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Image Processing and Machine Vision-Module1

The document provides an overview of Digital Image Processing (DIP), highlighting its importance in enhancing image quality and extracting information. It discusses major applications such as medical imaging, remote sensing, and computer vision, along with the components of an image processing system. Additionally, it outlines fundamental steps in image processing, including image acquisition, enhancement, and segmentation, as well as basic relationships between pixels.

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Avvanhi Shakira
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4 views7 pages

Image Processing and Machine Vision-Module1

The document provides an overview of Digital Image Processing (DIP), highlighting its importance in enhancing image quality and extracting information. It discusses major applications such as medical imaging, remote sensing, and computer vision, along with the components of an image processing system. Additionally, it outlines fundamental steps in image processing, including image acquisition, enhancement, and segmentation, as well as basic relationships between pixels.

Uploaded by

Avvanhi Shakira
Copyright
© All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

Image Processing and Machine Vision

20SCS251
Module 1
Introduction and Digital Image Fundamentals Motivation & Perspective, Applications,
Components of Image Processing System, Fundamentals Steps in Image 20% Processing, Image
Sampling and Quantization, Some basic relationships like Neighbours, Connectivity, Distance
Measures between pixels
Introduction & Digital Image Fundamentals

🔹 1. Motivation & Perspective

Digital Image Processing (DIP) is used to improve image quality or extract useful
information from images.
👉 Why do we need it?

 Enhance images (brightness, contrast)


 Analyze medical images
 Automate systems (AI, robotics, surveillance)
 Reduce noise and distortions
👉 Perspective:

 Human vision is limited → machines can analyze better


 Computers process images numerically → more accuracy & consistency
🔹 2. Applications of Image Processing

📌 Major Applications:

 Medical Imaging – X-rays, MRI, CT scans


 Remote Sensing – Satellite images for weather, agriculture
 Computer Vision – Face recognition, object detection
 Industrial Automation – Defect detection in products
 Security & Surveillance

🔹 3. Components of Image Processing System


4
📌 Main Components:

1. Image Acquisition
o Camera / Sensor captures image

2. Processing Hardware
o Specialized hardware for fast processing

3. Computer
o Runs algorithms

4. Software
o MATLAB, Python (OpenCV)

5. Storage
o Saves images

6. Display
o Monitor, screen

🔹 4. Fundamental Steps in Image Processing

4
📌 Steps:

1. Image Acquisition
2. Image Enhancement
o Improve quality (brightness, contrast)

3. Image Restoration
o Remove noise, blur

4. Color Image Processing


5. Wavelets & Compression
6. Segmentation
o Divide image into regions

7. Representation & Description


o Extract features

8. Recognition / Interpretation
o Identify objects

🔹 5. Image Sampling and Quantization

📌 Sampling:

 Converting a continuous image into discrete pixels


 Determines resolution
👉 Example:
More pixels = clearer image
📌 Quantization:

 Assigning intensity values to pixels


 Determines gray levels
👉 Example:

 8-bit image → 256 intensity levels

🔹 6. Basic Relationships Between Pixels

🔸 a) Neighbours of a Pixel
For pixel p(x, y):
 4-neighbours (N4)
→ Up, Down, Left, Right
 Diagonal neighbours (ND)
→ Corners
 8-neighbours (N8)
→ Combination of both

🔸 b) Connectivity

Defines how pixels are connected:


 4-connectivity
 8-connectivity
 m-connectivity (mixed)
👉 Used in:

 Image segmentation
 Region detection

🔸 c) Distance Measures

Used to measure distance between pixels:


📌 Euclidean Distance

D=(x1−x2)2+(y1−y2)2D = \sqrt{(x_1 - x_2)^2 + (y_1 - y_2)^2}D=(x1−x2)2+(y1−y2)2


📌 City Block Distance (D4)

D=∣x1−x2∣+∣y1−y2∣D = |x_1 - x_2| + |y_1 - y_2|D=∣x1−x2∣+∣y1−y2∣


📌 Chessboard Distance (D8)

D=max⁡(∣x1−x2∣,∣y1−y2∣)D = \max(|x_1 - x_2|, |y_1 - y_2|)D=max(∣x1−x2∣,∣y1−y2∣)

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