MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Eegunjobi A S

April 14, 2026

Definitions and Theorems

A vector field over a planar region R is a function F that assigns

a vector F (x, y ) to each point in R.

A vector field over a solid region Q is a function F that assigns

a vector F (x, y , z) to each point in Q.

Newton’s law of gravitation states that the force of attraction

exerted on a particle of mass m1 located at (x, y , z) by a
particle of mass m2 located at (0, 0, 0) is

−Gm1 m2
F x, y , z = u.
x2+ y 2 + z2

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Here, G is the gravitational constant, and u is the unit vector
from the origin to (x, y , z).
Coulomb’s law states that the force exerted on a particle with
electric charge q1 located at (x, y , z) by a particle of charge q2
located at (0, 0, 0) is

cq1 q2
F x, y , z = u.
∥r ∥2

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Conservative Vector Fields- Definitions and Theorems
A vector field F is conservative if there exists a differentiable
function f (the potential) such that

F = ∇f .

Theorem: Let M and N have continuous first partial derivatives

on an open disk R. The vector field given by

F(x, y ) = Mi + Nj

is conservative if and only if

∂N ∂M
= .
∂x ∂y

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Example: Finding a Conservative Vector Field from a
Potential

Example: Find the conservative vector field if the potential

2
function is f (x, y ) = x 2 y − y2 .
Solution:

∂f ∂f
F(x, y ) = ∇f (x, y ) = i
+j
∂x ∂y

y2 y2
   
∂ 2 ∂ 2
=i x y− +j x y−
∂x 2 ∂y 2

= 2xy i + (x 2 − y ) j.

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Example: Finding a Potential for a Conservative Vector
Field
Example: Find a potential for the conservative vector field
F(x, y ) = 2xy i + (x 2 − y ) j.
Solution:
Note that the field is conservative because ∂M
∂y = 2x and
∂N
∂x = 2x.
We need to find a function f (x, y ) such that
∇f (x, y ) = 2xy i + (x 2 − y ) j. That is:

∂f ∂f
= 2xy and = x2 − y.
∂x ∂y
Integrate the first equation with respect to x:
Z
f (x, y ) = 2xy dx = x 2 y + g(y ).

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Integrate the second equation with respect to y :

y2
Z
f (x, y ) = (x 2 − y ) dy = x 2 y − + h(x).
2

Combining both results, we conclude:

y2
f (x, y ) = x 2 y − + K,
2
where K is a constant.

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

More examples
Find a potential for the conservative vector field
F(x, y ) = (10x + 3y ) i + (3x + 2y ) j.

Solution
We are given a vector field

∂ϕ ∂ϕ
F(x, y ) = (10x + 3y ) i + (3x + 2y ) j = ∇ϕ(x, y ) = i+ j
∂x ∂y

and we wish to find a potential function ϕ(x, y )

Z
∂ϕ
= 10x+3y =⇒ ϕ(x, y ) = (10x+3y ) dx = 5x 2 +3xy +g(y ),
∂x

where g(y ) is an arbitrary function of y .

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Differentiate ϕ(x, y ) with respect to y :
∂ϕ ∂  2 
= 5x + 3xy + g(y ) = 3x + g ′ (y ).
∂y ∂y
Since the given vector field has
∂ϕ
= 3x + 2y ,
∂y
we equate the two expressions:
3x + g ′ (y ) = 3x + 2y =⇒ g ′ (y ) = 2y .
Integrate with respect to y :
Z
g(y ) = 2y dy = y 2 + C,

where C is an arbitrary constant.

ϕ(x, y ) = 5x 2 + 3xy + y 2 + C.

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Exercises
(a) Determine whether or not the vector field
F(x, y ) = 5y 2 (y i + 3xj) is conservative.
(b) Determine whether or not the vector field
F(x, y ) = √ 21 2 (i + j) is conservative.
x +y
(c) Find the conservative vector field for the potential function
f (x, y ) = x 2 − 14 y 2 .
(d) Find the conservative vector field for the potential function
f (x, y , z) = 6xyz.
(e) Find the conservative vector field for the potential function
2
f (x, y , z) = z + yex .
(f) Find a potential function for the conservative vector field
F(x, y ) = y i + xj.
(g) Find a potential function for the conservative vector field
x y
F(x, y ) = x 2 +y 2 i + x 2 +y 2 j

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Curl, Divergence, Line Integrals-Definitions

The curl of the vector field F(x, y , z) = Mi + Nj + Pk:

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∇ × F = ∂x ∂y ∂z
M N P
     
∂P ∂N ∂P ∂M ∂N ∂M
= − i− − j+ −
∂y ∂z ∂x ∂z ∂x ∂y

A vector field is conservative if and only if curl F = 0.

The divergence of F:

∂M ∂N ∂P
div F = ∇ · F = + + .
∂x ∂y ∂z

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Line Integral of a Function over a Curve:
The line integral of a function f (x, y ) over a curve C is defined
by Z
f (x, y ) ds,
C
where ds represents an infinitesimal element of arc length
along the curve C.
i.e
ds = length of a small segment of curve, C : the curve
ds: we get from length :
ds
Z b z }| {
⃗r (t) dt
a | {z }
length of small segment

In fact, length of curve is a special case ofline integral with

f (x, y ) = 1
Z Z b
ds A=S
Eegunjobi ⃗r (t) dt
MTM611S- Vector Calculus
When the curve C is parameterized by

x = x(t), y = y (t), for t ∈ [a, b],

the arc length differential ds can be expressed as

q
ds = [x ′ (t)]2 + [y ′ (t)]2 dt,

so that the line integral becomes

Z Z b q
f (x, y ) ds = f (x(t), y (t)) [x ′ (t)]2 + [y ′ (t)]2 dt.
C a

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

f (x(t), y (t)) is the function evaluated along the curve.
x ′ (t) and y ′ (t) are the derivatives of x and y with respect to
t; these represent the rates of change of x and y along the
curve.
p
The square root expression [x ′ (t)]2 + [y ′ (t)]2 converts
the infinitesimal change in the parameter dt into an
infinitesimal arc length ds.

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Line Integral Over Spatial Curves:

For curves in three-dimensional space, parameterized as

x = x(t), y = y (t), z = z(t), for t ∈ [a, b],

the infinitesimal arc length element is given by

q
ds = [x ′ (t)]2 + [y ′ (t)]2 + [z ′ (t)]2 dt.

The line integral of f over Spatial Curves C:

Z Z b q
f (x, y , z) ds = f (x(t), y (t), z(t)) [x ′ (t)]2 + [y ′ (t)]2 + [z ′ (t)]2 dt.
C a

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

The potentially complicated part is the parameterization of
curve C.
Example:
Z
xey dz, C : line segament from (0,0) to (4,1)
C
Parametrize the curve C,write an equation for the line as
⃗r (t) = ⃗r0 + t ⃗v , here ⃗v = ⟨4, −1⟩, ⃗r0 = ⟨0, 0⟩
⃗r (t) = ⃗r0 + t ⃗v = ⟨0, 0⟩ + t⟨4, −1⟩
⃗r (t) = ⟨ 4t , −t ⟩, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1, ⃗r (t) = ⟨4, −1⟩
|{z} |{z}
x y
q √
ds = ⃗r (t) dt = ⟨4, −1⟩ dt = 42 + (−1)2 )dt = 17dt
Z Z 1 √ √
y
xe dz = (4t)e−t 17dt = 2 17e−1
C 0

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Examples

Calculate the curl of F(x, y , z) = 2xy i + (x 2 + z 2 )j + 2yzk.

Solution:
i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∂x ∂y ∂z = (2z−2z)i−(0−0)j+(2x−2x)k = 0.
2xy x2 + z2 2yz

Since the curl is zero, the field is conservative.

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Divergence Example

Calculate the divergence of F(x, y , z) = x 3 y 2 zi + x 2 zj + x 2 y k.

Solution:
∂ 3 2 ∂ 2 ∂ 2
div F = (x y z) + (x z) + (x y )
∂x ∂y ∂z
= 3x 2 y 2 z + 0 + 0
= 3x 2 y 2 z.

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Line Integral Example

Evaluate C (x 2 − y + 3z) ds, where C is r(t) = ti + 2tj + tk,

R

0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
Solution: p √
ds = 12 + 22 + 12 dt = 6 dt,

Z
2
Z 1 √
(x − y + 3z) ds = (t 2 − 2t + 3t) 6 dt
C 0
√
5 6
= .
6

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Mass of a Spring Example
Calculate the mass of a spring with density ρ(x, y , z) = 1 + z,
shaped as r(t) = cos ti + sin tj + tk, 0 ≤ t ≤ 6π.
Solution:
For a wire (or spring) with variable density ρ(x, y , z) along a
curve C defined by a vector function r(t) for t in an interval
[a, b], the mass M can be computed using the line integral
Z
M= ρ ds.
C
When the curve is parameterized by t, the differential arc length
ds is given by
q
ds = |r′ (t)| dt = (− sin ti)+ (cos tj)2 + k 2 dt
√
r′ (t) = − sin ti + cos tj + k, ds = 2 dt,
Z Z 6π √ √
(1 + z) ds = (1 + t) 2 dt = 6π 2(3π + 1).
C 0
Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus
Exercises

(a) Find the curl of F(x, y , z) = ex sin y i − ex cos y j.

(b) Determine if F(x, y , z) = sin zi + sin xj + sin y k is
conservative.
(c) Find a potential for F(x, y , z) = xy 2 z 2 i + x 2 yz 2 j + x 2 y 2 zk.
(d) Find the divergence of F(x, y , z) = sin xi + cos y j + z 2 k.
R
(e) Evaluate C xy ds, where C : r(t) = 4ti + 3tj, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1.
(f) Evaluate C (x 2 + y 2 + z 2 ) ds, where
R

C : r(t) = sin ti + cos tj + 2k, 0 ≤ t ≤ π2 .

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Line Integrals and Work by a Force Field-Definitions
and Theorems
Let C be a planar curve given by r(t) = x(t)i + y (t)j,
a ≤ t ≤ b. If F is a vector field with unit tangent vector T,
then the line integral of F is:
Z Z Z b
F · dr = F · T ds = F (x(t), y (t)) · r′ (t) dt.
C C a

A similar definition holds for curves in space.

The increment of work is:

dW ≈ F · T ds = F · dr.

Line integrals in differential form: If F(x, y ) = Mi + Nj,

then: Z Z
F · dr = M dx + N dy .
C C

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Examples

Find the work done by the force field

F(x, y , z) = − 12 xi − 12 y j + 14 k on a particle moving along the
helix r(t) = cos ti + sin tj + tk from (1, 0, 0) to (−1, 0, 3π).
Solution:

r′ (t) = − sin ti + cos tj + k, 0 ≤ t ≤ 3π.

The force field becomes:

1 1 1
F = − cos ti − sin tj + k.
2 2 4

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Work:
Z 3π Z 3π  
1 1 1
W = F · dr(t) = sin t cos t − sin t cos t + dt
0 0 2 2 4
Z 3π
1 3π
= dt = .
0 4 4

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

example

Find a parametrization of the path C and evaluate

R √
C (x + 4 y )ds

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

solution
On each edge we use
⃗r (t) = ⃗r0 + τ (⃗r1 − ⃗r0 ),
with a little shift so that τ ∈ [0, 1] on the right t?interval.
Concretely:
Edge 1: (0, 0) → (1, 0)

⃗r0 = (0, 0), ⃗r1 = (1, 0).

Set τ = t, t ∈ [0, 1]. Then


⃗r (t) = ⃗r0 +τ (⃗r1 −⃗r0 ) = (0, 0)+t (1, 0)−(0, 0) = (t, 0), t ∈ [0, 1].

Edge 2: (1, 0) → (0, 1)

⃗r0 = (1, 0), ⃗r1 = (0, 1).

We want this on t ∈ [1, 2], so let τ = t − 1. Then as t goes from
1 to 2, τ runs from 0 toEegunjobi
1. A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus
Hence

⃗r (t) = ⃗r0 + τ (⃗r1 − ⃗r0 )

= (1, 0) + (t − 1) (0, 1) − (1, 0)


= 1 − (t − 1), t − 1 , t ∈ [1, 2].

Edge 3: (0, 1) → (0, 0)

⃗r0 = (0, 1), ⃗r1 = (0, 0).

We want this on t ∈ [2, 3], so set τ = t − 2. Then τ ∈ [0, 1] as
t ∈ [2, 3]. Thus

⃗r (t) = ⃗r0 + τ (⃗r1 − ⃗r0 )

= (0, 1) + (t − 2) (0, 0) − (0, 1)


= 0, 1 − (t − 2) , t ∈ [2, 3].

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Putting it all together,

(t, 0),
 0 ≤ t ≤ 1,


⃗r (t) = 2 − t, t − 1 , 1 ≤ t ≤ 2,


0, 3 − t , 2 ≤ t ≤ 3.


To evaluate the line integral, we have C = C1 + C2 + C3 where

C1 : ti, 0≤t ≤1

C2 : (2 − t)i + (t − 1)j, 1≤t ≤2

C3 : 0i + (3 − t)j, 2 ≤ t ≤ 3
√ √ √ √
Z Z Z Z
(x+4 y )ds = (x+4 y )ds+ (x+4 y )ds+ (x+4 y )ds
C C1 C2 C3

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

 C1 : ti =⇒ x(t) = t, y (t) = 0 0 ≤ t ≤ 1
q
′
r (t) = ti =⇒ r (t) = i, ds = x ′ (t)2 + y ′ (t)2 dt = dt
Z 1
√
Z
1
∴ (x + 4 y )ds = tdt =
C1 0 2
C2 : (2 − t)i + (t − 1)j =⇒ x(t) = 2 − t, y (t) = t − 1 1≤t ≤2
r (t) = (2 − t)i + (t − 1)j =⇒ r ′ (t) = −i + j,
q √
ds = x ′ (t)2 + y ′ (t)2 dt = 2dt
√
Z
√
Z 2 √ √ 19 2
∴ (x + 4 y )ds = (2 − t + 4 t − 1) 2dt =
C2 1 6

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

C3 : 0i + (3 − t)j =⇒ x(t) = 0, y (t) = 3 − t 2≤t ≤3

r (t) = 0i + (3 − t)j =⇒ r ′ (t) = −j,

q
ds = x ′ (t)2 + y ′ (t)2 dt = dt
Z 3 √
√
Z
8
∴ (x + 4 y )ds = 4 3 − tdt =
C3 2 3
√ √
√
Z
1 19 2 8 19(1 + 2)
∴ (x + 4 y )ds = + + =
C 2 6 3 6

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Example:

Evaluate C y dx + x 2 dy , where C is the parabola y = 4x − x 2

R

from (4, 0) to (1, 3).

Solution:

dy = (4 − 2x)dx, x ranges from 4 to 1.

Z Z 1h i
y dx + x 2 dy = (4x − x 2 ) + x 2 (4 − 2x) dx
C 4
Z 1
69
= (4x + 3x 2 − 2x 3 )dx = .
4 2

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals-Definitions

Fundamental Theorem of Line Integrals: Let C be a

piecewise smooth curve in an open region R, given by
r(t) = x(t)i + y (t)j, a ≤ t ≤ b. If F = Mi + Nj is
conservative with potential f , then:
Z
F · dr = f (x(b), y (b)) − f (x(a), y (a)) .
C

A curve is smooth if its component functions have

continuous derivatives not simultaneously zero. Piecewise
smooth curves can be partitioned into finite smooth
segments. A closed curve satisfies r(a) = r(b).
A region is simply connected if it is connected and every
simple closed curve encloses only points in the region.

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Find the work done by F(x, y ) = 2xy i + x 2 j on a particle moving
from (0, 0) to (1, 1) along y = x.
Solution: Parametrize r(t) = ti + tj, 0 ≤ t ≤ 1. Then:

F = 2t 2 i + t 2 j, r′ (t) = i + j.
Z 1 h i1
W = (2t 2 + t 2 )dt = t 3 = 1.
0 0
R
Example: Calculate C F · dr, where C is from (−1, 4) to (1, 2)
and F(x, y ) = 2xy i + (x 2 − y )j.
Solution: Potential f (x, y ) = x 2 y − 12 y 2 . By the theorem:
   
2 1 2 2 1 2
f (1, 2) − f (−1, 4) = 1 (2) − (2) − (−1) (4) − (4) = 4.
2 2

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Exercises
2xy dx + (x 2 + y 2 )dy , where C is the ellipse
R
(a) Evaluate C
x2 y2
25 + = 1 from (5, 0) to (0, 4).
16
Evaluate C 2xy dx + (x 2 + y 2 )dy , where C is the parabola
R
(b)
y = 4 − x 2 from (2, 0) to (0, 4).
R
(c) Evaluate C yz dx + xz dy + xy dz, where
C : r(t) = ti + 2j + tk, 0 ≤ t ≤ 4.
R
(d) Evaluate C yz dx + xz dy + xy dz, where
C : r(t) = t 2 i + tj + tk, 0 ≤ t ≤ 2.
R
(e) Evaluate C cos x sin y dx + sin x cos y dy , where C is the
line segment from (0, −π) to 3π π


2 , 2 .
2x x2
(f) Find the work done by F(x, y ) = y i − y2
j in moving an
object from (−1, 1) to (3, 2).

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Green’s Theorem

Green’s Theorem connects a line integral around a closed

curve to a double integral over the region it encloses.

Green’s Theorem Statement: Let C be a piecewise smooth

closed curve, oriented counterclockwise, bounding a simply
connected region R. Then:
Z ZZ  
∂N ∂M
M dx + N dy = − dA.
C R ∂x ∂y

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Example

Example: Let R be the region R in the first quadrant bounded by

y = x and y = x 2 . Calculate C y 2 dx + x 2 dy , where C is the
counterclockwise boundary.
Solution:
∂N ∂M
− = 2x − 2y .
∂x ∂y
ZZ Z 1Z x Z 1h ix
(2x −2y ) dA = (2x −2y ) dy dx = 2xy − y 2 2 dx
R 0 x2 0 x

1 1
x3 x4 x5
Z 
2 3 4
 1
= x − 2x + x dx = − + = .
0 3 2 5 0 30

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Example

Example: A particle travels once counterclockwise around the

circle of radius 3 centered at the origin, subject to the force
F(x, y ) = y 3 i + (x 3 + 3xy 2 )j. Use Green’s theorem to find the
work done by the force field.
Solution:
Z ZZ  
3

3 2
 ∂N ∂M
W = y dx + x + 3xy dy = − dA
C R ∂x ∂y
ZZ   ZZ
2 2 2
= 3x + 3y − 3y dA = 3x 2 dA
R R
Z 2π Z 3
= (r cos θ)2 r dr dθ.
0 0

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Evaluate the integral using polar coordinates and the half-angle
formula:
Z 2π Z 3 Z 2π  4 3
2 r 2
W = 3 (r cos θ) r dr dθ = 3 cos θ dθ
0 0 0 4 0

2π
243 2π 1 + cos 2θ
 Z Z
81 2
=3 cos θ dθ = dθ
4 0 4 0 2
sin 2θ 2π
 
243 243 243π
= θ+ = (2π) = .
8 2 0 8 4

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Green’s Theorem Areas
Green’s theorem and area: Select functions M and N
such that
∂N ∂M
− = 1.
∂x ∂y
Then,
Z ZZ   ZZ
∂N ∂M
M dx+N dy = − dA = dA = area of R.
C R ∂x ∂y R

If R is a planar region bounded by the closed curve C,

oriented counterclockwise, then the area enclosed is
Z
1
A= x dy − y dx.
2 C

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Area of a Polygon Using the Shoelace Formula
If a polygon has vertices:
(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ), . . . , (xn , yn )
listed in order around the polygon (either clockwise or
counterclockwise), the area is:
1
A= |(x1 y2 − x2 y1 ) + (x2 y3 − x3 y2 ) + · · · + (xn y1 − x1 yn )| .
2
Because of the cross-multiplication pattern:
You multiply coordinates ?across? like shoelaces:
x1 y2 , x2 y3 , . . . , xn y1
Then subtract the backward cross-products:
x2 y1 , x3 y2 , . . . , x1 yn
You add up the first set, subtract the second set, and divide by
2.
Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus
Example: Area of a Triangle
Let?s say we have a triangle with vertices:

(0, 0), (4, 0), (4, 3)

Use the formula:

1
A= [(0 · 0 − 4 · 0) + (4 · 3 − 4 · 0) + (4 · 0 − 0 · 3)]
2
1 1
=[0 + 12 + 0] = · 12 = 6
2 2
Which matches the usual formula for the area of a triangle:

1 1
× base × height = × 4 × 3 = 6
2 2

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Area of a Heptagon (7-sided polygon)

Let the polygon have vertices in order:

(x1 , y1 ), (x2 , y2 ), (x3 , y3 ), (x4 , y4 ), (x5 , y5 ), (x6 , y6 ), (x7 , y7 )

Then the area A is:

1
A= ((x1 y2 − x2 y1 ) + (x2 y3 − x3 y2 ) + (x3 y4 − x4 y3 )
2
+(x4 y5 − x5 y4 ) + (x5 y6 − x6 y5 ) + (x6 y7 − x7 y6 ) + (x7 y1 − x1 y7 ))

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Example with Actual Coordinates
Let?s try a real 7-sided polygon (heptagon) with vertices:

(1, 2), (4, 5), (7, 8), (9, 5), (6, 1), (3, 0), (0, 1)

Compute Cross-Products

x1 y2 = 1 · 5 = 5
x2 y3 = 4 · 8 = 32
x3 y4 = 7 · 5 = 35
x4 y5 = 9 · 1 = 9
x5 y6 = 6 · 0 = 0
x6 y7 = 3 · 1 = 3
x7 y1 = 0 · 2 = 0
Sum of forward products = 5 + 32 + 35 + 9 + 0 + 3 + 0 = 84

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Reverse Cross-Products

x2 y1 = 4 · 2 = 8
x3 y2 = 7 · 5 = 35
x4 y3 = 9 · 8 = 72
x5 y4 = 6 · 5 = 30
x6 y5 = 3 · 1 = 3
x7 y6 = 0 · 0 = 0
x1 y7 = 1 · 1 = 1
Sum of backward products = 8 + 35 + 72 + 30 + 3 + 0 + 1 = 149

Apply the Shoelace Formula

1 1
A= |84 − 149| = · 65 = 32.5
2 2
Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus
Alternate form of Green’s theorem:

Z Z ZZ  
∂N ∂M
F · dr = M dx + N dy = − dA
C C R ∂x ∂y
ZZ
= (curl F) · k dA.
R

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Example: Applying Green’s Theorem

Evaluate the integral

Z
(y − x) dx + (2x − y ) dy ,
C

where C is the boundary of the region between the graphs of

y = x and y = x 2 − 2x.

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Solution
Find intersection points:
x = x 2 − 2x =⇒ 3x − x 2 = 0 =⇒ x(3 − x) = 0 =⇒ x = 0, 3.
Intersection points: (0, 0) and (3, 3).
Apply Green’s theorem:
∂N ∂M ∂N ∂M
=2 and = 1 =⇒ − = 1.
∂x ∂y ∂x ∂y
Thus,
Z ZZ Z 3Z x
(y − x) dx + (2x − y ) dy = dA = dy dx.
C R 0 x 2 −2x

Evaluate:
Z 3 Z 3
2 27 9
(x − −x + 2x) dx = 3x − x 2 dx = −9= .
0 0 2 2

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Exercises

(a) Use
R Green’s theorem to evaluate
C (y − x) dx + (2x − y ) dy , where C is the ellipse
x = 2 cos θ, y = sin θ.
(b) Evaluate C ex cos 2y dx − 2ex sin 2y dy , where C is
R

x 2 + y 2 = 9.
(c) Find the work done by F(x, y ) = xy i + (x + y )j
counterclockwise around the unit circle.
(d) Calculate the work done by
√
F(x, y ) = (x 3/2 − 3y )i + (6x + 5 y )j counterclockwise
around the triangle with vertices (0, 0), (5, 0), (0, 5).

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Parametric Surfaces-Definitions and Theorems
Parametric surface defined by:

r(u, v ) = x(u, v )i + y (u, v )j + z(u, v )k.

Partial derivatives:
∂x ∂y ∂z ∂x ∂y ∂z
ru = i+ j+ k, rv = i+ j+ k.
∂u ∂u ∂u ∂v ∂v ∂v
Normal vector:
N = rv × ru .
Surface area: ZZ
A= ∥ru × rv ∥ dA.
D
Differential surface area:

dS = ∥ru × rv ∥ dA.

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Surface Integrals and Flux Integrals- Definitions

Let z = g(x, y ):
s
ZZ ZZ  2  2
∂g ∂g
f (x, y , z) dS = f (x, y , g(x, y )) 1 + + dA
S R ∂x ∂y
q
dS = 1 + (gx )2 + (gy )2 dA.
For parametric surfaces:
ZZ ZZ
f (x, y , z) dS = f (r(u, v ))∥ru × rv ∥ dA.
S D

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Orientation and Flux
An orientable surface S given by z = g(x, y ): Let

G(x, y , z) = z − g(x, y ).

Then, S can be oriented by either the unit normal vector

∇G −gx i − gy j + k
N= = q
∥∇G∥ 1 + gx2 + gy2

Flux integral: ZZ
F · N dS.
S
−gx i − gy j + k
q
NdS = q gx2 + gy2 + 1dA = ∇G(x, y , z)dA
1 + gx2 + gy2

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Example: Surface Integral Evaluation
Evaluate ZZ
(y 2 + 2yz) dS,
S

where S is the first-octant portion of z = 3 − x − 12 y .

Solution
Partial derivatives: gx = −1, gy = − 12 . Differential dS:
r
1 3
dS = 1+1+ dA = dA.
4 2
Integral becomes:
ZZ Z 3 Z 6−2x
3 2 1 3 243
(y +2y (3−x− y )) dA = y (3−x) dy dx = .
2 R 2 2 0 0 2

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

More example
Evaluate
ZZ
(x−2y +z)dS, S : z = 15−2x+3y , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0≤y ≤4
s

Solution

∂G ∂G ∂G
G(x, y , z) = z−15+2x−3y =⇒ ∇G(x, y , z) = i +j +k
∂x ∂y ∂z
q √
∇G(x, y , z) = 2i−3y +k , dS = 1 + (2i)2 + (−3j)2 dA = 14dxdy
ZZ Z 2Z 4 √ √
(x−2y +z)dS = (x−2y +15−2x+3y ) 14dydx = 128 14
s 0 0

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Exercises

(a) Evaluate ZZ
(x − 2y + z) dS,
S

where S is z = 4 − x, 0 ≤ x ≤ 4, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3.
(b) Evaluate ZZ
xy dS,
S
√
where S is z = h, 0 ≤ x ≤ 2, 0 ≤ y ≤ 4 − x 2.
(c) Verify
Z 3 Z 2(3−x)
243
y (3 − x) dy dx = .
0 0 2

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

(d) Evaluate ZZ
(y + 5) dS,
S

where S is r(u, v ) = ui + v j + 2v k, 0 ≤ u ≤ 1, 0 ≤ v ≤ 2.

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

(d) Evaluate ZZ
(y + 5) dS,
S

where S is r(u, v ) = ui + v j + 2v k, 0 ≤ u ≤ 1, 0 ≤ v ≤ 2.
(e) Set up in polar coordinates:
ZZ
xy
dS,
z
S

where S is z = x 2 + y 2 , 4 ≤ x 2 + y 2 ≤ 16.

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus
The Cylindrical Coordinate System
In a cylindrical coordinate system, a point P in space is
represented by an ordered triple (r , θ, z).
(a) (r , θ) is a polar representation of the projection of P in the
xy-plane.
(b) z is the directed distance from (r , θ) to P.
To convert from rectangular to cylindrical coordinates (or vice
versa), use the conversion guidelines for polar coordinates
listed below and illustrated in the figure above.

Cylindrical to rectangular:
x = r cos θ, y = r sin θ, z=z
Rectangular to cylindrical:
y
r 2 = x 2 + y 2, tan θ = , z=z
x
Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus
Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus
The spherical Coordinate System
In a spherical coordinate system, a point P in space is
represented by an ordered triple (ρ, θ, ϕ).
(a) ρ is the distance between P and the origin, ρ ≥ 0.
(b) θ is the same angle used in cylindrical coordinates for
r ≥ 0..
(c) ϕ is the angle between the positive z-axis and the line
segment OP, 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ π.
Note that the first and third coordinates, ρ and ϕ, are
nonnegative.
The figure above shows how rectangular and spherical
coordinates correspond. Use the following formulas to convert
between them..

Spherical to rectangular:
x = ρ sin ϕ cos θ, y = ρ sin ϕ sin θ, z = ρ cos ϕ
Rectangular to spherical:
Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus
 
Divergence Theorem- Definitions and Theorems
Let Q be a solid region in space bounded by the surface S
oriented outward by a unit normal N.
Let F(x, y , z) be a vector field whose component functions
have continuous first partial derivatives.
The divergence theorem states that
ZZ ZZZ
F · N dS = divF dV .
S Q

If divF > 0, we say that we have a source. If divF < 0, we

have a sink.
Why the Divergence Theorem?
Connects surface flux of a vector field to its volume
divergence.
Simplifies flux integrals over complicated closed surfaces.

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Example
Find the flux integral ZZ
F · N dS
S
given the vector field F(x, y , z) = xi + y j + zk and the sphere
x 2 + y 2 + z 2 = 4.
Solution
Because divF = 1 + 1 + 1 = 3, the divergence theorem says
that
ZZ ZZZ ZZZ
F · N dS = divF dV = 3 dV = 3 (volume of sphere)
S Q Q
 
4
=3 π (2)3 = 32π.
3

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Example

Use divergence theorem by evaluating

ZZ
F · N dS
S

(a) F(x, y , z) =
2xi − 2y j + z 2 k S: cube bounded by the planes x =
0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1
(b) F(x, y , z) = 2xi − 2y j + z 2 k S: cylinder x 2 + y 2 =
4, 0 ≤ z ≤ 3
(c) F(x, y , z) =
xy i+zj+(x +y )k S: surface bounded by the planes y =
4 and z = 4 − x and the coordinate planes

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Solutions

(a)
ZZZ Z 1Z 1Z 1
∇ · F = 2z, div F dV = 2zdzdydx = 1
Q 0 0 0

(b)
ZZZ Z 2π Z 2Z 3
∇·F = 2z, div F dV = 2zrdzdrdθ = 36π
Q 0 0 0

(c)
ZZZ Z 4 Z 4 Z 4−x
∇ · F = y, div F dV = ydzdydx = 64
Q 0 0 0

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Exercises
(a) Use the divergence theorem to evaluate the flux integral
ZZZ
F · N dS,
S
where
F(x, y , z) = xi + y 2 j − zk
and S is the surface bounded by
x 2 + y 2 = 25, z = 0, and z = 7.
(b) Use the divergence theorem to evaluate the flux integral
ZZZ
F · N dS,
S
where
F(x, y , z) = x 2 i + y 2 j + z 2 k
and S is the cube bounded by the planes
x = 0, x = 1, y = 0, y = 1, z = 0, z = 1.
Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus
(c) Verify the divergence theorem for

F(x, y , z) = xzi + zy j + 2z 2 k

and the surface bounded by z = 1 − x 2 − y 2 and z = 0.

That is, calculate the flux integral
ZZZ
F · N dS
S

and the corresponding triple integral

ZZZ
div F dV .
Q

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Stokes’s Theorem-Definitions and Theorems

Let S be an oriented surface with unit normal N, and let C be a

closed curve bounding the surface. Let F(x, y , z) be a vector
field whose component functions have continuous first partial
derivatives. Then, Stokes’s theorem states that
Z ZZ
F · dr = (curl F) · N dS.
C S

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

Example
Let S be the portion of the paraboloid z = 4 − x 2 − y 2 above
the xy -plane. Let C be its boundary, oriented counterclockwise.
Verify Stokes’s theorem for the function
F(x, y , z) = 2zi + xj + y 2 k.

Solution
We want to verify that
Z ZZ
F · dr = (curl F) · N dS.
C S

Let’s first calculate the double integral.

If we let G(x, y , z) = z − g(x, y ) = z − (4 − x 2 − y 2 ), then

∇G(x, y , z)
q
N dS = (gx )2 + (gy )2 + 1 dA = ∇G(x, y , z) dA.
∥∇G(x, y , z)∥

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

So,

∇G(x, y , z) dA = (2xi + 2y j + k) dA.

Next, we calculate the curl of F(x, y , z) = 2zi + xj + y 2 k.

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∂x ∂y ∂z = 2y i + 2j + k.
2z x y2
Finally,
ZZ ZZ
(curl F) · N dS = (2y i + 2j + k) · (2xi + 2y j + k) dA
S R
Z 2 Z √ 4−x 2
= √ (4xy + 4y + 1) dydx
−2 − 4−x 2
Z 2 p
=2 4 − x 2 dx = Area of a circle = 4π.
−2
Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus
Example

R
Use Stokes’s Theorem to evaluate C F · dr with
F(x, y , z) = 2y i + 3zj + xk, C is oriented counterclockwise as
viewed from above and C: is a triangle with vertices (2, 0, 0),
(0, 2, 0), and (0, 0, 2)

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

The equation of the triangle with vertices:

A = (2, 0, 0), B = (0, 2, 0), C = (0, 0, 2)

From point A, form vectors:

⃗ = B − A = (0, 2, 0) − (2, 0, 0) = (−2, 2, 0)

AB
⃗ = C − A = (0, 0, 2) − (2, 0, 0) = (−2, 0, 2)
AC

i j k
⃗ ⃗
N = AB × AC = −2 2 0
−2 0 2

= i(2 · 2 − 0 · 0) − j(−2 · 2 − 0 · (−2)) + k(−2 · 0 − (−2) · 2)

= i(4) − j(−4) + k(4) = (4, 4, 4)

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus
N = (4, 4, 4) simplify to N − i + j + k .
Using point A = (2, 0, 0) and normal vector N = (1, 1, 1), the
equation of the plane is:

1(x − 2) + 1(y − 0) + 1(z − 0) = 0 ⇒ x + y + z = 2

i j k
∂ ∂ ∂
curl F = ∂x ∂y ∂z = −3i − j − 2k.
2y 3z x
(curl F) · N dS = −6dA
ZZ ZZ
(curl F) · N dS = −6 dA
S R
Z 2 Z 2−x
= −6 dydx = −12
0 0
OR
ZZ ZZ
(curl F)·NdS = −6 dA = −6(Area of the triangle) = −6(2)
S R
Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus
Exercises

(a) Verify Stokes’s theorem for

F(x, y , z) = (−y + z)i + (x − z)j + (x − y )k, where S is the
surface
z = 9 − x 2 − y 2 , z ≥ 0.
RR
That is, calculate (curl F) · N dS and the corresponding
S
line integral.
R
(b) Use Stokes’s theorem to evaluate the line integral C F · dr,
p
where F(x, y , z) = arctan yx i + ln x 2 + y 2 j + k and C is
the triangle with vertices (0, 0, 0), (1, 1, 1), and (0, 0, 2).

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

 R
(c) Use Stokes’s theorem to evaluate the line integral C F · dr,
where F(x, y , z) = xyzi + y j + zk and S is the surface
z = x 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3. Assume that N is the
downward unit normal to the surface.

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

 R
(c) Use Stokes’s theorem to evaluate the line integral C F · dr,
where F(x, y , z) = xyzi + y j + zk and S is the surface
z = x 2 , 0 ≤ x ≤ 3, 0 ≤ y ≤ 3. Assume that N is the
downward unit normal to the surface.
(d) Assume that the motion of a liquid in a cylindrical container
of radius 2 is described
p by thep velocity field
F(x, y , z) = −y x 2 + y 2 i + x x 2 + y 2 j. Find
RR
(curl F) · N dS, where S is the upper surface of the
S
cylindrical container.

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

General Parametrization of Paths
1. Straight Line Segment Between Two Points
Given two points:

Start: ⃗r0 = (x0 , y0 ), End: ⃗r1 = (x1 , y1 )

The direction vector is:

⃗v = ⃗r1 − ⃗r0 = (x1 − x0 , y1 − y0 )

The parametrization of the line segment is:

⃗r (t) = ⃗r0 + t ⃗v , t ∈ [0, 1]

or in coordinate form:

x(t) = x0 + t(x1 − x0 ), y (t) = y0 + t(y1 − y0 ), t ∈ [0, 1]

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

2. Circle or Circular Arc

If the circle has center (a, b) and radius r , the parametric

equations are:

x(t) = a + r cos t, y (t) = b + r sin t

For a full circle, t ∈ [0, 2π]. For an arc, restrict t to match the
starting and ending angles.

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

3. Curve Given by Equation y = f (x)

If the curve is given by y = f (x) over the range x ∈ [a, b], the
parametrization is:

x(t) = t, y (t) = f (t), t ∈ [a, b]

Alternatively, if x = f (y ), the parametrization is:

x(t) = f (t), y (t) = t

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus

4. Vector-Valued Function for General Curves
For a general curve, you can write the position as a
vector-valued function:
 
x(t)
⃗r (t) = , t ∈ [a, b]
y (t)

This is commonly used in physics or line integrals.

Summary Table

Type of Path Parametrization Format t-Interva

Line (point A to B) ⃗r (t) = ⃗r0 + t(⃗r1 − ⃗r0 ) [0, 1]
Circle x(t) = a + r cos t, y (t) = b + r sin t [0, 2π]
Graph y = f (x) x(t) = t, y(t) =f (t) [a, b]
x(t)
General curve ⃗r (t) = Custom inte
y (t)

Eegunjobi A S MTM611S- Vector Calculus