Chapter 1- Development Notes

1. Introduction
 Developmental goals of any particular idea vary from person to person.

 Apart from personal development, we should definitely think of a country's development.

 Development is defined as the people’s economic growth, along with the growth of their basic needs
like education, health, lifestyle, etc.
 The main aim of development is to update as per the demand of time.
 For example: to generate electricity, a dam is constructed over a river where nearby mass is considered
for construction resulting in the development of society and country.
 It causes destruction for farmers and the lives of people living nearby.

2. Income and other goals

 Money is considered to be the basic need of people and to fulfil their daily requirements making money
or income is very important.
 Money is required to buy materialistic things as well as freedom, security, treatment, respect to
maintain a quality lifestyle.
 Hence, developmental goals are necessary to get a better income and other things in life.
3. National Development
 It is defined as a country’s ability to enhance the living standards of its residents.

 For people, belief in nations' development is different.

 Improvement in people’s living standards, providing basic things to citizens like food, education,
social service, medical aid, etc., and increase in per capita income, is referred to as National
development.
4. How can you differentiate different countries or states?
 Income is a key feature to compare countries.

 Countries that have higher income are called developed countries and vice versa.
 The income of a country is about the income of the citizens of that country.
 National income: it is the sum of the total value of the country’s goods and services produced in a year.
As every country has a different population rate, so National income cannot be considered to compare
between different countries.
 Per capita income: it is also called average income, defined as a country's total earnings divided by the
whole population. It shows the living standard of the citizens of the country.
 The average income of the country is the ratio of the overall income of the country to the overall
population of the country.
5. Income and other criteria
 To achieve a goal, people earn more and want respect from others, the security of their lives, and
freedom.
 If we consider per capita in the country’s development, then Goa is the most developed and Bihar is
the least developed state in India.
 Net attendance ratio: defined as the total number of children, the age group from 14 years attending
the school from the total percentage of children in the same age group.
  Literacy rate: it is the total number of people above 7 years who can write, read and understand. If the
literacy rate is high, then the state is considered to be developed. Kerala has the highest literacy rate
of 96.2% and Andhra Pradesh has the lowest literacy rate of 66.4%.
 Infant mortality rate: it is the total number of children that die in one year of age as a proportion of
1000 births in a year. It shows how efficient health facilities are in any country. Kerala has the lowest
infant mortality rate, that is deaths per 1000 live births and Madhya Pradesh has the highest mortality
rate that is 48 per 1000 live births in India.
6. Human Development Index
 The United Nations Development Programme (UNDP) prepares this index, in which an annual report
of human development is published every year.
 The major parameters include per capita income, literacy rate, and durability of a person’s life, which
measure the countries’ development.
 Countries are marked as very high, high, medium, and low developed countries respectively.
 Apart from infant mortality rate, literacy rate, net attendance ratio; the BMI index also plays an
important role.
7. Body mass index (BMI) is measured to measure the adults who are undernourished by calculating the
weight of the person (kg) divided by the square of the height. If the value is less than 18.5, the person is
undernourished and if it is more than 25, then the person is highly obese.
8. Public Facilities
 Public facilities play a major role in the development of the country.

 These are the facilities provided by the government like schools, transportation, electricity, hospitals,
residences, community halls, etc.
 These facilities are important as we cannot purchase every major facility.
9. Sustainable Development
 It is the development that meets all needs of today’s generation.

 It is the development of a nation without affecting the environment.

 To achieve sustainable development, we should use non-renewable resources such as carbon-based
fuel wisely.

Frequently Asked Questions and Answers

1. Write down the features of a developed country? Name the countries having the highest and lowest
per capita income in 2019 (US Dollars).
Ans:
 Any country whose literacy rate, per capita income, and service rate is high, those countries are called
a developed country.
 The per capita income of a country is a measure of its number of people’s economic output.
 Countries with per capita income having to be $128000 per annum are called developed countries.
Example – Qatar.
 Countries with a per capita income of $800 or less are known as developing countries. Example:
Central African Republic.
2. What is IMR and why is it important? Which state has a high and low infant mortality rate?
Ans:
 IMR is the total number of children that die within 1 year of age as a proportion of 1000 births in a
year.
 This shows the efficiency of health facilities in a country.
  Madhya Pradesh has a high infant mortality rate of 48 deaths per 1000 live births and Nagaland has a
low infant mortality rate of 4 deaths per 1000 live births.
3. What is India’s per capita income in 2020? Which is the richest state of India? And which state of
India makes more income?
Ans:
 As per the world development indicators, India has $7680 per capita income.

 Maharashtra is the richest state in India with a nominal GDP of 28.78 lakh crore.
 Sikkim has the lowest GDP of 0.287 lakh crore.
 Goa has the highest per capita income of $6698 (Rs. 4,30,081)
4. Other than income, what are the other factors that are important for our lives?
Ans: Important factors for our lives are:
 Safe environment for women at their workplace.

 Freedom, respect, treatment, and security.

 Pollution-free environment.
 Political rights
5. What do you mean by development? Write down the aspect of development.
Ans: Development is the improvement of citizens' lives in terms of income, lifestyle, etc.
Major aspects of development are:
 Development for anyone can be destructive for others.

 Different people have different goals in life.

6. Why is average income an essential criterion for development?
Ans:
Average income is the basic criteria because it shows the earning of a person, it also gives a clear idea about
the standard of living. The average income will be less if the number of people who are not working is less.
7. Which neighboring country of India has better performance in terms of Human development?
Ans:
 Sri Lanka performed better in terms of human development than India.

 It’s per capita income is $4390, 91% literacy rate, 93 HDI rank, 74 life expectancy at birth which is
better than India and other neighboring countries that are Myanmar, Pakistan, Bhutan, Nepal, and
Bangladesh.
8. Why do we use averages and what are their limitations? Provide some examples where the word
“average” is used to compare situations.
Ans:
 Averages are used to compare different parameters of the same category, not people.
 Averages do not provide information about the distribution of a particular thing between people.
 Example: where the word average is used for comparing situations are:
[Link] find out the literacy rates in the country.
[Link] and weight of students in a class with a total number of students.
[Link] find the average income of people in the state.
9. “A development for one individual can be destructive for others”. Explain this statement with two
examples.
Ans: Here are two examples are:
  A businessman hires workers, those who are providing them more wages which is a development for
workers, but on the other hand, it gives a loss for a businessman as he could have hired 2 or more
workers at the same price.
 Industrialists construct apartments and buildings for his/her personal development and for the nation.
These apartments are destructive for farmers as they could have used this land for irrigation.
What Development Promises? - Different People, Different Goals
Different
Occupation Goals/Aspirations
Persons

Get good prices for their crops, Buying tractor or a

Person A Farmer
new agricultural land.

Person B Student: Studying and getting a good employment.

Person C Employee Getting Promotion.

Society is a mixture of different people and different people have different goals and aspirations. This table
shows that not all people have the same desires or goals. Buying a tractor can be said development for a farmer
but not for a student or an employee. Thus, Different people can have different developmental goals.
Income & Other Goals
The aspirations or goals of a person can not only be just related to monetary aspects. Income is the most vital
part to fulfill our goals and aspirations but people do have some non-material desires as well.
For example, You've got a job offer in company A and also in company B. A Provides a higher salary but no
growth opportunities or a healthy job environment whereas B provides less pay with good working conditions
and growth opportunities.
There are a lot of things that matter a lot but can't be measured. Thus, People also seek such non-material
things besides seeking more income. Similarly, development is also a mixture of different sets of goals or
desires.
How to Compare Different Countries?
Income is the most appropriate and important attribute to Compare different countries or states. The income
of all the residents of the country is called the income of the country.
Different countries have different sizes of the population. Therefore, they can't be compared in terms of their
total income.
Thus, Average income is used to compare the countries which are calculated by dividing the total population
by the total income. It is also called Per Capita Income.
This criterion is also used for classifying countries as per World Development Reports of the World Bank.
1. Countries having a per capita income of US$ 12,056 p.a. and above in 2017 are classified as rich
countries.
2. Countries having a per capita income of US$ 955 or less are classified as low-income countries.

Other Criteria Besides Income

While taking two countries or regions into consideration, not only average income is important but also public
facilities do matter.
What are Public Facilities
The facilities provided by the government are called public facilities. These are provided for the welfare of
the society and the development of the country.
For example Health & educational facilities, Infrastructure, sanitation, etc.
 Kerala achieved a low infant mortality rate because of its adequate health & educational facilities.
  In Some states, the Public Distribution System ( PDS ) works well.
Sustainability of Development
Sustainable Development means the development of the present without compromising future generations.
Scientists are warning the world that present practices are not sustainable in nature. For example:
 Exhaustion of Natural resources like Forests & Groundwater.

 Exhaustion of Non-renewable resources like Coal, Petroleum, and natural gas.

Textbook Solutions

1. Development of a country can generally be determined by

a. its per capita income

b. its average literacy level
c. health status of its people
d. all of the above

Answer: d. all of the above

2. Which of the following neighbouring countries has better performance in terms of human
development than India?

a. Bangladesh
b. Sri Lanka
c. Nepal
d. Pakistan

Answer: b. Sri Lanka

3. Assume there are four families in a country. The average per capita income of these families is Rs.
5000. If the income of three families is Rs. 4,000, Rs. 7,000 and Rs. 3,000, respectively, what is the
income of the fourth family?

a. Rs. 7,500
b. Rs. 3,000
c. Rs. 2,000
d. Rs. 6,000

Answer: d. Rs. 6,000

(4000+7000+3000+x) ÷ 4 = 5000
14000+x = 5000 × 4
x = 20000-14000
x = 6000
4. What is the main criterion used by the World Bank in classifying different countries? What are the
limitations of this criterion, if any?
Answer: World Bank uses the per capita income to classify different countries. The per capita income is
calculated by dividing the total income of the country by the population of the country. For the year 2017,
the countries with a per capita income of US 12,056 955 or less are called low-income countries.
The limitations of the criterion are

1. Other important factors, including literacy rate, infant mortality rate, and healthcare, are ignored
while classifying the countries.
 2. Information about the unequal distribution of income is not mentioned by the World Bank
3. The economy of the country cannot determine the development of the country.

5. In what respects is the criterion used by the UNDP for measuring development different from the
one used by the World Bank?
Answer: The criterion used by UNDP is different from the one used by the World Bank because UNDP
compares countries based on the educational level of the people, their health status and per capita income.
This is in contrast with the method used by the World Bank because it only calculates the per capita income
for measuring development.
6. Why do we use averages? Are there any limitations to their use? Illustrate with your own examples
related to development.
Answer: Different countries have different populations, so calculating the average helps in getting an
estimated answer which can be used to compare different things at different levels. There are limitations in
calculating averages because we cannot know the difference in the income of the people and the unfair
distribution of income in a country or state.
For example, if we calculate the per capita income of two countries, A and B, with 5 people each, the salary
of five people in country A is Rs.23,000, Rs.22,000, Rs.23,500, Rs.28,000 and Rs.25,000, and the income of
people living in country B is Rs.1,50,000, Rs. 22,000, Rs.50,000, Rs.4,000, Rs.2,500. The average income
of country A will be Rs.24,300, and that of country B will be Rs.45,700. This proves that the average of
country B is higher than that of country A, and yet there is a disparity in the income distribution between
country B, and the income is evenly distributed in country A.
7. Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better human development ranking than Haryana.
Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. Do
you agree? Discuss.
Answer: Kerala, with lower per capita income, has a better human development ranking than Haryana.
Hence, per capita income is not a useful criterion at all and should not be used to compare states. This is true
because the literacy rate, infant mortality rate, healthcare facilities, etc., are better in Kerala in comparison to
Haryana. The per capita income is only calculated by calculating the average income of the state,
irrespective of any other factor.
8. Find out the present sources of energy that are used by the people in India. What could be the other
possibilities fifty years from now?
Answer: The present sources of energy used by people in India include firewood, coal, petroleum, crude oil
and natural gas. The other possibilities fifty years from now can be using solar energy and wind energy as
sources of various energy forms. This is because the current usage of energy sources may result in the loss
of natural resources for future generations.
9. Why is the issue of sustainability important for development?
Answer: Sustainable development refers to using natural resources in a manner that they can be used by the
present and future generations. The issue of sustainability is important for development because if natural
resources are not used carefully, they may not be available for future generations. The depletion of resources
of a country may ultimately result in a lack of development of the country.
10. “The Earth has enough resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of
even one person.” How is this statement relevant to the discussion of development? Discuss.
Answer: Development not just depends on the economic factors of a country but is also dependent on
resources that are available for the people of a country to use. The statement, “The Earth has enough
resources to meet the needs of all but not enough to satisfy the greed of even one person”, is completely
relevant in terms of the development of a country because natural resources are non-renewable resources. It
is the responsibility of the people to use them to meet their needs and not to satisfy their greed. If natural
resources are not used wisely now, future generations may not be able to use them for their needs, which
will result in the downfall of the development of a country.
11. List a few examples of environmental degradation that you may have observed around you.
Answer: A few examples of environmental degradation that we can observe around us are

1. Pollution caused by vehicles and the excess use of fuels in vehicles

2. Industrial waste collected in residential areas and discarded into water bodies
3. Deforestation
4. Mining
5. Soil erosion

The increased pollution in the environment has resulted in global warming, the melting of glaciers, and
worsening atmospheric conditions.
12. For each of the items given in Table 1.6, find out which country is at the top and which is at the
bottom.
Answer: As per table 1.6, Sri Lanka tops in all four categories. It has the highest Gross National Income,
Life Expectancy at birth, mean years of schooling of people aged 25 and above and HDI rank in the world.
Nepal has the lowest Gross National Income among the given countries. Pakistan has the least Life
Expectancy at birth and ranks the lowest HDI rank in the world among the given countries. The mean years
of schooling of people aged 25 and above are the lowest for Myanmar and Nepal.
13. The following table shows the proportion of adults (aged 15-49 years) whose BMI is below normal
(BMI <18.5 kg/m2) in India. It is based on a survey of various states for the year 2015-16. Look at the
table and answer the following questions.

State Male Female

Kerala 8.5 10
17 21
Karnataka
28 28
Madhya Pradesh

All States 20 23

a.
a. Compare the nutritional level of people in Kerala and Madhya Pradesh.

Answer: The nutritional level of people in Kerala is higher than the nutritional level of people in Madhya
Pradesh.

a. Can you guess why around one-fifth of people in the country are undernourished even though
it is argued that there is enough food in the country? Describe in your own words.

Answer: One-fifth of the population in the country is undernourished even though it is argued that there is
enough food in the country because of the following reasons:

1. The disparity in the distribution of food grains by the Public Distribution System (PDS).
2. Nutritious food cannot be afforded by the poor population in the country.
3. Educational backwardness of people results in unemployment because of which people cannot afford
the basic necessity of food.
4. There is no proper distribution of ration at the fixed-price stores.