Bolan Medical College Quetta

BDS CURRICULUM
MODULE-2
INFLAMMATION, INFECTION & AUXILIARY DENTAL MATERIALS
MODULE

BDS 2ND YEAR 2025

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 Table 1: Learning Objectives Theme Wise

Theme 1: Pain and Fever

S. No Topic Hours Learning Objectives

Physiology

1. Normal Host Defense 1 hour [Link] Specific and nonspecific defense (Innate and acquired immunity.
Active & passive Immunity).
[Link] and discuss Antigen, antibodies and complement with significance.

General pathology

2. Acute Inflammation 1 hour 2.1 Define acute inflammation and its causes.
2.2 Describe the cellular events of inflammation particularly process of
chemotaxis, opsonization and phagocytosis.
2.3 Describe the vascular events and morphological changes related to
inflammation.
2.4 Discuss the outcomes of acute inflammation.
2.5 Discuss the systemic manifestation of inflammation.

3. Mediators (Cell 2 hours 3.1 Describe the important chemical mediators (cell & plasma derive) of
Derived and Plasma inflammation.
Derived)
3.2 Describe the pathway particularly the complement & coagulation
pathways, Arachidonic Acid metabolism/ Derivatives.

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 3.3 Describe the mechanism for development of fever, with reference to
exogenous and endogenous pyrogens.

4. Major 1 hour 4.1 Describe MHC Class 1 and MHC Class 2.

Histocompatibility 4.2 Describe Transplants and transplant rejection.
Complex

5. Hypersensitivity 1 hour 5.1 Define Hypersensitivity reactions.

5.2 Describe its Type and examples.

6. Immunodeficiency 1 hour 6.1 Define and Classify immunodeficiency disorders.

and autoimmunity 6.2 Define Autoimmunity & self-tolerance.
disorders
7. Streptococcus 2 hours 7.1 Discuss each bacterium in detail in reference to, Spectrum of diseases,
important properties, pathogenesis, clinical features, lab diagnosis,
prevention, and treatment.

8. Introduction to 1 hour 8.1 Define and classify parasites in detail.

Parasitology 8.2 Describe different types of Hosts.

9. Malaria 1 hour 9.1 Discuss Malaria in detail in reference to: Spectrum of diseases, important
properties, pathogenesis, clinical features, lab diagnosis, prevention, and
treatment.

10. Dengue 1 hour 10.1Discuss dengue in detail in reference to: Spectrum of diseases, important
properties, pathogenesis, clinical features, lab diagnosis, prevention, and
treatment.

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Pharmacology

11. Anti-inflammatory 1 hour 11.1 Classify anti-inflammatory drugs.

drugs 11.2 Describe the role of DMARDs and glucocorticoids as anti-inflammatory
agents.
11.3 Classify DMARDS
11.4 Discuss uses, adverse effects and MOA of DMARDS.
11.5 Classify anti-inflammatory drugs.
11.6 Describe the role of DMARDs and glucocorticoids as anti-inflammatory
agents.

12. NSAIDs 1 hours 12.1 Classify, describe clinical uses and the adverse effects NSAIDS.
12.2 Differentiate between non-selective COX inhibitors and selectiveCOX-2
inhibitors based on mechanism of action.
12.3 Enlist the prototype non-selective COX inhibitor.
12.4 Describe the mechanism of action of aspirin.
12.5 Discuss Aspirin poisoning and its management.
12.6 Give the dose of Aspirin as anti-platelet, analgesic/antipyretic, and as anti-
inflammatory drug.
12.7 Describe the pharmacokinetics of Diclofenac, Ibuprofen, Indomethacin,
Mefanamic acid and Piroxicam.
12.8 Relate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of NSAIDs to their clinical
applications.

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13. Selective COX-2 1 hour 13.1 Describe the mechanism of action of selective COX-2 inhibitors.
Inhibitors and 13.2 Describe the clinical uses of selective COX-2 inhibitors.
Acetaminophen
13.3 Describe the adverse effects of selective COX-2 inhibitors.
(Paracetamol)
13.4 Describe the merits and demerits of selective COX-2 inhibitors and
nonselective COX-2 inhibitors.
13.5 Describe the pharmacokinetics of Paracetamol.
13.6 Describe the mechanism of action of Paracetamol.
13.7 Describe the clinical uses of Paracetamol.
13.8 Describe the adverse effects of Paracetamol.
13.9 Give therapeutic and fatal doses of Paracetamol.
Describe the drug treatment of Paracetamol poisoning.

14. Antihistamines 1 hour 14.1 Classify anti-histamines.

14.2 Differentiate between first- and second-generation anti-histamines –
14.3 Describe the pharmacologic effects of H1-receptor antagonists.
14.4 Describe the clinical uses of H1-receptor antagonists.
14.5 Enlist the adverse effects of H1-receptor antagonists.
14.6 Enlist anti-histamines antagonists.

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 15. Serotonin agonist 1 hour 15.1 Enlist serotonin agonists.
and antagonist 15.2 Classify serotonin antagonists.
15.3 Describe the mechanism of action of serotonin.
15.4 Describe the organ system effects of serotonin.
15.5 Describe the clinical uses of serotonin agonists and antagonists.

15.6 Enlist the drugs used for migraine.

16. Opioids 1 hours 16.1 Identify common opioids used in dentistry.

16.2 Classify opiods.
16.3 Explain opioid mechanisms of action in pain relief.
16.4 Recognize adverse effects like sedation, constipation, and addiction risk.
16.5 Discuss safe prescribing practices, including dosage and duration.
16.6 Identify alternatives to opioids (e.g., NSAIDs, acetaminophen).
16.7 Discuss safe opioid use, storage, and disposal with patients.
16.8 Recognize signs of opioid misuse or dependence.
16.9 Monitor and adjust opioid use to minimize risks.

Community & Preventive Dentistry

17. Prevention of 1 hour 17.1 Describe the Dynamics of Disease Transmission.
Infection 17.2 Explain Different Modes of Disease Transmission.
17.3 Describe Different Stages of Infectious Diseases.
17.4 Explain the infectious diseases terms (Epidemic, endemic, pandemic).

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18. Screening of 2 hours 18.1 Define Screening.
Diseases 18.2 Differentiate between screening and diagnostic test.
18.3 Distinguish between the types of screening.
18.4 Describe the uses of screening.
18.5 Outline the principles of screening.
18.6 Describe The Criteria for Screening Tests.
18.7 Differentiate between specificity and sensitivity of screening tests.
18.8 Evaluate the Screening Tests.
18.9 Describe the types of biases in screening.

19. Introduction to 1 hour 19.1 Define Biostatistics.

Biostatistics 19.2 Define hypothesis and discuss its types.
19.3 Differentiate between types of errors in hypothesis.
19.4 Explain normal distribution curve.
20. Descriptive Statistics 2 hour 20.1 Explain measures of central tendency and measures of dispersion.
20.2 Briefly discuss Chi Square, T test and Anova.
21. Inferential statistics 1 hour 21.1 Briefly discuss correlation and regression models.

22. Data Presentation 1 hour 22.1 Discuss types of data.

22.2 State the different methods to depict quantitative and qualitative data.
22.3 Describe pie chart, bar chart and histogram.

23. Sampling Technique 2 hours 23.1 Define sampling technique.

23.2 Classify sampling techniques.
23.3 Differentiate between probability and non-probability techniques.

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Science of Dental Material
24. Clinical 1 hour 24.1 Define cross-infection
considerations of 24.2 Define disinfection and sterilization
dental materials 24.3 Discuss various methods of disinfection and sterilization used in dentistry.
regarding cross
infection control
25. Composition, setting 2 hours 25.1 Discuss
and manipulation of • Composition of gypsum products
gypsum products • Setting Reaction of gypsum in dentistry
• Manipulation and Setting characteristics
• Water/Powder ratio
• Gauging water
• Fluidity tests

• Setting process
• Initial and final setting time
• Setting expansion
• Factors affecting setting time
26. Properties and 1 hour 26.1 Describe
applications of • Properties of set material
gypsum products • Applications
• Advantages and Disadvantages
• Differentiate between alpha and beta hemihydrate

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 27. Introduction to 1 hour 27.1 Define wax and wax pattern
dental waxes 27.2 Explain role of blending various waxes for dental applications
27.3 Explain various methods of softening dental waxes
27.4 Describe
• Lost wax technique
• Direct and indirect wax patterns.
27.5 Discuss ideal requirements of wax pattern materials
27.6 Discuss composition of waxes
27.7 Classify dental waxes
27.8 Discuss applications of various dental waxes
28. Properties and 1 hour 28.1 Discuss
applications of • Thermal properties
dental waxes • Mechanical properties
28.2 Describe
• Denture modelling waxes
• Inlay waxes
28.3 Differentiate between direct and indirect techniques
Oral Pathology

29. Periapical Abscess 2 hours 29.1 Describe periapical abscess its clinical features, histopathology, and
complications.
29.2 Describe progression of pulpitis to periapical abscess.

30. Spread of Infection 30.1 Identify the facial planes involved in the spread of infections.
30.2 Describe routes of spread of infection.
30.3 Define cellulitis and describe its complications.
30.4 Differentiate between abscess and cellulitis.

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Oral Medicine

31. Orofacial pain 2 hours 31.1 Enumerate conditions that can cause facial pain
31.2 Enumerate causes of pain in or near TMJ
31.3 Briefly discuss referred and projected pain.
31.4 Define important neurological terms such as allogenic, allodynia, analgesia,
anesthesia, dysesthesia, hyperalgesia, neuropathic pain

Junior Operative (Operative Dentistry and Endodontics)

32. Hypersensitivity and 1 hour 32.1 Discuss hypersensitivity and pulpal pain.
pain

Junior Prosthodontics

33. Basics of infection 1hr 33.1 Discuss infection control in prosthodontics.

control in 33.2 Identify Potential Hazards in Prosthodontic department.
prosthodontics 33.3 Describe Standard Precautions.
33.4 Enlist steps to disinfect impressions, laboratory tools, dental chairs,
countertops, and other surfaces in the prosthodontics ward

Lab Work

Science of Dental Materials

34. Fabrication of 3 hours 34.1 Manipulate hard plaster and soft plaster for pouring into
model/ cast using impression/silicon mold.
gypsum products 34.2 Perform mixing of soft plaster and make base of the model.

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 35. Making of C- clasp 4 hours 35.1 Perform making of C- clasp over the model using stainless steel wire.

36. Manipulation of 3 hours 36.1 Perform making of wax pattern for partial denture.
Modelling wax

General Pathology

37. Bacterial motility 1 hour 37.1 Identify motile bacteria.

38. Plasmodium 2 hours 38.1 Identify the different species of Plasmodium.

39. Acute inflammation 2 hours 39.1 Identify the cells involved in acute inflammation under the microscope.

THEME 2: INFLAMMATION OF ORAL TISSUES

Oral Pathology

40. Dental Caries 2 hours 40.1 Discuss in detail the role of Dental Plaque, Microorganisms,
Carbohydrates, and other variables in the development of dental caries.
40.2 Classify dental caries.
40.3 Describe the enamel and dentin caries.
40.4 Explain the clinical and histopathological features of enamel and dentin
caries.

41. Pulpitis 1 hour 41.1 Describe and distinguish between reversible and irreversible pulpitis.
41.2 Discuss pulp necrosis.

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 42. Periapical 1 hour 42.1 Define periapical 7dontitis, its clinical features and histopathology.
Periodontitis 42.2 Describe the complications of acute and chronic periapical periodontitis.

Periodontology

43. Classification of 2 hours 43.1 Recall the Classification of Periodontal Diseases and Conditions from the
periodontal diseases 1999 International Workshop for a Classification of Periodontal Diseases and
Conditions.
43.2 Describe the types of Gingival Diseases.
43.3 Differentiate between Chronic and Aggressive forms of periodontitis with
respect to history, clinical and radiographic findings.
43.4 Identify Periodontitis as a Manifestation of Systemic Diseases.
43.5 Enlist types of abscesses of periodontium.
43.6 Classify Periodontitis Associated with Endodontic Lesions.
43.7 Explain Developmental or Acquired Deformities and Conditions.

44. Gingival 2 hours 44.1 Define a Bio-film.

inflammation and 44.2 Describe dental plaque as biofilm.
pathogenesis
44.3 Appraise the clinical significance of Dental Plaque in the initiation of
gingivitis-
44.4 Explain salient features of the initial, early, established, advanced lesion
of gingivitis.
44.5 Classify different types of Gingivitis.
44.6 Describe gingival bleeding on probing.

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 45. Acute Gingival 3 hours 45.1 Explain the clinical features, pathogens involved, diagnosis, treatment,
conditions & and complications of peri-coronitis.
Abscesses of
periodontium 45.2 Explain the clinical features, microbiology involved, diagnosis and
treatment of Primary Herpetic Gingivostomatitis.
45.3 Explain the etiology, clinical features, pathogens involved, diagnosis and
treatment of Necrotizing ulcerative Gingivitis.
45.4 Explain etiology, clinical features, pathogen involved, diagnosis and
treatment of Necrotizing ulcerative periodontitis.
45.5 Identify and distinguish between gingival, periapical, and peri-coronal
abscess.

Community & Preventive Dentistry

46. Dental Caries 1 hour 46.1 Define and classify dental caries.
46.2 Explain Theories of Dental Carries

47. Epidemiology of 1 hour 47.1 Discuss Epidemiological factors Of Dental Caries.

Dental caries

48. Role of saliva and 1 hour 48.1 Explain the Role of Saliva and diet In Dental Caries.
Diet in dental Caries 48.2 Discuss Stephan curve.
48.3 Discuss various interventions in dietary practices to prevent dental
caries.

49. Caries Risk 1 hour 49.1 Define Caries Risk Assessment.

Assessment 49.2 Enlist Factors Relevant Assessment of Caries Risk.

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 50. Carioghram 1 hour 50.1 Discuss components and uses of cariogram.

51. Caries Activity Tests 1 hour 51.1 Classify Caries Activity Tests.
51.2 Explain Different Types of Caries Activity Tests.

52. Epidemiology of 1 hour 52.1 Discuss the epidemiology of periodontal diseases.

periodontal 52.2 Explain local and systemic factors for periodontal diseases.
diseases. 52.3 Discuss the chemical and mechanical plaque control.

53. Prevention Of 1 hour 53.1 Discuss the prevention of periodontal diseases.

Periodontal Diseases 53.2 Discuss chemical and mechanical plaque control.

G. Pathology

54. Sterilization and 1 hour 54.1 Define sterilization

disinfection 54.2 Define disinfection
54.3 Discuss the various methods of sterilization and disinfection.

Pharmacology

55. Local anesthetics 1 hour 55.1 Explain mechanism of action of Local anesthetics
55.2 Differentiate types of local anesthetics (e.g., esters and amides) based
on properties and applications.
55.3 Identify clinical indications for local anesthetic use in dental procedures.
55.4 Determine appropriate dosages and routes of administration for patients.
55.5 Recognize potential side effects and complications of local anesthetics.

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 56. Antiseptics antimicrobials 56.1 Define common terms related to chemical and physical killing of
& Disinfectants microorganisms including antisepsis, decontamination, disinfection, Sanitization,
1 hour sterilization.
56.2 Identify commonly used antiseptics (e.g., chlorhexidine) and antimicrobials
(e.g., metronidazole).
56.3 Recognize their clinical indications (e.g., infections, periodontal disease)
and prescribe its dosage.
56.4 Identify potential side effects and resistance risks.
56.5 Identify common disinfectants (e.g., alcohol, bleach, iodine).
56.6 Explain the role of disinfectants in clinical and laboratory settings
56.7 Explain proper dilution, application, and safety practices.
56.8 Recognize microbial resistance and how to reduce it.
57. Desensitizing agents 1 hour 57.1 Describe mechanism of action.
57.2 Describe different types of commonly used agents e.g, potassium nitrate,
calcium phosphate, glut aldehyde, NaF Compounds, acidulated phosphate
fluoride.
57.3 Enlist indications and contraindications.

58. Mouth rinses and mouth 1 hour 58.1 Enlist different types of Mouth rinses and mouthwashes.
washes 58.2 Describe their mechanism of action.
58.3 Discuss their dosage and clinical indications for use.
58.4 Discuss Adverse effects of mouth washes
59. Dentifrices 1 hour 59.1 Define dentrifice.
59.2 Discuss the composition and ideal properties of dentrifices.
59.3 Discuss the pharmacological role of each component in oral health.
59.4 Discuss recommendations for choosing appropriate dentifrices based on
patient needs (e.g. caries risk, sensitivity, inflamed oral tissues, tooth
whitening).
Science of Dental Materials

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60. Introduction to 1 hour 60.1 Define
investment • Investment
materials • Refractory die material

60.2 Discuss ideal requirements of investments for alloy casting procedures

61. Gypsum bonded and 2 hours 61.1 Discuss

silica bonded • Composition of gypsum bonded investments
investment material • Types of gypsum bonded investments
• Silica
• Inversion phenomena
• Hygroscopic expansion
• Setting reaction of gypsum bonded investments
• Properties of gypsum bonded investments
• Applications of gypsum bonded investments
• Advantages/ disadvantages of gypsum bonded investments
61.2 Discuss
• Composition of silica bonded investment material
• Setting reaction of silica bonded investment material
• Properties of silica bonded investment material
• Applications of silica bonded investment material
• Advantages/ disadvantages of silica bonded investment material

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 62. Phosphate bonded 1 hour 62.1 Discuss
investment material • Composition of Phosphate bonded investment material
• Setting reaction of Phosphate bonded investment material
• Colloidal solution
• Types of phosphate bonded investment of Phosphate bonded investment
material
• Applications of Phosphate bonded investment material
• Advantages and disadvantages of Phosphate bonded investment material
62.2 Explain:

• Curing Investment
• Sagging Investment
• Casting Investment
• Soldering Investment

Junior Operative (Operative Dentistry and Endodontics)

63. Caries classification 1 hours 63.1 Define caries classification based on the location and activity.
63.2 Differentiate between affected and infected dentin.
63.3 Discuss the diagnosis of Dental Caries.
63.4 Differentiate between caries white spots and idiopathic white spots.

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 64. Principles of cavity 1 hour 64.1 Discuss line angles, point angles, cavity walls and floors.
prep 64.2 Describe the outline form and steps required to achieve it.
64.3 Discuss the resistance form and retention form and how both can be
achieved.
64.4 Describe the convenience form.
64.5 Describe how to eliminate infected and softened dentin
64.6 Describe how to finish cavity walls.
64.7 Describe how to clean the cavity.

Junior Prosthodontics

65. Dental cast 1hr 65.1 Define dental cast.

65.2 Discuss the parts of dental cast.
65.3 Explain different types of dental cast.
65.4 Discuss step by step pouring of impressions for fabricating dental cast.

Lab Work
Oral Pathology

66. Dental caries 2 hours 66.1 Interpret histopathological section of dental caries.

Community & Preventive Dentistry

67. Brushing techniques 2 hours 67.1 Perform brushing techniques in skill lab on a given model.

68. Flossing techniques 2 hours 68.1 Perform flossing techniques in skill lab.

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 69. Disinfection and 1 hour 69.1 Describe the infection control procedure in a dental care setting.
sterilization 69.2 Describe disinfection and sterilization in dental care setting.

70. Waste segregation 1hour 70.1 Describe the various types of waste in health care.
and disposal 70.2 Categorize the biomedical waste according to the color-coding system.
70.3 Discuss the management of mercury spill.

71. Disinfection and 1 hour 71.1 Describe the infection control procedure in a dental care setting.
sterilization 71.2 Describe disinfection and sterilization in dental care setting.

72. Waste segregation 1hour 72.1 Describe the various types of waste in health care.
and disposal 72.2 Categorize the biomedical waste according to the color-coding system.
72.3 Discuss the management of mercury spill.

Pharmacology

73. Gingivitis 2 hours 73.1 Prescription writing for gingivitis, acute odontogenic infection (periapical
abscess), periodontitis, Postoperative Pain, and Inflammation Following Tooth
Extraction.

General pathology

74. Sterilization and 2 hours 74.1 Identify various means of sterilization and Disinfection
disinfection 74.2 Recognize the methods to detect their efficacy

Science of Dental Material

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 75. Packing and 2 hours 75.1 Perform the making of split mold by using dental flask
dewaxing 75.2 Perform dewaxing

76. Separating Media 2 hours 76.1 Identification and application of separating media over the model.

THEME 3: ULCERS, VESICLE AND DISCOLORATION

General pathology

77. Staphylococci 1 hour 77.1 Explain the pathogenesis of the bacterium.

77.2 Explain clinical features, lab diagnosis and prevention of bacteria.

78. Spore forming gram 1 hour 78.1 Enumerate spore forming GP rods
positive rods 78.2 Describe the important properties, pathophysiology, clinical features, and
lab diagnosis of spore forming GP rods

79. Non spore forming gram 1 hour 79.1 Enumerate non-spore forming GP rods
positive rods 79.2 Describe the important properties, pathophysiology, clinical features and
lab diagnosis of non-spore forming GP rods

80. Treponema Pallidum 1 hour 80.1 Explain the pathogenesis of the bacterium.
80.2 Explain clinical features, lab diagnosis and prevention of bacteria.

81. Actinomycosis 1 hour 81.1 Explain the pathogenesis of the bacterium.

81.2 Explain clinical features, lab diagnosis and prevention of bacteria.

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82. Human Herpes virus 1 hour 82.1 Explain the pathogenesis of the virus.
Human papilloma 82.2 Explain clinical features, lab diagnosis and prevention of virus.
virus, Ebstain barr
virus.
83. Measles 1 hour 83.1 Discuss Spectrum of diseases, Important properties, Pathogenesis,
Mumps Clinical features, Lab diagnosis, Prevention and treatment.

84. Rubella 1 hour 84.1 Discuss Spectrum of diseases, Important properties, Pathogenesis,
Rabies Clinical features, Lab diagnosis, Prevention and treatment.

85. HIV 1 hour 85.1 Discuss Spectrum of disease, Important properties, Pathogenesis, Clinical
features, Lab diagnosis, Prevention and treatment.

86. CMV 1 hour 86.1 Discuss Spectrum of disease, Important properties, Pathogenesis, Clinical
features, Lab diagnosis, Prevention and treatment.

87. Leshmania 1 hour 87.1 Discuss Spectrum of diseases, Important properties, Pathogenesis,
Clinical features, Lab diagnosis, Prevention, and treatment.

88. Mycology 1 hour 88.1 Discuss the general characteristics, pathogenesis & lab diagnosis of fungi.
88.2 Discuss candida spp general characteristics, pathogenesis & lab
diagnosis. Aspergillus, Mucor and Rhizopus

Pharmacology

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89. Introduction to 1 hour 89.1 Define basic terms like chemotherapy, antibiotic, antimicrobial, MIC,
chemotherapeutics MBC, chemoprophylaxis, empirical therapy and post-antibiotic effect,
bacteriostatic and bactericidal antimicrobials.
89.2 Explain advantages of drug combinations.
89.3 Describe various mechanisms of bacterial resistance against antibiotics.
89.4 Differentiate between concentration and time dependent killing with
examples.
89.5 Classify antimicrobials on the basis of mechanism of action (MOA).

90. Penicillin 1 hours 90.1 Classify beta-lactam antibiotics.

90.2 Enlist narrow and broad-spectrum Penicillin.
90.3 Enlist anti-pseudomonal, anti- staphylococcal/ beta lactamase resistant
Penicillin.
90.4 Enlist long- and short-acting Penicillin.
90.5 Describe anti-bacterial spectrum of Penicillin.
90.6 Describe pharmacokinetics in respect of emphasis on route of
administration and excretion of Penicillin.
90.7 Describe mechanism of action and resistance of Penicillin.
90.8 Describe clinical uses of Penicillin.
90.9 Describe adverse effects of Penicillin.
90.10 Describe contraindications of Penicillin.
90.11 Describe principal mechanism of bacterial resistance to Penicillin.
90.12 Describe drug interactions of Penicillin.

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 90.13 Apply formula for interconversion of milligrams and units of Penicillin G.
90.14 Relate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Penicillin with their
clinical applications / uses.

91. Cephalosporins 1 hour 91.1 Classify Cephalosporins.

91.2 Discuss MOA and MOR of cephalosporins
91.3 Describe anti-bacterial spectrum of Cephalosporins.
91.4 Describe pharmacokinetics of Cephalosporins with special emphasis on
route of administration and excretion.
91.5 Describe clinical uses of Cephalosporins.
91.6 Describe the adverse effects of Cephalosporins.
91.7 Describe drug interactions of Cephalosporins with Ethanol.
91.8 Describe the principal bacterial mechanism of resistance to
Cephalosporins.
91.9 Relate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Cephalosporin with
their clinical applications / uses.

92. Beta lactamase 1 hour 92.1 Enlist beta-lactamase inhibitors.

inhibitors, 92.2 Explain the rationale for using beta lactamase inhibitors in combination
Monobactams &
withβ-lactam antibiotics.
Carbapanem
92.3 Describe the antibacterial spectrum of Monobactams and Carbapanem.
92.4 Describe the clinical uses of Monobactams and Carbapanem.

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93. Vancomycin, 1 hour 93.1 Describe the MOA and resistance of Vancomycin.
Fosfomycin 93.2 Describe clinical uses of Vancomycin.
Bacitracin &
93.3 Describe the use of vancomycin in MRSA (Methicillin-resistant Staph
Cycloserine
aureus).
93.4 Describe adverse effects of Vancomycin 5. Describe “Red man/Red neck”
syndrome.
93.5 Enlist clinical uses of Fosfomycin, Bacitracin & Cycloserine.

94. Protein Synthesis 1 hour 94.1 Classify bacterial protein synthesis inhibitors.
Inhibitors & 94.2 Classify Tetracyclines.
Tetracycline
94.3 Describe anti-bacterial spectrum of Tetracyclines.
94.4 Describe the pharmacokinetics of Tetracycline with special emphasis on
absorption of Tetracyclines.
94.5 Describe mechanism of action and resistance of Tetracyclines.
94.6 Describe the principal mechanism of resistance to Tetracyclines.
94.7 Describe clinical uses of Tetracyclines.
94.8 Describe adverse effects of Tetracyclines.
94.9 Describe the teratogenic effects of Tetracyclines.
94.10 Describe drug interactions of Tetracyclines.
94.11 Describe the adverse effect related to the use of outdated (expired)
Tetracycline products.

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 94.12 Relate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Tetracycline with their
clinical applications.

95. Aminoglycosides 1 hour 95.1 Enlist Aminoglycosides.

95.2 Describe anti-bacterial spectrum of Aminoglycosides.
95.3 Describe the pharmacokinetics of Aminoglycosides with special emphasis
on route of administration, concentration-dependent killing, and
postantibiotic effect.
95.4 Describe mechanism of action of Aminoglycosides.
95.5 Describe the principal mechanism of resistance to Aminoglycosides.
95.6 Describe clinical uses of Aminoglycosides.
95.7 Describe adverse effects of Aminoglycosides.
95.8 Describe the drug interactions of Aminoglycosides.
95.9 Relate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Aminoglycosides with
their clinical applications / uses.

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96. Macrolides 1 hour 96.1 Enlist Macrolides.
96.2 Describe anti-microbial spectrum of Macrolides.
96.3 Describe pharmacokinetics of Macrolides.
96.4 Describe the mechanism of action of Macrolides.
96.5 Describe the principal mechanism of resistance to Macrolides.
96.6 Describe clinical uses of Macrolides.
96.7 Describe adverse effects of Macrolides.

96.8 Describe drug interactions of Macrolides.

96.9 Differentiate the salient features of Erythromycin, Clarithromycin and
Azithromycin in respect of dosing and clinical use.
96.10 Relate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Macrolides with their
clinical applications / uses.

97. Linezolid and 1 hour 97.1 Describe mechanism of action of Linezolid.

clindamycin 97.2 Describe clinical uses of Linezolid with special emphasis on
methicillinresistant staphylococci and vancomycin-resistant enterococci.
97.3 Describe mechanism of action of Clindamycin.
97.4 Enumerate clinical uses of Clindamycin.
97.5 Describe antibiotic-associated (pseudomembranous) colitis.

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98. Streptogramins and 1 hour 98.1 Enumerate Streptogramins.
Chloramphenicol 98.2 Describe clinical use of Quinupristin- Dalfopristin in VRE
(Vancomycinresistant enterococci.
98.3 Describe anti-microbial spectrum and mechanism of action of action of
Chloramphenicol.
98.4 Enlist clinical uses of Chloramphenicol and reason for obsoleting the
systemic use.
98.5 Enlist adverse effects of Chloramphenicol.

99. Quinolones 1 hour 99.1 Classify Quinolones.

99.2 Describe the pharmacokinetics of Fluroquinolones with special emphasis
on half-life of Moxifloxacin.

99.3 Enlist respiratory Quinolones.

99.4 Describe anti-microbial spectrum of Fluoroquinolones.
99.5 Describe mechanism of action and resistance of Fluoroquinolones.
99.6 Describe clinical uses of Fluroquinolones.
99.7 Describe adverse effects of Fluroquinolones.
99.8 Describe drug interactions of Fluroquinolones.
99.9 Relate pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of Fluoroquinolones with
their clinical applications / use.

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100 Sulfonamides 1 hour 100.1 Classify Sulfonamides.
100.2 Describe anti-microbial spectrum of Sulfonamides.
100.3 Describe mechanism of action of Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim.
100.4 Describe mechanism of resistance to Sulfonamides.
100.5 Describe clinical uses of Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim.
100.6 Describe adverse effects of Sulfonamides and Trimethoprim.
100.7 Describe the advantages of combining sulfamethoxazole with
trimethoprim (Co-Trimoxazole).
100.8 Describe the drug interaction of Sulphonamides with Phenytoin.

101 Antifungals 1 hours 101.1 Classify Antifungal drugs.

101.2 Describe the pharmacokinetics of Amphotericin B and Ketoconazole.
101.3 Describe the advantages of liposomal preparation of Amphotericin B.
101.4 Describe mechanism of action of Azoles, Amphotericin B, Griseofulvin,
Turbinafine, and Nystatin.

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101.5 Describe clinical uses of Azoles, Amphotericin B, Griseofulvin, Turbinafine,
and Nystatin.
101.6 Describe adverse effects of Azoles,Amphotericin B, Griseofulvin,
Turbinafine, and Nystatin.
101.7 Describe drug interactions of Ketoconazole and Amphotericin B. 101.8
Recognize clinical indications of antifungals in dental practice (e.g., oral
candidiasis).
101.9 Follow appropriate dosing regimens for oral fungal infections. 101.10
Identify potential adverse effects and drug interactions relevant to dental
care.

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102 Antivirals 2 hours 102.1 Classify antivirals.
102.2 Describe the role of antiviral drugs in managing oral viral infections (e.g.,
herpes simplex, varicella-zoster).
102.3 Identify key antiviral agents used in dentistry (acyclovir, valacyclovir,
famciclovir).
102.4 Explain antiviral mechanisms of action in inhibiting viral replication in
oral tissues.
102.5 Recognize clinical indications and dosage for prescribing antivirals in
102.6 dental practice (e.g., oral herpes, herpetic gingivostomatitis). 102.7
Identify potential adverse effects and drug interactions relevant to dental
care.
102.8 Describe antiviral prophylaxis for immunocompromised dental patients.

102.9 Apply evidence-based antiviral therapy for managing oral health in

dentistry

Oral Pathology

103 Oral Ulcers 1 hour 103.1 Classify the different types of oral ulcers based on their etiology and
differentiate between different ulcers (aphthous ulcers and herpetic ulcers).

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104 Viral Infections 4 hours 104.1 Describe the histopathology, oral manifestation, and laboratory diagnosis
of Herpes Simplex virus infection.
104.2 Describe the pathogenesis, oral manifestation, and laboratory diagnosis
of Varicella Zoster virus infection.
104.3 Describe the oral manifestation, and laboratory diagnosis Epstein- bar
virus infection.
104.4 Describe the oral manifestation and laboratory diagnosis and clinical
features of Cytomegalovirus infection.
104.5 Describe the oral manifestation, and laboratory diagnosis Paramyxovirus
infection.
104.6 Describe the oral manifestation, and laboratory diagnosis Coxsackie virus
infection.
104.7 Describe the histopathology, oral manifestation, and laboratory diagnosis
of Human Papilloma virus infection.
104.8 Describe the histopathology, oral manifestation, and laboratory diagnosis
of Retrovirus (HIV) infections.

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105 Bacterial Infections 2 hours 105.1 Define, classify & identify the virulent organism’s, interpret the
histopathology of Necrotizing Ulcerative gingivitis and Noma.
105.2 Define, classify & identify the virulent organism’s, interpret the
histopathology of Tuberculosis.
105.3 Define, classify & identify the virulent organism’s, interpret the
histopathology and laboratory diagnosis of Syphilis.
105.4 Define, classify & identify the virulent organism’s, interpret the
histopathology of oral cervicofacial Actinomycosis.

106 Fungal Infections 1 hour 106.1 Define, classify & identify the virulent organism’s, interpret the
histopathology of Oral Candidiasis.

Oral Medicine

107 Oral Ulcer 1 hour 107.1 Define ulcer.

107.2 Enlist principal causes of oral ulcer
107.3 Define traumatic ulcer
107.4 Discuss etiology of traumatic ulcer

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108 Viral & Bacterial 1 hour 108.1 Define vesiculoulcerative lesions.
Infections 108.2 Enumerate vesiculoulcerative lesions of oral cavity
108.3 Enumerate bacterial infections of oral cavity
108.4 Enumerate STI (sexually transmitted infections) of oral cavity
108.5 Enumerate viral infections of oral cavity
108.6 Enlist principal viruses & Human Herpes Viruses that affect oral cavity

Science of Dental Materials

109 Denture Base 1 hour 109.1 Describe

Polymers • Denture base polymers
• Dough molding technique
• Requirements of denture base polymers
109.2 Classify Acrylic denture base materials
109.3 Discuss Composition of type 1 and 2 materials

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110 Manipulation of 1 hour 110.1 Discuss Suspension polymerization
acrylic resin 110.2 Describe
• Mixing
• P/L ratio
• Stages through acrylic material pass
• Doughing time
• Dough time
• Working time
• Trial closure
• Bench curing
• Flash
• Different curing cycles

111 Porosities in acrylic 1 hour 111.1 Describe

• Granular porosity
• Contraction porosity
• Gasesous porosity
112 Properties, uses and 1 hour 112.1 Discuss
modifications • Properties of acrylic resin
• Applications of acrylic resin
• Advantages/ disadvantages of acrylic resin
112.2 Define Fatigue and differentiate between static and dynamic fatigue

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 112.3 Discuss significance of fatigue with respect to denture base materials
112.4 Enlist Modifications
• Acrylic elastomer
• Carbon fibers
• Aramid fibers
• Kevlar
• Glass fibers
• Bromine containing monomers 112.5 Enlist Alternative polymers

113 Finishing and 1 hour 113.1 Define finishing and polishing

polishing of acrylic 113.2 Discuss the significance of finishing and polishing of materials
resin 113.3 Describe abrasives and factors affecting abrasives
113.4 Enlist different materials that are used for finishing and polishing of
acrylic resins

114 Denture Lining 1hour 114.1 Discuss the Uses of Denture Lining Materials 114.2
Materials Classify Denture Lining Materials
114.3 Differentiate between relining and rebasing
114.4 Describe Hard reline materials P/L auto polymerizing system in in terms
of their composition, manipulation and properties.

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115 Tissue conditioners 1 hour 115.1 Discuss
• Tissue conditioner
• Applications of tissue conditioners
• Functional impression materials
• Requirements of tissue conditioners
• Composition of tissue conditioners
• Manipulation of tissue conditioners
• Properties of tissue conditioners
• Permanent soft lining materials
• Temporary soft lining materials

• Self-administered relining materials

116 Artificial Teeth 1 hour 116.1 Discuss

• Artificial teeth
• Requirements of artificial teeth
• Available materials
• Acrylic resins
• Porcelain
• Properties of artificial teeth
116.2 Compare properties of acrylic and porcelain artificial teeth
117 Temporary crown and 1 hour 117.1 Discuss the use of Temporary crown and bridge
bridge resins 117.2 Enlist the ideal requirements for the temporary crown and bridge
material
117.3 Explain in detail acrylic crown and bridge resins

Junior Prosthodontics

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118 Temporary denture 1hr 118.1 Define temporary denture bases.
bases 118.2 List the materials commonly used for making temporary denture bases.
118.3 Discuss a step-by-step protocol for the fabrication of temporary denture
bases.
118.4 Discuss fabrication of wax occlusal rims on temporary denture bases
Lab work

Pharmacology

119 Oral ulcer and 2 hours 119.1 Prescription writing for oral ulcer and candidiasis.
candidiasis

General pathology

120 Parasites cestodes 2 hours 120.1 Identify eggs under microscope.

Leshmaniasis 120.2 Identify the slide of leshmania under light microscope.

121 Parasites nematodes 2 hours 121.1 Identify eggs under microscope.

122 Biochemical tests 2 hours 122.1 Differentiate between streptococcus and staphylococcus.
(Catalase,
coagulase,
oxidase)
Science of Dental Materials

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123 Acrylic packing 3 hours 123.1 Perform mixing of heat cure acrylic resin
123.2 Identify different physical stages through which acrylic resin passes
123.3 Perform packing of acrylic resin into the mold as per compression
molding technique

124 Acrylic curing 3 hours 124.1 Perform curing of the heat cure acrylic in water

125 Deflasking 2 hours 125.1 Retrieve the cured acrylic partial denture from the flask

126 Finishing and 3 hours 126.1 Perform finishing and polishing of the acrylic partial denture
polishing of denture

THEME 4: LYMPHADENOPATHY AND GENERALIZED MALAISE

General Pathology

127 Chronic 1 hour 127.1 Describe causes and morphological features of chronic inflammation.
inflammation/Granu 127.2 Define granuloma, its type, and causes.
loma

128 TB/Leprosy 2 hour 128.1 Discuss Mycobacteria in detail in reference to: Spectrum of diseases,
Important properties, Pathogenesis, Clinical features, Lab diagnosis,
Prevention, and treatment.

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129 Trichomonas Tenax 1 hour 129.1 Discuss the parasite in detail in reference to: Spectrum of diseases,
parasite Important properties, Pathogenesis, Clinical features, Lab diagnosis and its
Prevention

Pharmacology

130 Antituberculosis 1 hour 130.1 Identify first-line anti-TB drugs and their mechanisms of action and
drugs mechanism of resistance (e.g., Isoniazid, Rifampin).
130.2 Identify 2nd-line anti-TB drugs and their mechanisms of actions and
mechanism of resistance
130.3 Recognize key adverse effects of TB drugs, such as hepatotoxicity and
neurotoxicity.
130.4 Describe the importance of drug regimens for preventing drug
resistance.

131 Corticosteroids 1 hour 131.1 Explain the mechanism of action of corticosteroids in reducing
inflammation.
131.2 Identify clinical indications for corticosteroid use in dentistry (e.g., oral
lesions, allergic reactions).

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 131.3 Differentiate between types of corticosteroids (e.g., hydrocortisone,
prednisone) and their formulations.
131.4 Discuss appropriate dosing regimens for acute vs. chronic corticosteroid
use.
131.5 Recognize potential local and systemic adverse effects, including
delayed healing and systemic effects.
131.6 Develop strategies to manage complications associated with corticosteroid
therapy.
131.7 Identify contraindications and precautions for corticosteroid use in
dental patients.
131.8 Formulate treatment plans incorporating corticosteroids for
antiinflammatory therapy.
131.9 Explain the benefits and risks of corticosteroid therapy to patients

Oral Medicine

132 Swellings of neck 1 hour 132.1 Enlist causes of neck swellings

132.2 Enlist causes of cervical lymphadenopathy
132.3 Differentiate between acute and chronic lymphadenitis

Lab works
General Pathology

133 ZN staining 2 hours 133.1 Stain and differentiate acid fast bacilli.

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134 Chronic 2 hours 134.1 Identify the cells of chronic inflammation under Light microscope
Inflammation
135 Granuloma 2 hours 135.1 Identify the granuloma under Light microscope.

Pharmacology

136 Tuberculosis 2 hours 136.1 Prescription writing for Tuberculosis.

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