CHAPTER 1B: TUTORIALS AND EXAMPLES
1. A generating station has the following daily load cycle:
Time 0–6 6 – 10 10– 12 12 – 16 16 – 20 20 – 22 22 - 24
(hours)
Load 40 50 60 80 70 50 40
(MW)
Draw the load curve and the load duration curve. Also, find (i) maximum demand (ii) units
generated per day (iii) average load and (iv) load factor. [80 MW; 13.4 × 105 kWh; 55.833 MW;
69.8%]
2. A substation supplies power by four feeders to its consumers. Feeder no. 1 supplies six
consumers whose individual daily maximum demands are 70 kW, 90 kW, 20 kW, 50 kW,
10 kW and 20 kW while the maximum demand on the feeder is 200 kW. Feeder no. 2
supplies four consumers whose daily maximum demands are 60 kW, 40 kW, 70 kW and
30 kW, while the maximum demand on the feeder is 160 kW. Feeder nos. 3 and 4 have a
daily maximum demand of 150 kW and 200 kW, respectively, while the maximum
demand on the station is 600 kW.
Determine the diversity factors for feeder no. 1. feeder no. 2, and the four feeders. [1.3,
1.25, 1.183]
3. The load factor in a certain power plant with a maximum load of 72 MW is 65%. For types
of maximum demands, namely: 35, 14, 19 and 11 MW draw power from the power
station. The rated capacity of the plant is 77 MW. Determine:
a) The average load of the plant,
b) The energy supplied per year,
c) Demand factor,
d) Diversity factor, and
e) The capacity factor of the plant
[46.8 MW; 409.968 x 103 MWh; 0.9114; 1.097; 0.608]
4. As a consulting engineer, your client needs to build an electricity generating plant, and they
are unsure of the best choice between the coal, nuclear and hydroelectric plants. You must
determine the best option by finding the overall cost per kWh. The plant’s rated capacity is to
be 600 MW. The capital cost per MW installed is estimated to be R 3.50, R 5.60 and R 7.30
million for the coal, nuclear and hydro-electric plants, respectively. The transmission
components to the nearby civilisations are R 8.00 x10-2, R 10.00 x10-2, and R 7.00 x10-2 for the
coal, nuclear, and hydroelectric plants, respectively. The prevailing interest rate is 10.75%,
and the depreciation is expected to be 5%, 9% and 7% for the coal, nuclear and hydroelectric
plants, respectively. The anticipated annual load factor is 35%, and the plant will operate for
180 days per annum. Finally, the operating costs per kWh are R 12 x10-2, R15.00 x10-2 and
R33.00 x10-2 for the respective plants. [Coal=R0.565/kWh; Nuclear=R0.981/kWh;
Hydro=R1.257/kWh]
5. A central station is supplying energy to a community through two substations. Each
substation feeds four feeders. The maximum daily recorded demands are:
POWER STATION…..... 12,000 KW
Substation A ...... 6000 kW Sub-station B .... 9000 kW
Feeder 1 ............ 1700 kW Feeder 1 ............ 2820 kW
Feeder 2 ............ 1800 kW Feeder 2 ............ 1500 kW
Feeder 3 ............ 2800 kW Feeder 3 ............ 4000 kW
Feeder 4 ............ 600 kW Feeder 4 ............ 2900 kW
Calculate the diversity factor between (i) substations (ii) feeders on substation A and (iii)
feeders on substation B. [1.25; 1.15; 1.24]
6. Consider a power plant with R346 549 371.38 running costs with its auxiliaries consuming
8.5% of its output. If this plant has an annual capacity and load factors of 64% and 78%,
respectively. The installed rated capacity of the plant is 310 MW. Assuming annual interest
rate and depreciation are fixed at 16%. The initial investment to the power plant was
R31189.44/kW installed. Determine:
a) The electricity generation cost per kWh
b) The reserve capacity of the plant.
[R 1.191/kWh; 55.641 MW]
7. The load profile gives a residential load.
Time 0–5 5–6 6–9 9 – 18 18 – 21 21 – 24
(hours)
Load 2 6 18 0 12 8
(kW)
(i) Draw the load curve and find:
(ii) Load factor, and
(iii) Energy consumed during the 24-hr cycle.
[L.F.= 0.3; 130kWh]
8. A diesel station supplies the following loads to various consumers: Industrial consumer
= 1500 kW; Commercial establishment = 750 kW; Domestic power = 100 kW; Domestic
light = 450 kW. If the maximum demand on the station is 2.5 MW and the number of kWh
generated per year is 45 × 105, determine (i) the diversity factor and (ii) annual load
factor. [1.12; 20.5%]
9. The boiler rating of a power plant is 345 MW with a maximum load of 217 MW. The coal grade
cost R230 per tonnes with the plant’s coal consumption of 0.9 kg/kWh of energy. The annual
load factor is estimated to 63%. Calculate the annual gross income if the consumer
purchases the electricity unit at R 0.9/kWh. Also, find the plant’s capacity factor.
[R 1077.822 x 106; 0.396]
10. Consider a power plant with a rated capacity and a peak load of 95 MW and 71 MW,
respectively. The yearly load factor of this plant can be estimated at 55.6%. The loads
drawing from the power plant supply has maximum demands of 40, 35,20, and 10MW.
Using the above information, find:
a) The average load,
b) The energy supplied in kWh,
c) The demand factor, and
d) The diversity factor.
[39.476 MW; 3.458 x 105 MWh; 0.676; 1.479]
11. A generating station supplies the following loads: 15000 kW, 12000 kW, 8500 kW, 6000 kW
and 450 kW. The station has a maximum demand of 22000 kW. The annual load factor of
the station is 48%. Calculate (i) the number of units supplied annually (ii) the diversity
factor and (iii) the demand factor. [ 925.056 x 105 kWh; 1.91; 52·4%]
12. The following data pertain to a power plant:
Installed capacity = 200 MW; Capital cost = R 4000 x 106; Annual cost of fuel, taxes
and salaries = R 600 x 106; Rate of interest = 5% of the capital; Rate of depreciation
= 6% of the capital; Annual load factor = 65%; Capacity factor = 55%; Energy used in
running the plant auxiliaries = 4% of total units generated. Determine
a) The reserve capacity, and
b) The cost of electricity generation per kWh.
[31 MW; R0.33/kWh]