CHEMISTRY
CHAPTER – 2
Three States of Matter
Matter – Anything that has a certain mass & occupies space is matter.
States of
Matter
Solids Liquids Gases
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Three states of Matter
Solid – A solid matter has a specific mass, volume & shape. Molecules of all matters have a force of attraction.
It is known as inter molecular attraction. This force is the most in the solid matters. As a result, the molecules
in solids stay very close to each other in a fixed state & they take a fixed dimension which cannot be
compressed with pressure. Again, a solid matter hardly charges shape when the temperature is raised.
Liquid – Liquids have a specific mass & volume but do not have a shape. Liquids take the shapes of their
containers. Since the molecules of a liquid remain further from each other than those of solids, the inter
molecular force of attraction is also less than solids. Such matters do not change volume when force is
projected on them but the volume increases with the rise of temperature. This change of volume is greater
than that of solids.
Gas – Gases have specific mass but they don’t have specific volume or shape. Whenever quantity of gas is put
into any size of container, it takes over the full size of that container. The molecules in gases stay further than
those of liquids or solids. The inter molecular force of attraction is also very low among them. A small quantity
of pressure is enough to compress gasses & in the same way, a small amount of temperature is enough to
increase the volume of such matters.
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Kinetic Theory of Particles
Every substance is made of small particles which remain together by means of an inter molecular force of attraction. These
molecules also have a kinetic force in them. The attempt to prove the states of substances using inter molecular force of
attraction & the kinetic force of the particles is known as the kinetic theory of particles. When the particles inside a
substance remain is very high force of attraction, they stay together & cannot move that much. This is the solid state.
When heat is applied on such a solid substance, the particles start to vibrate.
When more heat is applied, the particles lose some of their force of attraction & they start some movement. This state of
matter is called a liquid. Liquid takes the shape of the container without changing their volume. When more heat is applies
on this liquid state of the substance, the particles receive the heat & the kinetic force in them is increased. This kinetic
force is increased to a level where they lose inter molecular force of attraction almost completely & start to move freely.
This is the gaseous state. When more heat is applied to this state of the substance, the particles will only increase their
speed of movement.
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Diffusion
The tendency of solid, liquid or gas in spread spontaneously
& uniformly in any medium is called diffusion.
In diffusion process, solid, liquid or gas moves
spontaneously from a place of higher concentration to lower
concentration.
Example – When you leave a perfume bottle with its lid
open, you will find the whole room smelling of perfume.
This is an instance of diffusion.
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Effusion
The passage of gases from a high pressure zone to a low pressure
zone through a fine pore is called effusion.
Example – Take a balloon & fill it with air or helium. Stick a piece
of scotch tape on the balloon. Now, make a small pore on the balloon
through the scotch tape & see what happens. The air from the
balloon will come out through the hole with force. Air pressure
inside the balloon was higher than outside. So, when the air found
the hole, the air from the balloon rushed towards the low pressure
region. It is effusion.
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Burning of a Candle & The Three States of Wax
Wax is a mixture of various hydrocarbons. Organic
compounds made of hydrogen & carbon are known as
hydrocarbons. In the burning of a wax, three states of
matter can be observed simultaneously. There is a thin
liner inside the wax. When we add fire to it, the
hydrocarbon particles around the liner melt into liquid.
The liquid wax absorbs heat & vaporizes first. Then the
vaporized wax starts a reaction with oxygen of the air &
produces carbon dioxide, water vapor, light & heat. A
portion of the liquid wax remains & turns solid again.
Thus, in the presence of heat we see three states of wax.
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Melting & Boiling
Melting – The process of transforming a solid matter into liquid by means of
applying heat is called melting. At normal pressure (1 atmospheric pressure),
the temperature at which a solid matter turns into liquid state is called the
melting point of that solid. Each pure solid matter has its own melting point,
like the melting point of ice is 0℃.
Boiling – The process of transforming a liquid matter into gas by means of
heart is called boiling. At normal pressure (1 atmospheric pressure), the
temperature at which a liquid matter turns into gaseous state is called the
boiling point of that liquid. Each pure liquid matter has its own boiling point,
like the boiling point of water is 100℃. The boiling process requires heat but
solidification requires removal of heat.
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Distillation & Sublimation
The process of heating a liquid & turning it into gas is called evaporation or vaporization.
When water from a hot tea is converted to vapors, that is an example of vaporization. Again
if we cool that vapor, the vapor turns into liquid. This process is called condensation. For
example, water vapor emits heat & turns into water, which is condensation. For example,
water vapor emits heat & turns into water, which is condensation. The process of heating a
liquid into vapor & then retrieving the liquid form the vapor by cooling it is called
distillation.
Distillation = Vaporization + Condensation
The process in which heating a solid directly turns that solid into a gaseous substance
instead of a liquid, is called sublimation.
Ammonium Chloride (𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙), Camphor (𝐶10 𝐻16 𝑂), Naphthalene (𝐶10 𝐻8 ), Solid Carbon
dioxide (𝐶𝑂2 ), Iodine (I), Aluminium Chloride (𝐴𝐿𝐶𝑙3 ) etc. are matters that do not turn
liquid if heat is applied. Instead, they vaporize. These substances are called sublimated
substances.
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Distillation & Sublimation (Cont.)
If a sublimated substance is mixed with some solid matter, it can be retrieved by means of
the sublimation process. For example, if some ammonium chloride (𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙) is mixed with
some edible salt (NaCl), it can be separated by the process of sublimation. If heat is
continuously applied a sublimated substance, it vaporizes. In iodine salt, iodine is a
sublimated substance. If you apply heat to that salt, the iodine will be vaporized from there.
The vapor can be cooled into solid iodine. However, since the mixture of sand & glucose
does not contain any sublimation substance, therefore, you cannot separate them by
sublimation.
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Experiment
Let’s take some ice cubes in a
beaker & heat it carefully. We
shall keep watch on an attached
thermometer throughout the
process. Let’s assume, the initial
temperature of the ice was - 40℃.
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Experiment (Cont.)
When the temperature of the ice reaches 0℃ absorbing the heat, they melt into liquid. The
temperature remains stagnant at 0℃ until all the ice cubes melt into the water. That proves
0℃ as the melting point of ice. The straight line in the temperature is called the melting
point line. In the figure, the line AB is the melting point line. Both ice & water exist through
the length of the line. If we apply more heat, the temperature of water starts to rise. When it
reaches 100℃, you’ll see more heat will not be able to raise the temperature of the water
anymore. Rather, the water transforms into vapor. All the water will vaporize at this 100℃
temperature. If we apply more heat after that, the temperature of the water vapor will
increase. The boiling point of water is 100℃. CD is the line of boiling point. Water & vapor
co-exist at this line.
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Experiment (Cont.)
Collect the data of cooling
the water vapor & set them
on a graph sheet with X axis
telling time & Y axis telling
temperature.
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Experiment (Cont.)
The graph shows the initial temperature of water vapor is 140℃. When in the process of
cooling it to 100℃, the vapor starts to turn into water. It remains 100℃ until all the vapor is
turned into water. Further cooling starts to decrease the temperature of water. When it
reaches 0℃, the water starts to transform into ice. It remains the same until all the water is
turned into ice & then the temperature of ice decreases from 0℃. The fig shows a decrease
of temperature of ice to - 40℃.
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