WRITING TASK 1
PIE CHART/TABLE/GRAPH
*Intro
- The bar chart illustrates/ depicts/ compares/ shows/ presents data on/ provide info on
- The chart provides an overview of/ gives information about
- The diagrams illustrate the past and projected figures for
*Overview
- The pie chart shows that there are four main/major/primary causes for…in the world
today/of sth becoming adj
- In general, gender gap was presented in…, especially in…
- Sth was most noticeable/ particularly large/ pronounced in… where…
- The trend was obviously/ definitely/ clearly upward/ downward/ there was a downward/
falling trend >< upward/ growing trend in…
- account for/ comprise/ constitute/ make up/ represent/ take up
*Body
- contributing 50% and 30% respectively/ with their contribution being 50% and 30%
respectively/ with respective contributions of 50% and 30%
- others made up a combined 30%/ only 30% collectively
- the “…” category had/ made up/ accounted for/ represented…
- the number was…, totaling/ amounting/ numbering nearly 200,000
Sao chi ko de y
Reasons
- sth had/ experienced/ suffered the most…
- 30% of sth (noi bi anh huong) faced/ experienced
- 30% of sth (hau qua khi bi anh huong) stemmed from/ was caused by/ was due to/ was a
consequence of/ was made adj by N
- N accounted for/ led to/ was responsible for/ was the culprit/ was the cause of…
- s chose … because…/ opt for … as…/
- sth is key reason/ factor why…
Comparison
- twice/ three times as large/many as; 30% more/fewer…
- a difference of 10%/ a 10% difference/ sth differed by 30% between male and female
- the table/chart showed notable/significant differences/ highlight a stark/ noticeable
contrast between/…
- the situation/ pattern is the opposite for/ is reversed when/ inverts within
- the difference was more pronounced /markedly/ evident
- in contrast to/ contrasting with/ compared with/ in comparison with/ to/ a contrast was
observable/ as against + N/ as opposed to
- some do sth, while/ although/ whereas others do not
- sth topped the list for/ led globally in/ was the leading country in terms of/ was second
for…, followed by…
- sb predominate/ dominate/ are predominant/ outnumber
- sth is predominantly female/ female – dominated
- the gender distribution was relatively balanced/ equal/ equitable in…
- sb was notably better/ perform slightly/ marginally better/ fared better/ outperformed/
surpassed sb in
- the rate was roughly comparable/ both perform well/ similarly
- sth ranked second/ was the second-most/ came in second place/ stood at second place/
hold the second place
- rank first/ hold the first position/ is ranked 1st by (population)
Percentages and numbers
- negligible/ minimal effect on
- vast/ overwhelming/ slim/ slight (53%) majority/ almost all/ every
- small/ tiny minority
- about = approximately/ nearly/ almost/ roughly/ practically
- a mere/ a modest 3%
- a massive/ hefty/ substantial/ impressive/ whopping 90%
95% Almost all/ the vast majority
23% Nearly one quarter/ slightly over 20%/ slightly over a fifth/ almost one in four
(countable)
10% A tenth/ one in ten
20% A fifth/ one in five
33% A third/ slightly under one in three
50% Half
75% Three quarters
77% Just over three quarters/ slightly over three quarters
Hobbies
- involved in/ participated in/ engaged in/ took part in/ partook in/ showed preference for
- s’s participation/ involvement/ engagement rate in
- to visit/ go to/ attend …
- sth is most popular with/ a popular choice/ frequently visited/ attended/ is the
predominant cultural activity/ is favored/ preferred
- 30% of … doing activity … indicating a strong preference
- show a high volume of reading
- place welcomed/ greeted/ hosted 100 ppl/ 100 ppl were involved/ enrolled
- sth had/ employed (ppl)
- ppl were employed/ recuited/ engaged/ had jobs in
- sb achieved/ reached/ recorded/ secured/ 40% pass rate was attained by sb/ rate for sth
stood up at/ was recorded at 30%
- clause, with 30% of respondents claiming/ declaring/ indicating/ reporting + clause/
choosing/ opting for…
- are satisfied/ content with (the service) >< disatisfied/ unhappy
- show/ express N (feeling) with sth
- rate sth as adj/ consider N tobe adj/ N is rated as adj
- drive/ commute to work by car/ travel to work by car/ remain reliant on car to get to
work/ ppl use/ employ/ ride/ favour transportation
- populous/ densely populated/ have the largest population
- visitation rate
- ppl identify/ cite/ name sth as…
Noun
- male/ female counterparts
- some place-goers/ zoo visitors/ cinema audience
- respondents/ participants/ those surveyed/ those questioned/ those who responded
- the N rate/ the rate of/ the figure for
- the budget/ expenditure/ expenses/ the spending on/ the cost of/ the allocation of fund
- temperature and rainfall, with different pattern
- satisfaction/ contentment >< dissatisfaction
- the (excellent/ satisfaction/ poor) category/ ratings
- bus users/ bus commuters/ commuting bus passengers
- biology, medicine and veterinary medicine/ medicine and life sciences/ subjects related
to the study of living things
- physics, astronomy and geology/ subjects related to inanimate objects and materials
- sales/ purchases of N/ N sales/ revenue
- the double room/ the double – occupancy room/ the two – student room/ the two –
person room
Linking words
- To turn to/ turning to/ as regard/ as for/ when it comes to
- similarly/ in a similar way…
- on the other hand/ the contrary/ by contrast/ comparison/ however/ conversely
- this coincided with/ corresponded with/ occured simultaneously with/ matched up
with…
Changes
- the trend shifted noticeably/ there was a significance change in the prevailing trends
- the gap narrowed/ lessened/ decreased/ became less pronounced
- the disparity widened/ increased/ became more pronounced
- sth (sales/ the year…) saw/ showed/ experienced/ recorded…
- clause, then V/ before V_ing
- after V_ing, clause
- there was a N (a sharp increase) in… followed by N
- increased twofold/ threefold/ fourfold/ fivefold/ doubled/ tripled/ quadrupled/
quintupled
- exceed/ surpass/ overcome
- fell/ dropped/ moved down/ went down in the ranking/ moved to a lower position/ fell
to (sixth) in terms of
Trend
- sth increased to 2/ by 2 to 6/ showed an increase of 2/ to 6
- sth fluctuated/ varied around/ from 2 to 4
- remain stable/ stabilize at
- peak at >< level off at
- start at/ begin at/ stand at >< finish at
- the up:
+ increase/ rise/ grow/ go up/ pick up (light)
+ shot up/ surged/ soared/ rocketed/ jumped/ leaped (strong)
+ increase slowly/ gradually/ steadily/ insignificantly/ slightly/ negligibly/
marginally
+ increase rapidly/ significantly/ substantially/ sharply/ exponentially (faster and
faster)/ precipitously (sudden + large amount)
+ a rapid increase/ rise/ grow/ a surge/ an upsurge/ a spike
- the continuos/ steady/ sustained/ consistent
- the down:
+ decrease/ decline/ fell/ drop
+ fell rapidly/ dramatically/ sharply/ significantly/ substantially/
exponentially/precipitously
+ fell slowly/ gradually/ steadily/ negligibly/ marginally / slightly/ insignificantly
+ collapsed/ slumped/ plunged/ plummeted/ dived/ nose – dived (decrease by large
amount)/ sank to a low/ went into free fall/ fell back to their 2000 level
+ a steep incline/ fall/ decrease/ drop/ a dip (xuong 1 doan r len)
- the fluctuate:
+ fluctuate sharply/ wildly/ slightly from… to…/ move up and down/ rose and fell
over the period
+ fluctuate widely/ varies/ ranges from
+ go through a period of wild/ slight fluctuation/ a period of volatility
- the recover:
+ recover/ regain their previous level >< dropped/ fell back to the 2000 level/
bounced back to 200
+ make a steady/ speedy/ full/ slight recovery
- The stable:
+ was stable/unchanged/ remain stable/ unchanged/ leveled off/ plateau out
+ bottom out (remain at low level) >< even out (become steady, after varying a
lot)
+ go through a stable period/ a period of stability/ maintain this level until…
- reach its peak/ highest level/ hit/ reach a peak of number in…/ peak at…
- pace of change: the growth slowed/ lessened/ decelerated >< accelerated/ escalated
Prediction
- it is predicted that/ sth is predicted to do/ the prediction is that… (will)/ the prediction is
for the…to…
- it is predicted/ forecast/ projected/ expected that
MAP
*Intro
- The plan shows how place developed into/ changed into/ was transferred into
- The map illustrates some changes/ place at three different stages in its development
- The diagram illustrates some proposed/ planned changes to the…
- … compared the current layout and proposed changes
*Overview
- overall, place was untouched
- place used to be…, but now it is (almost completely) changed into…/ been transformed
from… into…
- in the present layout, … in contrast, the proposed development plan is more…
- measure … in length and … in width
Location
- located in/ situated in/ positioned on/ was built on/ located in/ relocated to/ moved to/
the location has shifted to/ occupy (chiếm đóng)
- across from/ opposite
- on the western/ eastern/ northern side/ in the north (in area)/ to the north (outside area)
- next to/ adjacent to/ directly accessible
- a road/ track runs/ stretches from… to…/ goes around/ encircles
- are connected/ linked/ link up/ intersect (cắt nhau)
- sth cross/ crisscross
- road runs from east to west, with sth lining either side/ river flow…
Changes
- saw/ witnessed/ undergoes dramatic changes/ a total transformation
- was constructed for/ designated for/ will be exclusively for…
- became more/ grew V_er/ transformed into
- increase/ grew/ decrease/ shrank in size/ was a reduction in size/ was expanded/
enlarged/ upsized
- shows the planned N (redevelopment) for this place/ place will be V_ed
- sth is planned/ built/ constructed/ added/ appeared to the north of the…
- move/ relocate…. where sth previously stood
- was converted into/ was transformed into/ repurposed into
- to ease the traffic, roundabouts was introduced
- remain untouched/ intact/ a still-intact place
- be slated for construction/ set to be established
House/Tree/Factories + Facilities
- house was constructed/ built/ erected (big one)
- demolished/ knocked down/ pulled down/ torn down
- was knocked down/ cleared to build sth/ make way for/ pave the way for/ make room
for the development
- sth was built in place of/ in Sth’s former location
- sth was extended to accommodate sth/ was enlarged with the addition of sth
- the existing thing will be expanded/ enlarged to house sth
- trees were cut down/ felled/ chopped down/ removed >< planted
- the entire forest was cleared >< remained/ almost no tree left
- sth was set up/ established/ constructed
- sth disappeared/ was removed from the landscape
- the road is now for pedestrians only/ designated as pedestrian – only area/ has now been
pedestrianized/ converted to a pedestrian – only
- place now offers/ introduces sth (bike rental program)
- the planet wil home/ accomodate…/ ppl will inhabit the planet
- the number of shop closing/ shutting down (N: closures/ shutdowns) >< opening (N:
openings)/ shops closed/ went out of business
Time
- post-development/ after the construction
- in the year/ back in 2000
- in the present time/ fast forward to the present day
*Conclusion
- Overall, a comparison of two maps reveals a change from… to…
- Overall, there was a complete transformation of… to…
- All in all, the maps show that sth became more… and…
PROCESS DIAGRAM
*Intro
- The diagram shows/ illustrates the various procedures/ steps/ stages in…
- The diagram shows changes in/ explains how sth evolved
- The diagram illustrates a five-stage process…, starting/ beginning with… and
concluding/ ending with…
*Overview
- Overall, … goes through/ undergoes/ involves/ encompasses 5 stages bf it finally
finished
- There are 5 stages in the process, starting with… and culminating in…
*Body
Linking words
- first/ firstly/ initially/ to start with/ to begin with/ at the first stage
- the first step involves Ving/ is when clause
- the process begins/ starts/ commences when clause/ begins with/ starts with/ commence
with N being…
- next/ at/in the next stage/ following that/ afterwards/ substantially/ after that/ following
that/ then
- once V_ed/ once V_ing is completed, sth is transferred to (where it is held/ stored until
needed/ required)
- move to/ proceed to the next stage
- step 2 invlove
- After/When the cycle is completed, it repeats itself all over again
Verb
- sth is gathered from/ collected from/ accumulated from…
- is passed through/ flows through/ travels through/ is then directed through/ channeled
via…/ transported/ piped to…
- sth transport/ carry/ transfer sth to…/ is moved/ transported/ carried/ conveyed
- add/ introduce sth to sth for purposes/ the 1st step involve the addition/ introduction
- convert sth into
- undergoes N/ being V_ed/ be adv V_ed using…
- is filled/ poured into (bottles)
- is blended/ mixed with…(colorings), to give sth its distinct taste and look
- is loaded/ put/ place onto truck, which transport to… for…
- change/ recycle/ convert/ transform sth into sth
- start/ activate/ kick – start/ intiate
Changes
- gradually lengthened and broadened, ultimately transforming into…
- emerge/ fuse/ join together/ come together
- two different/ separate lines, occur independently/ simultaneously
WRITING TASK 2
CAUSES/ PROBLEMS AND EFFECTS/ SOLUTIONS
*Intro
- In my opinion, there are two main causes of this trend
- This problem, in my opinion, can be attributed to two possible causes
- This problem is, I believe, mainly attribute to modern lifestyles
- This is mainly because of/ primarily due to
*Causes
- One of the underlying causes of the problems is… Another reason is…
- Another reason leading to this situation is/ Another factor contributng to this is…
- This situation stems from...
*Problems
- One of the most obvious problem…
- Another worrying trend/ repercussion is…
- This results in a range of social/environmental/economic issues such as...
- A long-term solution could involve...
*Effects
- One of the most negative/ adverse impacts of… is…
- This trend also has/ experts/ produces negative influence on…
- Another problem/ Another repercussion is…
*Solutions
- To tackle these problems, I think the most obvious solution is for governments/ sb to…
- Another feasible approach would be… to…
- Another effective way to adress the root of the problem would be…
EXAMPLE/ SOURCES
*Examples
- For example/ for instance,…
- Take sth/ sb for example
- X is/ provides a good/ classical/ standard/ typical example of this
- Sth is a case in point
*Sources
- Numerous studies show/ suggest that…
- A growing body/ Extensive research shows/ suggests that…
- There is mounting/ overwhelming evidence to suggest that…
ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
*Two sides
- This essay will examine both the benefits and the challenges of [topic]
- While [topic] offers several advantages, it also poses certain disadvantages that must be
considered
- This discussion will outline the main strengths and weaknesses of [topic]
- This essay will highlight the major advantages of/ on the key drawbacks of [topic]
- This essay will present the main pros and cons of/ explore both sides [topic] before offering a
final opinion
- [Topic] can be seen as a double-edged sword, offering both strengths and weaknesses.