Calculus 1
MTH100
MSA/CS : 2025/2026
1
Reference
❖Link:
[Link]
Thomas_Calculus.pdf
Course objective
Mathematical Foundations Computational & CS Applications
❖Understand the concept of a function, its notation, ❖Analyze algorithmic growth rates using limits and
properties, and different types (polynomial, rational, asymptotic behavior (link to Big-O notation).
trigonometric, exponential, logarithmic).
❖Model system performance (e.g., CPU throughput,
❖Apply limits and continuity to analyze the behavior of network bandwidth) using rational functions and limits.
functions in real-world and computational contexts.
❖Use derivatives in optimization problems relevant to machine
❖Develop fluency in differentiation rules and learning (gradient-based methods) and computer graphics
techniques (product, quotient, chain rules). (motion, curvature).
❖Interpret the meaning of the derivative as a rate of ❖Apply trigonometric functions and derivatives to problems in
change and as a slope of a tangent line. computer vision, graphics, and robotics (e.g., rotations,
periodic signals).
❖Apply basic integration techniques to compute areas
under curves and solve elementary accumulation ❖Utilize integrals in data analysis and simulation (e.g.,
problems. probability density functions in AI/ML).
Introduction to functions
Functions
Functions are a tool for describing the real world in mathematical
terms.
A function can be represented by an equation, a graph, a numerical
table, or a verbal description
Definition:
If a variable y depends on a variable x in such away that each
variable of x determines exactly one value of y, then we say that
y is a function of x. y = f(x).
Functions
A function can be represented by:
• Numerically (by tables).
• Geometrically (by graph).
• Algebraically (by equation).
• Verbally.
Functions
A function can be represented by:
• Numerically (by tables).
Functions
A function can be represented by:
• Geometrically (by graph)
Functions
A function can be represented by:
• Algebraically (by equation)
• Verbally.
The gravitational force of attraction between two bodies in the universe is
directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely
proportional to the square of the distance between them.
Functions
Definition:
A function f is a rule that associates a unique output with each
input. If the input is denoted by x, then the out put is denoted by
f(x).
Functions
Functions
function Not function
Graphs of Functions
Example: Graph the function 𝑦 = 𝑥 2 over the interval
[-2,2].
• Make a table of xy-pairs that satisfy the equation.
• Plot the points (x,y) whose coordinates appear in the table.
• Draw a smooth curve through the plotted points.
Graphs of Functions
Example: Graph the function y = 𝑥 2 over the interval
[-2,2].
• Make a table of xy-pairs that satisfy the
equation.
Graphs of Functions
Example: Graph the function y = 𝑥 2 over the interval [-2,2].
• Plot the points (x,y) whose coordinates appear in the table.
• Draw a smooth curve through the plotted points.
The Vertical Line Test for a Function
Not every curve in the xy-plane is the graph of a function.
Example: A circle cannot be the graph of a function since some vertical
lines intersect the circle twice.
Solving Inequalities
Example 1
Solving Inequalities
Example 1
Solving Inequalities
Example 1
Absolute Value Inequalities
Domain and Range
What is the Domain?
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
If the graph of a function climbs or rises as you move from left to right, we say
that the function is increasing.
If the graph descends or falls as you move from left to right, the function is
decreasing.
Increasing and Decreasing Functions
Example:
The function is decreasing on (-∞,0].
The function is increasing on [0, 1].
The function is neither increasing nor
decreasing on the interval [1, ∞).
Even Functions and Odd Functions: Symmetry
Example: y= 𝑥 2 y= 𝑥
y= 𝑥 4 y= 𝑥 3
Even Odd
Even Functions and Odd Functions: Symmetry
The graphs of even and odd functions have characteristic symmetry
properties.
The graph of an even function is symmetric
about the y-axis. Since f(-x) = f(x) , a point
(x,y) lies on the graph if and only if the
point (-x, y) lies on the graph.
A reflection across the y-axis leaves the
graph unchanged.
Even Functions and Odd Functions: Symmetry
The graphs of even and odd functions have characteristic symmetry
properties.
The graph of an odd function is symmetric about
the origin. Since f(-x) = - f(x) , a point (x,y) lies on
the graph if and on1y if the point (-x, -y) lies on the
graph.
Equivalently, a graph is symmetric about the origin
if a rotation of 180 about the origin
leaves the graph unchanged.
Notice that the definitions imply that both x and -x
must be in the domain of the function f.
Even Functions and Odd Functions: Symmetry
Example:
Answer:
∴ 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Even Functions and Odd Functions: Symmetry
Example:
Answer:
∴ 𝑓 −𝑥 = 𝑓(𝑥)
Even Functions and Odd Functions: Symmetry
Example:
𝑓 −𝑥 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥), and 𝑓 −𝑥 ≠ −𝑓(𝑥),
∴ 𝑇 𝑒 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛.
Even Functions and Odd Functions: Symmetry
Example:
𝑓 −𝑥 ≠ 𝑓(𝑥), and 𝑓 −𝑥 ≠ −𝑓(𝑥),
∴ the 𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑓 𝑥 𝑖𝑠 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑜𝑑𝑑 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑛𝑜𝑡 𝑒𝑣𝑒𝑛.
=
Symmetry of functions
• A function is even if f(-x)=f(x)
• It is symmetric over the y-axis
• A function is odd if f(-x)=-f(x)
• It is symmetric over the origin
Common Functions
❖Linear Functions A function of the
form ƒ(x) = mx + b, for constants m and
b, is called
a linear function.
❖The function ƒ(x) = x where m = 1 and
b = 0 is called the
identity function.
- Two variables y and x are proportional (to
one another) if one is always a constant
multiple of the other; that is, if y = kx for
some nonzero constant k.
- If the variable y is proportional to the
reciprocal 1>x, then sometimes it is said that y
is inversely proportional to x (because 1>x is
the multiplicative inverse of x).
❖Power Functions A function ƒ(x) = 𝑥 𝑎 , where a is a constant, is called a power function.
There are several important cases to consider.
Polynomials A function p is a polynomial if
Polynomial is made up of two words, poly, and nominal. "Poly" means many, and "nomial"
means the term.
where n is a nonnegative integer and the numbers a0, a1, a2, c, an are real constants
(called the coefficients of the polynomial). All polynomials have domain (-q, q).
Rational Functions
A rational function is a quotient or ratio ƒ(x) = p(x)/q(x), where p and q are polynomials.
The domain of a rational function is the set of all real x for which
q(x) ≠ 0.
Trigonometric Functions
Logarithmic Functions
These are the functions f x = log 𝒂 𝒙, where
the base a ≠ 1 is a positive constant.
They are the inverse functions of the
exponential functions.
In each case the domain is (0,) and the
range is (- , ).