 𝐹 𝐵 (b) 𝐹 𝐶 (c) 𝐹 𝐷

# » # »
4. 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸𝐹 is a regular hexagon. 𝐴𝐵 = a and 𝐵𝐶 = b. Express the following in terms of a and b.
# » # » # » # » #»
(a) 𝐶𝐷 (b) 𝐸𝐵 (c) 𝐹 𝐷 (d) 𝐴𝐸 (e) BF

# » # » ⃗ find in terms of 𝑎⃗ and 𝑏,

⃗ the vectors
5. ABCDEFGH is a regular octagon. If 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑎⃗ and 𝐵𝐶 = 𝑏,
# » # » # » # » # » # »
𝐶𝐷, 𝐷𝐸, 𝐸𝐹 , 𝐹 𝐺, 𝐺𝐻, 𝐻𝐴.

[Link] 1
 IGCSE O Level Mathematics: Vectors

6.

# » # » # »
In the figure, 𝐴𝐵 = 2a, 𝐵𝐶 = b and 𝐷𝐶 = 𝑘a, where 0 < 𝑘 < 1. Given that 𝑋 and 𝑌 are the
# » # » # »
midpoints of 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐵𝐷 respectively, express each of the vectors 𝐴𝑋, 𝐵𝑌 and 𝐵𝑋 in terms of a and
# » 𝑘
b. Hence show that 𝑋𝑌 = (1 − ) a.
2
# » # » # » # »
7. If 𝑃 is a point inside a parallelogram 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷, prove that 𝑃 𝐴 + 𝑃 𝐶 = 𝑃 𝐵 + 𝑃 𝐷.

# » # » # » 1# » # » # » # » # »
8. In △𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐵𝑃 = 𝑃 𝐶 and 𝐶𝑄 = 𝐶𝐴. Prove that 2𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐴 + 𝐵𝐴 = 6𝑃 𝑄.
3
9. In the quadrilateral 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐷 is the midpoint of BC and G is a point on AD such that 𝐴𝐺 ∶ 𝐺𝐷 =
# » # » # » # » # »
2 ∶ 1. If 𝑂𝐴 = a, 𝑂𝐵 = b and 𝑂𝐶 = c, express 𝑂𝐷 and 𝑂𝐺 in terms of a and b and c.

# » # »
10. In △𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐵 = a and 𝐴𝐶 = b. If 𝑃 , 𝑄 and 𝑅 are the midpoints of 𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐴 and 𝐴𝐵 respectively,
# » # » # »
express 𝐵𝐶, 𝑄𝑅 and 𝑃 𝑅 in terms of a and b.

# » # »
11. 𝑂𝑃 𝑅𝑄 is a parallelogram and 𝑂𝑃 is produced to 𝑆 such that 𝑂𝑆 = 3𝑂𝑃 . If 𝑋 is a point on 𝑃 𝑅 such
# » # »
that 𝑃 𝑋 = 2𝑋𝑅, show that 𝑄, 𝑋 and 𝑆 are collinear.

# » # »
12. 𝑂𝑃 𝑄𝑅 is a parallelogram and 𝑂𝑅 is produced to 𝑆 such that 𝑂𝑆 = 3𝑂𝑅. If 𝑌 is a point on 𝑂𝑄 such
# » # »
that 𝑂𝑄 = 4𝑌 𝑄, show that 𝑌 lies on 𝑃 𝑆.

13.

In △𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐴𝐵 = 𝐵𝐶. CB is produced to Z such that 𝐵𝐶 = 𝐵𝑍. 𝑋 and 𝑌 are the points on 𝐴𝐶
1
and 𝐴𝐵 such that 𝐴𝑋 = 𝑋𝐶 and 𝐵𝑌 = 𝐵𝐴. Use a vector method to prove that (i) 𝑋, 𝑌 , 𝑍 are
3
collinear. (ii) 𝑌 𝑍 = 2𝑋𝑌 .

14. It is given that a and b are not parallel. If 3a + 𝑥(b − a) = 𝑦(a + 2b), find the values of 𝑥 and
𝑦.(a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0)

15. It is given that u = 5a + 4b, v = 3a − b and w = (2ℎ − 𝑘)a + (ℎ + 𝑘 + 3)b, where a and b are not
parallel. If w = 2u − 3v, calculate the value of ℎ and 𝑘. (a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0)

16. Given that p = 2a + 3b, q = 4a − b and r = ℎa + (3ℎ + 𝑘)b, where a and b are not parallel, calculate
the value of ℎ and 𝑘 when 2p = 3q − 4r.(a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0)

2 [Link]
 IGCSE O Level Mathematics: Vectors

2. Application of Vectors in Elementary Geometry

1.

In the figure 𝑀𝐶 = 2𝑀𝐴 and 𝑀𝐷 = 2𝑀𝐵. Prove by a vector method that 𝐷𝐶//𝐴𝐵 and 𝐷𝐶 = 2𝐴𝐵.
# » # »
(Hint : Let 𝐴𝑀 = a and 𝑀𝐵 = b ).

2.

If 𝑃 is the midpoint of the side 𝐶𝐷 of the parallelogram ABCD , prove by a vector method that
1
𝐷𝑄 = 𝐷𝐵.
3
3.

1 4 # »
𝐸 is the point of the side BD of the △𝐴𝐵𝐷, 𝐷𝐸 = 𝐷𝐵, 𝐴𝐵//𝐷𝐶 and 𝐷𝐶 = 𝐴𝐵 ⋅ 𝐴𝐵 = 12a
# » 4 3
and 𝐴𝐷 = 4 b. Prove : 𝐵𝐶//𝐴𝐸.

# » # »
4. In △𝐴𝐵𝐶, 𝐷 is the midpoint of 𝐵𝐶, and 𝐴𝐷 is produced to 𝐸 such that 𝐴𝐸 = 2𝐴𝐷. Prove by a
vector method 𝐶𝐸 is congruent and parallel to 𝐴𝐵.

5. By using geometric vectors, show that the line segment joining the midpoints of two sides of any
triangle is equal in length to half and parallel to the third side.

6. Prove, by a vector method, that if the diagonals of a quadrilateral bisect one another, then the
quadrilateral is a parallelogram.

[Link] 3
 IGCSE O Level Mathematics: Vectors

7.

In the figure 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is a parallelogram and 𝐷𝑀 = 𝑀𝑁 = 𝑁𝐵. Prove by a vector method that
# » # »
𝐴𝑁𝐶𝑀 is a parallelogram. (Hint : Let 𝐷𝐴 = a and 𝑀𝐷 = b.)

8.

In the figure, 𝑃 , 𝑄 and R are points on the sides of △𝐴𝐵𝐶 such that 𝐵𝑃 = 2𝑃 𝐶, 𝑄𝐴 = 2𝐶𝑄 and
𝐴𝑅 = 2𝑅𝐵. Prove by a vector method that 𝑃 𝑄𝑅𝐵 is a parallelogram.
# » # » # » # » # »
(Hint: 𝐴𝐵 + 𝐵𝐶 + 𝐶𝐴 = 0 and 𝐴𝐵 = 3𝑅𝐵, … )

# » 1# » # » 2# »
9. The median AD of △𝐴𝐵𝐶 is produced to 𝐾 so that 𝐷𝐾 = 𝐴𝐷. If 𝐴𝐺 = 𝐴𝐷, prove that BKCG
3 3
is a parallelogram.

10. Prove, by a vector method the diagonals of a parallelogram bisect each other.

11.

Given : Quadrilateral 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 with 𝑃 , 𝑄, 𝑅, 𝑆 the midpoints of the respective sides

Prove:𝑃 𝑄𝑅𝑆 is a parallelogram.

4 [Link]
 IGCSE O Level Mathematics: Vectors

3. Position Vectors
1. The position vectors of three points 𝑃 , 𝑄, and 𝑅, relative to an origin 𝑂, are 9a − 4b, −3a − b and
# » # »
5a − 3b respectively. Express 𝑃 𝑄 and 𝑄𝑅 in terms of a and b. Are 𝑃 , 𝑄 and 𝑅 collinear?

# » # » # » # »
2. Given that 𝑂𝑃 = 2a + b, 𝑂𝑄 = 3a − 2b and 𝑂𝑅 = ℎa + 5b, find in terms of a and b, the vectors 𝑃 𝑄
# »
and 𝑃 𝑅. If 𝑃 , 𝑄 and R collinear, find the value of h .

# » # »
3. If 𝑂𝐴 = a, 𝑂𝐵 = b, find the position vector of 𝑅 in terms of a and b if 𝑅 divides 𝐴𝐵 in the ratio

(a) 1 ∶ 2 (b) −5 ∶ 2.

4. The position vectors of three points 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶, relative to an origin 𝑂, are 3p + 2q, −5p − 3q and
# » 1# » # »
4p − q respectively. The midpoint of 𝐴𝐵 is 𝑀 and the point 𝑁 is such that 𝐴𝑁 = 𝐴𝐶. Find 𝑀𝑁
3
in terms of p and q.

5. The position vectors of 𝑃 , 𝑄, and 𝑅, with respect to an origin 𝑂, are 3b + 5c − 2a, a + 2b + 3c and
7a − c respectively. Are the points 𝑃 , 𝑄 and 𝑅 collinear?

6. The position vectors of three points 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶, relative to an origin 𝑂, are 2p−q, 𝑘p+q and 12p+4q
respectively. Calculate the value of 𝑘 if 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are collinear.

7. The position vectors of three points 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 are a, b and c respectively. Find c in terms of a and
b for each of the following cases.
# » # » # » # » # » # » # » # »
(a) 3𝐴𝐶 = 𝐶𝐵 (b) 3𝐵𝐶 = 5𝐶𝐴 (c) 𝐴𝐶 = −2𝐶𝐵 (d) 𝐴𝐵 = 4𝐵𝐶

8. The position vectors of points 𝑃 and 𝑄 relative to an origin 𝑂 are 2a + 5b and 3a − 7b respectively.
𝑅 is a point on 𝑃 𝑄 such that 𝑃 𝑅 ∶ 𝑅𝑄 = 1 ∶ 3. Find the position vector of 𝑅, relative to 𝑂, in terms
of a and b.

9. The position vectors of three points 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝑃 are a, b, p. In those cases where 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝑃 are collinear,
calculate AP : PB if #»
𝑝 has the following values.

1 3a − b 7 2
(a) (a + 2b) (b) (c) a− b
3 2 5 5

10. In the quadrilateral 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷, 𝑀 and 𝑁 are the midpoints of 𝐴𝐶 and 𝐵𝐷 respectively, Prove that
# » # » # » # » # »
𝐴𝐵 + 𝐶𝐵 + 𝐴𝐷 + 𝐶𝐷 = 4𝑀𝑁.

[Link] 5
 IGCSE O Level Mathematics: Vectors

11.

# » # » # »
In the diagram, 𝑃 is the midpoint of 𝑂𝐴 and 𝑄 lies on 𝐴𝐵 such that 𝐴𝑄 = 3𝑄𝐵. Given that 𝑂𝐴 = 5 s
# »
and 𝑂𝐵 = 10 t, express in terms of s and t,
# » # » # » # »
(a) 𝐴𝐵 (b) 𝐵𝑄 (c) 𝑂𝑄 (d) 𝐵𝑃
# » # » # » # »
Given that 𝐵𝐺 = 𝜆𝐵𝑃 and 𝑂𝐺 = 𝜇 𝑂𝑄, evaluate 𝜆 and 𝜇.
12.

# » # »
In the diagram, 𝑀is the midpoint of 𝑂𝑃 , and, 𝑄 , the midpoint of 𝑂𝑌 , 𝑂𝑃 = 2a and 𝑂𝑄 = 6 b.
Express in terms of a and b.
# » # » # »
(a) 𝑃 𝑄 (b) 𝑂𝑌 (c) 𝑀𝑌
# » # » # » # »
If 𝑋𝑄 = 𝜆𝑃 𝑄 and 𝑋𝑌 = 𝜇 𝑀𝑌 , evaluate 𝜆 and 𝜇.

4. Two Dimensional Vectors

# » # » 1# »
1. If 𝑃 = (3, 4), 𝑅 = (8, 2) and 𝑂 is the origin and 𝑂𝑇 = 𝑂𝑃 + 𝑂𝑅, find the coordinates of the point
2
𝑇.

2. The coordinates of 𝑃 , 𝑄, and 𝑅 are (1, 2), (7, 3) and (4, 7) respectively. Find the coordinates of 𝑆 if
𝑃 𝑄𝑆𝑅 is a parallelogram.

3. The coordinates of 𝑃 , 𝑄, and 𝑅 are (1, 0), (4, 2) and (5, 4) respectively. Use vector method to determine
the coordinates of 𝑆 if

(a) 𝑃 𝑄𝑅𝑆 is a parallelogram,

(b) 𝑃 𝑅𝑄𝑆 is a parallelogram.

# »
4. The coordinates of 𝐴, 𝐵, and C are (1, 2), (7, 1) and (−3, 7) respectively. If 𝑂 is the origin and 𝑂𝐶 =
# » # »
ℎ𝑂𝐴 + 𝑘𝑂𝐵, where ℎ and 𝑘 are constants, find the values of ℎ and 𝑘. 𝐴, 𝐵, and 𝐶 are with position
vectors i + 3j, 2i + 5j, 𝑘i − 4j respectively. Find the value of 𝑘 if

(a) 𝐴, 𝐵 and C are collinear,

# » # »
(b) |𝐴𝐶| = 4|𝐴𝐵|

6 [Link]
 IGCSE O Level Mathematics: Vectors

4 12
5. The position vectors of 𝐴 and 𝐵 relative to an origin 𝑂 are and respectively. Given that
(14) (2)
2𝑡
𝐶 lies on 𝐴𝐵 and has position vector , find the value of 𝑡 and the ratio 𝐴𝐶 ∶ 𝐶𝐵. Points 𝑃 and
(𝑡)
5 3
𝑄 have position vectors and respectively, relative to an origin 𝑂. Given that the point 𝑅
(1) (4)
0
with position vector lies on 𝑃 𝑄 produced, calculate
(𝑘)

(a) the value of k ,

# » # »
(b) the value of |2𝑃 𝑄 + 𝑂𝑅|.

# » # »
6. The vector 𝑂𝐴 has magnitude 39 units and has the same direction as 5i + 12j. The vector 𝑂𝐵 has
# » # »
magnitude 25 units and has the same direction as −3i + 4j. Express 𝑂𝐴 and 𝑂𝐵 in terms of i and j
# »
and find the magnitude of 𝐴𝐵.

# » −5 # »
7. The vector 𝑂𝑃 has magnitude 26 units and has the same direction as . The vector 𝑂𝑄 has
( 12 )
3 # » # »
magnitude 20 units and has the same direction as . Express 𝑂𝑃 and 𝑂𝑄 as column vectors and
(4)
# »
find the unit vector in the direction of 𝑃 𝑄.

# » 2 # » 𝑞 # »
8. The three points 𝑂, 𝑃 and 𝑄 are such that 𝑂𝑃 = and 𝑂𝑄 = . Given that 𝑃 𝑄 is a unit
(3) (2𝑞 )
vector, calculate the possible values of 𝑞.

5. Mixed Problems
1. Relative to a fixed origin 𝑂, the point 𝐴 has coordinates (2, −3).
The point 𝐵 is such so that ⃖⃖⃖⃖⃗
𝐴𝐵 = 3i − 7j, where i and j are mutually perpendicular unit vectors lying
on the same plane.
Determine the distance of 𝐵 from 𝑂.

2. Relative to a fixed origin 𝑂, the point 𝐴 has coordinates (−2, 4).

The point 𝐵 is such so that ⃖⃖⃖⃖⃗
𝐵𝐴 = 5i − j, where i and j are mutually perpendicular unit vectors lying
on the same plane.

(a) Determine the distance of 𝐵 from 𝑂.

(b) Calculate the angle 𝑂𝐴𝐵.

[Link] 7
 IGCSE O Level Mathematics: Vectors

3. The points 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 lie on a plane so that

# » # »
𝐴𝐵 = 2i + j and 𝐴𝐶 = 4j − 5j,

where i and j are mutually perpendicular unit vectors lying on the same plane. The point 𝐷 lies on the
# »
|𝐵𝐷|
straight line segment 𝐵𝐶, so that # » | = 1 ∶ 2.
|𝐷𝐶|
# »
(a) Determine a simplified expression, in terms of i and j, for 𝐵𝐷.
# »
(b) Show that the |𝐴𝐷| is approximately 4 units.

4. The following information is given for four points which lie on the same plane:
# » # » # »
𝑂𝐴 = i + 4j, 𝑂𝐵 = 5i + 5j and 𝐶𝐵 = −i + 6j,
# »
(a) Find the vector 𝐴𝐵 and hence state its length.
# »
(b) Determine the length of 𝐴𝐶.

(c) Calculate the size of the angle 𝐴𝐵𝐶.

5.

The figure above shows a trapezium 𝑂𝐴𝐵𝐶, where 𝑂 is a fixed origin. The position vectors of 𝐴 and
# » # » # » # »
𝐶 are 12i + 4j and 18i − 2j, respectively. 𝐶𝐵 is parallel to 𝑂𝐴, so that |𝐶𝐵| = 2|𝑂𝐴|. The point 𝐷
# » # »
lies on 𝐴𝐶 so that 𝐴𝐷 ∶ 𝐷𝐶 = 1 ∶ 2.

(a) Find a simplified expression, in terms of i and j, for the position vector of 𝐷.

# » # »
(b) Show that , 𝑂, 𝐷 and 𝛽 are collinear and state the ratio of 𝑂𝐷 ∶ 𝐷𝐵.

6.

# » # »
The figure above shows a trapezium 𝑂𝐵𝐶𝐴 where 𝑂𝐵 is parallel to 𝐴𝐶. The point 𝐷 lies on 𝐵𝐴 so
# » # » # » # »
that 𝐵𝐷 ∶ 𝐷𝐴 = 1 ∶ 2. It is further given that 𝑂𝐴 = 7i − 4j, 𝑂𝐵 = 3i − 2j, where i and j are mutually
perpendicular unit vectors lying on the same plane.

8 [Link]
 IGCSE O Level Mathematics: Vectors
# » # » # »
(a) Determine simplified expressions, in terms of i and j, for each of the vectors 𝑂𝐶, 𝐴𝐵, 𝐴𝐷 and
# »
𝑂𝐷.
# » # »
(b) Deduce, showing your reasoning, that 𝑂, 𝐷 and 𝐶 are collinear and state the ratio of 𝑂𝐶 ∶ 𝑂𝐷.

(c) Show that ∠𝑂𝐵𝐴 = 90∘ and hence find the area of the trapezium 𝑂𝐵𝐶𝐴.

(d) State the size of the angle ∠𝐴𝐵𝐶.

7.

# » # »
The figure above shows a trapezium 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷, where 𝐴𝐷 is parallel to 𝐵𝐶. The following information
is given for this trapezium:
# » # » # »
𝐵𝐷 = 5i + j, 𝐷𝐶 = −i − 10j and 𝐴𝐷 = 4i + 𝑘j,
where 𝑘 is an integer.

(a) Use vector algebra to show that 𝑘 = −6.

# »
(b) Find the length of 𝐴𝐵.

(c) Calculate the size of the angle ∠𝐴𝐵𝐷.

8.

The figure above shows a triangle 𝑂𝐴𝐵, where 𝑂 is a fixed origin.

• The point 𝐴 has coordinates (−6, −8).

# » # »
• The point 𝑃 , whose coordinates are (4, 1), lies on 𝑂𝐵 so that 𝑂𝑃 ∶ 𝑃 𝐵 = 4 ∶ 1.
# » # »
• The point 𝑄 lies on 𝐴𝐵 so that 𝐴𝑄 ∶ 𝑄𝐵 = 3 ∶ 2.
# » # »
• The side 𝑂𝐴 is extended to the point 𝑅 so that 𝑂𝐴 ∶ 𝐴𝑅 = 5 ∶ 3.

(a) Use vector methods to determine the coordinates of 𝑄.

[Link] 9
 IGCSE O Level Mathematics: Vectors
# » # »
(b) Determine expressions, in terms of i and j, for the vectors 𝑃 𝑄 and 𝑄𝑅.

# » # »
(c) Deduce, showing your reasoning, that 𝑃 , 𝑄 and 𝑅 are collinear and state the ratio of 𝑃 𝑄 ∶ 𝑄𝑅.

9. The points 𝐴(−1, 4), 𝐵(2, 3) and 𝐶(8, 1) lie on the 𝑥-𝑦 plane, where 𝑂 is the origin.

(a) Show that 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶 are collinear.

# » # »
The point 𝐷 lies on 𝐵𝐶 so that 𝐵𝐷 ∶ 𝐷𝐶 = 2 ∶ 3.

(b) Find the coordinates of 𝐷.

# » # »
The straight line 𝑂𝐵 is extended to the point 𝑃 , so that 𝐴𝑃 is parallel to 𝑂𝐶.

(c) Determine the coordinates of 𝑃 .

10. Relative to a fixed origin 𝑂 on a horizontal plane, the points 𝐴 and 𝐵 have respective position vectors
# » # »
3i − 2j and 5i + 4j. The point 𝐶 lies on the same plane as 𝐴 and 𝐵 so that 𝐴𝐵 ∶ 𝐵𝐶 = 2 ∶ 5.

(a) Find the position vector of 𝐶.

The point 𝐷 lies on the same plane as 𝐴 and 𝐵 so that 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐷 are collinear.
# »
(b) Given that |𝐵𝐷| = 6√10, determine the possible position vectors of 𝐷.

11. The four vertices of a quadrilateral 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 lie on the same plane. The points 𝑀 and 𝑁 are the
midpoints of 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 respectively.
Determine the possible values of the scalar constant 𝜆, given further that

# » # » # »
(𝜆2 − 6𝜆 + 10)𝑀𝑁 = 𝐴𝐷 + 𝐵𝐶.

12. Relative to a fixed origin 𝑂, the points 𝐴 and 𝐵 have position vectors 3i − 9j and 2i + 10j, respectively.
# » # »
The point 𝑀 is the midpoint of 𝑂𝐵 and the point 𝑁 lies on 𝑂𝐴 so that 𝑂𝐴 = 3𝑂𝑁.
The point 𝑃 is the point of intersection of 𝐴𝑀 and 𝐵𝑁.
# » # »
Determine the ratio 𝑁𝑃 ∶ 𝑃 𝐵.

13. A triangle 𝑂𝐴𝐵 is given.

The point 𝑀 is the midpoint of 𝑂𝐴.
The point 𝑁 lies on 𝑂𝐵 so that |𝑂𝑁| ∶ |𝑁𝐵| = 1 ∶ 5
If the point 𝑃 is the intersection of the straight lines 𝐴𝑁 and 𝐵𝑀, use vector algebra to find the ratio
of |𝐴𝑃 | ∶ |𝐸𝑃 |.

10 [Link]