MAPEH 9

Quarter 4 Mindanao State University

Module #2 UNIVERSITY TRAINING CENTER
Marawi City

HEALTH 9

Prevention of Substance Used and Abuse

INTRODUCTION
This learner’s material is designed to inform you about the present drug scenario in the Philippines, the different
classifications of drugs abuse and their harmful short-term and long-term effects on the body. Common and informative terms
encountered in drug education are included. Signs and symptoms of drug use and abuse among teenagers will also be tackled.
You will also learn about the effects of drug addiction to self, family, community, and the country. Various strategies and
techniques presented in this learner’s material will help to prevent substance use and abuse. Furthermore, this material
provides you with a solid knowledge from which you may gain more information about prevention, intervention, and healthy
alternatives to avoid substance use and abuse.
Before you go through this learning material, you need to answer the preassessment which checks your prior knowledge,
processing and understanding of the topics. The learner’s material will have seven lessons. Each lesson contains the four core
parts of learning namely: Knowledge, Process, Understanding and Transfer. The learner’s material will culminate with a product
or performance assessment to check your level of proficiency. Suggested media resources are given to further enhance your
growing mind.

OBJECTIVES
At the end of the lesson, you will be expected to:
1. Describes the drug scenario in the Philippines.
2. Discusses risk and protective factors in substance use and abuse
3. Analyzes situation for the use and non-use of psychoactive situations.
4. Identifies the types of drugs/substance use and abuse.
5. Corrects myths and misconception about substance use and abuse.
6. Recognizes warning signs of substance use and abuse
7. Discusses the harmful short- and long-term effects of substance use and abuse on the individual, family, school, and
community.
8. Explains the health, socio-cultural, psychological, legal, and economic dimensions of substance use and abuse.
9. Discuss the strategies in the prevention and control of substance use and abuse.
10. Applies decision-making and resistance skills to prevent substance use and abuse.

DRUG SCENARIO IN THE PHILIPPINES

Substance use and abuse is a growing problem in the Philippines. According to the International Narcotics Control
Board (INCB), an international drug monitoring agency, the Philippines is listed as one of the countries in Southeast Asia where
drug trafficking is growing. In the Philippines, drug use and abuse are a social and health concern. Poverty has become an
increasing cause for involvement in the illegal drug trade. Foreign drug syndicates take advantage and exploit the poor and
use promises of “easy money “to entice the people to serve as couriers and runners.
According to 2012 statistics available in the Dangerous Drugs Board Website, the most common type of substance of
abuse among Filipinos are: *Methamphetamine Hydrochloride (Shabu) *Cannabis (Marijuana) *Inhalants (Contact cement
adhesive)

COMMON CONCEPTS IN DRUG EDUCATION

1. DRUGS - are any substances or chemical which when taken into the body (Nasal, oral, transdermal) have
psychological, emotional, and behavioral effects on a person.
2. DRUG OF ABUSE - drugs commonly abused by users. Three drugs of abuse (Shabu, Marijuana, and Inhalants)
3. DRUG DEPENDENCE - physiological, behavioral, and cognitive phenomena in which the use of drugs takes on a
high priority. An ardent desire to take the substance.
4. DRUG MISUSE - use of substance inconsistent with the prescribed dosage of frequency of use.
5. DRUG ABUSE - use of substance for non-medical purposes.
6. DRUG TOLERANCE - condition of the body to adopt to the effects of substances to the body.

RISK and PROTECTIVE FACTORS FOR DRUG USE, MISUSE, ABUSE AND DEPENDENCE

Domains of Life which affect

Risk Factors Protective Factors
drug use and abuse
- Use of drugs at an early age
- Self-control behavior
- Risk taking behavior
PERSONAL - Good reasoning skills
- Experimentation
(Early aggressive behavior vs. - Excellent social skills
- Poor social skills and interaction
Self-control) - Positive interaction with people
- Childhood problems
- Sense of belonging
- Feelings of isolation

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 -Good communication with people
- History and patterns of drug use
- Positive family relationship
- Attitude toward drug use
FAMILY Clear and consistent family rules
- Poor parenting and child rearing
(Weak parental guidance vs. - Strong Family values
- Inconsistent family rules
Strong parental guidance - Positive expectation to child’s success in family,
- Poor family values
school, and community
- Poor family ties
- Reliance on family for emotional support

- Associate with peers and friends who do not use

- Association with peers and friends known to
PEERS AND FRIENDS getaway drugs
use getaway drugs (Cigarettes and alcohol)
(Substance abuse vs. Academic - Formation of friendships
-Preference to stay with peers and friends
Excellence) - Reliance on friends for emotional support
than with family
- Inviting friends at home to know the family
- Poor academic performance - Good to excellent academic performance
SCHOOL
- Lack of commitment to studies - Joins extra-curricular activities and school
(Availability of drugs vs. Strong
- Poor attendance in school organizations
anti-drug policies)
- Involvement in fights and conflicts - Shows interest in attending classes
- Easy access to gateway drugs - Strong community relationships
COMMUNITY - Poor community organization and - Active and positive community programs,
(Poverty vs. Strong community neighborhood relationship projects, and activities for the youth
relationship) - Poor implementation of community laws - Positive attitude which combat drug use
- Negative attitude which favors drug use - strong community advocacy against drugs

6 CLASSIFICATIONS OF DRUGS

1. GATEWAY DRUGS - are legal or non-legal drugs that a non-drug user might try, which can lead him/her to more dangerous
drugs such as marijuana and shabu.
Gateway drugs such as cigarettes and alcohol are legal drugs that a non-drug user might try, which can lead him/her to
more dangerous drugs such as marijuana and shabu. Teenagers who engage in early smoking and early drinking have a
higher chance of using and experimenting with dangerous drugs of abuse.
Long term effects - development of asthma, cardiovascular disease, pulmonary disease, cancer (mouth, throat, skin,
lungs and other body parts, alcohol poisoning leading to coma and death.
Short term effects - stress, rapid heart rate and pulse rate, persistent cough, breathing difficulty, headache, mood swings.
2. DEPRESSANTS - also known as downers
Depressant drugs slow down a person’s central nervous system (CNS). The Central nervous system includes the brain,
spinal cord, and nerves. Doctors commonly prescribe depressant drugs to help certain persons to be less angry, less stressed
or tensed. Depressant drugs relax muscles and nerves. These drugs also make patients feel sleepy and light-headed.
Depressant drugs include alcohol, barbiturates, and tranquilizers.
Long term effects - aggressive behavior, mental disorders, hypertension (high blood), stroke, paralysis.
Short term effects - slow brain function, slow heart rate, low blood pressure, dizziness, slurred speech, depression.
3. STIMULANTS - also known as the uppers
Stimulant drugs speed up a person's central nervous system. Stimulant drugs have the opposite effect of depressants.
Stimulants make a person’s energy high. Negative effects of stimulants include depression and tiredness. Stimulants include
amphetamines which include shabu, caffeine, nicotine, and cocaine.
Long term effects - comatose leading to death, paranoia, heart attack, brain stroke, brain damage.
Short term effects - increased heart rate, increase respiration, increased digestive process, inability to sleep, depression.
4. NARCOTICS - are drugs which relieve pain and induce sleepiness.
Narcotics are drugs which relieve pain and induce sleepiness. In medicine, these drugs are administered in moderation
to patients with mental disorders and those in severe pain like cancer. Narcotic drugs include cocaine, heroin, and marijuana.
These drugs are illicit and dangerous if taken.
Long term effects - developing disease like HIV, hepatitis, tetanus due to needle sharing, coma, death.
Short term effects - drowsiness, loss of appetite, vomiting, muscle cramps and pain, panic attacks.
5. HALLUCINOGENS - drugs which distort reality and facts.
Hallucinogens are drugs which distorts reality and facts. It affects all senses and makes a user see, hear, and feel things
that do not exist in the time being. The name hallucinogen came from the word hallucination which is to perceive illusions.
Hallucinogens include lysergic acid diethylamide, psilocybin obtained from mushrooms and mescaline.
Long term effects - flashbacks, increased blood pressure, brain damage, psychosis (mental disorder)
Short term effects - euphoria, hallucinations, inability to sleep, loss of appetite, memory loss, slurred speech, nausea.
6. INHALANTS - found in ordinary household chemical products and anesthetics.
Inhalants are found in ordinary household chemical products and anesthetics. It is readily available and accessible to
young children. Inhalant intoxication is similar to the signs and symptoms of alcohol intoxication. One difference is the foul
smell of chemicals sniffed, inhaled, or huffed by the user. Continuous use and abuse lead to delusions, brain damage, liver
damage, coma, and death. Examples of household products used as inhalants are acetone, rugby or solvent, ordinary and
spray paint, cleaning fluids and air conditioner fluids (Freon).
Long term effects - loss of hearing, uncontrolled muscle spasms, brain damage, nerve damage, bone marrow damage.
Short term effects - slurred speech, poor coordination, dizziness, foul breath, hallucinations, delusions.

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EFFECTS OF DRUG USE
Aside from oneself, drug use and abuse also affect the immediate family, school, and community where the drug user
lives. Below are some of the effects of drug use and abuse on the family, school, and community.
A. Effects of Drug Use and Abuse on the Family
 Broken and unhappy family ties
 Ignored duties and responsibilities
 Financial constraint due to drug dependence and addiction
 Excessive cost of drug treatment and rehabilitation
 Family dishonor and embarrassment
 Separation of family members

B. Effects of Drug Use and Abuse on the School

 Poor academic performance
 Increased rate of absenteeism and tardiness
 Increased incidence of school fights
 Low academic achievement rate
 Incidence of disrespect to school authorities

C. Effects of Drug Use and Abuse on the Community

 High incidence of crime which includes stealing, robbery and snatching
 High incidence of accidents, e.g., road accident, accidental falling, etc.
 Affected economy due to low workforce production
 Loss of government funds due to drug-related operations, treatment, and rehabilitation

PREVENTION AND CONTROL OF SUBSTANCE USE AND ABUSE

*Responsible parents

- being a good parent can prevent a child from unhealthy habits like using drugs and many more. A parent must know her
limitations in using drugs. He should not let his child see him using drugs otherwise, child will also do it.

*Drug abuse awareness and education

- Prevention programs provide a basis for teaching young people to develop healthy behavioral patterns that do not
include drug taking.
- drug abuse education should be fully integrated into public and private, religious, or secular, school curricula, with
emphasis on the destructive effects of drug use.

*Treatment programs
- Treatment programs like social counselling can help individual user to live without drugs.

DRUG ABUSE TREATMENT AND REHABILITATION

Requirements
 Application for drug dependency examination.
 Application for police clearance and barangay clearance
 Application for certificate of no pending case from the regional trial court

Steps
 Voluntary
 Voluntary thru representations
 Compulsory confinement

Modes of Treatment

 Eclectic Approach - Holistic approach

- Addresses different personality aspects.
 Spiritual Approach - uses bible teaching
- renewal of connection with God
 Therapeutic Community Approach - Program wherein the community is used to foster change in attitude and
behavior.
 Hazelden-Mine-Sotta Model - Program that uses instructive lectures, cognitive-behavioral
psychology.

 Multidisciplinary Team Approach - Utilizes professional skills and services of a team.

- Psychiatrists, Psychologists, Therapists.

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 INJURY PREVENTION, SAFETY AND FIRST AID (Unintentional Injuries)

INTRODUCTION
“Prevention is better than cure.” Practicing this principal advocate safety awareness which is essential in achieving quality
of life. But our immediate environment poses danger to everyone. No place is considered safe not even in the comfort of our
homes. Accidents may happen to anybody at any place, at any time. Thus, taking the right safety measures greatly helps
prevent accidents and injuries. Nevertheless, when accidents happen, it is important to have the knowledge and skills to deal
with them. Having knowledge and skills on safety education and injury prevention could help you, your loved ones, and other
people in your community during emergency situations.
This offers you a wide array of information that can start you on the road to injury prevention. It focuses on the common
unintentional injuries that may happen at home, in your school, at work and even in recreational areas, and analyzes why such
injuries occur. In order to prevent or reduce the risks of these serious injuries, you will learn the concepts and principles of
safety education, practice the habits of observing appropriate personal safety measures; and take responsibility for your safety
and that of others by performing appropriate skills and knowledge in first aid procedure.
The processes of developing awareness of immediate hazards and dangers, equipping you with appropriate accident
prevention skills to overcome these hazards, and keeping everyone alive are components of safety education. Safety education
is important because living is more enjoyable when we are safe. Therefore, make safety a vital part of life.

OBJECTIVES
At the end of this module, you are expected to:
1. demonstrate the proper procedure in conducting basic life support (primary and secondary survey of the victims).
2. Assesses emergency situation for unintentional injuries
3. Explains the principles of wound dressing
4. demonstrate proper first aid procedure for common unintentional injuries.
5. demonstrate appropriate bandaging techniques for unintentional injuries; and
6. demonstrate proper techniques in carrying and transporting victims of unintentional injuries.
7. Differentiate unintentional injuries and intentional injuries.
A. FIRST AID BASICS
*What is First Aid? - it is a treatment rendered to an injured person or persons, quickly and immediately with the
available medicinal or oral resources, in the absence of a doctor.
- is an immediate and temporary care given to a person who suddenly gets ill or injured.
- it includes self-help and home care if medical assistance is not available or delayed.
- it can mean the difference between life and death in extreme cases.
ROLES OF FIRST AID
1. it is a bridge that feels the gap between the victim and the physician.
2. It is not intended to compete with or to take place of the services of the physician.
3. It ends when the service of the physician begins.
OBJECTIVES OF FIRST AID
1. To save lives
2. To prolong life
3. To alleviate suffering
4. To prevent further injury
CHARACTERISTICS OF A GOOD FIRST AIDER
1. Gentle - does not cause pain and panic
2. Observant - notices all signs
3. Resourceful - makes the best use of things at hand
4. Tactful - does not frighten the victim.
5. Sympathetic - comforts and reassures the victim
B. FIRST AID GUIDELINES AND PROCEDURES SURVEY THE SCENE
1. Do primary survey of the victim (check for vital signs, assess CAB (Circulation, Airway, Breathing)
2. Ask for help.
3. Do secondary survey of the victim (head-to-toe survey)
CARDIOPULMONARY RESUSCITATION (CPR)
 C - Cardio (Heart)
 P - Pulmonary (Lungs)
 R - Resuscitation (Recover)
*Cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) is a technique of basic life support for the purpose of oxygenation to the heart,
lungs, and brain until unless the appropriate medical treatment can come and restore the normal cardiopulmonary
function.
*CPR is a basic emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external cardiac
massage.
*CPR is as easy as C--A--B
C - oppressions push hard and fast on the center of the victim’s chest
A - airway tilt the victim head back and lift the chin to open the airway
B - breathing give mouth-to-mouth rescue breaths
Purposes
 To establish effective ventilation and circulation.
 To prevent irreversible brain damage from anoxia.
 To decrease immature mortality rate of patient in hospital.

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Indications
Cardiac arrest
1. Respiratory arrest resulting from: 2.
 Drowning  Sudden and complete loss of cardiac function.
 Stroke  Sudden collapse with loss of consciousness.
 Foreign body  Pulse absents (femoral and carotid).
 Drug overdose  No respiration.
 Smoke overdose
 Suffocation
 Myocardial infraction
 Coma; of any cause leading to airway obstruction

Note: If CPR is not given within 4-6minutes, death may occur.

TYPES OF CPR

A. Basic life support (BLS)

- it is sequences of procedures performed to restore the circulation of oxygenated blood after a sudden pulmonary
and/or cardiac arrest.
- chest compressions and pulmonary ventilation performed by anyone who knows how to do it, anywhere,
immediately, without any other equipment.
- BLS aims (1) to ensure open airway and adequate ventilation. (2) to maintain circulation until help comes and
definite treatment with advanced life support can be administered.
B. Advance life support (ALS)
- airway secured with advanced technology.
- breathing is maintained with some means of breathing apparatus, and
- circulation is maintained by BLS along with; (1) IV access (2) Defibrillator (3) Appropriate drugs.

THERE ARE TWO WAYS TO CONDUCT PHYSICAL EXAMINATION WHEN GIVING FIRST AID:

A. Primary Survey

Primary survey of the victim is used when the victim is unconscious and to find out and immediately treat life-threatening
conditions.
a. Check for Consciousness
1. Ask the victim: “Hey, hey, are you okay?” while carefully shaking the victim’s shoulder.
2. When there is no response, not even mumbles or groans, the victim is unconscious and in need of immediate
medical help.
b. Open the Airway
1. The victim’s unconsciousness due to an obstruction in his/her airway. It may also be caused by a narrowed airway
making breathing impossible.
2. Find out if there is loss of muscular control in the throat area which allows the tongue to slip back and block the
throat.
3. Lift the chin and tilt the head of the victim (if the victim is an adult). This way you will be able to lift the tongue from
the back of the throat, leaving the airway clear.
c. Check for Breathing
1. Put your face near the victim’s mouth and look, listen, and feel for breathing. You should observe for:
 Chest movement, sound of breathing, or feel of breath on your cheek
d. Check for Circulation
1. Locate pulse using your middle and index finger. Pulse indicates blood circulation, which is essential for the heart
and brain to function.
2. Poor blood circulation may be reflected on the pale color of the skin. This is fatal.
3. To revive circulation, perform CPR immediately.

B. Secondary Survey

Secondary survey is used when the victim is conscious or has revived. It aims to detect everything about the patient’s
condition.

Top Ten things to do in case of emergency

1. Shout for HELP!
2. Survey the scene and assess the situation.
3. Determine if the accident warrants a visit to the nearest hospital or if simple cleansing and band aid will do.
4. If you are certified in CPR and a victim needs it, begin CPR right away.
5. Stop the bleeding if there is any.
6. Treat any symptoms of shock.
7. Look for the medical alert tag in every victim.
8. Seek trained medical assistance.
9. Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious victim.
10. Wait for medical professionals to arrive.