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What is a computer?

A computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or

data. It has the ability to store, retrieve, and process data. You may
already know that you can use a computer to type documents, send
email, play games, and browse the Web. You can also use it to edit or
create spreadsheets, presentations, and even videos.
What is a computer?

An electronic machine that can store, find and arrange information, calculate
amounts and control other machines

CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS
1) Speed
2) Accuracy
3) Diligence
4) Versatility
5) Storage Capacity.

Types of Computers
• Microcomputers (personal computers)
• Minicomputers (mid-range computers)
• Mainframe computers.
• Supercomputers.

TYPES OF PRINTER
• Laser Printe
• Solid Ink Printers
• LED Printers.
• Dot Matrix Printers.

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Hardware Components
Input Devices –“How to tell it what to do“
A KEYBOARD and MOUSE are the standard way to
interact with the computer. Other devices include
joysticks and game pads used primarily for games.

Output Devices --"How it shows you what it is doing"

The monitor (the screen) is how the computer
sends information back to you. A printer is also an
output device

Stores Device – Heard disk , Pen drive , Ram , Rom

Memory
Computer’s memory can be classified into two types; primary
memory and secondary memory

Primary Memory can be further classified as RAM and

ROM.
•
RAM
Random Access Memory is the unit in acomputer system. It is the
place in a computer wherethe operating system, application
programs and thedata in current use are kept temporarily so that
theycan be accessed by the computer’s processor. It is said to be
‘volatile’ since its contents are accessible only as long as the
computer is on. The contents of RAM are no more available
once the computer is turned [Link] Concepts of Computer

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ROM
Read Only Memory is a special type of memory which can only be
read and contents of which are not lost even when the computer is
switched off. It typically contains manufacturer’s instructions. Among
other things, ROM also stores an initial program called the‘bootstrap
loader’ whose function is to start the operation of computer system
once the power is turnedon.

b. Secondary Memory
RAM is volatile memory having a limited storage capacity.
Secondary/auxiliary memory is storage other than the
RAM. These include devices that are peripheral and are
connected and controlled by the computer to enable
permanent storage of programs and data.
Secondary storage devices are of two types; magnetic and
optical. Magnetic devices include hard disks and optical
storage devices are CDs, DVDs, Pen drive, Zip drive etc.
•
Hard Disk
Fig. 1.3: Hard Disk
Hard disks are made up of rigid material and are usually
a stack of metal disks sealed in a box. The hard disk and
the hard disk drive exist together as a unit and is a
permanent part of the computer where data and programs
are saved. These disks have storage capacities ranging
from 1GB to 80 GB and more. Hard disks are rewritable.
Computer and Office Applications
•
Compact Disk
Compact Disk (CD) is portable disk having data storage
capacity between 650-700 MB. It can hold large amount
of information such as music, full-motion videos, and
text etc. CDs can be either read only or read write type.
•
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Digital Video Disk

Digital Video Disk (DVD) is similar to a CD but has larger
storage capacity and enormous clarity. Depending upon
the disk type it can store several Gigabytes of data. DVDs
are primarily used to store music or movies and can be
played back on your television or the computer too. These
are not rewritable.

COMPUTER SOFTWARE
Computer software is the set of programs that makes the
hardware perform a set of tasks in particular order. Hardware
and software are complimentary to each other. Both have to
work together to produce meaningful results. Computer
software is classified into two broad categories; system
software and application software.

System Software:
System software consists of a group of programs that control
the operations of a computer equipment including functions
like managing memory, managing peripherals, loading,
storing, and is an interface between the application programs
and the computer. MS DOS (Microsoft’s Disk Operating
System), UNIX are examples of system software.

Application software:
Software that can perform a specific task for the user, such
as word processing, accounting, budgeting or payroll, fall
under the category of application software. Word processors,
spreadsheets, database management systems are all
examples of general purpose application software.
Types of application software are:

Word processing software:

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The main purpose of this software is to produce documents. MS-

Word, Word Pad,Notepad and some other text editors are some of
the examples of word processing software.

Database software:
Database is a collection of related data. The purpose of this
software is to organize and manage data. The advantage of this
software is that you can change the way data is stored and
displayed. MS access, dBase, FoxPro, Paradox, and Oracle are
some of the examples of database software.

Spread sheet software:

The spread sheet software is used
to maintain budget, financial statements, grade sheets,
and sales records. The purpose of this software is
organizing numbers. It also allows the users to perform

Computer and Office Applications

simple or complex calculations on the numbers entered
in rows and columns. MS-Excel is one of the example of
spreadsheet software.

Presentation software:
This software is used to display
the information in the form of slide show. The three main
functions of presentation software is editing that allows
insertion and formatting of text, including graphics in
the text and executing the slide shows. The best example
for this type of application software is Microsoft
PowerPoint.

Multimedia software:
Media players and real players are
the examples of multimedia software. This software will
allow the user to create audio and videos. The different
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forms of multimedia software are audio converters,

players, burners, video encoders and decoders.

COMPUTER LANGUAGE
Computer language or programming language is a coded
syntax used by computer programmers to communicate with
a computer. Computer language establishes a flow of
communication between software programs. The language
enables a computer user to dictate what commands the
computer must perform to process data. These languages
can be classified into following categories
[Link] language
[Link] language
[Link] level language

INTEXT QUESTION 1.1

[Link] are the characteristics of a computer?
[Link] many types of printers are commonly used?

NOTEPAD
CTRL + C = COPY
CTRL + V =PASTE
CTRL + F = FIND
F3 = FIND NEXT
CTRL + H = REPLACE
CTRL + G = GO TO
CTRL + A =SELECT ALL
F5 = TIME/DATE
CTRL + N = NEW
CTRL + O = OPEN
CTRL + S = SAVE
ALT + F + A = SAVE AS
ALT + F + U = PAGE SETUP
CTRL + P = PRINT
ALT + F + X = EXIT
ALT + E = EDIT MENU

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CTRL + Z = UNDO/REDO
CTRL + X = CUT

Computer Words
ShortForm Long Form
BIOS Basic Input/Output System
CD Compact Disk
CPU Central Processing Unit
DVD Digital Versatile Disk
DVI Digital Visual Interface
FDD Floppy Disk Drive
GUI Graphical User Interface
HDD Hard Disk Drive
HLL High-Level Language
HTML Hypertext Markup Language
HTTP Hypertext Transfer Protocol
I/O Input/Output
IP Internet Protocol
ISP Internet Service Provider
LAN Local Area Network
LCD Liquid-Crystal Display
LED Light-Emitting Diode
LLL Low-Level Language
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ShortForm Long Form

NTP Network Time Protocol
POST Power-On Self-Test
PSU Power Supply Unit
Redundant Array of Independent Disks
RAID (or Redundant Array of Inexpensive
Disks)
RAM Random Access Memory
ROM Read-Only Memory
SMPS Switched-Mode Power Supply
SMS Short Message Service
SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol
SSD Solid State Drive
Transmission Control Protocol/Internet
TCP/IP
Protocol
URL Uniform Resource Locator
USB Universal Serial Bus
VDU Visual Display Unit
VGA Video Graphics Array
WAN Wide Area Network
WWW World Wide Web

Computer Units

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4 bits = 1 nibble
8 bits = 1 byte
1 kilobit per second
= 125 bytes per second (Bps)
(kbps)
1 Megabit per second = 0.125 megabytes per second
(Mbps) (MBps)
1024 bytes = 1 kilobyte (KB)*
1024 kB = 1 megabyte (MB)*
1024 MB = 1 gigabyte (GB)*
1024 GB = 1 terabyte (TB)*
1024 TB = 1 petabyte (PB)*
1024 PB = 1 exabyte (EB)*
1024 EB = 1 zettabyte (ZB)*
1024 ZB = 1 yottabyte (YB)*
*In binary computer nomenclature these prefixes are
used for powers of 1024, not powers of 1000.

Commonly Operated Machine

COMPUTER- Particularly Used in Technical and
Educational Research
MS WORD SHORTCUT KEY

Ctrl+O Open
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Ctrl+S Save
Ctrl+W Close
Ctrl+X Cut
Ctrl+C Copy
Ctrl+V Paste
Ctrl+A Select all
Ctrl+B Bold
Ctrl+I Italic
Ctrl+U Underline
Ctrl+[ Decrease font size 1 point
Ctrl+] Increase font size 1 point
Ctrl+E Center text
Ctrl+L Left align text
Ctrl+R Right align text
Esc Cancel
Ctrl+Z Undo
Ctrl+Y Re-do

Shift+Function Keys :-

Shift+F2 Copy text.

Shift+F3 Change the case of letters.
Shift+F5 Move to the last change.

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Shift+F10 Display a shortcut menu.

Shift+F12 Choose the Save command.
Ctrl+Function Keys :-

Ctrl+F2 Choose the Print Preview command.

Ctrl+F4 Close the window.
Ctrl+F6 Go to the next window.
Ctrl+F10 Maximize the document window.

Ctrl+Shift+Function Keys :-

Ctrl+Shift+F5 Edit a bookmark.

Ctrl+Shift+F12 Choose the Print command.

Alt+Function Keys :-
Alt+F1 Go to the next field.
Alt+F4 Exit Word.

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Shift+F3 Change the case of letters.

Ctrl+Shift+A Format all letters as capitals.
Ctrl+B Apply bold formatting.
Ctrl+U Apply an underline.
Ctrl+Shift+W Underline words but not spaces.
Ctrl+Shift+D Double-underline text.
Ctrl+Shift+H Apply hidden text formatting.
Ctrl+I Apply italic formatting.
Ctrl+Shift+K Format letters as small capitals.
Ctrl+Spacebar Remove manual character formatting.

Change or re-size the font :-

Ctrl+Shift+> Increase the font size.

Ctrl+Shift+< Decrease the font size.
Ctrl+] Increase the font size by 1 point.
Ctrl+[ Decrease the font size by 1 point.
Copy Formatting :-
Ctrl+Shift+C Copy formatting from text.
Ctrl+Shift+V Apply copied formatting to text.

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Change Paragraph Alignment :-

Ctrl+L Left align a paragraph.

Ctrl+Shift+C Copy formats.

Ctrl+Shift+V Paste formats.
Set Line Spacing :-
Ctrl+1 Single-space lines.
Ctrl+2 Double-space lines.
Ctrl+5 Set 1.5-line spacing.
Add or remove one line space preceding a
Ctrl+0 (zero)
paragraph.
Change Case
You can change the capitalization, or case, of selected text in a
document by clicking a single button on the Home tab called.
Change Case
• Sentence Case. This option capitalizes the first letter
of each sentence in the [Link]. This
option makes all the selected text lowercase.
• Uppercase. This option capitalizes each letter in the
selection.
• Title Case. This option capitalizes the first letter of
each word in the selection.
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• Toggle Case. This option switches the case of each

letter in the selection: lowercase becomes uppercase
and vice-versa.

Drop cap
A drop cap is a specially formatted letter that appears at
the beginning of a paragraph. Word 2007 offers two styles
of drop caps. The first, and more common, begins the
paragraph with a large letter that spills down into the text.
Thus, the drop cap displaces the first few lines of the
paragraph. The second style places the large first letter in
the margin adjacent to the paragraph.

Headers and Footers

Headers and footers allow you to repeat text at the top or
bottom of the page. Page numbers and dates are
frequently inserted in footers.
• Headers appear at the top of the page.
• Footers appear at the bottom of the page.
While you are in Print Layout, the contents of the Header
and Footer, if any, appear in gray text:

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Excel 2010
+ =Sum(A1:A10)
- =(A1-A2)
* =(A1*A2)
/ =(A1/A2)
=Count(A1:A10)
=Max(A1:10)
=Average(A1:A10)
% =Sum(A10/5)

Mark Sheet
[Link] Name Hind Math Sci [Link] Eng Total % Result
01 RAM 89 78 69 87 69 =SUM(…_) =(total no/5)

Result =If(A10>165,”Pass”,”Fail”,)
Result =If(A10>264,”Pass”,”Fail”,)

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Grade
=If(A10>90,”A+”,If(A10>80,”A”,If(A10>70,”B+”,If(A10>60,
”B”,If(A10>50,”C+”,If(A10>40,”C”,If(A10>33,”D”,If(A10<
33,”Fail”))))))))
Present Day =Countif(A1:A10,”p”)
Absent Day =Countif(A1:A10,”a”)

Sno Item Rate Quantity Total Dis.15% Gst20% Netprice

GST SHEET FORMAT

Discount =Sum(Total*15%)
Gst =Sum(Total*20%)
Net Price =Sum(Total-Discount)+Gst
Microsoft Excel Keyboard Keys Shortcut Key
New file Ctrl + N

Open file Ctrl + O

Save file Ctrl + S

Move between open workbooks Ctrl + F6

Close file Ctrl + F4

Save as F12
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Display the print menu Ctrl + P

Select whole spreadsheet Ctrl + A

Select column Ctrl + Space

Select row Shift + Space

Undo last action Ctrl + Z

Redo last action Ctrl + Y

Exit Excel Alt + F4

Move to next cell in row Tab

Bold toggle for selection Ctrl + B

Italic toggle for selection Ctrl + I

Underline toggle for selection Ctrl + U

Strikethrough for selection Ctrl + 5

Change the font Ctrl + Shift + F

Change the font size Ctrl + Shift + P

Apply outline borders Ctrl + Shift + 7

Remove all borders Ctrl + Shift + Underline

Wrap text in same cell Alt + Enter

Format cells Ctrl + 1

Select font Ctrl + Shift + F

Select point size Ctrl + Shift + P

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Format as percentage Ctrl + Shift + 5

Format as number Ctrl + Shift + 1

Delete one character to right Delete

Delete one character to left Backspace

Edit active cell F2

Cancel cell entry Escape Key

Select entire worksheet Ctrl + A

Select entire row Shift + Spacebar

Select entire column Ctrl + Spacebar

Cut Ctrl + X

Copy Ctrl + C

Paste Ctrl + V

Insert the date Ctrl + ; (semi-colon)

Insert the time Ctrl + Shift + ; (semi-colon)

Insert columns/rows Ctrl + Shift + + (plus sign)

Insert a new worksheet Shift + F11

Find text Ctrl + F

Replace text dialog Ctrl + H

Create a chart automatically on new sheet F11

Edit a cell comment Shift + F2

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Say Version of Excel Ctrl + Shift + V

Move to Next Sheet Ctrl + Page Down

Move to Prior Sheet Ctrl + Page Up

Go to a cell command Ctrl + G

Collapse Selection To Active Cell Shift + Backspace

Say Active Cell Coordinates Insert + C

AutoSum Alt + Equals

Insert Date In Current Cell Ctrl + ; (semicolon)

Insert Time In Current Cell Ctrl + Shift + ; (semicolon)

Current Column First Cell From Top Alt + 1

Current Column Second Cell From Top Alt + 2

Current Column Third Cell From Top Alt + 3

Current Column Fourth Cell From Top Alt + 4

Data Region Left Ctrl + Left Arrow

Data Region Right Ctrl + Right Arrow

Data Region Down Ctrl + Down Arrow

Data Region Up Ctrl + Up Arrow

Select Whole Data Region Ctrl + Shift + 8

Say Formula Ctrl + F2

Spell Check F7

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Report Gridline Status Alt + Shift + g

Read Row Total Insert + Delete

Read Column Total Insert + Enter

Say Column Title Alt + Shift + C

Tab Backwards Shift + Tab

List Cells With Comments Ctrl + Shift + ' (apostrophe)

Row Second Cell From Left Alt + Ctrl + 2

Row First Cell From Left Alt + Ctrl + 1

Row Third Cell From Left Alt + Ctrl + 3

Row Fourth Cell From Left Alt + Ctrl + 4

Describe Cell Border Alt + Shift + B

Auto Filter Ctrl + Shift + A

Read Cell Hyperlink Alt + Shift + H

Close Office Assistant Ctrl + Insert + F4

List Data In Current Row Ctrl + Shift + R

Select Hyperlink Ctrl + Shift + H

Move To Worksheet Listbox Ctrl + Shift + S

Move To Monitor Cell Ctrl + Shift + M

Select Worksheet Objects Ctrl + Shift + O

List Cells At Page Breaks Ctrl + Shift + B

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