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08 RocFall en

RocFall 2019 is a numerical modeling workshop focused on geomechanics using Rocscience software, held in Muscat, Oman. The workshop covers various aspects of rockfall modeling, including parameters for simulating rock behavior, barrier design, and probabilistic analysis. Participants learn to utilize the software for modeling rock geometry, friction properties, and analyzing simulation results for effective geotechnical applications.

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0% found this document useful (0 votes)

4 views100 pages

08 RocFall en

Uploaded by

MohammedEssaily

We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.

Available Formats

Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd

RocFall 2019

Numerical Modeling Workshop in Geomechanics Using Rocscience

Software

21-22 April 2019, Muscat, OMAN

Geotechnical tools,
inspired by you.
RocFall 2019
RocFall 2019
RocFall 2019

(Ashayer, 2007)
RocFall 2019
Can we model rock Which parameters do we need?
geometry?
How can we model
uncertainties for all these
parameters?
Initial velocity, rotation angle and
velocity?

Do we need barrier?
How should the What sould be the
surface friction barrier capacity?
properties be?

Should we use
advanced friction
properties?

(Ashayer, 2007)
RocFall 2019

(Ritchie, 1963; Bar et. al., 2016)

RocFall 2019
RocFall 2019
Open a new project file using File  «New» menu
File  Import  «Import DXF»
Open «Ornek_Topografya.dxf» file, «Boundary Type» should be selected as «Slope»
RocFall 2019
We have imported surface topography, now we should go back to general assumptions and settings of software

Cut slope

Mid debris region and

drainage trench

Asphalt surface Continued

Debris Region
RocFall 2019
Project  Project Settings General

Rigid Body

Lump Mass
RocFall 2019
Project  Project Settings General

Rigid Body - Lump Mass

Rock mass is used to scale the A dimensionless spherical object

size of the block. with defined mass and density to
calculate kinetic energy levels
Sliding, rolling, scarring and A combination of the particle,
reversal behaviour can be projectile and sliding algorithms
modeled.
RocFall 2019
Summary of Main Assumptions for Lumped Mass – Rigid Body Materials

Lumped Mass Rigid Body

Rock Modeled as a particle Actual rock shape is modeled

Normal coefficient of restitution, Rn Velocity based calculation Energy based calculation

Tangent coefficient of restitution, Rt Used Modeled as long as «Tangential

CRSP Damping» options stays open
Dynamic friction Defined as an angle, applies Defined as a coefficient, applies at the
when rock slides on the surface moment of impact and sliding
Rolling friction Not used Used during the rock rolling process

Special Options Rotational velocity is considered Tangential CRSP Damping

Scarring
Forest Damping
Viscoplastic ground drag
RocFall 2019
Additional Model Parameters for Lumped Mass

Friction Angle

- Can be defined in material editor

- Can be calculated from Rt
- Can be assumed as «Zero»

Rotational velocity is optional for «Lumped Mass»

RocFall 2019
Engine Conditions

- Maximum simulation time per rock

- Maximum simulation step per rock
- Velocity cutoff to stop calculation

Rigid block type:

- Normal velocity cutoff to stop calculation
- Maximum time step
RocFall 2019
Main Settings for Probabilistic Analysis

Point and Line Seeders

Total sub-scenario number;

- Set individually per seeder
- Distributed from total number of rocks

«Equal distribution» and «Distribute by seeder length» options

apply if performed simulations use more than one line seeder
RocFall 2019

Seeder  Add Point Seeder

Single fall scenario
One rock type

Initial linear and rotational

velocities are «zero», uncertainty
has not been modeled

Reminder: Lumped Mass Model

RocFall 2019

Simulation termination reason: Object stop (to be

discussed in further chapters)
RocFall 2019
Slope  Slope Material Library

Rn: Normal Restitution Coefficient

Rt: Tangent Restitution Coefficient

Opposite direction

Same direction*

VA: velocity of the rock immediately after impact

Perfectly Elastic Material: «1»  Bounce back with the same velocity
Perfectly Inelastic Material: «0»  Stops immediately after impact VB: velocity of the rock immediately before impact

*: Unless «Consider Rotational Velocity» is not selected

from project settings

Tangent restitution coefficient is usally equal or greater than normal restitution angle
RocFall 2019
Rn=0, Rt=0 Rn=0.30, Rt=0.40 Rn=0.40, Rt=0.60

Rn=0.50, Rt=0.70 Rn=0.70, Rt=0.85 Rn=1.00, Rt=1.00

RocFall 2019
Literature Compilation for Lumped Mass, Suggested Rn and Rt Plots

Chau v.d. (2002)

Fornaro v.d. (1990)
RocFall 2019
Literature Compilation for Lumped Mass, Suggested Rn and Rt Table
RocFall 2019
Literature Compilation for Lumped Mass, Suggested Rn and Rt Table
RocFall 2019
Literature Compilation for Lumped Mass, Suggested Rn and Rt Table
RocFall 2019
Literature Compilation for Lumped Mass, Suggested Rn and Rt Table
RocFall 2019
Literature Compilation for Lumped Mass, Suggested Rn and Rt Table
RocFall 2019
Literature Compilation for Lumped Mass, Suggested Rn and Rt Table
RocFall 2019
Effect of Slope Roughness

Lumped Mass, Slope Roughness=0 Lumped Mass, sSlope Roughness= 30, -/+ 3s
RocFall 2019
Slope  Assign Slope Materials
RocFall 2019
Adding Second Lumped Mass Rock Group
RocFall 2019
Adding Second Lumped Mass Rock Group
RocFall 2019
Including Second Lumped Mass Rock Group from Seeder Properties

We are also randomizing some

part of Seeder properties in this
step
RocFall 2019
Viewing Simulation Results
RocFall 2019
Query Tools to Use Along with the Physical Path View

Animation progression slider

Choice of which simulation path

to view

Stopping Reason

Zoom level setting

Animate Result
RocFall 2019
Query Tools to Use Along with the Physical Path View

Distribution of rocks
stopped on the first bench Detailed legend options
Distribution of rocks
stopped near the road
banquette

Graph Endpoints
RocFall 2019
Query Tools to Use Along with the Physical Path View: Filter

Rock Type Filtering (Group 1)

Filter Parameter Selection

Filter Results
RocFall 2019
Query Tools to Use Along with the Physical Path View: Filter

Lumped Mass  Group 1 (100 Simulation)

Lumped Mass  Group 2 (100 Simulation)

RocFall 2019
Energy Distribution Graphs

Query for x=15 coordinate

Options:
- Bounce Height
- Total Kinetic Energy
- Translational Kinetic Energy
- Rotational Kinetic Energy
- Translational Velocity
- Rotational Velocity
RocFall 2019
Energy Distribution Graphs

Query line can be simply moved

both ways by dragging
RocFall 2019
Crest Loss Due to Erosion

Crest loss can occur apart from

inclined surfaces
RocFall 2019
Crest Loss Due to Erosion  Slope  Crest Loss

Crest loss can occur apart from

inclined surfaces
RocFall 2019
Crest Loss Due to Erosion,  Slope  Crest Loss

Crest loss parameters

d1: 1m average loss

d2: 1m average loss

s= 0.1 m, -/+ 3s, Normal distribution

RocFall 2019
Crest Loss Due to Erosion  Slope  Crest Loss Uncertainty range related to crest
loss
RocFall 2019
Introduction to Barrier Design: Data Collector

Second Point @4<90 (Data

collection along a 4 m height line)

«Collector» Base
Point
RocFall 2019
Introduction to Barrier Design: Data Collector

- Graph  Graph Barriers / Collectors

%95 Threshold

Guide to Capacity Selection for

Barrier / Berm Design

- Collector queries can be filtered in «Results» window

RocFall 2019
Introduction to Barrier Design : Adding First Barrier

Barriers  Barrier Design Library

Predefined Barrier Library

Commercial Product Code

Manufacturer
Certification Information
Minimum Application Height
Maximum Application Height
Capacity (kJ)
Unit
Maximum Energy Level Capacity
Elongation (m)
Residual Height at Maximum Elongation

Service Energy Level Capacity

Elongation (m)
Residual Height at Maximum Elongation
RocFall 2019
Introduction to Barrier Design : Adding First Barrier

Barriers  Barrier Design Library

Rigid barrier systems with no deformation capacity can not damp forces in small time frame, hence, they can get damaged
even under small block effects

Reference: Brunet, G., Desgin Guideline for Rockfall Fences,

Gruppo Industriale Maccaferri
RocFall 2019
Introduction to Barrier Design : Adding First Barrier

Barrier Performance Definitions

MEL: Maximum Energy Level

This is the kinetic energy of a regular block impacting the barrier with a velocity greater than or equal to 25m/s. The stopped
block cannot touch the ground before the barrier reaches maximum elongation

SEL: Service Energy Level

The kinetic energy of a regular block impacting the barrier with a velocity greater than or equal to 25m/s, and equal to 1/3 of
the MEL. The SEL test consists of two consecutive launches. After the initial test, the residual height must be greater than
70% of the nominal height, and there can be no ruptures to the barrier. The second test is carried out without any repair to
the barrier, and the barrier only needs to withstand the impact.

Reference: Brunet, G., Desgin Guideline for Rockfall Fences,

Gruppo Industriale Maccaferri
RocFall 2019
Introduction to Barrier Design : Sample Barrier Performance Test

Reference: Brunet, G.,

Desgin Guideline for
Rockfall Fences, Gruppo
Industriale Maccaferri
RocFall 2019
Introduction to Barrier Design : Sample Barrier Performance Test

Barrier Nominal Height

Height After Impact

Reference: Brunet, G., Desgin Guideline for Rockfall Fences,

Gruppo Industriale Maccaferri
RocFall 2019
Introduction to Barrier Design : Sample Barrier Performance Test

Elongation After Impact

Reference: Brunet, G., Desgin Guideline for Rockfall Fences,

Gruppo Industriale Maccaferri
RocFall 2019
Introduction to Barrier Design: Back to Library Barrier Selection

~200 kJ
RocFall 2019
Introduction to Barrier Design: Back to Library Barrier Selection

Capacity and elongation information can not be interfered because

barrier type has been selected from predefined library

MEL or SEL levels can be reported, design

safety factors can be included in the report
RocFall 2019
Introduction to Barrier Design: Back to Library Barrier Selection

Defined as «Barrier 1»

Maximum height H= 4m (should not exceed 4 m due to certification

requirements), applied 10° inclined to vertical
RocFall 2019
Introduction to Barrier Design: Initial Performance Analysis

Scenarios which rocks are held by the

barrier

Scenarios which rocks are passed over

the barrier and continued their movement
RocFall 2019
Introduction to Barrier Design: Initial Performance Analysis

Scenario with the highest total energy

Movement path of scenario with the
highest total energy

Filter by Impact
RocFall 2019
Introduction to Barrier Design: Initial Performance Analysis

Method: Non – factored

MEL Level Report
Separation Distance: 3 m
RocFall 2019
Introduction to Barrier Design: Initial Performance Analysis

• Height: Inadequate
• Desired elongation can not be satisfied due to inadequate
separation distance
RocFall 2019
Introduction to Barrier Design: Initial Performance Analysis

Barrier height has increased to H=4 m

Separation distance has changed to 6 m
RocFall 2019
Introduction to Barrier Design: Initial Performance Analysis

Revised MEL Level Report

RocFall 2019
Introduction to Barrier Design: Initial Performance Analysis

SEL Level Report

>0.7 H; O.K.
RocFall 2019
«B» Scenario: Example of Insufficient Barrier and Additional Berm Design

Scenario of high energy rock masses which

overpass barrier by damping (Insufficient
Barrier Design)
RocFall 2019
«B» Scenario: Example of Insufficient Barrier and Additional Berm Design

Berms  Berm Properties Library Berms  Add Berm

Berm Shape: Trapezoidal

Height: 1 m
Angle 1: 45°
Angle 2: 45°
RocFall 2019
«B» Scenario: Example of Insufficient Barrier and Additional Berm Design
RocFall 2019
Introduction to Barrier Design: Initial Performance Analysis
RocFall 2019
Project  Project Settings  Analysis  «Rigid Body»

Software directly converted rock types in the

library (Group 1 and Group 2) to «Sphere»;
generated rock fall paths using the center of
the sphere as a reference point
RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: Rock Shapes and Properties

Group 3:
Mass: 1500 kg
Density: 2700 kg/m3
Shape: «Sphere», «Oval (5:6)», «Ellipse (5:6)»  Random sampling from these shapes
RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: Rock Shapes and Properties

Group 4:
Mass: 1000 kg
Density: 2700 kg/m3
Shape: «Polygon Square», «Polygon Octagon», «Polygon Rectangle (2:3)»  Random sampling from these shapes
RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: Rock Shapes and Properties

- Possible to define custom shaped polygon

- RocFall includes options to scale the mass of the polygon using predefined «mass» and «density» (round or angular,
contains each and every preferred shape), or to use the exact block sizes drawn by the user. Hence, it is required to input
the calculated mass compatible with the geometry, if the «Use Exact Size» option is selected.
RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: Rock Shapes and Properties
5 of the total 200 simulation runs ended by reaching the maximum iteration
limits (time, iteration step) despite the blocks’ movements were not stopped.
Maximum limits can simply be changed from the Engine Conditions menu.
RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis : Modeling Rock Geometry

RAMMS: Rock Fall User Manual, 2016

RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: Rock Shapes and Properties

Polygon shaped blocks’

movements have ended in farther
distance because they bounced
more on the last bench
RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: «Slope Properties» for Rigid Blocks

Same definition as in the Lumped Mass

scenarios
Dynamic friction and Rolling friction
Forest / Vegetation Damping

Slope face roughness

RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: Normal ve Tangent Restitution Coefficients

EA: energy of the rock immediately after impact

EB: energy of the rock immediately before impact

Only normal components are applicable if «Use

tangential CRSP damping» option is not selected

Only energy loss in tangential direction is based on

friction if «Use tangential CRSP damping» option is not
selected

𝑃𝑡 ~𝜇 ∙ 𝑃𝑛
Impacts in tangential direction are proportional with
impacts in normal direction

Impact mode is determined by impact angle and velocity

and dynamic friction coefficient
RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: Dynamic Friction – Rolling Friction

Dynamic friction, depends on material friction angle

𝐷𝑦namic Friction Coefficient = tan(ϕ)

Rolling Friction, depends on energy damping factors as well as dynamic friction; plastic deformation, hysteresis, sliding of
contact surface
RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: Suggestion Charts for Dynamic Friction – Rolling Friction
RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: Suggestion Charts for Dynamic Friction – Rolling Friction
RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: Suggestion Charts for Dynamic Friction – Rolling Friction
RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: Suggestion Charts for Dynamic Friction – Rolling Friction
RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: Suggestion Charts for Dynamic Friction – Rolling Friction
RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: Suggestion Charts for Dynamic Friction – Rolling Friction
RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: Suggestion Charts for Dynamic Friction – Rolling Friction
RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: Suggestion Charts for Dynamic Friction – Rolling Friction
RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: Summary of Slope Material Properties
RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: Summary of Slope Material Properties

«Advanced Parameters» option is active for bedrock outcrops, hence, «Dynamic Friction» data input menu is not
active. Lets view the advanced friction parameters.
RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: Advanced Surface Friction Definitions

«Scarring» Effect
«Friction» will not remain constant along the scar
length
RAMMS: Rock Fall User Manual, 2016
RocFall 2019
Rigid Body Analysis: Predefined Surfaces and Advanced Friction Parameter Suggestions