ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
Electromagnetic induction is the production of electric current
or voltage whenever there is a relative motion between a
conductor and a magnetic field (or magnets).
As the magnet is pushed toward the coil, the galvanometer
pointer deflects showing the presence of current. Similar
situation is observed when the magnet is pulled backwards.
FACTORS ON WHICH THE MAGNITITUDE OF THE INDUCED
E.M.F IN A COIL DEPENDS
1. Number of turns in the coil (N)
2. The magnetic field strength (B)
3. The speed of rotation of the coil
4. Cross-section area of the coil (A)
FARADAY`s LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION
This states that whenever there is a change in magnetic lines of
force linked with a circuit, an e.m.f is induced, the strength of
the e.m.f is proportional to the rate of change of the magnetic
flux linked with the circuit.
LENZ’s LAW OF ELECTROMAGNETIC INDUCTION.
This states that the induce e.m.f is in such a direction as to
oppose the motion or change producing it.
NOTE: Lenz’s low is an example of “conservation of energy”
principle.
Applications of Electromagnetic Induction
Electromagnetic induction is applied in (1) Generators
(Dynamo)
(2) Transformer
(3) Induction coil
Generator (Dynamo)
A generator converts mechanical to electrical energy.
It is classified into AC and D.C
A.C GENERATOR
Components of A.C generator
(1) Armature
(2) Two powerful curved magnets
(3) Two slip rings (for current reversal)
(4) Two carbon brushes
Working principle of A.C Generator
As the coil rotates, its sides cut through the magnetic flux (field
lines) and an e.m.f (current) is induced on it.
The current builds up from zero to maximum value at intervals
depending on the position of the armature.
NOTE: The current reverses after 1800 rotation
E.M.F
NOTE: The current reverses after 1800 rotation
DC Generator
The D.C generator is constructed by replacing the slip rings of
an A.C generator with a single split ring.
Working principle of DC generator
As the coil rotates, e.m.f is induced on it. The currents is made
to be restricted to one direction by the commutator (split ring)
and carbon brushes by ensuring that the positive terminal
remains fixed.
Similarities between DC generator and Electric motor
SIMILARITIES
(a) Both have a split ring
(b) Both have carbon brushes
DIFFERENCE
D.C generator converts mechanical to electrical energy while
electric motor converts electrical to mechanical energy.
EDDY CURRENT
Eddy currents are loops of electric current induced on a
conductor by the changing magnetic flux in the conductor.
Uses of Eddy current
Eddy current is applied in
(1) Induction furnace
(2) Speedometers
(3) Induction coil
Reduction of Eddy current
It is reduced by lamination
(creating slots or holes in the conductor)
Mutual Inductance
Mutual inductance is the flow of induced current or voltage in a
coil due to the alternating or varying current in a neighboring
coil.
The transformer work on the principle of mutual inductance.
TRANSFORMER
A transformer is a device for increasing or decreasing the e.m.f
of an alternating current.
STEP UP TRANSFORMER STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER
WOKRING PRINICPLE OF A TRANSFORMER
When an alternating e.m.f (Ep) is applied to the primary coil, an
alternating magnetic flux is produced in the soft iron core which
induces an alternating e.m.f (Es) in the secondary, coil.
Relationship Between the e.m.f and number of turns in a
transformer
Es= Secondary e.m.f
Ep= Primary e.m.f
Ns= No of turns in secondry cool
Np= Number of turns in primary coil
TURN RATIO
This is the ratio of the numbers of turns in secondary coil to the
number of turns in primary coil.
Turns ratio Ns/Np or Es/Ep
Example 1: A transformer is required from 240 v main supply.
If the
primary coil has 600 turns, how many turn is the secondary
coil.
Solution:
Ep= 240 (supply), Es= 200, Np= 600 Ns= ?
Ns= 200 x 600/ 240
Ns= 500 turns
Example 2: A transformer with 5500 turns in its primary coil is
used
between a 240 a.c supply and a 120V kettle. Calculate the
numbers of turn sin the secondary.
Solution
Np= 5500, Ep= 240, Es= 120, Ns= ?
Ns/Np=Es/Ep = Ns = (Es x Np) / Ep
= (120 x 5500)/ 240
= 2750 Turns
ENERGY LOSS IN A TRANSFORMER
The process through which energy is loss in a transformer
include:
(1) Eddy current
(2) Hysteresis
(3) Heat loss
(4) Magnetic flux leakage
EFFICIENCY OF A TRANSFORMER
Efficiency = power in secondary coil / Power in primary coil x
100 /1
Example 1: 95% efficient transformer is used to operate a
lamp rated
60w, 220V from a 400V a.c supply, calculate.
(i) Ratio of the number of turns in the primary to that of
secondary.
(ii) Current taken from the mains circuit
Solutions
(i) Es= 220, Ep= 440
(ii)
Np/ Ns = Ep/ Es = 4400/ 220 = 20:1
(ii) Efficiency = IsEs/ IpEp x 100/ 1
95 = 60/ (Ip x 400) x 100 /1
95 x Ip x 4400 = 60 x 100
Ip = 60 / 95 x 100 / 4400 = 0.014A
Example 2: If the efficiency of a transformer is 80% and the
current in the secondary coil is 10A, calculate the current from
a 240V supply if the secondary voltage is 24V.
Solution
Efficiency = 80%, Is = 10, Ip = ?, Ep = 240, Es = 24
Eff = IsEs / IpEp x 100 /1
80 = (10 x 24) / (Ip x 240) x 100 /1
80 / 100 = 240 / 240Ip
80 X 240Ip = 240 x 100
IP = 240/80 X 100/240 = 1.25A
E.m.f Induced on a Straight conductor in a magnetic
field
When the conductor is perpendicular to the field
When the conductor is at angle 0 to the
field.
B = magnetic flux density
I = length of conductor
V = speed or velocity
Example: Calculate the e.m.f induced in a 1m rod moving at
3.0mls
Perpendicularly to the earth’s magnetic field of 5.0 x 10⁻⁵T
Solution
E.M.F = BLV = 5 x 10⁻⁵ x 1 x 3 = 1.5 x 10⁻⁴ volts.
E.m.f induced on a rotating coil in a magnetic field
peak or maximum E.m.f is given by
A = Area of coil
N = Number of turns
W = angular velocity
Example: Calculate the maximum value of the e.m.f generated
in a coil with 200 turns of area 10cm² rotating at 60rad/sec. in
magnetic field of flux density 0.1T
Solution
A = 10cm² = 10 / 10,000 = 1 X 10⁻³ m²
Em.f = BANW = 0.1 x1 x 10⁻³ x 200 x 60 = 1.2 volts
Assignments
(1) State 2 uses of induction coil
(2) State Flemings right-hand rule.