PRAAYAS RANKERS COACHING CLASSES
Class Notes – Geography ,Chapter – 6
Manufacturing Industries
Manufacturing Industries
“The process of making valuable products from raw material is called manufacturing.”
Industries
• Place of economic activities.
Economy
(i) Primary Sector
• Natural sector — agriculture
• Examples: Fishes, mining
(ii) Secondary Sector
• Industries
(iii) Tertiary Sector
• Provide services (service sector)
Importance of Manufacturing Industries
1. Help modernising agriculture
2. Backbone of economy
3. Reduce dependence
4. Provide employment and jobs
5. Down regional disparities
6. Bring foreign exchange
7. Development of a country
International Market
• Competition increases the quality of a product.
Agro Based Industries
1. Sugar factories
2. Cotton
3. Silk
4. Woollen textile
5. Edible oil
Basic Industries
• Industries that provide base to other industries.
Example
• Iron industries
Joint Sector
• Sector operated by government and private companies together is called joint sector.
Examples
• Hindustan Petroleum Limited
• Oil India Limited
• Maruti Udyog Limited
Types of Industries
1) Raw Material Based
(i) Agro Based
Examples:
• Cotton
• Woollen
• Jute
• Silk
• Textile
• Rubber
• Sugar
• Tea
• Coffee
• Edible oil
(ii) Mineral Based
Examples:
• Iron
• Steel
• Cement
• Aluminium
• Machine
• Petrochemicals
2) Based on Their Main Role
(i) Key or Basic Industries
Examples:
• Iron
• Steel
• Aluminium
• Copper
(ii) Consumer Industries
• Industries provide goods directly to consumers.
Examples:
• Sugar
• Paper
• Fans
• Toothpaste
3) Based on Capital Investment
• Maximum investment: 1 crore
4) On the Basis of Ownership
(i) Public Sector
• Operated by government
• Service for people
Examples:
• BHEL
• SAIL
(ii) Private Sector
• Operated by individual person or group
Examples:
• TISCO
• Bajaj
• Dabur
(iii) Joint Sector
• Jointly operated by government and private sector
Example:
• OIL
(iv) Cooperative Sector
• Operated by producers and suppliers
Example:
• Sugar industry in Maharashtra
5) Heavy Industries
• Use heavy raw materials
Example:
• Steel and Iron
6) Light Industries
• Use light raw materials
Example:
• Electronics
Blast Furnace
• Iron → melt
• Limestone → add
• Slag → remove
Pig Iron
• Molten material poured into moulds → Pig Iron
Cryolite
• Molten metal acts as electrolyte.
Textile Industries
• Industries convert raw material into highly valuable products.
• Self-reliant industry.
Cotton Textile
1. Ancient India — hands
2. 18th century — powerlooms
3. Earliest centres — Maharashtra, Gujarat
4. Factors — raw cotton, market, transport
5. Workers — spinning, weaving, dyeing, designing, packaging
First Cotton Textile Mill
• Mumbai, 1854
Jute Textile
1. India — 1st in jute production
2. Exporter — India 2nd, Bangladesh 1st
3. Most mills — Bengal, Hugli river region
o 98 km long and 3 km wide
4. First jute mill — Rishra city, Kolkata, 1855
Sugar Industries
1. India — 2nd in sugar production
2. India — 1st in jaggery and khandasari production
3. Sugar mills — Bihar, Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka
4. 60% mills — Uttar Pradesh and Bihar
Mineral Based Industries
• Industries that use metals as raw materials.
Iron and Steel Industries
1. Basic industries
2. Most are heavy industries
3. Uses — construction, defence, medical, consumer goods
Steel Composition
• Iron ore : Coking coal : Limestone
• 4:2:1
Hardness
• Manganese
Process of Manufacturing Steel
Raw material → Blast furnace → Pig iron → Steel making → Shaping metal
Iron Ore
• Hematite
Metallurgy
• The process of making metal from ore.
Aluminium Industries
1. 2nd largest metal industry
2. Properties:
o Light
o Resistant to corrosion
o Good conductor of heat
3. Uses:
o Aircraft
o Utensils
o Wire
4. Plants:
o Odisha
o West Bengal
o Kerala
o Uttar Pradesh
o Chhattisgarh
o Maharashtra
5. Ore — Bauxite
Process
Bauxite → Alumina → Smelter + Cryolite → Electricity
• 18600 kwh/Tonne
Chemical Industries
1. Fast growing and diversifying industry
2. Uses:
o Fertilizers
o Synthetic fibre
o Plastics
o Nitric acid
o Soda ash
o Caustic soda
3. Petrochemical products are made in chemical industries
4. Petrochemical products:
o Plastic
o Gum
o Dye
o Nitric acid
5. GDP contribution — 3%
6. Asia — 3rd rank, World — 12th rank
7. Chemical industries produce consumer goods
Fertilizer Industries
Nitrogen Fertilizers
1. Urea
2. Phosphatic fertilizers
3. Ammonium phosphate (DAP)
4. Phosphate (P) and Potash (K)
• Potash entirely imported
After Green Revolution
• 50% industries in:
o Gujarat
o Tamil Nadu
o Kerala
o Punjab
o Uttar Pradesh
Cement Industries
Uses
• Buildings
• Houses
• Dams
• Factories
• Bridges
• Roads
• Airports
Raw Materials
• Limestone
• Silica
• Gypsum
First Plant
• Chennai, 1904
Automobile Industries
Importance
• Quick transport of goods and passengers
Examples
• Truck
• Bus
• Car
• Motorcycle
• Scooters
Industrial Centres
• Delhi
• Gurugram
• Mumbai
• Pune
• Chennai
• Kolkata
• Lucknow
• Indore
Information Technology and Electronics
Industries
Products
• Transistor
• Television
• Telephone
• Telecom
• Telephone exchange
• Radar
• Computer
Important Facts
• Bangalore — Electronic capital of India
Centres
• Bengaluru
• Noida
• Mumbai
• Chennai
• Hyderabad
• Pune
Development
• Hardware and software industries
Industrial Pollution
Four Types of Pollution
1. Air pollution
2. Water pollution
3. Noise pollution
4. Land pollution
Air Pollution
Causes
• Undesirable gases:
o SO₂
o CO
• Dust
• Sprays
• Mist
• Smoke
Effects
• Human health
• Animals
• Plants
• Buildings
• Environment
Water Pollution
Causes
• Inorganic and organic industrial waste discharged into rivers
Main Pollutants
• Fly ash
• Phosphorus
• Gypsum
• Iron and steel slag
Thermal Pollution
• Hot water from factories drained into rivers
Noise Pollution
Meaning
• Unwanted sound
Effects
• High blood pressure (BP)
• Increased heart rate
Causes
• Loudspeaker
• Vehicles
• Industries
• Generator
• Construction work
• Electric drill
Control of Environmental Degradation
• Every litre of waste pollutes 8 times water.
Methods
1. Recycling
2. Rainwater harvesting
3. Treating hot water
4. Primary treatment — mechanical process
5. Secondary treatment — biological process
6. Tertiary treatment — physical process
To Reduce Air Pollution
1. Fabric filters
2. Scrubbers
3. Fitting smoke stacks
4. Use silencers in generators
Important Facts
• Durgapur Steel Plant — Bihar
• Bhilai Steel Plant — M.P.
• Silk Industry — Mysore