Matrices
Topics to be covered
• Matrices –Types
• Basic Operations - Addition, Subtraction, Multiplication
• Transpose of a Matrix
• Determinant of a Matrix
• Adjoint; Inverse of a Matrix.
• Applications of Matrices
• Solving system of linear equations using Matrix method and Crammer’s rule.
Matrix
• A matrix is an ordered rectangular array of numbers or functions.
• The numbers or functions are called the elements or the entries of the
matrix.
• Denoted by capital letters
Order of a Matrix
A matrix having m rows and n columns is called a matrix of order m × n or
simply m × n matrix
A = [aij]m × n, 1≤ i ≤ m, 1 ≤ j ≤ n. i, j ∈ N
Types of Matrices
Column Matrix Row Matrix
Square Matrix
Rectangular Matrix
Types of Matrices
Diagonal Matrix
Scalar Matrix
Zero/Null Matrix Unit/Identity Matrix
Equality of Matrices
Two matrices A = [aij] and B = [bij] are said to be equal if
(i) they are of the same order
(ii) each element of A is equal to the corresponding element of B, that is aij = bij for
all i and j.
Operations on Matrices
Addition
If A and B are not of the same order, then A + B is not defined.
Subtraction
Difference of matrices If A = [aij], B = [bij] are two matrices of the same order, say m × n, then
difference A – B is defined as a matrix D = [dij], where dij = aij – bij,
Multiplication by Scalar
If A = [aij] m × n is a matrix and k is a scalar, then kA is another matrix which
is obtained by multiplying each element of A by the scalar k.
kA = k[aij] m × n = [k (aij)] m × n
Multiplication
• To multiply two matrices, the number of columns in the first matrix
must be equal to the number of rows in the second matrix.
• The resulting matrix, called the matrix product, will have the same
number of rows as the first matrix and the same number of columns
as the second matrix.
Properties of Matrix Addition
i. Commutative Law If A = [aij], B = [bij] are matrices of the same order, say m × n, then
A + B = B + A.
ii. Associative Law For any three matrices A = [aij], B = [bij], C = [cij] of the same order,
say m × n, (A + B) + C = A + (B + C).
iii. Existence of additive identity Let A = [aij] be an m × n matrix and O be an m × n zero
matrix, then A + O = O + A = A.
iv. The existence of additive inverse Let A = [aij]m × n be any matrix, then we have
another matrix as – A = [– aij]m × n such that A + (– A) = (– A) + A= O.
Transpose of a Matrix
• If A = [aij] is an m × n matrix, then the matrix obtained by
interchanging the rows and columns of A is called the
transpose of A.
• Transpose of the matrix A is denoted by A’ or (AT). In other
words, if A = [aij]m × n, then A′ = [aji]n × m.
Properties of transpose of the matrices
• For any matrices A and B of suitable orders, we have
(i) (A′)′ = A, (ii) (kA)′ = kA′ (where k is any constant)
(iii) (A + B)′ = A′ + B′ (iv) (A B)′ = B′ A′
Symmetric and Skew Symmetric Matrices
• A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be symmetric if A′ = A, that is, [aij] = [aji] for
all possible values of i and j.
• A square matrix A = [aij] is said to be skew-symmetric matrix if A′ = – A, that is
aji = – aij for all possible values of i and j. Now, if we put i = j, we have aii = – aii.
Therefore 2aii = 0 or aii = 0 for all i’s.
Applications of Matrices
• Solving Linear Equations
• Cryptography - The process of encryption is carried out with the help of an invertible key.
In this method, matrices are used.
• Wireless Communication - Wireless signals are modelled and optimized using matrices.
Matrixes are used to detect, extract, and process the information encoded in signals.
• Computer Graphics - Matrices are used to project three-dimensional images into two-
dimensional planes.
• Matrices are used in Fourier analysis, Gauss theorem, Finding electric currents using
matrix equations, and finding forces in the bridge.
Determinants
• The determinant is a scalar-valued function of the entries of a square matrix.
• The determinant of a matrix A is commonly denoted det(A), det A, or |A|.
The determinant for a 3×3 matrix is determined by
= a1(b2c3 – b3c2) – b1(a2c3 – a3c2) + c1(a2b3 – a3b2).
For every square matrix A of order n x n, there exists a number associated with it called the determinant of a square matrix.
Determinants are used to solve linear equations in two or three variables.
Minors and Co-factors
Minor of an element aij of a determinant is the determinant obtained by
deleting its ith row and jth column in which element aij lies. Minor of an
element aij is denoted by Mij.
Cofactor of an element aij , denoted by Aij is defined by Aij = (–1)i + j Mij,
where Mij is minor of aij.
Adjoint of a Matrix
The adjoint of a square matrix A = [aij]n × n is defined as the transpose of
the matrix [Aij]n × n, where Aij is the cofactor of the element aij . Adjoint of
the matrix A is denoted by adj A.
Inverse of a Matrix
A square matrix A is said to be singular if |A| = 0
A square matrix A is said to be non-singular if |A| ≠ 0
A square matrix A is invertible if and only if A is a nonsingular matrix.
Solving Linear Equations Using Matrix Method
Solving Linear Equations using Cramer's Rule
“Gabriel Cramer” - Cramer’s rule is also known as the determinant method.
• Consider a system of linear equations with n variables x₁, x₂, x₃, …, xₙ written in the matrix
form AX = B.
• A = Coefficient matrix (must be a square matrix)
• X = Column matrix with variables
• B = Column matrix with the constants (which are on the right side of the equations)
• Now, we have to find the determinants as: D = |A|, Dx1, Dx2, Dx3,…, Dxn
Dxi for i = 1, 2, 3,…, n is the same determinant as D such that the column is replaced with B.
• Thus,x1 = Dx1/D; x2 = Dx2/D; x3 = Dx3/D; ….; xn = Dxn/D {where D is not equal to 0}