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IdEnTIfYING
Types of Process
MAN-MADE
(LINEAR PROCESS)
→ passive voice
NATURAL
(CYCLICAL PROCESS)
→ active voice
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In ct
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Prompt: The diagram below shows the process of the
production of olive oil.
Paraphrase:
option 1: The illustration demonstrates the process of
producing olive oil.
option 2: The illustration demonstrates how olive oil is
produced.
Useful template:
The illustration demonstrates the process of producing/
manufacturing ...
or
The illustration demonstrates how ... is/are produced.
oVEr
VIeW
Study the process diagram carefully and identify:
man-made OR natural process?
linear OR cyclical?
→ man-made processes are usually linear, while natural processes
tend to be cyclical.
number of steps OR number of stages* ?
beginning and ending point?
and whether the process has any special features?
*A stage may consist of several steps
Step 1
Stage A Step 2 BE
CArE
Step 3
FuL
oVEr
VIeW beginning
ending
→ Overall, the linear man-made process encompasses
eight main steps, beginning with the collection and
temporary storage of olives, and ending with bottling and
distribution. Notably, it involves both manual and largely
mechanical stages.
Useful template:
Overall, the linear/cyclical man-made/natural process
encompasses/ consists of [...] main steps/ stages, beginning
with [...] and ending with [...]. Notably, [... if any].
Writing
BODY
Writing
o3
GRoUPING
01: Chia theo steps WaYS
Cách: có bao nhiêu steps thì chia đôi—mỗi body một nửa; hoặc chia ba—mỗi body
1/3. Ưu tiên tính hợp lý và logic khi chia.
Pro: nhanh, gọn, áp dụng được với đại đa số bài process
Con: đôi lúc máy móc, các “topic phrases” không đa dạng, và đôi lúc mất đi “ý
nghĩa” của diagram.
02: Chia theo stages
Cách: group một nhóm steps lại, nhưng cần “danh từ hoá” (nominalization) được
stage đó.
Ví dụ: các stages chiên trứng
stage 1: mua nguyên liệu (step 1 đi chợ, step 2 lựa trứng, v.v.)
stage 2: sơ chế (step 1 đập trứng, step 2 cắt hành, v.v.)
stage 3: chế biến ...
stage 4: thành phẩm ...
Pro: hay hơn, “ý nghĩa” hơn chia theo steps, có thể flex một tí “từ vựng” bằng
việc danh từ hoá các stages.
Con: cần vocab tốt, hiểu stages rõ ràng, và phải có logic trong việc group
stages, and a bit more time-consuming
03: Chia theo “special features”
Cách: nhìn và thực sự hiểu ý nghĩa của hình → chia theo những đặc tính đặc biệt
của process.
Ví dụ:
body 1: bên trong — body 2: bên ngoài
body 1: bên trên — body 2: bên dưới
v.v.
Pro: có thể xem là hay nhất, well-rounded nhất.
Con: không phải lúc nào/ hình nào cũng làm được, time-consuming
gnitirwwriting
BODY
beginning
Theo steps
Regarding the initial steps of the process, olives are picked
manually using a rake and placed in a vat, where they are stored for
2–3 days. They are then washed with cool water to remove
impurities before being transferred to a crusher via a conveyor
qUESTIoN o1
belt. At this stage, a hammer crushes the olives into a paste while
separating out the stones, which are discarded.
Turning to the final steps of production, the resulting olive paste is
subsequently pressed using a hydraulic press and filtered to
extract a liquid mixture of oil and water. This mixture is poured into
a centrifuge, where it is spun at high speed to separate the oil
from the water. This purified oil is finally bottled and then
transported to stores, ready for sale and consumption.
QUESTION 02
Prompt: The diagram below shows how one type of coal is used to produce
electricity.
Intro: The illustration demonstrates how electricity is produced from coal.
Overview: Overall, the linear man-made process consists of two main stages,
beginning with the combustion of coal and ending with the generation of
electricity. Notably, electricity is produced via both gas and steam turbines,
THEo STAgES
forming a combined-cycle system.
Body:
Beginning with the initial stage, coal is fed into a large furnace, where oxygen is
introduced to facilitate the combustion process. As a result, slag is produced and
removed as waste, while raw syngas is generated and subsequently transferred to
a removal unit. Here, impurities such as carbon dioxide, mercury, and sulphur are
extracted, resulting in purified syngas.
Turning to the electricity production stage, the purified syngas is used to power a
gas turbine, which is connected to a generator to produce electricity. At the same
time, hot exhaust gases from this process are directed to a heat recovery steam
generator, where steam is produced. This steam then drives a steam turbine
connected to another generator, generating additional electricity. Finally, the
electricity produced is transmitted to the grid for distribution.
QUESTION
THEo SPEcIAL FEaTUrE 03
Prompt: The diagram below shows how geothermal energy is used to
produce electricity.
Intro: The diagram illustrates how electricity is generated using geothermal
energy.
Overview: Overall, the process consists of five main stages, beginning with the
injection of cold water underground and ending with the generation and
transmission of electricity. Notably, the initial stages occur below the Earth’s
surface, while the remaining steps take place above ground.
Body:
Beginning with the first half of the process, cold water is pumped down
through an injection well to a depth of approximately 4.5 kilometers below the
surface. In the geothermal zone, where hot rocks are located, the water is
heated as it passes through this area. It is then transferred to a production
well, through which the heated water is brought back to the surface.
Above the surface, the hot water is converted into steam and directed into a
turbine, causing it to rotate. This movement drives a generator, which
produces electricity. Finally, the electricity generated is transmitted to the
national grid via power lines.
process
NATURAL
process
IdEntIfyiNg:
natural — cyclical
number of stages in life
how long this process lasts
beginning/ ending stage
and see whether there’s any
special feature
QUESTION 04
Prompt: The diagrams show the life cycle of a species of large fish called the
salmon
Intro: The diagram illustrates the life cycle of salmon, a large species of fish.
Overview: Overall, the cycle consists of four main stages—egg, fry, smolt and adult
—and takes approximately 9 to 10 years to complete. It is also noticeable that
salmon inhabit different environments at each stage of their development.
Body:
At the beginning of the cycle, eggs are laid among small stones and reeds in the
upper river, where the water moves slowly. After around 5 to 6 months, the eggs
hatch into fry measuring between 3 and 8 centimeters in length. These young fish
then move to the lower river, where the current is faster. In this environment, they
feed and grow for approximately four years until reaching a length of 12 to 15
centimeters, at which point they become smolt.
In the later stages, the smolt migrate to the open sea, where they spend about five
years growing into adult salmon, reaching a size of 70 to 76 centimeters. Finally, the
adult fish return to the upper river to lay eggs, thereby completing the life cycle.
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