Changing Sentence Structures

Simple | Complex | Compound

Simple Structure Complex Structure Compound Structure

Sub + verb + noun + Relative Pronoun +

Sub + verb + adj/noun Sub + verb + noun + and + sub + verb + adj
verb + adj

In spite of / Despite Though / Although but

Without + verb-ing If + negative auxiliary / Unless or

By + verb-ing If + affirmative clause and

Verb-ing (present participle) As / Since / Because / When and

Having + past participle After + subject + had + V3 and

Being + adjective/noun As / Since + subject + be verb so

Noun/Pronoun + being As / Since + subject + be verb and

To / In order to + verb So that / In order that and

So + adjective + that + subject + Very + adjective + and + subject +

Too + adjective + to
cannot/could not cannot/could not

Time indicating word/phrase when and

Besides / In addition to Not only…but also while

Not to Lest + subject + should and + negative auxiliary

On account of / Because of / Owing to /

As / Since / Because and so
Due to
 Simple Structure Complex Structure Compound Structure

It is + subject + Relative Pronoun + verb +

Sub + verb + object It is + subject + and + it + verb + object
object

On + verb-ing When + subject + verb and

In case of If and

Relative Pronoun (who/which/that) who / which / that + be verb and + pronoun

Cause/effect participle Because / As / Since so

Condition phrase If clause and / or

Adjective phrase Adjective clause Coordinate clause

Present participle phrase When / While / As and

Infinitive phrase So that + can/could and

Gerund phrase Since / As and

Prepositional phrase Because / Since so

Simple affirmative Complex with subordinate clause Compound with coordinating conjunction

Simple negative Negative subordinate clause or / nor

No sooner…than As soon as and immediately

As soon as When and

Too…to So…that…not Very…and not

So…that Because result clause and therefore

 Reference Notes

Adjective Phrase
A phrase that describes a noun or pronoun is called an Adjective Phrase.
Example: "The boy wearing a red shirt is my friend."
Here, "wearing a red shirt" describes the noun boy — so it is an Adjective Phrase.

Adjective Clause
A clause that describes a noun or pronoun and contains a subject + verb is called an Adjective Clause. Relative pronouns (who,
which, that) are typically used.
Example: "The boy who is wearing a red shirt is my friend."
Here, who = Relative Pronoun, is wearing = verb — so it is an Adjective Clause.

How to Convert Phrase → Clause

Replace the Verb-ing part using: who is / who was / which is / which was / that is / that was

Adjective Phrase Adjective Clause

The man carrying a bag The man who was carrying a bag

The girl singing a song The girl who is singing a song

The boy standing there The boy who is standing there

The book placed on the table The book which is placed on the table
 Structure / Rule Simple Sentence Complex Sentence Compound Sentence

Sub + verb + He is honest. It is true that he is honest. He is honest and everybody knows it.
adj/noun
She is intelligent. It is known that she is She is intelligent and everyone praises
intelligent. her.
The sky is blue. It is clear that the sky is blue. The sky is blue and everyone can see
it.

Relative Pronoun I know the boy wearing I know the boy who is wearing a I know the boy and he is wearing a red
(who/which/that) a red shirt. red shirt. shirt.

The book lying on the The book which is lying on the The book is lying on the table and it is
table is mine. table is mine mine.

She met the girl sitting She met the girl who was She met the girl and she was sitting by
by the window. sitting by the window. the window.

In spite of / Despite In spite of rain, we Though it rained, we played. It rained but we played.
played.
Though she was tired, she She was tired but she continued
Despite being tired, she continued working. working.
continued working.
Though he was ill, he attended He was ill but he attended the
In spite of his illness, the meeting. meeting.
he attended the
meeting.
Without + verb-ing Without studying, he If he did not study, he failed. Study hard or you will fail.
failed.
If you do not work hard, you
Without working hard, cannot succeed. Work hard or you cannot succeed.
you cannot succeed.
If she did not save money, she Save money or you will become
Without saving money, became helpless. helpless.
she became helpless.

By + verb-ing By working hard, he If he works hard, he succeeds. Work hard and you will succeed.
succeeded.
If she practices regularly, she Practice regularly and you will improve
By practicing regularly, improves her English. your English.
she improved her
English.
If he saves money, he becomes Save money and you will become
By saving money, he wealthy. wealthy.
became wealthy.

Verb-ing (present Seeing the police, he When he saw the police, he ran He saw the police and ran away.
participle) ran away. away.
She heard the news and started crying.
Hearing the news, she When she heard the news, she
started crying. started crying. He found the door open and entered
the room.
Finding the door open, When he found the door open,
he entered the room. he entered the room.
 Having + past Having finished the After he had finished the work, He finished the work and went out.
participle work, he went out. he went out.
She ate dinner and went to bed.
Having eaten dinner, After she had eaten dinner, she
she went to bed. went to bed. He read the book and returned it to
the library.
Having read the book, After he had read the book, he
he returned it to the returned it to the library.
library.

Being + Being ill, he stayed As he was ill, he stayed home. He was ill, so he stayed home.
adjective/noun home.
As she was tired, she sat down She was tired, so she sat down to rest.
Being tired, she sat to rest.
down to rest. He was a doctor, so he treated the
As he was a doctor, he treated patient.
Being a doctor, he the patient.
treated the patient.

Noun/Pronoun + The weather being fine, As the weather was fine, we The weather was fine and we went out.
being we went out. went out.
The road was blocked and they took a
The road being blocked, As the road was blocked, they different route.
they took a different took a different route.
route. The door was open and she walked in.

The door being open, As the door was open, she

she walked in. walked in.
To / In order to + He studies hard to pass. He studies hard so that he can He studies hard and he can pass.
verb pass.
She exercises daily and she stays
She exercises daily to She exercises daily so that she healthy
stay healthy. can stay healthy.
. He saved money and he bought a
He saved money to buy He saved money so that he house.
a house. could buy a house.

So that / In order He worked hard to He worked hard so that he He worked hard and succeeded.
that succeed. could succeed.
She spoke slowly and was understood.
She spoke slowly to be She spoke slowly so that she
understood. could be understood. He wore a coat and stayed warm.

He wore a coat to stay He wore a coat so that he could

warm. stay warm.

Too…to He is too weak to walk. He is so weak that he cannot He is very weak and he cannot walk.
walk.
She is too young to She is very young and she cannot
understand. She is so young that she cannot understand.
understand.
The bag is too heavy to The bag is very heavy and he cannot
carry. The bag is so heavy that he carry it.
cannot carry it.
 Time indicating On reaching home, he When he reached home, he He reached home and slept.
phrase slept. slept.
She arrived at the station and called
On arriving at the When she arrived at the her mother.
station, she called her station, she called her mother.
mother
When the students entered the The students entered the class and
. On entering the class, class, they stood up. stood up.
the students stood up.

Besides / In Besides reading, he As he reads, he also writes He reads and also writes poems.
addition to writes poems. poems.
He plays football and also swims.
Besides playing As he plays football, he also
football, he also swims. swims. She cooks and also cleans the house.

Besides cooking, she As she cooks, she also cleans

cleans the house. the house.

Not only…but also He is not only intelligent As he is intelligent, he is honest He is intelligent and he is honest.
but also honest. too.
She is beautiful and she is kind.
She is not only As she is beautiful, she is kind
beautiful but also kind. too. He is a teacher and he is also a writer.

He is not only a teacher As he is a teacher, he is a writer

but also a writer. too.
 Lest / Not to Walk carefully not to Walk carefully lest you should Walk carefully and do not fall.
fall. fall.
Speak softly and do not wake the baby.
Speak softly not to Speak softly lest you should
wake the baby. wake the baby. Study hard and do not fail.

Study hard lest you should fail.

Study hard not to fail.

Because of / Due to Due to illness, he was As he was ill, he was absent. He was ill and so he was absent.
/ Owing to absent.
As it was raining heavily, the It rained heavily and so the match was
Because of heavy rain, match was cancelled. cancelled.
the match was
cancelled. As he worked hard, he got He worked hard and so he got
promoted. promoted.
Owing to his hard work,
he got promoted.

On seeing / On On seeing the snake, he When he saw the snake, he ran He saw the snake and ran away.
hearing ran away. away.
She heard the good news and smiled.
On hearing the good When she heard the good news,
news, she smiled. she smiled. The students saw the teacher and
became quiet.
On seeing the teacher, When the students saw the
the students became teacher, they became quiet.
quiet.
 In case of In case of failure, try If you fail, try again. Fail once and try again.
again.

In case of danger, call If there is danger, call the There is danger so call the police.
the police. police.
There is an emergency so use the
In case of emergency, If there is an emergency, use stairs.
use the stairs. the stairs.

Though/Although In spite of his poverty, Though he is poor, he is honest. He is poor but honest.
transformation he is honest.
Though she was weak, she She was weak but she finished the
In spite of her finished the race. race.
weakness, she finished
the race. Though the weather was cold,
he went for a walk. The weather was cold but he went for
In spite of the cold a walk.
weather, he went for a
walk.

As/Since/Because Being poor, he could not As he was poor, he could not He was poor, so he could not study.
study. study.
She was sick, so she could not attend
Being sick, she could As she was sick, she could not school.
not attend school. attend school.
He was busy, so he could not answer
Being busy, he could As he was busy, he could not the call.
not answer the call. answer the call.
 Affirmative to Returning home, I When I returned home, I found I returned home and found the door
compound found the door closed. the door closed. closed.

Reaching the station, he When he reached the station, He reached the station and bought a
bought a ticket. he bought a ticket. ticket.

Opening the box, she When she opened the box, she She opened the box and found a letter
found a letter inside. found a letter inside. inside.

Cause and effect Being tired, he went to As he was tired, he went to bed. He was tired, so he went to bed.
bed.
As she was hungry, she ate
Being hungry, she ate quickly. She was hungry, so she ate quickly.
quickly.
As he was angry, he left the He was angry, so he left the room.
Being angry, he left the room.
room.

Condition By obeying your If you obey your parents, you Obey your parents and you will
parents, you will will prosper. prosper.
prosper.
If you eat healthy food, you will Eat healthy food and you will stay fit.
By eating healthy food, stay fit.
you will stay fit. Read regularly and you will improve
If you read regularly, you will your vocabulary.
By reading regularly, improve your vocabulary.
you will improve your
vocabulary.
Negative condition Without taking If he does not take medicine, Take medicine or you will not recover.
medicine, he will not he will not recover.
recover.
If she does not study, she will Study or you will not pass.
Without studying, she not pass.
will not pass. Practice or you will not improve.
If he does not practice, he will
Without practicing, he not improve.
will not improve.

Universal truth / Honesty is the best It is true that honesty is the Honesty is the best policy and
statement policy. best policy. everybody admits it.

The sun rises in the It is known that the sun rises in The sun rises in the east and everyone
east. the east. knows it.

Water is essential for It is clear that water is essential Water is essential for life and no one
life. for life. can deny it.

Sub + verb + object People know him. It is known that people know People know him and respect him.
him.
Everyone respects her and loves her.
Everyone respects her It is known that everyone
respects her. Students admire the teacher and
follow his advice.
. Students admire the It is known that students
teacher. admire the teacher.
Adjective phrase → I saw the man carrying I saw the man who was I saw the man and he was carrying a
adjective clause a bag. carrying a bag. bag.

She helped the child She helped the child who was She helped the child and he was crying
crying on the street. crying on the street. on the street.

He met the woman and she was living

He met the woman He met the woman who was next door.
living next door. living next door.