Q. Consider the following statements about Q.

With reference to India’s renewable energy

India's nuclear tests: achievements till 2025, which of the following
are true?
1. The first nuclear test by India, code-named 1. India aims to achieve 500 GW of non-
"Smiling Buddha," was conducted in 1974. fossil electricity capacity by 2030.
2. India ranks fourth globally in total
2. The second series of tests, code-named renewable energy installed capacity.
"Operation Shakti," was conducted in 1998 3. Solar power constitutes more than 50% of
and included both fusion and fission bombs India’s renewable energy capacity.
Which of the statements is/are correct? 4. Fossil fuels still account for around 75%
of electricity generated in the first half of
A) 1 only 2025.
B) 2 only Select the correct answer using the code below:
C) Both 1 and 2 a) 1, 2, and 3 only
D) Neither 1 nor 2 b) 1 and 4 only
c) 2, 3, and 4 only
d) 1, 2, 3, and 4
 ❖ Nafithromycin is India's first indigenously
Q. Nafithromycin, launched in India in 2024, is
developed macrolide antibiotic, aimed at
primarily developed to combat:
combating antimicrobial resistance (AMR)
(a) Multi-drug resistant tuberculosis
by effectively treating Community-Acquired
(b) Drug-resistant community-acquired bacterial
Bacterial Pneumonia (CABP), including
pneumonia (CABP)
drug-resistant strains.
(c) Malaria caused by resistant strains
(d) Viral respiratory infections
❖ It is significantly more potent than
azithromycin, offers a shorter three-day
Q. The development of Nafithromycin represents a treatment regimen, and has a superior safety
milestone because it is: profile with minimal side effects.
(a) The first antibiotic developed in India
❖ Nafithromycin was developed by Wockhardt
(b) The first indigenous antibiotic in its class
with support from the Biotechnology
(c) The first antibiotic approved globally Industry Research Assistance Council
(BIRAC) and has received regulatory
(d) The first oral antibiotic for pneumonia
approval in India, with commercial launch
planned for late 2025
Q. With reference to the recent developments in Q1. With reference to the Spadex mission, consider
the Indian Navy, consider the following the following statements:
statements:
1. INS Nilgiri and INS Surat are indigenous 1. It aims to demonstrate in-space docking
warships commissioned by the Indian Navy in technology.
2025. 2. The mission involves two satellites named SDX01
2. INS Surat is the first AI-enabled warship of (Chaser) and SDX02 (Target).
India. 3. It is launched by India's PSLV-C60 rocket.
3. All ships of the Nilgiri-class are constructed
exclusively by Mazagon Dock Shipbuilders Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Limited (MDL), Mumbai. (a) Only 1 and 2
Which of the above statements are correct?
(b) Only 2 and 3
A) 1 and 2 only
(c) All three
B) 1, 2 and 3 only
(d) None
C) 1, 3 and 4 only
D) 2 and 4 only
Q. Consider the following statements regarding Q2. India has successfully achieved space docking
India's Year of Defence Reforms (2025): with its SpaDeX mission, making it the fourth country
1. The initiative focuses on modernisation of in the world to do so. The other three countries that
equipment, indigenous production, and have accomplished space docking technology are
strategic autonomy. A. United States, Russia, and China
2. It aims to promote collaboration between
public sector units (PSUs), private players, B. United States, Russia and Japan
and international manufacturers. C. United States, China and Germany
3. It is limited only to procurement processes
and does not cover military training or D. United States, China and Canada
infrastructure development.
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A) 1 only
B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1 and 2 only
D) 1, 2 and 3
Q. Consider the following statements regarding Q. Consider the following statements regarding the
CSC 2.0: Small Satellite Launch Vehicle (SSLV) developed by
1. CSC 2.0 aims to establish at least one Common ISRO:
Service Centre in each of the 2.5 lakh Gram 1. The SSLV is a three-stage, all-solid launch vehicle
Panchayats across India. developed to carry satellites weighing up to 500 kg into
2. CSC 2.0 follows a self-sustainable Low Earth Orbit (LEO).
entrepreneurship model, primarily run by Village 2. SSLV enables faster “launch-on-demand” capability,
Level Entrepreneurs (VLEs). offering much shorter turnaround time compared to
3. The scheme is implemented exclusively by central earlier Indian launch vehicles.
government agencies, without involving state 3. It is designed to launch multiple types of satellites,
governments or agencies. including Mini, Micro, and Nanosatellites, and can
4. CSC 2.0 utilises existing digital infrastructure perform multiple orbital drop-offs in a single launch.
such as State Wide Area Networks, BharatNet, 4. The SSLV requires extensive launch infrastructure,
and State Data Centres for service delivery. similar to that of PSLV and GSLV, which leads to higher
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? operational costs.
(a) 1, 2, and 4 only Which of the above statements are correct?
A) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
B) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2 and 4 only
C) 2 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3, and 4
D) 1, 2, 3 and 4 only
Q. Which of the following statements about Q. Consider the following statements about
the significance of the SpaDeX mission are India's Dark Sky Park:
correct? 1. A Dark Sky Park is a designated area that aims
1. It is a precursor to India's planned Bharatiya to preserve the night sky by restricting
Antariksha Station (BAS). artificial light pollution and promoting
2. It enhances India's capabilities for future astronomy education and stargazing.
lunar sample return missions. 2. The Pench Tiger Reserve (PTR) in
3. It enables satellite servicing and in-orbit Maharashtra is India's first Dark Sky Park.
refueling operations 3. Pench Tiger Reserve, located in Telangana
Select the correct answer using the code Which of the statements given above is/are
below: correct?
A. 1 and 2 only A) Only 1 and 2
B. 2 and 3 only B) Only 2 and 3
C. 1 and 3 only C) Only 1 and 3
D. 1, 2, and 3 D) All 1, 2, and 3
Q. Consider the following statements regarding
Li-Fi Technology:

1. Li-Fi uses visible light communication (VLC)

instead of radio waves used in Wi-Fi.

2. Li-Fi can work efficiently even through walls

and opaque objects.

3. Li-Fi provides a higher data transfer speed than

traditional Wi-Fi under ideal conditions.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

(a) 1 and 2 only
(b) 2 only
(c) 1 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Q. Consider the following statements regarding
Sun-Synchronous Orbit (SSO):
1. Satellites in a Sun-Synchronous Orbit pass over
the same part of the Earth at approximately the
same local solar time each day.

2. Sun-synchronous orbits are generally used for

Earth observation and remote sensing satellites.

3. The altitude of a typical Sun-Synchronous Orbit

is around 35,000 km.
Which of the statements given above is/are Q. Which of the following satellites are most likely
correct? to be placed in a Sun-Synchronous Orbit?
(a) 1 and 2 only (a) Navigation satellites
(b) 2 and 3 only (b) Earth observation satellites
(c) 1 and 3 only (c) Communication satellites
(d) 1, 2 and 3 (d) Deep space exploration satellites
Q. With reference to Geostationary and Geosynchronous
orbits, consider the following statements:
1. A geostationary orbit is a special type of
geosynchronous orbit in which the satellite appears
stationary over the same point on the equator.
2. A geosynchronous satellite may not always appear
fixed over one point on Earth, as its orbit can be
inclined with respect to the equator.
3. Both geostationary and geosynchronous orbits have an
orbital period equal to the rotation period of the Earth.
4. All geosynchronous satellites are placed directly above
the equator.
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
Options:
(a) 1, 2 and 3 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Q. Consider the following statements regarding
Geosynchronous Orbit (GSO):
1. A satellite in a geosynchronous orbit
revolves around the Earth at the same rate
as the Earth rotates on its axis.
2. Every geosynchronous satellite remains
fixed directly above one point on the
Earth’s surface.
3. The altitude of a typical geosynchronous
orbit is approximately 35,786 km above the
Earth's equator.
Which of the statements given above is/are
correct?
(a) 1 only
(b) 1 and 3 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
(d) 1, 2 and 3
Q. Consider the following statements about the Vikram
3201 microprocessor:

1. It is India’s first fully indigenous 32-bit

microprocessor.

2. It is developed by the Indian Space Research

Organisation (ISRO) in partnership with the
Semiconductor Laboratory (SCL), Chandigarh.

3. It is designed primarily for use in everyday

❖ The country’s first fully indigenous 32-bit
consumer electronics like smartphones and
microprocessor, Vikram, at the Semicon India
laptops.
2025 conference
Which of the above statements is/are correct?
❖ The Vikram processor, developed by ISRO’s
A) Only one Semiconductor Laboratory
B) Only two ❖ it is designed for space-grade applications,
including rocket and satellite mission avionics,
C) All three and meets extreme reliability standards required
D) None for space environments.
Q. With reference to India’s first large-scale Lithium-
ion battery manufacturing plant, consider the
following statements:

1. The plant was inaugurated in 2025 at Sohna,

Haryana, by Union Minister Ashwini Vaishnaw.

2. It has been established by TDK Corporation of

Japan under the Electronics Manufacturing
Cluster (EMC) scheme.

3. The facility is designed to produce nearly 20

crore battery packs annually, meeting about 40% ❖ Inaugurated TDK Corporation's advanced technologies
of India's domestic requirement. lithium-ion (Li-ion) battery manufacturing plant at Sohna,
Which of the statements given above are correct? Haryana, as per a press release.
A. 1 and 2 only ❖ Li-ion batteries used in mobile phones, wearables,
B. 2 and 3 only
hearables such as watches, earbuds, AirPods, and laptops
will be manufactured domestically.
C. 1 and 3 only ❖ The state-of-the-art plant will produce about 20 crore (200
D. 1, 2 and 3 million) battery packs every year, covering nearly 40 per
cent of India's annual requirement of 50 crore packs
Q. Consider the following statements regarding
the "brain-eating amoeba" (Naegleria fowleri):
1. It is a free-living, single-celled organism
commonly found in warm freshwater bodies
such as lakes, rivers, and hot springs.
2. The infection occurs when contaminated water
enters the body through the nose.
3. The infection can be transmitted from person to
person.
4. The disease caused by it, primary amoebic
meningoencephalitis (PAM), is almost always
fatal.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A) 1, 2 and 3 only
B) 1, 2 and 4 only
C) 1 and 3 only
D) 2, 3 and 4 only
 Electronics Manufacturing Cluster (EMC) scheme.
❖ The EMC scheme is a policy instrument to foster the manufacturing of electronics in
India by developing high-quality infrastructure clusters in the electronics systems
design & manufacturing (ESDM) sector
❖ It supports creation of “clusters” which are industrial zones dedicated to electronics
manufacturing, with common facilities, amenities, plug-and-play ready sheds, etc

❖ Objectives
✓ Establish modern industrial infrastructure to attract investments.

✓ Promote MSMEs and startups through shared facilities like testing, R&D labs,
logistics hubs, and skill training centres.

✓ Encourage innovation and R&D in electronics design.

✓ Generate employment and enable skill development for the workforce.

✓ Support the Make in India and Digital India missions.

Q. Consider the following statements regarding Q. With reference to India's Prototype Fast
'Dark Oxygen’ Breeder Reactor (PFBR), consider the following
1. Dark Oxygen refers to molecular oxygen statements:
produced in the total darkness of the deep 1. PFBR uses mixed oxide (MOX) fuel
ocean, without the involvement of consisting of plutonium-239 and uranium-238.
photosynthesis. 2. It is cooled by liquid sodium instead of water
2. The primary mechanism for the generation of
3. The reactor is located at Kalpakkam, Tamil
Dark Oxygen is photosynthetic activity by
Nadu.
microorganisms at great ocean depths.
4. The principal aim of PFBR is to consume
3. Recent discoveries suggest that polymetallic
more fissile material than it breeds.
nodules on the seafloor may generate oxygen
Which of the statements given above is/are correct?
via electrolysis-like processes, even in the
absence of light. A) 1 and 2 only
Which of the above statements is/are correct? B) 1, 2, and 3 only
A) 1 and 3 only
C) 2 and 4 only
B) 1, 3 and 4 only
D) 1, 2, 3, and 4
C) 2 and 4 only
D) 1, 2, 3 and 4
Q. Consider the following statements regarding
Agni-5 Intermediate-Range Ballistic Missile: Q. Consider the following statements regarding
UPI (Unified Payments Interface):
1. Agni-5 can strike targets at a distance of over 1. UPI is developed by the National Payments
5,000 km, covering all of Asia and parts of
Europe. Corporation of India (NPCI).
2. UPI enables real-time money transfer through
2. It is capable of carrying both nuclear and
conventional warheads. mobile devices.
3. Successful UPI transactions happen
3. The induction of MIRV technology allows a single instantaneously; the moment the transfer is
missile to target multiple locations at different initiated, the amount gets credited into the
trajectories. beneficiary account
Which of the statements given above is/are correct? Which of the above statements is/are correct?
A) 1 and 2 only A) 1 and 2 only
B) 2 and 3 only B) 2 and 3 only
C) 1, 2 and 3 C) 1 and 3 only
D) 1 and 3 only D) All of the above
Agni-5
❖ India has recently conducted a successful
test of its Agni-5 Intermediate-Range
Ballistic Missile (IRBM). On August 20,
2025, the missile was launched from the
Integrated Test Range at Chandipur,
Odisha.
✓ The Agni-5 is a three-stage, solid-fueled
missile
✓ with a range of over 5,000 kilometres,
✓ capable of carrying nuclear warheads.
✓ This range allows it to target regions
across Asia, including northern China
Integrated Guided Missile Development Programme
Launched: 1982–83 (programme kicked off in 1983 in practice).
Key leader: Dr A.P.J. Abdul Kalam

Missiles developed under IGMDP

The programme pursued multiple projects simultaneously. The five
principal systems were:
❖ Prithvi — short-range surface-to-surface ballistic missile
(tactical SRBM).
❖ Agni — began as a technology demonstrator (re-entry vehicle)
and evolved into the Agni family of ballistic missiles.
❖ Akash — medium-range surface-to-air missile (SAM).
❖ Trishul — short-range/low-level SAM (project ran into
problems; partial outcomes).
❖ Nag — third-generation anti-tank guided missile (ATGM)
 Q. Which two space agencies jointly developed and Q. NISAR is the world’s first radar imaging
launched the NISAR satellite? satellite to use which technological configuration?
A) ISRO and Roscosmos
A) Dual-frequency Synthetic Aperture Radar (L-
B) NASA and ISRO band and S-band)
C) ESA and ISRO B) Tri-frequency SAR (L, S, X bands)
D) NASA and JAXA C) Optical imaging system
D) Single-band SAR
Q. What is the primary purpose of the NISAR
satellite mission?
A) Mars exploration
B) Mapping the Moon
C) Earth observation and monitoring natural processes
D) Communications
NISAR (NASA-ISRO Synthetic Aperture Radar) is a joint Earth
observation satellite mission developed by NASA and ISRO...
Q. With reference to the targets set in the Q. With reference to PARAM Siddhi – AI, consider
Assam Electric Vehicle Policy, 2021, consider the following statements:
the following:
1. PARAM Siddhi – AI is one of India’s fastest
1. The policy aims to achieve 25% EV supercomputers developed under the National
penetration among all new vehicle Supercomputing Mission (NSM).
registrations by 2026. 2. It ranked among the top 100 most powerful
supercomputers in the world.
2. It aims to convert 100% of public transport 3. It’s designed specifically for large-scale AI, data
and government vehicles to electric by 2030. analytics, and HPC workloads: image processing,
[Link] of the above statements is/are deep learning, big data, agriculture, healthcare, etc.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
correct?
(a) 1 and 2 only
A. 1 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3
B. 2 only
(c) 2 and 3 only
C. Both 1 and 2
(d) 1 only
D. Neither 1 nor 2
Q. Consider the following statements about
Quantum Computers:

1. Quantum computers use qubits instead of

traditional bits for computation.
2. A qubit can exist in both 0 and 1 states
simultaneously due to superposition.
3. They always consume less energy than
classical computers.
4. Quantum computers can perform multiple
calculations simultaneously

Which of the statements given above is/are

correct?
(a) 1 and 4 only
(b) 1, 2 and 3 only
(c) 1 and 2 only
(d) 1, 3 and 4
Q. With reference to BSNL’s newly launched
indigenous “Swadeshi 4G” stack, which of the
following statements are correct?
1. The 4G stack is fully cloud-native and designed
for seamless upgrade to 5G.
2. The Radio Access Network (RAN) component is
supplied by Tejas Networks, while the Core
Network is developed by C-DOT.
3. Over 97,500 new 4G towers have been
commissioned under this rollout, at a cost of
about ₹37,000 crore.
4. The rollout aims to connect unserved villages,
including many in border and remote areas.
Select the correct code:
(a) 1, 2 and 4 only
(b) 1, 3 and 4 only
(c) 2, 3 and 4 only
(d) All of the above
Q. Consider the following statements
1. The Government of India has selected Sarvam
AI under the IndiaAI Mission to build India’s
first indigenous foundational large language
model (LLM).
2. Under the support scheme, Sarvam AI was
provided access to thousands of high-end
GPUs (graphics processing units) for a limited
period to train the model.
3. Sarvam’s AI model is expected to support
multiple Indian languages, voice input/output,
and reasoning capabilities.
Which of the statements given above are correct?
A. 1 only
B. 1 and 2 only
C. 1 and 3 only
D. All of the above
Q1. What was the theme of SEMICON India 2025?
A) Designing Chips for the World: India Leads the Way
B) Building the Next Semiconductor Powerhouse
C) India’s Semiconductor Future: Innovation & Ecosystem
D) Catalysing India’s Semiconductor Ecosystem

Rs. 500