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Winter is the coldest and darkest season of the year in temperate and polar climates. It occurs after autumn
and before spring, when the hemisphere is oriented away from the Sun as a result of the tilt of Earth's axis.
Different cultures define different dates as the start of winter, and some use a definition based on weather.

Winter
Temperate season
Forest covered in snow during winter in Norway
Northern temperate zone
Astronomical season 21 December – 20 March
Meteorological season 1 December – 28/29 February
Solar (Celtic) season 1 November – 31 January
Southern temperate zone
Astronomical season 21 June – 23 September
Meteorological season 1 June – 31 August
Solar (Celtic) season 1 May – 31 July
Summer

Spring Autumn
Winter

When it is winter in the Northern Hemisphere, it is summer in the Southern Hemisphere, and vice versa.
Winter typically brings precipitation that, depending on a region's climate, is mainly rain or snow. The
moment of winter solstice is when the Sun's elevation with respect to the North or South Pole is at its most
negative value; that is, the Sun is at its farthest below the horizon as measured from the pole. The day on
which this occurs has the shortest day and the longest night, with day length increasing and night length
decreasing as the season progresses after the solstice.

The earliest sunset and latest sunrise dates outside the polar regions differ from the date of the winter solstice
and depend on latitude; this is due to the variation in the solar day throughout the year caused by the Earth's
elliptical orbit (see: earliest and latest sunrise and sunset).

Contents
1 Etymology
2 Cause
3 Timing
3.1 Meteorological reckoning
3.2 Cultural reckoning
3.3 Astronomical reckoning
4 Ecological reckoning and activity
5 Examples
5.1 Exceptionally cold
5.2 Historically significant
6 Effect on humans
7 Mythology
8 See also
9 References
10 Further reading
 11 External links

Etymology
The English word winter comes from the Proto-Germanic noun *wintru-, whose origin is unclear. Several
proposals exist, a commonly mentioned one connecting it to the Proto-Indo-European root *wed- 'water' or a
nasal infix variant *wend-.[1]

Cause
The tilt of the Earth's axis relative to its orbital plane plays a large role in the formation of weather. The Earth
is tilted at an angle of 23.44° to the plane of its orbit, causing different latitudes to directly face the Sun as the
Earth moves through its orbit. This variation brings about seasons. When it is winter in the Northern
Hemisphere, the Southern Hemisphere faces the Sun more directly and thus experiences warmer temperatures
than the Northern Hemisphere. Conversely, winter in the Southern Hemisphere occurs when the Northern
Hemisphere is tilted more toward the Sun. From the perspective of an observer on the Earth, the winter Sun
has a lower maximum altitude in the sky than the summer Sun.

During winter in either hemisphere, the lower altitude of the Sun causes the sunlight to hit the Earth at an
oblique angle. Thus a lower amount of solar radiation strikes the Earth per unit of surface area. Furthermore,
the light must travel a longer distance through the atmosphere, allowing the atmosphere to dissipate more
heat. Compared with these effects, the effect of the changes in the distance of the Earth from the Sun (due to
the Earth's elliptical orbit) is negligible.

The manifestation of meteorological winter in the northerly snow-prone latitudes is highly variable,
depending on elevation, position versus marine winds, and the amount of precipitation. For instance,
Winnipeg, a city in the landlocked Great Plains region within Canada, has a January high of −11.3 °C
(11.7 °F) and a low of −21.4 °C (−6.5 °F).[2]

In comparison, Vancouver, a city on Canada's west coast with a marine influence from moderating Pacific
winds, has a January low of 1.4 °C (34.5 °F), with days well above freezing, at 6.9 °C (44.4 °F).[3] Both cities
are at 49°N latitude and in the same western half of the continent. A similar but less extreme effect is found in
Europe: despite resting between 49°N to 61°N, the British Isles have no non-mountain weather stations with
a below-freezing mean January temperature.[4]

Timing
Meteorological reckoning
 Animation of snow cover changing with the seasons

Meteorological reckoning is the method of measuring the winter season used by meteorologists based on
"sensible weather patterns" for record keeping purposes,[5] so the start of meteorological winter varies with
latitude.[6] Winter is often defined by meteorologists to be the three calendar months with the lowest average
temperatures. This corresponds to the months of December, January and February in the Northern
Hemisphere, and June, July and August in the Southern Hemisphere.

The coldest average temperatures of the season are typically experienced in January or February in the
Northern Hemisphere and in June, July or August in the Southern Hemisphere. Nighttime predominates in
the winter season, and in some regions, winter has the highest rate of precipitation as well as prolonged
dampness because of permanent snow cover or high precipitation rates coupled with low temperatures,
precluding evaporation. Blizzards often develop and cause many transportation delays. Diamond dust, also
known as ice needles or ice crystals, forms at temperatures approaching −40 °C (−40 °F) due to air with
slightly higher moisture from above mixing with colder, surface-based air.[7] They are made of simple
hexagonal ice crystals.[8]

The Swedish Meteorological Institute (SMHI) defines thermal winter as when the daily mean temperatures
are below 0 °C (32 °F) for five consecutive days.[9] According to the SMHI, winter in Scandinavia is more
pronounced when Atlantic low-pressure systems take more southerly and northerly routes, leaving the path
open for high-pressure systems to come in and cold temperatures to occur. As a result, the coldest January on
record in Stockholm, in 1987, was also the sunniest.[10][11]

Accumulations of snow and ice are commonly associated with winter in the Northern Hemisphere, due to the
large land masses there. In the Southern Hemisphere, the more maritime climate and the relative lack of land
south of 40°S make the winters milder; thus, snow and ice are less common in inhabited regions of the
Southern Hemisphere. In this region, snow occurs every year in elevated regions such as the Andes, the Great
Dividing Range in Australia, the mountains of New Zealand, and in the southerly Patagonia region of South
Argentina. Snow occurs year-round in Antarctica.

The three-month period associated with the coldest average temperatures typically begins somewhere in late
November or early December in the Northern Hemisphere and lasts through late February or early March.
This "thermological winter" is earlier than the solstice delimited definition, but later than the daylight (Celtic
or Chinese) definition. Depending on seasonal lag, this period will vary between climatic regions.
Cultural reckoning

In the mid-latitudes and polar regions, winter is associated with snow and ice.

In the Southern Hemisphere, winter extends from June to September, pictured in Caxias do Sul
in the southern highlands of Brazil.

Ancient Indo-European cultures seem to have divided the year into two seasons: winter and summer. This
idea survived in parts of Europe into the Early Middle Ages, co-existing with the newer idea of four seasons.
[12]

In the Julian calendar used in the ancient Roman world, winter began on 10 November, its midpoint was the
winter solstice on 25 December, and winter ended on 6 February.[13][14]

Likewise, in Christian Anglo-Saxon calendars, winter began on 7 November, its midpoint was the solstice or
Midwinter on 25 December, and winter ended on 6 February.[15] Bede also mentions an older 'two-season'
year, where summer ended and winter began at the full moon during the month of Winterfylleth, in October.
[12]

For many mainland European countries, especially Germanic regions, winter began at Martinmas (Saint
Martin's Day) on 11 November.[16] The day falls at the midpoint between the old Julian equinox and solstice
dates. It was generally regarded as the beginning of winter in late medieval and early modern England.[17]

In Celtic nations, winter began on 1 November and the time around the winter solstice was seen as the middle
of winter.[18] In Gaelic Ireland and Scotland, winter began with the festival of Samhain on 1 November and
ended with Imbolc on 1 February.[19][20] Likewise, in Wales, winter began with the festival of Calan Gaeaf
("calends of winter") on 1 November and ended on 1 February.[21][22]

In Scandinavia, winter is deemed to begin earlier and end later than most of Europe. Among the Norsemen, it
opened with the festival of Winter Nights (Vetrnætr), which began on the Thursday between 9 and 15
October.[23] In an old Norwegian tradition, winter begins on 14 October and ends on the last day of February.
[24]

Valentine's Day (14 February) is recognized by some countries as heralding the end of winter and beginning
of spring.[25]

In Chinese astronomy and other East Asian calendars, winter is taken to commence on or around 7
November, on Lìdōng, and end with the arrival of spring on 3 or 4 February, on Lìchūn.[26]

In many countries in the Southern Hemisphere, including Australia,[27][28] New Zealand,[29] and South
Africa, winter begins on 1 June and ends on 31 August.

In some cultures, the season is regarded as beginning at the solstice and ending on the following equinox.[30]
[31] In the Northern Hemisphere, depending on the year, this corresponds to the period between 20, 21 or 22

December and 19, 20 or 21 March.[32]

Since by almost all definitions valid for the Northern Hemisphere, winter spans 31 December and 1 January,
meaning that the season takes up two calendar years, as summer does in the Southern Hemisphere. Each
calendar year includes parts of two winters. This causes ambiguity in associating a winter with a particular
year, e.g. "winter 2001." Solutions for this problem include naming both years, e.g. "winter 2001-02", or
settling on the year the season starts in or on the year most of its days belong to, which is the later year for
most definitions.

Astronomical reckoning

In the "astronomical" reckoning, the timing of "winter" is based on astronomical fixed points (i.e., based
solely on the position of the Earth in its orbit around the Sun), regardless of weather conditions. In one
astronomical reckoning, the winter solstice is the middle of winter; being the day of the year that has fewest
hours of daylight.[33][34] Seasonal lag means that the coldest period normally follows the solstice by a few
weeks.

In another astronomical reckoning, winter begins at the winter solstice and ends at the March equinox.[32]
These dates are somewhat later than those used to define the beginning and end of the meteorological winter
(December, January, and February in the Northern Hemisphere and June, July, and August in the Southern).
[32][35]

Ecological reckoning and activity

 The snowshoe hare, and some other animals, change color in winter.

Ecological reckoning of winter differs from calendar-based by avoiding the use of fixed dates. It is one of six
seasons recognized by most ecologists who customarily use the term hibernal for this period of the year (the
other ecological seasons being prevernal, vernal, estival, serotinal, and autumnal).[36] The hibernal season
coincides with the main period of biological dormancy each year whose dates vary according to local and
regional climates in temperate zones of the Earth. The appearance of flowering plants like the crocus can
mark the change from ecological winter to the prevernal season as early as late January in mild temperate
climates.

To survive the harshness of winter, many animals have developed different behavioral and morphological
adaptations for overwintering:

Migration is a common effect of winter upon animals such as migratory birds. Some butterflies also
migrate seasonally.
Hibernation is a state of reduced metabolic activity during the winter, distinguished from sleep by a
marked reduction in metabolic functions. Some animals, such as gophers, frogs, snakes, bats, and
bears, become dormant during winter and only come out when the warm weather returns.
Some animals, such as squirrels, beavers, skunks, badgers, and raccoons, store food for the winter and
live on it instead of hibernating completely.
Resistance is observed when an animal endures winter but changes in ways such as color and
musculature. The color of the fur or plumage changes to white to camouflage with snow and thus
retains its cryptic coloration year-round. Examples are the rock ptarmigan, Arctic fox, weasel, white-
tailed jackrabbit, and mountain hare.
Some fur-coated mammals grow a heavier coat during the winter to improve the heat-retention
qualities of fur. The coat is then shed following the winter season to allow better cooling. The heavier
coat in winter made it a favorite season for trappers, who sought more profitable skins.
Snow also affects the ways animals behave; many take advantage of the insulating properties of snow
by burrowing in it. Mice and voles typically live under the snow layer.
Some annual plants never survive the winter. Other annual plants require winter cold to complete their life
cycle; this is known as vernalization. As for perennials, many small ones profit from the insulating effects of
snow by being buried in it. Larger plants, particularly deciduous trees, usually let their upper part go dormant,
but their roots are still protected by the snow layer. Few plants bloom in the winter, one exception being the
flowering plum, which flowers in time for Chinese New Year. The process by which plants become
acclimated to cold weather is called hardening.

Examples
Exceptionally cold

Winter landscape with skaters in the Dutch Republic during the Little Ice Age in the 17th
century, by Hendrick Avercamp

River Thames frost fair, 1683, with Old London Bridge in the background

1683–1684, "The Great Frost", when the Thames, hosting the River Thames frost fairs, was frozen all
the way up to London Bridge and remained frozen for about two months. Ice was about 27 cm (11 in)
thick in London and about 120 cm (47 in) thick in Somerset. The sea froze up to 2 miles (3.2 km) out
around the coast of the southern North Sea, causing severe problems for shipping and preventing use of
many harbors.
 1739–1740, one of the most severe winters in the UK on record. The Thames remained frozen over for
about 8 weeks. The Irish famine of 1740–1741 claimed the lives of at least 300,000 people.[37]
1816 was the Year Without a Summer in the Northern Hemisphere. The unusual coolness of the winter
of 1815–1816 and of the following summer was primarily due to the eruption of Mount Tambora in
Indonesia, in April 1815. There were secondary effects from an unknown eruption or eruptions around
1810, and several smaller eruptions around the world between 1812 and 1814. The cumulative effects
were worldwide but were especially strong in the Eastern United States, Atlantic Canada, and Northern
Europe. Frost formed in May in New England, killing many newly planted crops, and the summer
never recovered. Snow fell in New York and Maine in June, and ice formed in lakes and rivers in July
and August. In the UK, snow drifts remained on hills until late July, and the Thames froze in
September. Agricultural crops failed and livestock died in much of the Northern Hemisphere, resulting
in food shortages and the worst famine of the 19th century.
1887–1888: There were record cold temperatures in the Upper Midwest, heavy snowfalls worldwide,
and amazing storms, including the Schoolhouse Blizzard of 1888 (in the Midwest in January) and the
Great Blizzard of 1888 (in the Eastern US and Canada in March).
In Europe, the winters of early 1947,[38] February 1956, 1962–1963, 1981–1982, and 2009–2010 were
abnormally cold. The UK winter of 1946–1947 started out relatively normal but became one of the
snowiest UK winters to date, with nearly continuous snowfall from late January until March.
In South America, the winter of 1975 was one of the strongest, with record snow occurring at 25°S in
cities of low altitude, with the registration of −17 °C (1.4 °F) in some parts of southern Brazil.

In the eastern United States and Canada, the winter of 2013–2014 and the second half of February 2015
were abnormally cold.

Period of Ice Age on Earth

Historically significant

1310–1330: Many severe winters and cold, wet summers in Europe, the first clear manifestation of the
unpredictable weather of the Little Ice Age that lasted for several centuries (from about 1300 to 1900).
The persistently cold, wet weather caused great hardship, was primarily responsible for the Great
Famine of 1315–1317, and strongly contributed to the weakened immunity and malnutrition leading up
to the Black Death (1348–1350).
1600–1602: Extremely cold winters in Switzerland and Baltic region after the eruption of
 Huaynaputina in Peru in 1600.
1607–1608: In North America, ice persisted on Lake Superior until June. Londoners held their first
frost fair on the frozen-over River Thames.
1622: In Turkey, the Golden Horn and southern section of Bosphorus froze over.
1690s: Extremely cold, snowy, severe winters. Ice surrounded Iceland for miles in every direction.
1779–1780: Scotland's coldest winter on record, and ice surrounded Iceland in every direction (like in
the 1690s). In the United States, a record five-week cold spell bottomed out at −20 °F (−29 °C) in
Hartford, Connecticut and −16 °F (−27 °C) in New York City. The Hudson River and New York's
harbor froze over.
1783–1786: The Thames partially froze, and snow remained on the ground for months. In February
1784, the North Carolina was frozen in Chesapeake Bay.
1794–1795: A severe winter, with the coldest January in the UK and lowest temperature ever recorded
in London: −21 °C (−6 °F) on 25 January. The cold began on Christmas Eve and lasted until late
March, with a few temporary warm-ups. The Severn and Thames froze, and frost fairs started up again.
The French army tried to invade the Netherlands over its frozen rivers, while the Dutch fleet was stuck
in its harbor. The winter had easterlies (from Siberia) as its dominant feature.
1813–1814: Severe cold, last freeze-over of Thames, and last frost fair. (Removal of old London
Bridge and changes to river's banks made freeze-overs less likely.)
1883–1888: Colder temperatures worldwide, including an unbroken string of abnormally cold and
brutal winters in the Upper Midwest, related to the explosion of Krakatoa in August 1883. There was
snow recorded in the UK as early as October and as late as July during this period.
1976–1977: One of the coldest winters in the US in decades.
1985: Arctic outbreak in the US resulting from shift in polar vortex, with many cold temperature
records broken.
2002–2003 was an unusually cold winter in the Northern and Eastern US.
2010–2011: Persistent bitter cold in the entire eastern half of the US from December onward, with few
or no midwinter warm-ups, and with cool conditions continuing into spring. La Niña and negative
Arctic oscillation were strong factors. Heavy and persistent precipitation contributed to almost constant
snow cover in the Northeastern US, which finally receded in early May.
2011 was one of the coldest on record in New Zealand, with sea level snow falling in Wellington in
July for the first time in 35 years and a much heavier snowstorm for 3 days in a row in August.

Effect on humans
Humans are sensitive to winter cold, which compromises the body's ability to maintain both core and surface
heat of the body.[39] Slipping on icy surfaces is a common cause of winter injuries.[40] Other injuries from the
cold include:[41]

Hypothermia — Shivering, leading to uncoordinated movements and death.

Frostbite — Freezing of skin, leading to loss of feeling and damaged tissue.
Trench foot — Numbness, leading to damaged tissue and gangrene.
Chilblains — Capillary damage in digits can lead to more severe cold injuries.
Rates of influenza, COVID-19, and other respiratory diseases also increase during the winter.[42][43]

Mythology

Allegory of Winter by Jerzy Siemiginowski-Eleuter with Aeolus' Kingdom of the Winds, 1683,
Wilanów Palace

In Persian culture, the winter solstice is called Yaldā (meaning: birth) and has been celebrated for thousands
of years. It is referred to as the eve of the birth of Mithra, who symbolised light, goodness and strength on
Earth.

In Greek mythology, Hades kidnapped Persephone to be his wife. Zeus ordered Hades to return her to
Demeter, the goddess of the Earth and her mother. Hades tricked Persephone into eating the food of the dead,
so Zeus decreed that she spend six months with Demeter and six months with Hades. During the time her
daughter is with Hades, Demeter became depressed and caused winter.

In Welsh mythology, Gwyn ap Nudd abducted a maiden named Creiddylad. On May Day, her lover, Gwythr
ap Greidawl, fought Gwyn to win her back. The battle between them represented the contest between summer
and winter.

Old Man Winter

Jack Frost
Ded Moroz
Snegurochka
Vetr

See also
Cold wave
Cold-weather warfare
Fimbulwinter
Global cooling
Global warming
Nuclear winter
 Old Man Winter
Pineapple Express
Siberian Express
Volcanic winter
Winter festivals (list)
Winter City
Winter clothing
Winter Hexagon
Winter Olympic Games
Winter sport
Winter War
Christmas
New Year

References
1. ↑ "Winter | Origin and meaning of winter by Online Etymology Dictionary". Archived from the
original on 2 February 2015. Retrieved 2 February 2015.
2. ↑ "Canadian Climate Normals 1981–2010 Station Data for Winnipeg". Environment Canada. 25
September 2013. Archived from the original on 5 September 2016. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
3. ↑ "Canadian climate normals 1981–2010 Station Data for Vancouver". Environment Canada. 25
September 2013. Archived from the original on 18 May 2015. Retrieved 8 August 2015.
4. ↑ "UK climate – Station Map". Met Office. Archived from the original on 5 September 2015. Retrieved
8 August 2015.
5. ↑ Huttner, Paul (6 December 2007). "Instant meteorological winter". Minnesota Public Radio.
Archived from the original on 8 June 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
6. ↑ "Winter's Been Here Despite What the Calendar Says". NOAA Magazine. 22 December 2003.
Archived from the original on 16 July 2011. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
7. ↑ Glossary of Meteorology (June 2000). "Diamond Dust". American Meteorological Society. Archived
from the original on 3 April 2009. Retrieved 21 January 2010.
8. ↑ Kenneth G. Libbrecht (2001). "Morphogenesis on Ice: The Physics of Snow Crystals" (PDF).
Engineering & Science (1): 12. Archived from the original (PDF) on 25 June 2010. Retrieved 21
January 2010.
9. ↑ "Vinter" (in Swedish). SMHI. Archived from the original on 25 March 2015. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
10. ↑ "Nederbörd, Solsken och Strålning – Januari 2015" [Precipitation, Sunshine & Radiation - January
2015 (all-time records section)] (PDF) (in Swedish). SMHI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26
October 2019. Retrieved 31 July 2015.
11. ↑ "Januari 2015 – Lufttemperatur och Vind" [January 2015 – Temperature & Wind (all-time records
section)] (PDF) (in Swedish). SMHI. Archived from the original (PDF) on 26 October 2019. Retrieved
31 July 2015.
12. 1 2 Anderson, Earl (2003). Folk-taxonomies in early English. Fairleigh Dickinson University Press.
pp. 219–220, 226.
13. ↑ Forsythe, Gary (2012). Time in Roman Religion: One Thousand Years of Religious History.
 Routledge. pp. 123, 182. "Varro places the equinoxes and solstices at the midpoints of the seasons ...
His dating for the beginnings of the four seasons are as follows: February 7 for spring, May 9 for
summer, August 11 for autumn, and November 10 for winter."
14. ↑ Varro. "4 Concerning the Agricultural Seasons". Res Rusticae (Country Matters) . Vol. Book 1 – via
Wikisource.
15. ↑ Karasawa, Kazutomo (2015). The Old English Metrical Calendar (Menologium). Anglo-Saxon
Texts. Vol. 12. Cambridge: Boydell & Brewer. pp. 36–38, 103. ISBN 978-1-84384-409-9.
16. ↑ Anderson, Earl R. (2003). Folk-Taxonomies in Early English. Madison, N.J.: Fairleigh Dickinson
University Press. p. 219. ISBN 978-0-8386-3916-0. "On St. Martin's day (11 November) winter begins,
summer takes its end, harvest is completed. ...This text is one of many that preserves vestiges of the
ancient Indo-European system of two seasons, winter and summer."
17. ↑ Walsh, Martin (2000). "Medieval English Martinmesse: The Archaeology of a Forgotten Festival".
Folklore. 111 (2): 231–249. doi:10.1080/00155870020004620. S2CID 162382811.
18. ↑ Frazer, James George (1919). "The Fire-Festivals of Europe". The Golden Bough: A Study in Magic
and Religion (Third ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 223–224, 247.
19. ↑ Hutton, Ronald. The Stations of the Sun: A History of the Ritual Year in Britain. Oxford University
Press, 1996. pp. 361–363
20. ↑ Monaghan, Patricia (2004). The Encyclopedia of Celtic Mythology and Folklore. New York City:
Infobase Publishing. p. 72. ISBN 978-0816075560.
21. ↑ Comeau, Rhiannon (2020). Land, People and Power in Early Medieval Wales. BAR Publishing.
pp. 205–212, 225.
22. ↑ Edwards, Nancy (2023). Life in Early Medieval Wales. Oxford University Press. p. 54.
23. ↑ Jones, Prudence; Pennick, Nigel (1995). A History of Pagan Europe. Taylor & Francis. p. 122.
24. ↑ "Første vinterdag". The Norwegian Meteorological Institute (in Norwegian). 14 October 2008.
Archived from the original on 29 June 2011. Retrieved 31 August 2009.
25. ↑ Glick, Thomas F.; Livesey, Steven; Wallis, Faith (27 January 2014). Medieval Science, Technology,
and Medicine: An Encyclopedia. Routledge. ISBN 978-1-135-45939-0.
26. ↑ "24 Solar Terms in Chinese Calendar". [Link].
27. ↑ "Seasons". Meteorological Glossary. Australian Bureau of Meteorology. Archived from the original
on 7 March 2009. Retrieved 21 June 2009.
28. ↑ Hamilton, Daniel (2 June 2009). "Images from around Australia on first day of Winter 2009".
[Link]. Archived from the original on 12 November 2012. Retrieved 23 May 2012.
29. ↑ Deguara, Brittney (27 May 2019). "When does winter officially start in New Zealand?". Stuff.
Retrieved 4 October 2020.
30. ↑ "winter". Encyclopædia Britannica. 16 September 2022. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
31. ↑ "solstice". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 28 October 2022.
32. 1 2 3 "Meteorological Versus Astronomical Seasons". National Centers for Environmental Information
(NCEI). 22 September 2016. Retrieved 28 December 2019.
33. ↑ Ball, Sir Robert S (1900). Elements of Astronomy. London: The MacMillan Company. p. 52.
ISBN 978-1-4400-5323-8.
34. ↑ Heck, Andre (2006). Organizations and strategies in Astronomy Volume 7. Springer. p. 14.
ISBN 978-1-4020-5300-9.
35. ↑ "When does winter start?". Met Office. Retrieved 11 October 2021.
36. ↑ Michael Allaby (1999). "A Dictionary of Zoology". Archived from the original on 2 June 2013.
 Retrieved 30 May 2012.
37. ↑ Cormac O Grada (2009). Famine: A Short History. Princeton University Press. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-
691-12237-3.
38. ↑ Booth, George (2007). "Winter 1947 in the British Isles". Weather. 62 (3): 61–68.
Bibcode:2007Wthr...62...61B. doi:10.1002/wea.66. S2CID 123612433. Archived from the original on
12 January 2012. Retrieved 22 December 2011.
39. ↑ Giesbrecht, Gordon G.; Wilkerson, James A. (2006). Hypothermia, Frostbite and Other Cold
Injuries: Prevention, Survival, Rescue, and Treatment. The Mountaineers Books. ISBN 978-0-89886-
892-0.
40. ↑ McCandless, Mary Ellen (2 February 2022). "Simple Steps To Avoid Winter Slip, Trip, And Fall
Injuries". Facility Executive Magazine. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
41. ↑ Burnley, Staci-Jill (15 December 2021). "Overexposed: a look at cold weather injuries and how to
avoid them". U.S. Army. Retrieved 24 April 2022.
42. ↑ Staff (7 November 2019). "The Flu Season | CDC". [Link]. Retrieved 16 December 2019.
43. ↑ "Why cold winter weather makes it harder for the body to fight respiratory infections". National
Geographic. 15 December 2020. Archived from the original on 9 March 2021. Retrieved 24 April
2022.

Further reading
Rosenthal, Norman E. (1998). Winter Blues. New York: The Guilford Press. ISBN 1-57230-395-6.

External links
Media related to Winter (category) at Wikimedia Commons
Quotations related to Winter at Wikiquote
Cold weather travel guide from Wikivoyage
The dictionary definition of winter at Wiktionary

Retrieved from "[Link]

Last edited on 8 May 2026, at 13:21

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