PYTHON PROGRAMMING

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FEATURES OF PYTHON

Simple
Easy to Learn
Versatile: Support both large and small projects.
Free and Open Source
High-level Language
Interactive : interactive testing and debugging of pieces of code.
Portable: run on multiple platforms without any change.
Object-Oriented
Interpreted: No need to compile - executed line by line by the
interpreter.
Dynamic: errors are detected at run-time.

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FEATURES OF PYTHON

Extensible: can extend functionality for better performance.

Embeddable: can be embedded into C, C++, or Java applications.
Extensive Libraries
Easy Maintenance
Secure
Robust: No direct memory access; errors handled using exceptions.
Multi-threaded: executes multiple processes simultaneously.
Garbage Collection: automatically cleans unused data from memory.

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Python IDLE

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Python IDLE

IDLE : Integrated Development and Learning Environment

Python IDLE is a simple and user-friendly tool that comes bundled
with Python installations.
It allows you to write, edit, and execute Python code efficiently.
Python IDLE works on different platforms in almost the same way.
Writing Python Programs
Step 1: Open an editor.
Step 2: Write the instructions.
Step 3: Save it as a file with the filename having the extension . py.
Step 4: Run the interpreter with the command python
program name. py or use IDLE to run the programs.

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LITERAL CONSTANTS
Fixed values in the program that cannot change.
Examples: 7, 3.9, ’A’, ”Hello”

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LITERAL CONSTANTS

[Link]
Integer: Whole numbers like 5, -10
Floating Point: Numbers with decimals
e.g., 3.23, 91.5E-2 (E means ×10−2 )
Complex Numbers: Numbers with a real and imaginary part
e.g., -3 + 7 j
imaginary part of a complex number is written using j, not i.
Commas are not allowed in numeric literals (e.g., 3,567 ).

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LITERAL CONSTANTS
format() Function

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LITERAL CONSTANTS
Simple Operations on Numbers

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LITERAL CONSTANTS

Division By Zero
Dividing a number by zero in Python generates error and no output is
produced.

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LITERAL CONSTANTS
Quotient and Remainder
Quotient-//
Remainder-% (modulo operator)

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LITERAL CONSTANTS

Exponentiation

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LITERAL CONSTANTS

[Link]
A string is a group of characters.
Using single quotes:’HELLO’
Using double quotes:”HELLO”
Using triple quotes: to specify multi-line [Link] use as many
single and souble quotes within triple quotes.
’ ’ ’Good morning everyone.
”Welcome to the world of ’Python’.”
Happy Reading.’ ’ ’

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LITERAL CONSTANTS

[Link]

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LITERAL CONSTANTS
String Concatenation

There is no char datatype in Python.

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LITERAL CONSTANTS

Unicode Strings
Unicode is a standard way of writing international text.
Can be specified by prefixing the string with a u or U.

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LITERAL CONSTANTS
Escape Sequences
An escape sequence is a special combination of characters that starts
with a backslash and is used to represent something that can’t be
typed directly in a string.

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LITERAL CONSTANTS

Escape Sequences

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LITERAL CONSTANTS
Raw Strings
If you want to specify a string that should not handle any escape
sequences and want to display exactly as specified then you need to
specify that string as a raw string . A raw string is specified by prefixing r
or R to the string.

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LITERAL CONSTANTS
String Formatting
format(value,format specifier)

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VARIABLES AND IDENTIFIERS

Variable means its value can vary.

You can store any piece of information in a variable.
Variables are nothing but just parts of your computer’s memory where
information is stored.
To be identified easily, each variable is given an appropriate name.
Identifiers are names given to identify something. This something can
be a variable, function, class, module or other object.

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VARIABLES AND IDENTIFIERS

For naming any identifier, there are some basic rules like:
The first character of an identifier must be an underscore (’ ’) or a
letter (upper or lowercase). The rest of the identifier name can be
underscores (’ ’), letters (upper or lowercase), or digits (0-9).
Identifier names are case-sensitive. For example, myvar and myVar
are not the same.
Punctuation characters such as @, $, and % are not allowed within
identifiers.
Examples of valid identifier names are sum, my var, num1, r, var 20,
First, etc.
Examples of invalid identifier names are 1num, my-var, %check, Basic Sal,
H#R&A, etc.

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DATA TYPES

Data types are like labels that tell Python what type of data is
stored-a number, text etc.
Assigning or Initializing Values to Variables
In Python, programmers need not explicitly declare variables to
reserve memory space.
The declaration is done automatically when a value is assigned to the
variable using the equal sign (=).
The operand on the left side of equal sign is the name of the variable
and the operand on its right side is the value to be stored in that
variable.

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DATA TYPES
Program to display data of different types using variables and literal
constants.

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DATA TYPES

Output:

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DATA TYPES

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DATA TYPES

Multiple Assignment
Python allows programmers to assign a single value to more than one
variables simultaneously.
You can also assign different values to multiple variables
simultaneously as shown below.
Trying to reference a variable that has not been assigned any value
causes an error.
Removing a variable means that the reference from the name to the
value has been deleted.
Deleted variables can be used again in the code if and only if you
reassign them some value.

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DATA TYPES
Multiple Assignment

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DATA TYPES

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DATA TYPES
Boolean
Boolean is another data type in Python.
A variable of Boolean type can have one of the two values- True or
False.
Similar to other variables, the Boolean variables are also created while
we assign a value to them or when we use a relational operator on
them.

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INPUT OPERATION
To take input from the users, Python makes use of the input()
function.
The input() function prompts the user to provide some information
on which the program can work and give the result.
However, we must always remember that the input function takes
user’s input as a string.

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COMMENTS
Comments are the non-executable statements in a program.
They are just added to describe the statements in the program code.
Comments make the program easily readable and understandable by
the programmer as well as other users who are seeing the code.
The interpreter simply ignores the comments.
In Python, a hash sign (#) that is not inside a string literal begins a
comment.
All characters following the # and up to the end of the line are part
of the comment

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RESERVED WORDS

In every programming language there are certain words which have a

pre-defined meaning.
These words which are also known as reserved words or keywords
cannot be used for naming identifiers.
All the Python keywords contain lowercase letters only.

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INDENTATION
Whitespace at the beginning of the line is called indentation.
These whitespaces or the indentation are very important in Python.
In a Python program, the leading whitespace including spaces and
tabs at the beginning of the logical line determines the indentation
level of that logical line.

All statements inside a block should be at the same indentation level.

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TYPE CONVERSION
In Python, it is just not possible to complete certain operations that
involves different types of data.
For example, it is not possible to perform ”2” + 4 since one operand
is an integer and the other is of string type.

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TYPE CONVERSION

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TYPE CONVERSION

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TYPE CONVERSION

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TYPE CONVERSION
Type casting vs Type coercion
Type casting : explicit conversion of a value from one data type to
another. The programmer manually change a variable’s data type.
You tell Python exactly how to convert it.
x = ”10” # string
y = int(x) # convert string to integer
print(y + 5) # Output: 15
Type coercion: implicit conversion of data types either during
compilation or during run-time. Python automatically converts one
data type to another when needed in an expression.
x = 5 # integer
y = 2.0 # float
z = x + y # Python converts int to float automatically
print(z) # Output: 7.0

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OPERATORS AND EXPRESSIONS

Operators are the constructs that are used to manipulate the value of
operands.
Some basic operators include +, -, *, and /. In an expression, an
operator is used on operand(s) (values to be manipulated).
For example, in the expression sum = a + b, a and b are operands
and + is the operator.
Python supports different types of operators which are as follows:
Arithmetic Operators
Unary Operators
Comparison (Relational) Operators
Bitwise Operators
Assignment Operators
Membership Operators
Logical Operators
Identity Operators

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Arithmetic Operators
If a=100 and b=200 then:

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Comparison Operators
Comparison operators also known as relational operators are used to
compare the values on its either sides and determines the relation between
them.
If a=100 and b=200 then:

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Assignment and In-place or Shortcut Operators

Assignment operator as the name suggests assigns value to the

operand.
The in-place operators also known as shortcut operators that
includes +=, -= , *= , /=, %=, //= and **= allow you to write
code like num = num + 10 more concisely, as num += 3.

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Assignment and In-place or Shortcut Operators

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Assignment and In-place or Shortcut Operators

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Unary Operators
Unary operators act on single operands.
Python supports unary minus operator.
Unary minus operator is strikingly different from the arithmetic
operator that operates on two operands and subtracts the second
operand from the first operand.
When an operand is preceded by a minus sign, the unary operator
negates its value.
For example, if a number is positive, it becomes negative when
preceded with a unary minus operator.
Similarly, if the number is negative, it becomes positive after applying
the unary minus operator.
Consider the given example:
b = 10
a = -(b)
The result of this expression, is a = -10, because variable b has a
positive value.
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Bitwise Operators

Bitwise operators perform operations at the bit level.

These operators include bitwise AND, bitwise OR, bitwise XOR,
bitwise NOT and shift operators.
Bitwise operators expect their operands to be of integers and treat
them as a sequence of bits.
The truth tables of these bitwise operators are given below.

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Shift Operators

Python supports two bitwise shift operators.

They are shift left (<<) and shift right (>>). These operations are
used to shift bits to the left or to the right.
The syntax for a shift operation can be given as follows:
operand op num
Example 1:
a = 5 = 0000 0101 (Binary)
a <<1 = 0000 1010 = 10
a <<2 = 0001 0100 = 20
Example 2:
a = 10 = 0000 1010 (Binary)
a >> 1 = 0000 0101 = 5

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Bitwise and Shift Operators

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Logical Operators

Logical AND (&&) operator is used to simultaneously evaluate two

conditions or expressions with relational operators.
If expressions on both the sides (left and right side) of the logical
operator are true, then the whole expression is true.
For example, If we have an expression (a>b) && (b>c), then the
whole expression is true only if both expressions are true. That is, if a
is greater than b and bis greater than c.
Logical OR (||) operator is used to simultaneously evaluate two
conditions or expressions with relational operators.
If one or both the expressions of the logical operator is true, then the
whole expression is true.
For example, If we have an expression (a>b) || (b>c), then the whole
expression is true if either a is greater than b or b is greater than c.

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Logical Operators

Logical not (!) operator takes a single expression and negates the
value of the expression.
Logical NOT produces a zero if the expression evaluates to a non-zero
value and produces a 1 if the expression produces a zero.
In other words, it just reverses the value of the expression. For
example, a = 10, b b = !a; Now, the value of b = 0. The value of a
is not zero, therefore, !a = 0. The value of !a is assigned to b, hence,
the result.

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Membership Operators
Python supports two types of membership operators-in and not in.
These operators, as the name suggests, test for membership in a
sequence such as strings, lists, or tuples.
in Operator: The operator returns True if a variable is found in the
specified sequence and False otherwise.
not in Operator: The operator returns True if a variable is not found
in the specified sequence and False otherwise.

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Identity Operators
Python supports two types of identity operators.
These operators compare the memory locations of two objects.
is Operator: Returns True if operands or values on both sides of the
operator point to the same object and False otherwise. For example,
if a is b returns 1, if id(a) is same as id(b).
is not Operator: Returns True if operands or values on both sides of
the operator does not point to the same object and False otherwise.
For example, if a is not b returns 1, if id(a) is not same as id(b).

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Identity Operators

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Operators Precedence and Associativity
When an expression has more than one operator, then it is the relative
priorities of the operators with respect to each other that determine the
order in which the expression will be evaluated.

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Operators Precedence and Associativity
>>> 10 + 30 * 5
160
Parentheses can change the order in which an operator is applied.
The operator in the parenthesis is applied first even if there is a
higher priority operator in the expression.
>>> (40 + 20) * 30 / 10
180
>>> 40 + (20 * 30) / 10
100
Operators are associated from left to right. This means that operators
with same precedence are evaluated in a left to right manner.
>>>False == False or True
True (Because == has a higher precedence than or)
>>>False == (False or True)
False (Parenthesis has changed the order of operators)
>>>(False == False) or True
True
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Expressions

An expression is any legal combination of symbols (like variables,

constants and operators) that represents a value.
In Python, an expression must have at least one operand (variable or
constant) and can have one or more operators.
On evaluating an expression, we get a value.
Operand is the value on which operator is applied.

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Expressions
Constant Expressions: One that involves only constants.
Eg: 8 + 9 – 2
Integral Expressions: One that produces an integer result after
evaluating the expression.
Eg: a = 10
Floating Point Expressions: One that produces floating point results.
Eg: a * b / 2
Relational Expressions: One that returns either true or false value.
Eg: c = a>b
Logical Expressions: One that combines two or more relational
expressions and returns a value as True or False.
Eg: a>b && y! = 0
Bitwise Expressions: One that manipulates data at bit level.
Eg: x = y&z
Assignment Expressions: One that assigns a value to a variable.
Eg: c = a + b or c = 10
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Operations on Strings
Concatenation

Multiplication(Repetition)

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Operations on Strings

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Operations on Strings

Slice a String
You can extract subsets of strings by using the slice operator ([ ] and
[:]).
You need to specify index or the range of index of characters to be
extracted.
The index of the first character is 0 and the index of the last
character is n-1, where n is the number of characters in the string.
If you want to extract characters starting from the end of the string,
then you must specify the index as a negative number.
For example, the index of the last character is -1.

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Operations on Strings
Slice a String

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Operations on Strings

Slice a String Output:

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Module I
Introduction: Problem Solving Strategies (31-32), Program Design Tools
(32-41), Programming Paradigms (69-72),Features of OOPs (72-76),
Merits and Demerits of OOP Language (77).
Basics of Python Programming: Features of Python (83-85), Python
IDLE (87-88), Literal Constants (88-93),Variables and Identifiers (94),
Data Types (94-97), Input/output Operations (97-98), Comments(98),
Indentation(98-99),Reserved words(98), operators and
expressions(99-109), Type conversion(110-112).

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