IIntroduction

The rapid evolution of information technology has significantly

influenced how organizations operate, communicate, and manage
data. In today’s digital era, the reliance on traditional manual systems
has become increasingly inefficient due to their susceptibility to errors,
redundancy, and time-consuming processes. As a result, many
institutions have transitioned toward automated and web-based
information systems to enhance operational efficiency and improve
data management. Information systems serve as a combination of
technology, people, and processes that work together to collect,
process, store, and distribute information to support decision-making
and organizational control. According to Kenneth Laudon and Jane
Laudon (2022), organizations that effectively utilize information
systems gain a competitive advantage through improved efficiency,
better communication, and informed decision-making.
Web-based information systems have become particularly important
due to their accessibility and scalability. These systems allow users to
interact with applications through web browsers, eliminating the need
for installation and enabling access from multiple devices. Efraim
Turban et al. (2021) highlighted that web-based platforms enhance
collaboration by enabling real-time data sharing and communication
across different users and locations. This capability is especially
beneficial for organizations that require constant access to updated
information.
In the context of religious institutions such as parish churches, the
need for efficient data management systems is evident. Many
churches continue to rely on manual record-keeping or social media
platforms, which are not designed for structured data management.
These practices often lead to inefficiencies in retrieving records, lack of
transparency in financial tracking, and difficulties in maintaining
accurate information. Implementing a web-based data management
system can address these issues by providing a centralized platform
for managing records, improving accessibility, and ensuring data
accuracy.
This chapter presents a comprehensive review of related literature and
studies that support the development of the Birhen San Kalooy Web-
Based Data Management System. It includes discussions on web-based
information systems, database management systems, church and
nonprofit information systems, online donation and financial systems,
information system security, Agile software development methodology,
and usability evaluation using the System Usability Scale (SUS). The
purpose of this review is to establish a strong theoretical and
conceptual foundation for the study and to highlight the relevance of
the proposed system.

Web-Based Information Systems

Web-based information systems have become a fundamental
component of modern organizations due to their ability to provide
efficient, accessible, and scalable solutions for managing information.
These systems utilize internet technologies to deliver applications and
services through web browsers, allowing users to access the system
without requiring complex installations. According to Kenneth Laudon
and Jane Laudon (2022), web-based systems improve organizational
performance by enhancing communication, streamlining operations,
and supporting data-driven decision-making processes. The ability to
access information in real time allows organizations to respond quickly
to changing conditions and user needs.
One of the primary advantages of web-based systems is their ability to
improve efficiency by automating routine processes. Traditional
manual systems often involve repetitive tasks, such as data entry,
record keeping, and report generation, which are prone to human error
and inefficiencies. Web-based systems eliminate these issues by
automating tasks and ensuring consistency in data processing. Efraim
Turban et al. (2021) emphasized that automation reduces operational
costs and improves productivity by minimizing the need for manual
intervention. This is particularly beneficial in organizations that handle
large volumes of data, such as churches managing records of
parishioners and events.
Another important feature of web-based systems is their accessibility.
Users can access the system from any location with an internet
connection, making it easier to retrieve and update information. This
flexibility is especially important in environments where users need to
access data remotely or collaborate with others. Ian Sommerville
(2020) noted that web-based systems support distributed access,
enabling multiple users to interact with the system simultaneously.
This capability enhances collaboration and ensures that information is
always up to date.
Usability is also a critical factor in the success of web-based systems. A
system that is difficult to use may discourage users from adopting it,
regardless of its functionality. Jakob Nielsen (2020) emphasized that
usability is essential in ensuring user satisfaction and system
effectiveness. Similarly, Steve Krug (2020) highlighted that simplicity
and clarity in design are key to creating user-friendly systems. By
focusing on usability, developers can ensure that users can easily
navigate the system and perform tasks efficiently.
In addition, web-based systems contribute to improved data accuracy
and consistency. Manual systems often result in duplicate or
inconsistent data, which can lead to errors in decision-making. Web-
based systems use structured data storage and validation mechanisms
to ensure that information is accurate and consistent. This is
particularly important in managing records such as financial
transactions and personal information, where accuracy is critical.
Despite their numerous advantages, web-based systems also present
challenges, including the need for reliable internet connectivity,
system maintenance, and security measures. Organizations must
ensure that their systems are properly designed and maintained to
prevent issues such as downtime and data breaches. According to
Roger Pressman and Bruce Maxim (2020), successful system
implementation requires careful planning, continuous evaluation, and
user involvement.
In the context of the Birhen San Kalooy Parish, the adoption of a web-
based information system provides an effective solution for managing
data efficiently. By replacing manual processes with a centralized
digital system, the parish can improve record management, enhance
communication, and ensure data accuracy. The literature clearly
supports the importance of web-based systems in modern
organizations, highlighting their role in improving efficiency,
accessibility, and overall performance.

Database and Data Management Systems

Database Management Systems (DBMS) are essential components of
modern information systems, as they provide structured methods for
storing, organizing, and retrieving data efficiently. Organizations that
handle large volumes of data require reliable systems to ensure that
information is accurate, consistent, and easily accessible. According to
Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant Navathe (2020), a DBMS allows users to
define, create, maintain, and control access to databases, thereby
ensuring data integrity and security. This capability is particularly
important in replacing traditional manual systems, which are often
prone to duplication, loss of data, and inconsistencies.
One of the primary advantages of database systems is their ability to
centralize data storage. In manual systems, data is often stored in
multiple locations, making it difficult to manage and retrieve
information efficiently. Centralized databases eliminate this issue by
providing a single repository for all data, ensuring that users have
access to consistent and up-to-date information. According to Thomas
Connolly and Carolyn Begg (2021), centralized database systems
improve data consistency and reduce redundancy by enforcing data
integrity constraints and relationships.
Another important feature of database systems is their ability to
support efficient data retrieval and reporting. Traditional methods of
data retrieval often involve manual searching, which can be time-
consuming and inefficient. In contrast, database systems use
structured query languages such as SQL to retrieve data quickly and
accurately. Carlos Coronel and Steven Morris (2020) emphasized that
database systems enable organizations to generate reports and
analyze data effectively, supporting informed decision-making
processes.
Data security is also a critical aspect of database management
systems. Organizations must ensure that sensitive information is
protected from unauthorized access and potential threats. Database
systems incorporate security features such as user authentication,
authorization, and encryption to safeguard data. According to Abraham
Silberschatz et al. (2020), implementing proper security measures is
essential in maintaining the confidentiality, integrity, and availability of
data.
In addition, database systems support multi-user access, allowing
multiple users to interact with the system simultaneously without
compromising data integrity. This is particularly useful in environments
where different users need to access and update information
concurrently. Concurrency control mechanisms ensure that
transactions are processed correctly, preventing conflicts and
maintaining data consistency.
In the context of the Birhen San Kalooy Parish, the implementation of a
database management system is crucial in improving the efficiency of
data management processes. By centralizing records such as
parishioner information, sacramental records, and financial
transactions, the system ensures that data is organized, accessible,
and secure. Overall, the literature highlights the importance of
database systems in modern organizations, emphasizing their role in
improving data accuracy, efficiency, and security.

Web-Based Data Management Systems have been recognized for

improving efficiency and accuracy. Pendjol and Geni (2025) found that
the system improves reliability and transparency successfully within
asset management and supports organized and efficient operation of
the organization's services. The study of Setyawati and Hariri (2021)
has confirmed that the Web-Based Management System significantly
increases the efficiency of the organization's operation and accuracy
by automating tasks and reducing errors. Ama et al.(2025) highlighted
that centralized databases prevent loss of data or damage common in
manual record keeping.

Dela Rosa (2022) explained that web-based management information

systems improve reporting, decision-making processes and ease
internal operations. Salvador et al. (2024) also emphasized the
utilization of digital technology for enhanced collaboration and
monitoring. Further studies by Rahman et al. (2023) and Cruz (2021)
confirmed that web-based systems allow access to real-time data and
efficient retrieval of data, making them ideal for organizations handling
small and large datasets.

Church and Nonprofit Information Systems

The adoption of information systems in church and nonprofit
organizations has become increasingly important as these institutions
seek to improve their administrative processes and enhance
engagement with their members. Traditionally, many churches relied
on manual record-keeping and face-to-face communication, which
often resulted in inefficiencies and limited accessibility. However, the
advancement of digital technologies has enabled churches to adopt
modern systems that improve data management and communication.
According to Heidi Campbell (2020), digital transformation has
significantly influenced how religious organizations operate, allowing
them to extend their reach and improve engagement with their
communities.
One of the key benefits of information systems in churches is the
ability to centralize and manage data effectively. Web-based church
management systems provide a unified platform for storing and
organizing records, including parishioner information, event schedules,
and financial data. This centralized approach improves efficiency by
reducing the need for manual data entry and minimizing errors.
Furthermore, digital systems enable administrators to access
information quickly, facilitating better decision-making and planning.
Communication is another important aspect that is enhanced by
information systems in churches. Digital platforms allow churches to
communicate with their members more effectively by providing timely
updates and announcements. According to Tim Hutchings (2021),
online platforms enable churches to maintain continuous
communication with their communities, even beyond physical
gatherings. This is particularly important in situations where face-to-
face interaction is limited, such as during public health crises.
In addition, information systems support better financial management
in churches. Churches rely on donations and contributions to fund their
activities, making it essential to have transparent and efficient
financial systems. Digital systems provide tools for tracking donations,
generating financial reports, and ensuring accountability. This
improves trust among members and stakeholders, as they can see how
funds are being managed and utilized.
Despite these benefits, the adoption of information systems in
churches also presents challenges. These include limited resources,
lack of technical expertise, and resistance to change. Churches must
invest in training and support to ensure that users can effectively
utilize the system. Additionally, ensuring data security is crucial, as
church systems often contain sensitive personal and financial
information.
In the case of the Birhen San Kalooy Parish, implementing a web-based
data management system addresses many of the challenges
associated with traditional methods. The system provides a centralized
platform for managing records and improving communication,
ultimately enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of church
operations. The literature strongly supports the adoption of information
systems in churches, highlighting their potential to improve
administration, communication, and engagement.

The rapid development of technology in the current era of globalization

has provided many benefits in progress in various social aspects
( Tamu Ina et al.,2024). A web-based information system is a
technology that allows to utilize data archive and archiving data such
as church congregations held a significant role for the development of
the church ( Ananta and Somya, 2023 ). There are still challenges
being experienced in terms of archiving, letters that are not being
properly archived, and letters not reaching the intended recipients are
one of them (Turangan et al.,2022). To address these issues, the
implementation of a web-based management system is considered an
effective solution (Alade, 2023).

Several studies have explored the use of web-based information

systems in enhancing the efficiency of the organization and improving
data management. These systems are used by different organizations
to increase the service, enhance communication and record-keeping.
The Information System is a powerful tool for the collection of existing
data and useful in terms of saving time, energy and human resources
(Syafariani and Devi, 2019) According to Yuniar et al.(2025), the
system enhances the efficiency of managing data and strengthens the
engagement between the church and its members. In addition, the
system also improves efficiency, data accuracy, and transparency in
inventory management providing an effective solution that supports
asset management and operational services within the church
environment ( Simanjuntak and Malau, 2026). Religious institutions
such as the church require effective management of the church's
activities and services as present time revolves around technology.
With the integration of the system, administrative efficiency increases,
data accuracy and transparency improved compared to manual
processes used by administrators of the church ( Sipahutar and Lubis,
2026). Similar to the study, Kurniawan et al. (2025) revealed the
significant improvement in terms of performance, the reduction of
financial recording time from several hours to one hour, a decrease in
data entry errors and enhanced transparency through automated
report generation. In addition, Joshua et al. (2023) demonstrated that a
web-based financial information system in churches improves data
accuracy, speeds up the report generation, and reduces errors in
financial processing. The study emphasized that integrating web-based
systems allows churches to manage complex transactions more
efficiently while improving transparency and accountabilities.
Online Donation and Financial Systems
Online donation and financial management systems play a significant
role in improving the efficiency and transparency of financial processes
in nonprofit organizations. Traditional methods of collecting donations,
such as cash offerings, are often inconvenient and difficult to track.
Digital systems provide a more efficient and reliable alternative by
enabling electronic transactions and real-time tracking of funds.
According to Bekkers and Wiepking (2021), digital donation platforms
increase donor participation by providing convenient and accessible
methods for contributing.
One of the main advantages of online donation systems is their ability
to enhance financial transparency. Transparency is essential in
building trust among donors and stakeholders, as it ensures that funds
are managed responsibly. Digital systems provide detailed records of
transactions, allowing organizations to generate reports and monitor
financial activities. This level of accountability is crucial in maintaining
the credibility of nonprofit organizations.
In addition, online financial systems improve efficiency by automating
processes such as recording transactions and generating reports. This
reduces the likelihood of errors and ensures that financial data is
accurate and up to date. Digital payment systems also enable real-
time tracking, allowing organizations to monitor their financial status
more effectively.
Security is an important consideration in online financial systems, as
they handle sensitive financial information. Organizations must
implement secure payment gateways, encryption, and authentication
mechanisms to protect user data. Failure to ensure security can result
in data breaches and loss of trust.
For the Birhen San Kalooy Parish, implementing an online donation
system provides a convenient and transparent method for managing
contributions. Parishioners can easily make donations, while
administrators can efficiently track and report financial activities. This
improves both user experience and organizational efficiency.

Information System Security

Information system security is a critical component of web-based
applications, particularly those that handle sensitive data such as
personal and financial information. As organizations increasingly rely
on digital systems, the risk of cyber threats also increases, making it
essential to implement effective security measures. According to
William Stallings (2021), security mechanisms such as authentication,
authorization, and encryption are essential in protecting information
systems from unauthorized access.
One of the key aspects of system security is access control, which
determines who can access specific data within the system. Role-
Based Access Control (RBAC) is commonly used to assign permissions
based on user roles, ensuring that users can only access information
relevant to their responsibilities. This reduces the risk of unauthorized
access and enhances system security.
Encryption is another important security measure that protects data
during transmission and storage. By converting data into a coded
format, encryption ensures that information cannot be accessed by
unauthorized users. Additionally, organizations must implement
security measures such as firewalls and intrusion detection systems to
protect against external threats.
Maintaining data integrity is also essential in ensuring that information
remains accurate and unaltered. Audit trails and validation
mechanisms help detect and prevent unauthorized modifications to
data. These features are particularly important in systems that rely on
accurate data for decision-making.
In the context of the Birhen San Kalooy system, implementing robust
security measures ensures that sensitive data is protected and that
users can trust the system. The literature emphasizes the importance
of security in maintaining the reliability and credibility of information
systems.

Agile Software Development Methodology

Agile methodology is widely used in modern system development due
to its flexibility and user-centered approach. Unlike traditional
development models, Agile emphasizes iterative development,
allowing systems to be developed and improved in small increments.
According to Roger Pressman and Bruce Maxim (2020), Agile enables
developers to respond to changing requirements and incorporate user
feedback throughout the development process.
The Scrum framework, developed by Ken Schwaber and Jeff Sutherland
(2020), is one of the most popular Agile approaches. It divides
development into sprints, allowing teams to deliver functional
components of the system incrementally. This approach improves
flexibility and reduces the risk of project failure.
Agile promotes collaboration between developers and stakeholders,
ensuring that the system meets user needs. Continuous testing and
feedback help improve system quality and usability. In the context of
the Birhen San Kalooy system, Agile methodology allows for
continuous improvement based on user feedback, ensuring that the
system meets the needs of the parish.

Usability and System Evaluation (SUS)

Usability is a critical factor in the success of any information system, as
it determines how easily users can interact with the system. The
System Usability Scale (SUS), developed by John Brooke (1996), is a
widely used tool for evaluating system usability. It measures user
satisfaction, efficiency, and effectiveness through a standardized
questionnaire.
According to Bangor et al. (2020), SUS provides a reliable and efficient
method for assessing usability. High usability ensures that users can
perform tasks effectively, leading to increased system adoption. In
contrast, systems with poor usability may be rejected by users.
In the Birhen San Kalooy system, SUS is used to evaluate the usability
of the system and identify areas for improvement. By collecting user
feedback, developers can enhance the system and ensure that it
meets user expectations.