MAYUKWAYUKWA SECONDARY SCHOOL

PHYSICAL EDUCATION
AND
SPORTS

CHESS (10, 11 and 12)

Prepared by: Clive Nyambe

 Physical Educationist
 Master’s Degree of Science-University of Pedagogic Science, CamagÜey,
Cuba.
 Bachelor’s Degree of Physical Education and Sports Sciences-University
of Sports Sciences, Havana, Cuba
 E-mail:clivenet@[Link]
cliven@[Link]
 Cell #: 0973390572

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Brief history of chess

• Chess is believed to have originated in India, some time before the 7th
century, being derived from the Indian game of ‘chaturanga’

• The world governing body of chess is called FIDE (Fédération Internationale

des Échecs).It awards titles to skilled players, the highest of which is
grandmaster.

• The national governing body of Chess is called the Chess Association of

Zambia

• Chess is a recognized sport of the International Olympic Committee

What is chess?

 Chess is a two-player strategy board game played on a chessboard, a

checkered game board with 64 squares arranged in an eight-by-eight grid.
 Chess is played by millions of people worldwide, both amateurs and
professionals.
 Each player begins the game with 16 pieces: one king, one queen, two
rooks, two knights, two bishops and eight pawns.
 Each of the six piece types moves differently.
 The most important piece is the king, the most powerful piece is the
queen and the least powerful piece is the pawn.
 The only piece that can leap over other pieces is a knight

What is the objective of chess?

 The objective is to 'checkmate' the opponent's king. To checkmate the
opponent’s king means placing it under an inescapable threat of capture.

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Rules of chess

Initial position, first row:

1) Rook

2) Knight

3) Bishop

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4) Queen

5) King

6) Bishop

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 7) Knight

Setup at the start of a game:

The official rules of chess are maintained by FIDE .Along with information on
official chess tournaments, the rules are described in the FIDE Handbook, Laws of
Chess section.

Setup
 Chess is played on a square board of eight rows (called ranks and denoted
with numbers 1 to 8) and eight columns (called files and denoted with
letters a to h) of squares. The colours of the 64 squares alternate and are
referred to as "light" and "dark" squares. The chessboard is placed with a
light square at the right-hand end of the rank nearest to each player.

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  By convention, the game pieces are divided into white and black sets, and
the players are referred to as "White" and "Black" respectively. Each player
begins the game with 16 pieces of the specified color, which consist of one
king, one queen, two rooks, two bishops, two knights, and eight pawns. The
pieces are set out as shown in the diagram below, with each queen on a
square of its own colour, the white queen on a light square and the black
queen on a dark.

Movement
 The player with the white pieces always moves first. After the first move,
players alternately move one piece per turn (except for castling, when two
pieces are moved). Pieces are moved to either an unoccupied square or
one occupied by an opponent's piece, which is captured and removed from
play. With the sole exception of en passant, all pieces capture by moving to
the square that the opponent's piece occupies.
 A player may not make any move that would put or leave his or her king
under attack. A player cannot "pass"; at each turn they have to make a legal
move. If the player to move has no legal move, the game is over; it is either
a checkmate (a loss for the player with no legal moves) if the king is under
attack, or a stalemate (a draw) if the king is not.

 Each chess piece has its own style of moving:

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  The king moves one square in any direction.

 The king has also a special move which is called castling and involves
also moving a rook. There are two types of castling: Castling long
(Castling queenside) and castling short (castling kingside). The aim
of castling is to protect the king and bring the rooks into position
 The king has infinite value.

 The rook or castle can move any number of squares along any
rank or file, but may not leap over other pieces. Along with the
king, the rook is involved during the king's castling move.

 The rook has a value of five pawns

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 The bishop can move any number of squares diagonally, but
does not leap over other pieces.

 The bishop has a value of three pawns

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  The queen combines the power of the rook and bishop and
can move any number of squares along rank, file, or diagonal,
but it may not leap over other pieces.

 The queen has a value of nine pawns.

 The knight moves to any of the closest squares that are not on
the same rank, file, or diagonal, thus the move forms an "L"-
shape: two squares vertically and one square horizontally, or
two squares horizontally and one square vertically. The knight
is the only piece that can leap over other pieces.

 The knight has a value of three pawns

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  The pawn may move forward to the unoccupied square
immediately in front of it on the same file, or on its first move
it may advance two squares along the same file.
 The pawn captures diagonally.
 The pawn has two special moves: the en passant capture and pawn
promotion.
Special movements:
 En passant, when a pawn advances two squares from its starting
position and there is an opponent's pawn on an adjacent file next to
its destination square, then the opponent's pawn can capture it en
passant (in passing), and move to the square the pawn passed over.
However, this can only be done on the very next move; otherwise
the right to do so is forfeit. For example, if the black pawn has just
advanced two squares from g7 (initial starting position) to g5, then
the white pawn on f5 may take it via en passant on g6 (but only on
white's next move).

 Pawn promotion, when a pawn advances to the eighth rank, as a

part of the move it is promoted and must be exchanged for the
player's choice of queen, rook, bishop, or knight of the same colour.

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 Usually, the pawn is chosen to be promoted to a queen, but in some
cases another piece is chosen; this is called underpromotion.
 The pawn has a value of one pawn

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Castling.
Once in every game, each king is allowed to make a special move,
known as castling. Castling consists of moving the king two squares
along the first rank toward a rook (which is on the player's first
rank) and then placing the rook on the last square the king has just
crossed. There are two types of castling:
I. Castling short (Castling kingside)

II. Castling long (Castling queenside)

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Castling is permissible under the following conditions:

1) Neither the king nor the rook may have been previously moved during the
game.

2) There must be no pieces between the king and the rook.

3) The king may not be in check, nor may the king pass through squares that
are under attack by enemy pieces, nor move to a square where it is in
check.

Note that castling is permissible if the rook is attacked, or if the rook crosses a
square that is attacked.

Check.
When a king is under immediate attack by one or two of the opponent's
pieces, it is said to be in check. A response to a check is a legal move if it
results in a position where the king is no longer under direct attack (that is,
not in check). There are three ways you can resolve a check:
I. Capturing the checking piece.
II. Interposing a piece between the checking piece and the king (which
is possible only if the attacking piece is a queen, rook, or bishop and
there is a square between it and the king)
III. Moving the king to a square where it is not under attack.

Castling is not a permissible response to a check. It is illegal for a player to

make a move that would put or leave his own king in check.
In casual games it is common to announce "check" when putting the
opponent's king in check, however this is not required by the rules of the
game, and is not usually done in tournaments.

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How can you win a game of chess?

1) Checkmate. This occurs when the opponent's king is in check, and there is
no legal way to remove it from attack.
2) Resignation. Either player may resign, conceding the game to the other
[Link] is usually considered poor etiquette to play on in a truly hopeless
position, and for this reason high level games rarely end with a checkmate.

3) Loss on time. In games with a time control, a player may also lose by
running out of time, even with a much superior position.

4) Forfeit – a player who cheats, or violates the laws of the game, or violates
the rules specified for the particular tournament may be forfeited.

Draw

In how many ways can a game of chess end in a draw?

Games may end in a draw in several ways:

1) Draw by agreement – draws are most commonly reached by mutual

agreement between the players. The correct procedure is to verbally
offer the draw.
2) Stalemate – this is when the player whose turn it is to move is not in
check, but has no legal move. For example here it is black’s turn to move
but he has no where to move

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 3) Threefold repetition of a position – this most commonly occurs when
neither side is able to avoid repeating moves without incurring a
disadvantage.
4) Insufficient material – a player may claim a draw if their opponent has
insufficient material to checkmate, for example if the player has only the
king left and the opponent has only the king and a bishop.
5) The fifty-move rule – if during the previous 50 moves no pawn has been
moved and no capture has been made, either player may claim a draw.

Time control

Chess games may also be played with a time control. Club and professional
players use digital chess clock, if a player's time runs out before the game is
completed, the game is automatically lost.

Chess notation (The language of chess)

Chess uses algebraic expressions to show the movement of pieces from one point
to another.

 Chess notation combines the chess piece moved with the new square it has
moved to, on the chess board.
 Chess notation uses abbreviations for each piece, using capitalised letters:
King = K
Queen = Q

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 Bishop = B
Knight = N
Rook = R
Pawn = no notation.
 Capture is indicated by X
See example below:

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  If a pawn moves to its last rank, achieving promotion, the piece chosen is
indicated after the move, for example e1Q or e1=Q.
 Castling is indicated by the special notations 0-0 for kingside castling and
0-0-0 for queenside castling.
 An en passant capture is sometimes marked with the notation "e.p."
 A move that places the opponent's king in check usually has the notation
"+" added. (The notation "++" for a double check is considered obsolete).
 Checkmate can be indicated by "#". At the end of the game, "1–0" means
"White won", "0–1" means "Black won" and "½–½" indicates a draw.
As you read different chess books you will find punctuation marks and other
symbols. For example:

 "!" indicates a good move

 "!!" an excellent move
 "?" a mistake
 "??" a blunder
 "!?" an interesting move that may not be best
 "?!" a dubious move not easily refuted.
Scholar's mate:

Try the following scholar’s mate with your friend:

 1. e4 e5
 2. Qh5?! Nc6
 3. Bc4 Nf6??
 4. Qxf7#
1–0

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How many phases are there in chess?

There are three:

1) Chess opening
A chess opening is the group of initial moves of a game (the "opening
moves"). Recognized sequences of opening moves are referred to as
openings and have been given names such as the Ruy Lopez or Sicilian
Defence.

What are the fundamental strategic aims of most openings?

 Development: This is the technique of placing the pieces
(particularly bishops and knights) on useful squares where they will
have an optimal impact on the game.
 Control of the center: Control of the central squares allows pieces to
be moved to any part of the board relatively easily, and can also
have a cramping effect on the opponent.
 King safety: It is critical to keep the king safe from dangerous
possibilities. A correctly timed castling can often enhance this.
 Pawn structure: Players strive to avoid the creation of pawn
weaknesses such as isolated, doubled, or backward pawns, and
pawn islands – and to force such weaknesses in the opponent's
position.

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Most players and theoreticians consider that White, by virtue of the first
move, begins the game with a small advantage. This initially gives White
the initiative. Black usually strives to neutralize White's advantage and
achieve equality, or to develop dynamic counter play in an unbalanced
position.

2) Chess middle game

The middle game is the part of the game which starts after the opening.
There is no clear line between the opening and the middle game, but
typically the middle game will start when most pieces have been
developed. The middle game is the phase in which most combinations
occur. Combinations are a series of tactical moves executed to achieve
some gain. Middle game combinations are often connected with an attack
against the opponent's king.

3) The end game (or ending) is the stage of the game when there are few
pieces left on the board. There are three main strategic differences
between earlier stages of the game and endgame:
During the endgame, pawns become more important; end games often
revolve around attempting to promote a pawn by advancing it to the
eighth rank.

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 The king, which has to be protected in the middle game owing to the
threat of checkmate, becomes a strong piece in the endgame. It is often
brought to the center of the board where it can protect its own pawns,
attack the pawns of opposite colour and hinder movement of the
opponent's king.

Basic checkmates

Basic checkmates are positions in which one side has only a king and the other
side has one or two pieces and can checkmate the opposing king, with the pieces
working together with their king. For example:

 Two rooks vs king

 Cut filas/rows to checkmate

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 One rook vs one king
 Continue moving the king. When the opponent’s king faces your king, you
check. Continue doing this until the opponent’s king is checkmated.

 One queen vs one king

 Continue cutting the rows/columns with the help of you king until the
opponent’s king is pushed to the corner

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 Two bishops vs king

Chess titles and rankings

What is Elo?
In order to rank players, FIDE and national chess organizations use the Elo
rating system developed by Arpad Elo. Elo is a statistical system based on
the assumption that the chess performance of each player in their games is
a random variable. Arpad Elo thought of a player's true skill as the average

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of that player's performance random variable and showed how to estimate
the average from results of player's games.
The best players can be awarded specific lifetime titles by the world chess
organization FIDE:
1) Grandmaster (GM or IGM) is awarded to world-class chess masters.
Apart from World Champion, Grandmaster is the highest title a chess
player can attain. Before FIDE will confer the title on a player, the player
must have an Elo chess rating of at least 2500 at one time and three
favourable results (called norms) in tournaments involving other
grandmasters, including some from countries other than the
applicant's. There are other milestones a player can achieve to attain
the title, such as winning the World Junior Championship.
2) International Master (IM). The conditions are similar to GM, but less
demanding. The minimum rating for the IM title is 2400.
3) FIDE Master (FM). The usual way for a player to qualify for the FIDE
Master title is by achieving a FIDE rating of 2300 or more.
4) Candidate Master (CM). Similar to FM, but with a FIDE rating of at least
2200.
Top three countries with the largest numbers of grandmasters are
Russia, Ukraine, and Germany.

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 Exercise
1 Below is a game of chess, analyse it. White to move and win, checkmate in 6 moves.
Use algebraic expression.

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 GLOSSARY
Annotation: Written commentary on a game or a position using words, chess
symbols or notation.
Combination: A sequence of moves, including forced moves, and often involving a
sacrifice, to gain an advantage.

Sacrifice: A move or capture that voluntarily gives up material in return for an

advantage such as space, development, or an attack. A sacrifice in the opening is
called a gambit, especially when applied to a pawn

Capture: A move by a pawn or piece that removes from the board the opponent's
pawn or piece. The capturing piece then occupies the square of the captured
piece (except in the case of a capture that is done en passant).
Castling: A move in which the king and a rook are moved at the same time. It
moves the king from the center to a flank where it usually is safer, and it develops
the rook. It is the only time two pieces are moved in a turn. Castling can be done
on either the kingside (notated 0-0) or the queenside (0-0-0). Castling cannot be
done in reply to a check, nor if the king were to cross or land on a square which
neither is under attack by the opponent, nor if either the king or the rook involved
has already moved.
Castling long (Castling queenside) in chess notation: 0-0-0.

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Castling short (Castling kingside) in chess notation: 0-0.
Check: A direct attack on the king by an enemy man. The attacked king is said to
be in check. There are only three possible immediate responses to a check:
capturing the attacking piece, moving the king to an unattached square, or
interposing a piece between the attacker and the king. In casual games a player
usually announces "check", however this is not a requirement in tournament
games.
Checkmate: A position in which a player's king is in check and the player has no
legal move (i.e. cannot move out of or escape the check). A player whose king is
checkmated loses the game. Often shortened to mate.
En Passant: Capturing a pawn that moved 2 spaces with a pawn that could have
captured it if it had only moved 1 space, on the next turn only.

Double check: A check delivered by two pieces at the same time. A double check
necessarily involves a discovered check. By its nature, a double check cannot be
met by interposing a defending piece in the line of attack, or by capturing an
attacker; when subjected to a double check, the attacked king must move, which
makes the double check especially powerful as an attacking tactic.
Doubled pawns: Two pawns of the same color on the same file; generally
considered a weakness due to their inability to defend each other.
Elo rating system: The Elo rating system is a method for calculating the relative
skill levels of chess players, named after Arpad Elo. Since 2012, FIDE publishes a
monthly international chess rating list using the Elo system.
FIDE: The World Chess Federation (Fédération Internationale des Échecs), the
primary international chess organizing and governing body. The abbreviated
name FIDE is nearly always used in place of the full name in French.
Forfeit: Refers to losing the game by breaking rules, by absence or by exceeding
the time control (forfeit on time).
Grandmaster: The highest title a chess player can attain (besides World
Champion). Awarded by FIDE, it cannot be taken away.

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