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Lesson 1: Linearity & Linking

Tuyến tính là đường thẳng/theo dòng thời gian.

WARM-UP: Tìm từ có tính chất liên kết

● Tuesday is Pensioner’s Day - buy one, get one free!
⇒ Để hiểu được cái one sau, phải hiểu được cái one trước. Đây đang hiểu là mua 1
người già, tặng 1 người già.
Sửa: Tuesday is Pensioner’s Day - buy one piece, get one free!

● Critics question self-inspection of cows during the mad cow outbreak.

Sửa: Critics question self-inspection of cows by farmers during the mad cow outbreak.

● Lost: Small poodle. Reward. Neutered. Like one of the family.

Sửa: Lost: Small poodle. Reward. Neutered. One of the family.

● We do not tear your clothing with machinery. We do it carefully by hand.

Sửa: We do not tear your clothing with machinery. We wash it carefully by hand.

● Will you please send someone to mend our cracked sidewalk? Yesterday my
wife tripped on it and is now pregnant.
A and is now B: cause-result
Sửa: Yesterday my pregnant wife tripped on it.

1. LINEARITY
What is it?
Tư duy theo một đường thẳng.

Why is it important?
With native speakers, they process information as they read, not finish whole sentence
first. (Đọc đến đâu xử lý đến đấy, phạm vi giữa các từ, cụm từ, câu.)
⇒ Always needed in academic writing.
Broken linearity: Digression (bẻ lái, rẽ nhánh): lộn xộn, rườm rà, irrelevant details.
⇒ How to fix it?
+ Center idea - finish it first before switching to another. (1 đoạn 3 ý, hết A → B
→ C)
+ Details: relevant or not?
+ Trật tự ý: brainstorm ý cho hợp lý
+ Đi vòng tròn
⇒ The important of planning before writing: organize ideas, have a vision of how
the linearity would be

- Linearity idea development:

Ideas, not necessarily sentences (1 câu có thể có nhiều ý, câu phức)
● Break the text into smaller ideas
● Disregard linking words (xếp ý xong mới chọn từ nối)
● Rearrange ideas in a logically linear order
● Identify & eliminate repetitions &/or digression (common mistake: repeat same
idea using different words)
● Identify (& unpack) implicit linking (không nói ý ẩn, làm rõ ý cho người đọc
không cùng background với mình)

- Linking scope:
Ex: John hit Andy in the eye yesterday.
thêm only vào bất kì vị trí nào

In order for students to manage their time better and balance study and fun, university
should have at least one long vacation each year.
⇒ In order for students to better manage their time and balance…
or: In order TO manage their time better and TO balance…

The article is full of experiences about how badly people treated him & stole money
from him.
A&B
trạng từ đi linh hoạt
⇒ how people treated him badly

You complained in Vietnam you were overcharged.

Câu được hiểu theo 2 nghĩa: complain ở Việt Nam và người VN overcharged
⇒ You complained that in Vietnam you were overcharged.
⇒ You complained in Vietnam that you were overcharged.
⇒ Viết câu chỉ được hiểu theo một nghĩa.
Homework: BT T2, nộp 8h sáng T4
BT T5, 12h trưa Chủ nhật
Làm file word
Lưu tên file: Homework 1 - Name
Luôn luôn để đề bài lên đầu.
 Lesson 2: Essay introduction, conclusion and topic sentences

Chữa bài cũ:

movie và film là Anh-Anh và Anh-Mỹ, không paraphrase được

không dùng … hoặc ect ⇒ with Netflix is an example / such as A, B, C

Essay analysis:
- Intro
- Body
+ Para 1:
+ Topic sentences
+ Supporting ideas (1 - 2 - 3)
+ Example (optional)
+ Para 2
+ Para 3
- Conclusion
⇒ An essay is like a paragraph with linking devices

IELTS task 2 essay: 40 minutes – at least 250 words (max 300)

- 10’: planning
- 5’: intro
- 20’: body - 10’ each paragraph
- 5’: conclusion & CHECK!

Question analysis: identify key words and question type

1. Introduction: Tell them what you’re going to tell them

How many sentences?
+ General statement: background, what is the big topic (paraphrase the qs)
+ Thesis statement: specific topic – most important part because it answers the
question
⇒

Practice 2:

1. Advanced logistic systems nowadays facilitate borderless flow of goods

exchange between countries. While some people consider this movement as a
 critical boost for the global economy, others worry that it will cause bad effects
on domestic industries. This essay will discuss the advantages and
disadvantages of the issue.
⇒ Fix:
Big topic: globalization

2.

Neil Armstrong - moon landing

1 quan điểm chứ không phải 2

2. Topic sentence
- One sentence identifying the main idea of a paragraph
- followed by supporting ideas - develope of explain topic sentence

Đọc tài liệu: Xác định chủ đề lớn, google, vừa có kiến thức vừa có từ vựng
VD: The impact of technology on film industry

blended family

3. Conclusion
Tell them what you just told them
- Summary of main points - quickly repeat & summarize
- Don't include any detailed reasons or new ideas (Vietnamese style)
- Chỉ dùng: in conclusion, to conclude, to summarize

không dùng những cụm từ chung chung (create favourable conditions for…), viết hẳn
những điều kiện thuận lợi đó ra
 Lesson 3: Opinion Essay

- Very common
- Typical questions:
+ To what extent do you agree or disagree?
+ Do you agree or disagree?
⇒ Directly tell them if you agree OR disagree.
+ What is your opinion?
+ (Direct questions)

- Your own view, not other people’s view

- State your opinion clearly in the introduction & explain it in the rest of the
essay.
- Structure:
+ Intro:
● General statement/ Paraphrase
● Thesis statement: make it clear whether you agree or disagree
(completely agree/disagree, partly agree)
⇒ “While I agree that (A), i believe/think (B).” - still MY side,
with two opinions
● Be careful with questions containing “most”, “best”

+ Body:
● Para 1: Supporting 1, 2, 3 + Examples (nếu có)
● Para 2
● Para 3 (optional)

+ Conclusion: Repeat your opinion

● Opinion needs to remain consistent.

- Direct question:
+ Answer briefly in introduction
+ Provide reasons in body
 Lesson 3: Hedging & Qualifiers

● Qualifiers:
- Words/phrases added to another word to modify its meaning
+ Limiting the meaning
+ Enhancing the meaning
Example: It was very noisy with all the people watching the World Cup final. That
night, she suffered through a seemingly insufferable amount of noise.

● Hedging:
- Indicate opinion rather than fact, to vary your writing & to make it sound
balanced rather than one-sided
- Indicate levels of certainty
Example:
- It seems/ appears that…
- X suggests/ indicates that…
- … tend to…
- possibly, basically, mostly, rather/quite, slightly, various, etc.
> < absolute words (all, every, always, never, certainly, impossible)
- modals or conditionals: show hypotheses or lack of certainty

● Good side:
- Well-placed qualifiers soften/intensify an idea, express subjectivity, politeness,
etc.
. We need to change the structure of the presentation. VS. Maybe we need to
change…
- Help avoid over-generalizing
● Bad side:
- Too many: unclear & wordy
- Excessive use can make you sound unsure of the facts (fact vs. opinion)
- Commonly overused: many, very, a lot, really
⇒ make sure that the word not adding anything are deleted or replaced with more
concrete details
e.g.: Many countries are shifting to green energy. ⇒ Sweden, among other
countries, is shifting to green energy.

Chữa bài:
- từ nối
- human vs. people:
- accountable vs. responsible: result vs. process
 Lesson 4: Practice

Practice 1: Face-to-face communication is better than other types of

communications, such as letters, emails, or telephone calls. To what extent do you
agree or disagree?

Thesis statement: Although face-to-face communication is a good way to exchange

messages, other types of communication are also beneficial.

B1: Direct communication:

- Allow better expression of emotions
+ Non-verbal communication: facial expressions, hand gestures or eye
contact
+ ⇒ better convey messages & reduce risks of misunderstanding ⇒
facilitate effective exchanges between people
+ (when sending condolences, a text message or a phone call probably
never feels as intimate & genuine as a tap on the shoulder or a hug)

- Independent of devices, Internet, or any other factors

+ ensures continuity of conversations without interruptions/disruption
(loss of Internet connection, power outage, device malfunction, among
others)

B2: However, other types…:

- Text messages, emails, or phone calls guarantee communication regardless of
spatial & temporal conditions.
+ I still video chat with my little sister every day even though she is doing
her undergraduate study in Canada, and we stay connected via social
networks as well.
+ fast, immediate without prior appointments, long wait or travel ⇒
convenient, time-saving, effortless

- Text-based communication is suitable for formal exchanges such as business

+ enables idea elaboration, especially when time for face-to-face
conversations is limited
+ gives recipients time for consideration – showing politeness & respect
+ serves as reminders & even proof when necessary
Practice 2: Computers have become so advanced and interactive that students in the
future will have no need for a human educator in the classroom. Do you agree?

B1:
- Advanced
+ Modern computers are developed to the point they can solve hyper-
complex equations accurately & quickly. Human teachers, meanwhile,
still make mistakes occasionally.
+ Integrate all the software & tools necessary for students’ self-study
+ E.g.:
- Interactive
+ Guide students, respond to students’ questions, provide instructions &
explanations
+ Possibly manage a classroom

B2: Human educators have the characteristics and

- Better at helping students understand subjects such as Literature, History and
Music
+ Emotions & ability to process emotions
+ have different perceptions & perspectives and help students improve
these
- Not only convey knowledge but also provide emotional support, shape
personality, esp. during childhood & adolescence
- Know each student’s strengths & weakness ⇒ guidance & assistance esp
when stu are confused
- Motivate/inspire students
No matter how modern & interactive computers are, they can not achieve
characteristics that humans have.
 Lesson 5: Discussion Essay

- Types of qs:
(1)
+ Discuss both views/sides: có 2 quan điểm/ 2 mặt của vấn đề và luôn luôn đối
nhau
+ Discuss both views/sides & give your opinion

(2)
+ Discuss advantages & disadvantages (& give your own opinion)
+ What are the advantages & disadvantages?

(3)
+ Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?

(4)
+ Is this a positive or negative development?

- Do not confuse this with “partly agree” opinion essay

Discussion: look at BOTH sides of the argument (one is your & the other is not)
Discussion essay yêu cầu bàn luận về Ý KIẾN CỦA NGƯỜI KHÁC, đặt mình vào vị
trí của người khác, không phải vị trí của tôi.
Chỉ có phần “Give your opinion” là của mình. ⇒ No opinion asked ⇒ Don’t
give any

Structure:
(1) Discuss both views (& give opinion)
+ Introduction:
- Big topic
- Both views (& opinion)
E.g.: This essay will discuss both…

Cách đưa quan điểm:

Cách 1: (stating 2 views) → I agree with the former/latter
Cách 2: Although some ppl…(view 1), I would argue/believe that…(view 2)

+ Body:
- B1: view 1
- B2: view 2, also MY view
 + Conclusion: Repeat/summarize both views (& opinion)

(2)
+ Body:
- B1: Advantages
- B2: Disadvantages

(3) Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages?

/ Do you think this trend has more advantages or disadvantages?

⇒ Đây là dạng đề quan điểm cá nhân.

⇒ Give opinion. Discuss BOTH.

+ Intro: answer “which one outweighs which one?”

+ Body:
- 1 sides
- The other sides & my opinion

(4) Is this a positive or negative development?

3 cách trả lời:
+ Positive
+ Negative
+ Some positive aspects and some negative aspects (Discussion + opinion vì họ
hỏi mình là cái này tốt hay xấu ⇒ quan điểm của mình)

E.g: (I think) There are some positive elements/aspects, but generally I consider it
a negative development. ⇒ Discuss BOTH, but favoring one.
 Lesson 5: Coherence & Cohesion

Coherence: Liên kết bằng ý, ẩn dưới nghĩa, liên kết bằng tuyến tính, nếu ko có thì
nhét bao nhiêu cohesion vào cũng không liên kết được

Cohesion: Liên kết bằng các từ nối, có thể nhìn thấy, grammatical & lexical linking
within a text/sentence, góp phần làm rõ coherence, thêm các từ ngữ vào để làm rõ liên
kết về ý
+ Grammatical: 4 types
- Reference: Phép chỉ (I like Jim. He is so cute.)
- Substitution: Phép thế (Oh Sally sang so beautifully tonight. Jim did too
but not as impressive.)
- Ellipsis: Phép lược (Some jobs are suitable for men. Some are for
women.)
- Conjunction: Liên từ
+ Lexical: 2 types
- Repetition: (same words, synonyms, antonyms)
- Collocation: (dùng trường từ vựng, đòi hỏi lượng từ vựng lớn)

CONJUNCTION:
- Express logical relations between parts of a text
Basic conjunction relationship (A x B)

Relationship Relative Examples

importance
Combination A=B And, Furthermore, Similarly, etc
Alternatives A=B Or, Alternatively
Sequences A =B When, Before, After, Then, In the first place,
(time/logical) Firstly
Paraphrase A=B In other words, That is to say,
Amplification A > B To be specific, Specifically
Exemplificati A>B For example, For instance, Such as
on
Summary B>A In conclusion, To sum up, To summarize, In short
Cause-Effect Cái được nói As the result, So, Because, Since, Thus, Hence
sau là cái
 quan trọng
hơn.
B>A
Contrast B>A But, However, Although, Yet, Still, Nevertheless,
In contrast
Exclusion B>A On the contrary, Instead, Rather than

In contrast: Đối lập, nhưng hai thực thể đối lập có thể cùng tồn tại
(E.g: I like meat. In contrast, my sister likes vegetables.)
# On the contrary: Đối lập, nhưng mối quan hệ triệt tiêu, cái này có thể tồn tại chỉ khi
cái kia ko tồn tại.
(A: It means I’ll be expelled.
B: On the contrary. You’re enrolled.)