Analyzing and

10
module

Comparing Data
?
LESSON 10.1
ESSENTIAL QUESTION
Comparing Data
How can you solve Displayed in Dot
real-world problems by Plots
analyzing and comparing [Link].3, [Link].4
data?
LESSON 10.2
Comparing Data
Displayed in Box
Plots
[Link].3, [Link].4

LESSON 10.3
Using Statistical
Measures
to Compare
Populations
[Link].3, [Link].4
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©Mike Veitch Almay Images

Real-World Video
Scientists place radio frequency tags on some
animals within a population of that species. Then
they track data, such as migration patterns, about
[Link] the animals.

[Link] [Link] Math On the Spot Animated Math Personal Math Trainer
Go digital with your Scan with your smart Interactively explore Get immediate
write-in student phone to jump directly key concepts to see feedback and help as
edition, accessible on to the online edition, how math works. you work through
any device. video tutor, and more. practice sets.

307
 Are YOU Ready?
Complete these exercises to review skills you will need Personal
for this module. Math Trainer
Online Practice
Fractions, Decimals, and Percents [Link] and Help

13
EXAMPLE Write __ as a 0.65 Write the fraction as a division problem.
20 ⎯
decimal and a 20⟌ 13.00 Write a decimal point and zeros in the
percent. -12 0 dividend.
1 00 Place a decimal point in the quotient.
-1 00
0
0.65 = 65% Write the decimal as a percent.

Write each fraction as a decimal and a percent.

3
1. _78 2. _45 3. _14 4. __
10

Find the Median and Mode

EXAMPLE 17, 14, 13, 16, 13, 11 Order the data from least to greatest.
11, 13, 13, 14, 16, 17
13 + 14 The median is the middle item or the
median = ______
2 average of the two middle items.
= 13.5
mode = 13 The mode is the item that appears most
frequently in the data

Find the median and the mode of the data.

5. 11, 17, 7, 6, 7, 4, 15, 9 6. 43, 37, 49, 51, 56, 40, 44, 50, 36

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Find the Mean
EXAMPLE 17, 14, 13, 16, 13, 11 The mean is the sum of the data
17 + 14 + 13 + 16 + 13 + 11 items divided by the number of
mean = _____________________
6 items.
84
= __
6
= 14

Find the mean of the data.

7. 9, 16, 13, 14, 10, 16, 17, 9 8. 108, 95, 104, 96, 97,106, 94

308 Unit 5
 Reading Start-Up Vocabulary
Review Words
Visualize Vocabulary ✔ data (datos)
interquartile range (rango
Use the ✔ words to complete the right column of the chart. entre cuartiles)
✔ mean (media)
Statistical Data measure of center (medida
central)
Definition Example Review Word measure of spread
(medida de dispersión)
A group of facts. Grades on history exams: ✔ median (mediana)
85, 85, 90, 92, 94 survey (encuesta)
The middle value of a data 85, 85, 90, 92, 94
set. Preview Words
box plot (diagrama de
A value that summarizes a Results of the survey show caja)
set of values, found through that students typically dot plot (diagrama de
addition and division. spend 5 hours a week puntos)
studying. mean absolute deviation
(MAD) (desviación
absoluta media, (DAM))
Understand Vocabulary
Complete each sentence using the preview words.

1. A display that uses values from a data set to show how the

values are spread out is a .

2. A uses a number line to display data.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Active Reading
Layered Book Before beginning the module,
create a layered book to help you learn the
concepts in this module. Label the first flap with
the module title. Label the remaining flaps with
the lesson titles. As you study each lesson, write
important ideas, such as vocabulary and formulas,
under the appropriate flap. Refer to your finished
layered book as you work on exercises from this
module.

Module 10 309
 GETTING READY FOR

Analyzing and Comparing Data

Understanding the standards and the vocabulary terms in the standards
will help you know exactly what you are expected to learn in this module.

[Link].3
Informally assess the degree of What It Means to You
visual overlap of two numerical You will compare two populations based on random samples.
data distributions with similar
variabilities, measuring the EXAMPLE [Link].3
difference between the centers Melinda surveys a random sample of 16 students from two college
by expressing it as a multiple of dorms to find the average number of hours of sleep they get. Use
a measure of variability. the results shown in the dot plots to compare the two populations.
Key Vocabulary Average Daily Hours of Sleep
measure of center (medida de
centro)
A measure used to describe
the middle of a data set;
the mean and median are 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
measures of center. Anderson Hall Jones Hall

Students in Jones Hall tend to sleep more than students in

Anderson Hall, but the variation in the data sets is similar.

[Link].3
Informally assess… distributions What It Means to You
with similar variabilities, You will compare two groups of data by comparing the difference
measuring the difference in the means to the variability.
between the centers by
expressing it as a multiple of a EXAMPLE [Link].3
measure of variability. The tables show the number of items that students in a class
answered correctly on two different math tests. How does the
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
Key Vocabulary
difference in the means of the data sets compare to the variability?
measure of spread (medida de la
dispersión) Items Correct on Test 1
A measure used to describe
20, 13, 18, 19, 15, 18, 20, 20, 15, 15, 19, 18
how much a data set varies; the
range, IQR, and mean absolute Mean: 17.5; Mean absolute deviation: 2
deviation are measures of spread.
Items Correct on Test 2
8, 12, 12, 8, 15, 16, 14, 12, 13, 9, 14, 11
Visit [Link] Mean: 12; Mean absolute deviation: 2
to see all CA 17.5-12
Common Core The means of the two data sets differ by ______
2
= 2.75
Standards times the variability of the data sets.
explained.
[Link]

310 Unit 5
 LESSON
Comparing Data
10.1
[Link].4
Use measures of center and

Displayed in Dot measures of variability for

numerical data from random
samples to draw informal
comparative inferences about
Plots two populations. Also [Link].3

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How do you compare two sets of data displayed in dot plots?

[Link].4
EXPLORE ACTIVITY

Analyzing Dot Plots

You can use dot plots to analyze a data set, especially with respect to
its center and spread.

People once used body parts for measurements.

For example, an inch was the width of a man’s
thumb. In the 12th century, King
Henry I of England stated that a yard
was the distance from his nose to his
28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
outstretched arm’s thumb. The dot plot
Length from Nose to Thumb (in.)
shows the different lengths, in inches,
of the “yards” for students in a 7th grade class.

A Describe the shape of the dot plot. Are the dots evenly distributed or
grouped on one side?

B Describe the center of the dot plot. What single dot would best
represent the data?
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

C Describe the spread of the dot plot. Are there any outliers?

Reflect
1. Calculate the mean, median, and range of the data in the dot plot.

Lesson 10.1 311

 Comparing Dot Plots Visually
You can compare dot plots visually using various characteristics, such as center,
spread, and shape.

Math On the Spot

[Link] EXAMPLE 1 [Link].3

The dot plots show the heights of 15 high school basketball players and
the heights of 15 high school softball players.

5’0” 5’2” 5’4” 5’6” 5’2” 5’4” 5’6” 5’8” 5’10” 6’0”
Softball Players’ Heights Basketball Players’ Heights

A Visually compare the shapes of the dot plots.

Softball: All the data is 5’6” or less.
Basketball: Most of the data is 5’8” or greater.
As a group, the softball players are shorter than the basketball players.
B Visually compare the centers of the dot plots.
Math Talk Softball: The data is centered around 5’4”.
Mathematical Practices Basketball: The data is centered around 5’8”.
How do the heights of field This means that the most common height for the softball players
hockey players compare with is 5 feet 4 inches, and for the basketball players 5 feet 8 inches.
the heights of softball and
basketball players? C Visually compare the spreads of the dot plots.
Softball: The spread is from 4’11” to 5’6”.
Basketball: The spread is from 5’2” to 6’0”.
There is a greater spread in heights for the basketball players.

YOUR TURN
2. Visually compare the dot plot of heights
of field hockey players to the dot plots 5’0 5’2 5’4 5’6 © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
for softball and basketball players. Field Hockey Players’ Heights

Shape:

Center:

Personal
Math Trainer Spread:
Online Practice
and Help
[Link]

312 Unit 5
 Comparing Dot Plots Numerically
You can also compare the shape, center, and spread of two dot plots
numerically by calculating values related to the center and spread. Remember
that outliers can affect your calculations.
Math On the Spot
[Link]
EXAMPL 2
EXAMPLE [Link].4

Numerically compare the dot plots of the number of hours a class of

students exercises each week to the number of hours the students play
video games each week.

Animated
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 Math
Exercise (h) [Link]

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Video games (h)

A Compare the shapes of the dot plots.

The dot plots appear almost opposite. The dot plots show that most
students exercise less than 4 hours but most play video games more than
6 hours each week. Math Talk
Mathematical Practices
B Compare the centers of the dot plots by finding the medians. How do outliers
affect the results of
The median number of hours that students exercise is 2.5 hours, which is this data?
6.5 hours less than the median of 9 hours that students play video games.
C Compare the spreads of the dot plots by calculating the ranges.
The dot plots show the ranges to be similar to one another. The range for
the amount of time that students exercise is 12 hours, and the range for
the amount of time that students play video games is 14 hours.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

YOUR TURN

3. Calculate the median and range

of the data in the dot plot. Then 0 2 4 6 8 10 12
compare the results to the dot Internet usage (h)
plot for exercise in Example 2.

Personal
Math Trainer
Online Practice
and Help
[Link]

Lesson 10.1 313

Guided Practice
The dot plots show the number of miles run per week for two different
classes. For 1–5, use the dot plots shown. (Explore Activity, Example 1 and 2)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Class A (mi)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Class B (mi)

1. Compare the shapes of the dot plots.

2. Compare the centers of the dot plots.

3. Compare the spreads of the dot plots.

4. Calculate the medians of the dot plots.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

5. Calculate the ranges of the dot plots.

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

6. What do the medians and ranges of two dot plots tell you about the data?

314 Unit 5
 Name Class Date

10.1 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer
Online Practice
[Link].3, [Link].4 [Link] and Help

The dot plot shows the number of letters

in the spellings of the 12 months. Use the
dot plot for 7–10.
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
7. Describe the shape of the dot plot. Number of Letters

8. Describe the center of the dot plot.

9. Describe the spread of the dot plot.

10. Calculate the mean, median, and range of the data in the dot plot.

The dot plots show the mean number of days with rain per month
for two cities.

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14
Number of Days of Rain for Montgomery, AL Number of Days of Rain for Lynchburg, VA
11. Compare the shapes of the dot plots.

12. Compare the centers of the dot plots.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

13. Compare the spreads of the dot plots.

14. What do the dot plots tell you about the two cities with respect to their
average monthly rainfall?

Lesson 10.1 315

The dot plots show the shoe sizes of two different groups of people.

6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
Group A Shoe Sizes Group B Shoe Sizes

15. Compare the shapes of the dot plots.

16. Compare the medians of the dot plots.

17. Compare the ranges of the dot plots (with and without the outliers).

18. Make A Conjecture Provide a possible explanation for the results of the
dot plots.

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

19. Analyze Relationships Can two dot plots have the same median and
range but have completely different shapes? Justify your answer using
examples.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

20. Draw Conclusions What value is most affected by an outlier, the median
or the range? Explain. Can you see these effects in a dot plot?

316 Unit 5
 LESSON

10.2
Comparing Data [Link].3
Informally assess the degree

Displayed in Box of visual overlap of two

numerical data distributions
with similar variabilities,
measuring the difference
Plots between the centers by
expressing it as a multiple
of a measure of variability.

?
Also [Link].4
Essential Question
How do you compare two sets of data displayed in box plots?

[Link].4
EXPLORE ACTIVITY

Analyzing Box Plots

Box plots show five key values to represent a set of data, the least and greatest
values, the lower and upper quartile, and the median. To create a box plot,
arrange the data in order, and divide them into four equal-size parts or quarters.
Then draw the box and the whiskers as shown.

The number of points a high school basketball player scored during the
games he played this season are organized in the box plot shown.

15 20 25 30
Points Scored

A Find the least and greatest values.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: © Jim West / Alamy

least value:              Greatest value:         

B Find the median and describe what it means for the data.

C Find and describe the lower and upper quartiles.

Math Talk
Mathematical Practices
How do the lengths of the
whiskers compare? Explain
D The interquartile range is the difference between the upper and what this means.
lower quartiles, which is represented by the length of the box.
Find the interquartile range.

Q3 - Q1 =         -         =        

Lesson 10.2 317
 EXPLORE ACTIVITY (cont’d)

Reflect
1. Why is one-half of the box wider than the other half of the box?

Box Plots with Similar Variability

You can compare two box plots numerically according to their centers, or
medians, and their spreads, or variability. Range and interquartile range (IQR)
are both measures of spread. Box plots with similar variability should have
Math On the Spot similar boxes and whiskers.
[Link]

EXAMPLE 1 [Link].3

My Notes The box plots show the distribution of times spent shopping by two
different groups.
Group A

Group B

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Shopping Time (min)

A Compare the shapes of the box plots.

The positions and lengths of the boxes and whiskers appear to be very
similar. In both plots, the right whisker is shorter than the left whisker.
B Compare the centers of the box plots.
Group A’s median, 47.5, is greater than Group B’s, 40. This means that the
median shopping time for Group A is 7.5 minutes more.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

C Compare the spreads of the box plots.
The box shows the interquartile range. The boxes are similar.

Group A: 55 - 30 = 25 min Group B: About 59 - 32 = 27 min

Math Talk
Mathematical Practices
The whiskers have similar lengths, with Group A’s slightly shorter than
Which store has the shopper Group B’s.
who shops longest?
Explain how you know.
Reflect
2. Which group has the greater variability in the bottom 50% of shopping
times? The top 50% of shopping times? Explain how you know.

318 Unit 5
 YOUR TURN
3. The box plots show the distribution of weights in pounds of two
different groups of football players. Compare the shapes, centers, Personal
Math Trainer
and spreads of the box plots. Online Practice
and Help
Group A [Link]

Group B

160 180 200 220 240 260 280 300 320 340
Football Players’ Weights (lb)

Box Plots with Different Variability

You can compare box plots with greater variability, where there is less overlap
of the median and interquartile range.

Math On the Spot

EXAMPL 2
EXAMPLE [Link].4 [Link]
ª
)PVHIUPO
.JGGMJO
)BSDPVSU
1VCMJTIJOH
$PNQBOZ
t
*NBHF
$SFEJUT
ª*."(&J/"MBNZ
*NBHFT

The box plots show the distribution of the number of team wristbands sold
daily by two different stores over the same time period.
Store A

Store B

20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Number of Team Wristbands Sold Daily
A Compare the shapes of the box plots.
Store A’s box and right whisker are longer than Store B’s.
B Compare the centers of the box plots.
Store A’s median is about 43, and Store B’s is about 51. Store A’s median
is close to Store B’s minimum value, so about 50% of Store A’s daily sales
were less than sales on Store B’s worst day.
C Compare the spreads of the box plots.
Store A has a greater spread. Its range and interquartile range are
both greater. Four of Store B’s key values are greater than Store A’s
corresponding value. Store B had a greater number of sales overall.
Lesson 10.2 319
 YOUR TURN
4. Compare the shape, center, and spread of the data in the box plot with the
Personal data for Stores A and B in the two box plots in Example 2.
Math Trainer
Online Practice
and Help
[Link]
20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Number of Team Wristbands Sold

Guided Practice
For 1–3, use the box plot Terrence created for his math test scores. Find
each value. (Explore Activity)
1. Minimum = Maximum =

2. Median = 70 74 78 82 86 90 94
Math Test Scores
3. Range = IQR =

For 4–7, use the box plots showing the distribution of the heights of hockey
and volleyball players. (Examples 1 and 2)

Hockey Players

Volleyball Players

60 64 68 72 76 80 84 88
Heights (in.)
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
4. Which group has a greater median height?

5. Which group has the shortest player?

6. Which group has an interquartile range of about 10?

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

7. What information can you use to compare two box plots?

320 Unit 5
 Name Class Date

10.2 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer
Online Practice
[Link].3, [Link].4 and Help
[Link]

For 8–11, use the box plots of the distances 11. Critical Thinking What do the whiskers
traveled by two toy cars that were jumped tell you about the two data sets?
from a ramp.

Car A

Car B

160 170 180 190 200 210 220

Distance Jumped (in.)

8. Compare the minimum, maximum, and

median of the box plots. For 12–14, use the box plots to compare the
costs of leasing cars in two different cities.

City A

City B

350 400 450 500 550 600 650

Cost ($)

12. In which city could you spend the least

amount of money to lease a car? The
greatest?
9. Compare the ranges and interquartile
ranges of the data in box plots.

13. Which city has a higher median price? How

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

much higher is it?

10. What do the box plots tell you about the
jump distances of two cars?

14. Make a Conjecture In which city is it

more likely to choose a car at random that
leases for less than $450? Why?

Lesson 10.2 321

15. Summarize Look back at the box plots for 12–14 on the previous page.
What do the box plots tell you about the costs of leasing cars in those
two cities?

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

16. Draw Conclusions Two box plots have the same median and equally
long whiskers. If one box plot has a longer box than the other box plot,
what does this tell you about the difference between the data sets?

17. Communicate Mathematical Ideas What can you learn about a data set
from a box plot? How is this information different from a dot plot?

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

18. Analyze Relationships In mathematics, central tendency is the tendency

of data values to cluster around some central value. What does a measure
of variability tell you about the central tendency of a set of data? Explain.

322 Unit 5
 LESSON
Using Statistical
10.3
[Link].3
Informally assess the degree

Measures to of visual overlap of two

numerical data distributions
with similar variabilities,
measuring the difference
Compare Populations between the centers by
expressing it as a multiple of
a measure of variability. Also
[Link].4

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION
How can you use statistical measures to compare populations?

Comparing Differences in Centers

to Variability
Recall that to find the mean absolute deviation (MAD) of a data set, first find
the mean of the data. Next, take the absolute value of the difference between Math On the Spot
the mean and each data point. Finally, find the mean of those absolute [Link]
values.

EXAMPL 1
EXAMPLE [Link].3

The tables show the number of minutes per day students in a class spend
exercising and playing video games. What is the difference of the means as
a multiple of the mean absolute deviations?

Minutes Per Day Exercising

0, 7, 7, 18, 20, 38, 33, 24, 22, 18, 11, 6
ª
)PVHIUPO
.JGGMJO
)BSDPVSU
1VCMJTIJOH
$PNQBOZ
t
*NBHF
$SFEJUT
"TJB
*NBHFT
(SPVQ(FUUZ
*NBHFT

Minutes Per Day Playing Video Games

13, 18, 19, 30, 32, 46, 50, 34, 36, 30, 23, 19

STEP 1 Calculate the mean number of minutes per day exercising.

0 + 7 + 7 + 18 + 20 + 38 + 33 + 24 + 22 + 18 + 11 + 6 = 204

204 ÷ 12 = 17 Divide the sum by the number of students.

STEP 2 Calculate the mean absolute deviation for the number of

minutes exercising.
| 0-17 | = 17 | 7-17 | = 10 | 7-17 | = 10 | 18-17 | =1
| 20-17 | =3 | 38-17 | = 21 | 33-17 | = 16 | 24-17 | =7
| 22-17 | =5 | 18-17 | =1 | 11-17 | =6 | 6-17 | = 11

Find the mean of the absolute values.

17 + 10 + 10 + 1 + 3 + 21+ 16 + 7 + 5 + 1 + 6 + 11 = 108

108 ÷ 12 = 9 Divide the sum by the number of students.

Lesson 10.3 323

 STEP 3 Calculate the mean number of minutes per day playing video
My Notes games. Round to the nearest tenth.

13 + 18 + 19 + 30 + 32 + 46 + 50 + 34 + 36 + 30 + 23 + 19 = 350

350 ÷ 12 ≈ 29.2 Divide the sum by the number of students.

STEP 4 Calculate the mean absolute deviation for the numbers of minutes
playing video games.
| 13-29.2 | = 16.2 | 18-29.2 | = 11.2 | 19-29.2 | = 10.2
| 30-29.2 | = 0.8 | 32-29.2 | = 2.8 | 46-29.2 | = 16.8
| 50-29.2 | = 20.8 | 34-29.2 | = 4.8 | 36-29.2 | = 6.8
| 30-29.2 | = 0.8 | 23-29.2 | = 6.2 | 19-29.2 | = 10.2

Find the mean of the absolute values. Round to the nearest tenth.

16.2 + 11.2 + 10.2 + 0.8 + 2.8 + 16.8 + 20.8 + 4.8 + 6.8 + 0.8 +
6.2 + 10.2 = 107.6

107.6 ÷ 12 ≈ 9 Divide the sum by the number of students.

STEP 5 Find the difference in the means.

29.2 - 17 = 12.2 Subtract the lesser mean from the greater mean.
STEP 6 Write the difference of the means as a multiple of the mean
absolute deviations, which are similar but not identical.
12.2 ÷ 9 ≈ 1.36 Divide the difference of the means by the MAD.

The means of the two data sets differ by about 1.4 times the
variability of the two data sets.

YOUR TURN
1. The high jumps in inches of the students on two intramural track and © Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

field teams are shown below. What is the difference of the means as a
multiple of the mean absolute deviations?

High Jumps for Students on Team 1 (in.)

44, 47, 67, 89, 55, 76, 85, 80, 87, 69, 47, 58

High Jumps for Students on Team 2 (in.)

Personal 40, 32, 52, 75, 65, 70, 72, 61, 54, 43, 29, 32
Math Trainer
Online Practice
and Help
[Link]

324 Unit 5
 Using Multiple Samples to
Compare Populations
Many different random samples are possible for any given population, and
their measures of center can vary. Using multiple samples can give us an idea Math On the Spot
of how reliable any inferences or predictions we make are. [Link]

EXAMPL 2
EXAMPLE [Link].4

A group of about 250 students in grade 7 and about 250 students in grade
11 were asked, “How many hours per month do you volunteer?” Responses
from one random sample of 10 students in grade 7 and one random
sample of 10 students in grade 11 are summarized in the box plots.

Two Random Samples of Size 10

Grade 7

Grade 11

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Hours Per Month Doing Volunteer Work

How can we tell if the grade 11 students do more volunteer work than the Math Talk
Mathematical Practices
grade 7 students? Why doesn’t the first box
plot establish that students
STEP 1 The median is higher for the students in grade 11. But there in grade 11 volunteer
is a great deal of variation. To make an inference for the entire more than students
ª
)PVHIUPO
.JGGMJO
)BSDPVSU
1VCMJTIJOH
$PNQBOZ
t
*NBHF
$SFEJUT
ª,JETUPDL#MFOE
*NBHFT(FUUZ
*NBHFT

in grade 7?
population, it is helpful to consider how the medians vary among
multiple samples.
STEP 2 The box plots below show how the medians from 10 different
random samples for each group vary.

Distribution of Medians from 10 Random Samples of Size 10

Grade 7

Grade 11

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Medians

The medians vary less than the actual data. Half of the grade 7
medians are within 1 hour of 9. Half of the grade 11 medians are
within 1 or 2 hours of 11. Although the distributions overlap, the
middle halves of the data barely overlap. This is fairly convincing
evidence that the grade 11 students volunteer more than the
grade 7 students.

Lesson 10.3 325

 YOUR TURN
2. The box plots show the variation in the means for 10 different random
Personal
Math Trainer samples for the groups in the example. Why do these data give less
Online Practice convincing evidence that the grade 11 students volunteer more?
and Help
Distribution of Means from 10 Random Samples of Size 10
[Link]
Grade 7

Grade 11

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Means

Guided Practice
The tables show the numbers of miles run by the students in two classes.
Use the tables in 1–2. (Example 1)

Miles Run by Class 1 Students Miles Run by Class 2 Students

12, 1, 6, 10, 1, 2, 3, 10, 3, 8, 3, 9, 8, 6, 8 11, 14, 11, 13, 6, 7, 8, 6, 8, 13, 8, 15, 13, 17, 15

1. For each class, what is the mean? What is the mean absolute deviation (MAD)?

2. The difference of the means is about times the (MAD).

3. The box plots show the distributions of mean weights of 10 samples of

10 football players from each of two leagues, A and B. What can you say
about any comparison of the weights of the two populations? Explain.
Distribution of Means from 10 Random Samples of Size 10
League A

League B

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

150 160 170 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250 260 270 280 290 300 310 320 330 340 350
Means

? ESSENTIAL QUESTION CHECK-IN

4. Why is it a good idea to use multiple random samples when making

comparative inferences about two populations?

326 Unit 5
 Name Class Date

10.3 Independent Practice Personal

Math Trainer
Online Practice
[Link].3, [Link].4 and Help
[Link]

Josie recorded the average monthly temperatures for two

cities in the state where she lives. Use the data for 5–7.

Average Monthly Temperatures for City 1 (°F)

23, 38, 39, 48, 55, 56, 71, 86, 57, 53, 43, 31

Average Monthly Temperatures for City 2 (°F)

8, 23, 24, 33, 40, 41, 56, 71, 42, 38, 28, 16

5. For City 1, what is the mean of the average monthly temperatures? What
is the mean absolute deviation of the average monthly temperatures?

6. What is the difference between each average monthly temperature for

City 1 and the corresponding temperature for City 2?

7. Draw Conclusions Based on your answers to Exercises 5 and 6, what do

you think the mean of the average monthly temperatures for City 2 is?
What do you think the mean absolute deviation of the average monthly
temperatures for City 2 is? Give your answers without actually calculating
the mean and the mean absolute deviation. Explain your reasoning.
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company • Image Credits: ©Songquan Deng/Shutterstock

8. What is the difference in the means as a multiple of the mean absolute

deviations?

9. Make a Conjecture Mark took 10 random samples of 10 students from

two schools. He asked how many minutes they spend per day going to
and from school. The tables show the medians and the means of the
samples. Compare the travel times using distributions of the medians
and means.

School A School B
Medians: 28, 22, 25, 10, 40, 36, 30, 14, 20, 25 Medians: 22, 25, 20, 14, 20, 18, 21, 18, 26, 19
Means: 27, 24, 27, 15, 42, 36, 32, 18, 22, 29 Means: 24, 30, 22, 15, 20, 17, 22, 15, 36, 27

Lesson 10.3 327

10. Justify Reasoning Statistical measures are shown for the ages of middle
school and high school teachers in two states.

State A: Mean age of middle school teachers = 38, mean age of high
school teachers = 48, mean absolute deviation for both = 6
State B: Mean age of middle school teachers = 42, mean age of high
school teachers = 50, mean absolute deviation for both = 4
In which state is the difference in ages between members of the two
groups more significant? Support your answer.

11. Analyze Relationships The tables show the heights in inches of all the adult
grandchildren of two sets of grandparents, the Smiths and the Thompsons.
What is the difference in the medians as a multiple of the ranges?
Heights of the Smiths’ Heights of the Thompsons’
Adult Grandchildren (in.) Adult Grandchildren (in.)
64, 65, 68, 66, 65, 68, 69, 66, 70, 67 75, 80, 78, 77, 79, 76, 75, 79, 77, 74

FOCUS ON HIGHER ORDER THINKING Work Area

12. Critical Thinking Jill took many samples of 10 tosses of a standard

number cube. What might she reasonably expect the median of the
medians of the samples to be? Why?

13. Analyze Relationships Elly and Ramon are both conducting surveys to
compare the average numbers of hours per month that men and women
spend shopping. Elly plans to take many samples of size 10 from both
© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company
populations and compare the distributions of both the medians and the
means. Ramon will do the same, but will use a sample size of 100. Whose
results will probably produce more reliable inferences? Explain.

14. Counterexamples Seth believes that it is always possible to compare

two populations of numerical values by finding the difference in the
means of the populations as a multiple of the mean absolute deviations.
Describe a situation that explains why Seth is incorrect.

328 Unit 5
 MODULE QUIZ

Ready Personal
Math Trainer
10.1 Comparing Data Displayed Online Practice
and Help
in Dot Plots [Link]
The two dot plots show the number Start of School Year End of School Year
of miles run by 14 students at the
start and at the end of the school
year. Compare each measure for the
two dot plots. Use the data
for 1–3. 5 6 7 8 9 10 5 6 7 8 9 10
Miles Run Miles Run

1. means

2. medians 3. ranges

10.2 Comparing Data Displayed in Box Plots

The box plots show lengths of flights
Airplane A
in inches flown by two model
airplanes. Use the data for 4–5. Airplane B

4. Which has a greater median 180 190 200 210 220 230 240 250
Length of Flight (in.)
flight length?

5. Which has a greater interquartile range?

10.3 Using Statistical Measures to Compare Populations

6. Roberta grows pea plants, some in shade and some in sun. She picks 8
plants of each type at random and records the heights.

Shade plant heights (in.) 7 11 11 12 9 12 8 10

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

Sun plant heights (in.) 21 24 19 19 22 23 24 24

Express the difference in the means as a multiple of their ranges.

ESSENTIAL QUESTION

7. How can you use and compare data to solve real-world problems?

Module 10 329
 MODULE 10 Personal
MIXED REVIEW Math Trainer
Online Practice
Assessment Readiness [Link] and Help

1. The box plots show the price of a gallon of gasoline 3.26 3.37 3.54 3.60 3.69
in two cities. Look at each measure. Is the measure City A
greater for city B? 3.65 3.74
3.35 3.53 3.99
Select Yes or No for A–C.
City B
A. median Yes No
B. range Yes No 3.20 3.40 3.60 3.80 4.00
C. interquartile range Yes No Cost of gasoline ($/gal)

2. Gabrielle surveyed a random sample of students about the Math Homework

amount of time they spent on math and science homework
yesterday. Her results are shown in the dot plots.
Choose True or False for each statement. 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
Time (min)
A. Neither data set has an outlier. True False
B. The science data is more symmetric. True False Science Homework
C. The science data has a greater mean. True False

3. Use the data from Item 2. What is the difference of the means as a 0 10 20 30 40 50 60
multiple of the mean absolute deviations? Explain how you solved Time (min)
this problem.

© Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company

4. Tyrone buys a pair of shoes on sale for 20% off. The regular price of the shoes
is $59.95, and the sales tax rate is 7.5%. How much will Tyrone pay for the
shoes, including sales tax? Explain how you solved this problem.

330 Unit 5