Parts of the Excel Interface:
This is the title bar. This is the worksheet.
It shows the file name and the application The place where you encode all important
name data
A cell.
A cell is the place where you encode a
specific data
This is the ribbon.
A large toolbar composed of tabs that
contains command group.
This is the view controls.
It is used to modify the view of your
This is the formula bar.
worksheet.
It shows the contents of the active cell;
where you can enter or edit data.
This is the zoom controls.
Used for the viewing size of the worksheet.
This is the name bar.
It shows the name of the active cell.
This is the sheet tabs.
The place where you manage your
worksheets.
This is the rows.
Rows are typically named numerically.
This is the columns.
Columns are named alphabetically
Basic Functions in Excel:
● SUM = finds the sum of all
The equal symbol (=) highlighted data.
Before you have a function/formula, an
equal symbol must be inputted first. ● AVERAGE = finds the average of all
i.e., =SUM, =AVERAGE, =IF highlighted data
AVERAGE(A1:A5)
REFERENCING
- Referencing means how a formula ● MAX = returns the maximum value
points to a cell or range of cells. on a given data.
That’s why every cell has a name
that can be found in the name box. ● MIN = returns the minimum value on
- To refer to a cell, you just need to a given data.
input the name of the cell. =(MIN(A1:A5))-(MAX(C1:C5))
TYPES OF REFERENCING ● COUNT = returns the number of
● Relative = ex. A1 cells that has a number in it.
Adjusts automatically when copied.
● COUNTA = returns the number of
● Absolute = $A$1 cells with data in it.
Stays fixed no matter where you =COUNTA(A1:D5)
copy and pasted it elsewhere.
● Mixed = $A1 or A$1 ● CONCATENATE = combines two
Locks either the column or the row, words from different cells into a
but not both. single cell.
=CONCATENATE(B1,” “,D5)
● IF = a true or false scenario that
Formulas are any equation you create
would give a different result
yourself.
according to the given logic
=IF(A1>=5,”FACT YOU”,”FALSE
+ for addition
YOU”)
- for subtraction
.
* for multiplication
● ROUND = rounds off a given data
/ for division
automatically.
^ for exponent
() for prioritization of formulas
A function is a predefined calculation built
into excel
INTRODUCTION TO THE Limitations in Statistics
● Statistics is not suitable to the study
STATISTICAL CONCEPTS
of qualitative phenomenon.
● Statistics does not study individuals.
Definition of Statistics
● Statistical laws are not exact.
● Statistics is the science of collecting,
● Statistics table may be misused.
organizing, summarizing, and
● Statistics is only one of the methods
analyzing information to draw
of studying a problem
conclusions or answer questions.
● Statistics is about providing a
Definitions in Statistics
measure of confidence in any
● Universe – set of all entities under
conclusions.
study
● Population – total or entire group of
Importance of Statistics
observations from which information
● Statistics enable people to make
is desired by a researcher.
decisions based on empirical
● Individual – a person or object that
evidence.
is a member of the population being
● Statistics provides us with tools
studies.
needed to convert massive data into
● Statistic – numerical summary of a
pertinent information that can be
sample
used in decision making.
● Sample – subset of the population
● Statistics can provide us information
● Descriptive statistics – organizing
that we can use to make sensible
and summarizing data. Through
decisions.
numerical summaries, tables and
graphs.
INFORMATION in Statistics
● Inferential statistics – methods that
● Data are factual information used as
take a result from a sample and
a basis for reasoning, discussion, or
extend it to the population, and
calculation.
measure the reliability of the result.
● Data can be numerical, as in height,
● Parameter – numerical summary of
or nonnumerical, as in gender. In
a population.
either case, data describe
characteristics of an individual.
Process of Statistics
● Identify the research objective.
Fields in Statistics
● Collect the information needed to
● MATHEMATICAL STATISTICS
answer the questions.
Study and development of statistical theory
● Organize and summarize the
and methods in the abstract.
information
● APPLIED STATISTICS
● Draw conclusion from the
Application of statistical methods to solve
information
real problems involving randomly generated
data and the development of new statistical
methodology.
Qualitative vs Quantitative Variables ● Interval – measurement level that
Variables are the characteristics of the classifies and orders the
individuals within the population. measurements, but also specifies
● Qualitative (categorical) variables the distances between each interval
yield categorical responses that of each scale.
represent a class or category. - Ordered + Equal Intervals,
● Quantitative (numeric) variables No True Zero) There is order
take on numerical values and exact difference between
representing an amount or quantity. values, but zero does not
mean absence
Discrete and Continuous Variables Examples:
Quantitative Variables may be further - Temperature in Celsius (0°C does
classified into two: not mean no temperature)
● Discrete – a quantitative variable - IQ score
that has a finite number of possible - Calendar years (2020, 2021, 2022)
values (counting variable)
● Ratio – represents the highest, most
● Continuous – quantitative variable precise, level of measurement. It has
that has an infinite number of the properties of the internal level of
possible values that are not measurement and the ratios of the
countable (measurement variable). values of the variable meaning.
Examples:
Levels of Measurement - Age (0 years means no age
● Nominal – categorical scales that yet)
classifies persons or objects into two - Weight (0 kg means no
or more categories. weight)
Examples: - Height
- Gender (Male, Female) - Income
- Blood type (A, B, AB, O) - Number of students
- Religion
- Course program (BS
Accountancy, BSBA, etc.)
● Ordinal – data that can be arranged
in some order, but differences
between data values cannot be
determined or arbitrary.
Examples:
- Class ranking (1st, 2nd, 3rd)
- Satisfaction level (Poor, Fair,
Good, Excellent)
- Educational level (High
school, College, Master’s,
PhD)