Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -

600004
Ex
No.
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS-IF
1 (a)

AIM:
To write a python program to check if a number is positive and less than 10 using if
statement.

PROGRAM:
# Checking if a number is positive and less than 10
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
if num > 0 and num < 10:
print("The number is positive and less than 10.")

OUTPUT:
Enter a number: 8
The number is positive and less than 10.

RESULT:
Thus the python program to check if a number is positive and less than 10 using if statement
has been executed successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex
No.
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS-IF..ELSE
1 (b)

AIM:
To write a python program to check whether a number is divisible by 5 using if..else
statement.

PROGRAM:
# Checking divisibility

num = int(input("Enter a number:

")) if num % 5 == 0:
print(f"{num} is divisible by 5.")
else:
print(f"{num} is not divisible by 5.")

OUTPUT:
Enter a number: 225
225 is divisible by 5.

RESULT:
Thus the python program to check if a number is divisible by 5 using if..else statement has
been executed successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex No.

1 (c) CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS-IF..ELIF..ELSE

AIM:
To write a python program to find the grade for a given mark using if..elif..else statement.

PROGRAM:
# Grading system

marks = int(input("Enter your mark: "))

if marks >= 90:
print("Grade: A")
elif marks >= 75:
print("Grade: B")
elif marks >= 50:
print("Grade: C")
else:
print("Grade: F")

OUTPUT:

Enter your mark: 78

Grade: B

RESULT:

Thus the python program to find the grade for a given mark using if..elif..else statement has
been executed successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex
No.
CONDITIONAL STATEMENTS - NESTED IF ELSE
1 (d)

AIM:
To write a python program to find the greatest of three numbers using nested if..else
statements.

PROGRAM:
# Input: Getting three numbers from the user
num1 = float(input("Enter the first number: "))
num2 = float(input("Enter the second number: "))
num3 = float(input("Enter the third number: "))

# Using nested if...else to find the greatest

number if num1 >= num2:
if num1 >= num3:
print(f"The greatest number is {num1}")
else:
print(f"The greatest number is {num3}")
else:
if num2 >= num3:
print(f"The greatest number is {num2}")
else:
print(f"The greatest number is {num3}")

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
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OUTPUT:

Enter the first number: 5

Enter the second number:
10 Enter the third number: 2
The greatest number is 10.0

RESULT:
Thus the python program to find the greatest of three numbers has been executed
successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex
No.
CONTROL STATEMENT - FOR LOOP
2 (a)

AIM:
To write a python program to find the square of numbers from 1 to 5 using a for loop.
PROGRAM:
# Printing squares of numbers from 1 to
5 for i in range(1, 6):
print(f"Square of {i}: {i*i}")

OUTPUT:
Square of 1: 1
Square of 2: 4

Square of 3: 9
Square of 4: 16
Square of 5: 25

RESULT:
Thus the python program to find the square of numbers from 1 to 5 has been executed
successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex
No.
CONTROL STATEMENT - NESTED FOR LOOP
2 (b)

AIM:
To write a python program that displays a 5x5 pattern of stars using a nested for loop.

PROGRAM :
# Printing a 5x5 pattern of
stars for i in range(5):
for j in range(5):
print("*", end=" ")
print()

OUTPUT:
*****
*****
*****
*****

*****

RESULT:
Thus the python program that displays a 5x5 pattern of stars has been executed successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex CONTROL STATEMENTS
No.
USING BREAK
2 (c)

AIM:

To write a python program that uses the break keyword to come out of the loop when a
certain condition is met.

PROGRAM:
for i in range(1, 11):
if i == 7:
print("Stopped at", i)
break
print(i)

OUTPUT:

1
2

3
4
5

6
Stopped at 7

RESULT:
Thus the python program that uses the break keyword to come out of the loop when a
certain condition is met has been executed successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex CONTROL STATEMENTS
No.
USING CONTINUE
2 (d)

AIM:

To write a python program to skip the multiples of 3 using continue keyword.

PROGRAM:
# Skipping multiples of 3
for i in range(1, 11):
if i % 3 == 0:

continue

print(i)
OUTPUT:
1
2
4
5
7
8
10

RESULT:

Thus the python program to skip the multiples of 3 has been executed successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex CONTROL STATEMENTS
No.
WHILE LOOP
2 (e)

AIM:

To write a python program to check whether the given number is palindrome or not using
while loop.

PROGRAM:
n=int(input("Enter Number: "))
m=n
rev=0
while(n>0):
dig=n%10
rev=rev*10+dig
n=n//10
if rev==m:

print(m,"is Palindrome")
else:
print(m,"is not Palindrome")

OUTPUT:

Enter Number: 1221

1221 is Palindrome

RESULT:
Thus the python program to check whether the given number is palindrome or not using a
while loop has been executed successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex
No.
STRING AND RELATED FUNCTIONS
3 A)

AIM:
To write a python program to demonstrate string functions.

PROGRAM:
# Define a sample string
sample_text = " Hello, Welcome to the world of Python. "

# 1. upper(): Convert all characters to uppercase

print("In Upper Case ",sample_text.upper())

# 2. lower(): Convert all characters to lowercase

print("In Lower Case",sample_text.lower())

# 3. strip(): Remove leading and trailing whitespaces

print("After Removing Leading and Trailing whitespaces:\n",sample_text.strip())

# 4. replace(): Replace occurrences of a substring with another substring

print("After Replace: ",sample_text.replace("Python", "Programming"))

# 5. split(): Split the string into a list based on a delimiter

print("Splitting: ",sample_text.split())

# 6. join(): Join elements of a list into a single string with a specified

separator words = ['Hello', 'world', 'join', 'example']

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
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print("Joining a list of words: "," ".join(words))

# 7. find(): Find the index of the first occurrence of a substring, -1 if not

found print("Find the position of substring 'Python':
",sample_text.find("Python"))

# 8. startswith(): Check if the string starts with a specific substring

print("does the sentence start with hello? ",sample_text.startswith("Hello"))

# 9. endswith(): Check if the string ends with a specific substring

print("does the sentence start with
'.'",sample_text.endswith("."))

# 10. count(): Count occurrences of a substring in the string

print("How many 'o' are there in the sample text? ",sample_text.count("o"))

text_alpha = "Python"
text_digit = "12345"
text_alnum = "Python123"

text_space = " " # Contains only spaces

text_title = "Python Programming"

# 11. isalpha(): Check if the string contains only alphabetic characters

print(f"'{text_alpha}' is alphabetic:", text_alpha.isalpha())

# 12. isdigit(): Check if the string contains only numeric characters

print(f"'{text_digit}' is numeric:", text_digit.isdigit())

# 13. isalnum(): Check if the string contains only alphanumeric characters (letters and numbers)
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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
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print(f"'{text_alnum}' is alphanumeric:", text_alnum.isalnum())

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# 14. isspace(): Check if the string contains only whitespace characters

print(f"'{text_space}' contains only spaces:", text_space.isspace())

# 15. istitle(): Check if the string follows title case (first letter of each word is uppercase)
print(f"'{text_title}' is in title case:", text_title.istitle())

OUTPUT:
In Upper Case HELLO, WELCOME TO THE WORLD OF PYTHON.
In Lower Case hello, welcome to the world of python.
After Removing Leading and Trailing whitespaces:
Hello, Welcome to the world of Python.
After Replace: Hello, Welcome to the world of Programming.
Splitting: ['Hello,', 'Welcome', 'to', 'the', 'world', 'of',
'Python.'] Joining a list of words: Hello world join example
Find the position of substring 'Python':
33 does the sentence start with hello?
False does the sentence start with '.'
False
How many 'o' are there in the sample text? 6
'Python' is alphabetic: True
'12345' is numeric: True
'Python123' is alphanumeric: True
' ' contains only spaces: True
'Python Programming' is in title case: True

RESULT:

Thus the python program to demonstrate string functions has been executed successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex
No.
COUNT VOWELS IN A STRING
3 B)

AIM:
To write a python program that counts the no. of vowels, consonants and whitespaces in a
given string.

PROGRAM:
def count_characters(string):
vowels = "aeiouAEIOU"
vowel_count = 0
consonant_count = 0

whitespace_count = 0

for char in string:

if char in vowels:
vowel_count += 1
elif [Link](): # Checks if the character is a letter
consonant_count += 1
elif [Link](): # Checks if the character is a space
whitespace_count += 1

return vowel_count, consonant_count, whitespace_count

# Input from the user

text = input("Enter a string: ")

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
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600004

# Count characters
vowels, consonants, whitespaces = count_characters(text)

# Display the results

print(f"Vowels: {vowels}")
print(f"Consonants: {consonants}")
print(f"Whitespaces: {whitespaces}")

OUTPUT:

Enter a string: Welcome to the world of python

Vowels: 8
Consonants: 17
Whitespaces: 5

RESULT:

Thus the python program that counts the no. of vowels, consonants and whitespaces in a
given string has been executed successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex
No.
LIST RELATED FUNCTIONS
3 c)

AIM:
To write a python program that demonstrates various list functions.

PROGRAM:
# Define a sample list
sample_list = [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 3, 6]

# 1. append(): Add an element to the end of the list

print("After append:", sample_list)

# 2. extend(): Add elements of another list to the existing list

sample_list.extend([7, 8, 9])
print("After extend:", sample_list)

# 3. insert(): Insert an element at a specific index

sample_list.insert(0, 0) # Insert 0 at index 0
print("After insert:", sample_list)

# 4. remove(): Remove the first occurrence of an element

sample_list.remove(4) # Remove the number 4
print("After remove:", sample_list)

# 5. pop(): Remove and return an element at a specific index (default is the last)

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
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removed_element = sample_list.pop() # Remove the last element
print("After pop:", sample_list, "| Removed element:", removed_element)

# 6. index(): Get the index of the first occurrence of an element

index_of_two = sample_list.index(2)
print("Index of 2:", index_of_two)

# 7. count(): Count the number of occurrences of an element in the list

count_of_two = sample_list.count(2)
print("Count of 2:", count_of_two)

# 8. sort(): Sort the list in ascending order

sample_list.sort()
print("After sort:", sample_list)

# 9. reverse(): Reverse the order of elements in the list

sample_list.reverse()
print("After reverse:", sample_list)

# 10. copy(): Create a shallow copy of the

list copied_list = sample_list.copy()
print("Copied list:", copied_list)

# 11. clear(): Remove all elements from the list

sample_list.clear()
print("After clear:", sample_list)

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OUTPUT:
After append: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 3, 6]
After extend: [1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9]
After insert: [0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9]
After remove: [0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 9]

After pop: [0, 1, 2, 3, 5, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8] | Removed element: 9

Index of 2: 2
Count of 2: 2
After sort: [0, 1, 2, 2, 3, 3, 5, 6, 7, 8]
After reverse: [8, 7, 6, 5, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1, 0]

Copied list: [8, 7, 6, 5, 3, 3, 2, 2, 1, 0]

After clear: []

RESULT:

Thus the python program that demonstrates various list functions has been successfully
executed.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex
No.
SPLIT NUMBERS IN A LIST
3 d)

AIM:
To write a python program that splits odd and even numbers from a given list.

PROGRAM:

# declare and assign list1

list1 = [11, 22, 33, 44, 55]

# declare listOdd - to store odd numbers

# declare listEven - to store even
numbers listOdd = []
listEven = []

# check and append odd numbers in

listOdd # and even numbers in listEven
for num in list1:
if num%2 == 0:

[Link](num)
else:

[Link](num)

# print lists

print( "list1: ", list1 )

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
print( "listEven: ", listEven)
print( "listOdd: ", listOdd)

OUTPUT:

list1: [11, 22, 33, 44, 55]

listEven: [22, 44]
listOdd: [11, 33, 55]

RESULT:
Thus the python program for splitting odd and even numbers in the given list is executed
successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex
No.
TUPLES
3 e)

AIM:
To write a python program that demonstrates the use of tuple and its related functions.

PROGRAM:
# empty tuple
my_tuple = ()
print("Empty tuple :", my_tuple, type(my_tuple))

#tuple having one element will become an integer by default

my_tuple = (100)
print("Result: ",my_tuple, " | Type: ", type(my_tuple) )

#tuple having one element with a comma after it won't be converted into integer
my_tuple = (100,)
print("With Comma, Result: ",my_tuple, " | Type: ", type(my_tuple) )

# tuple having integers

my_tuple = (1, 2, 3)
print("Tuple with integers :", my_tuple)

# tuple with mixed datatypes

my_tuple = (1, "Hello", 3.4, 2, 2)
print("Tuple with mixed data types :", my_tuple)

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
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print("Accessing tuple using index: ", my_tuple[1])

# Returns the index of the first occurrence of a specified value.

print("First Occurrence of 2 is at : ", my_tuple.index(2))

# Returns the no. of times a specified element has occurred

print("Count no. of times 2 has occurred: ",my_tuple.count(2))

# nested tuple

my_tuple = ("mouse", [8, 4, 6], (1, 2, 3))

print("Nested tuples :", my_tuple)

# tuple can be created without parentheses also called tuple packing

my_tuple = 3, "dog", 4.6
print("Tuple is created without parentheses ", my_tuple)

# tuple unpacking is also possible

a, b, c = my_tuple
print("Tuple unpacking: ", a, b, c)

n_tuple = ("mouse", [8, 4, 6], (1, 2, 3))

print("Accessing nested tuple :", n_tuple[2][2])

print("Before deleting in tuple ", my_tuple)

del my_tuple

# checking whether my_tuple exist in the scope where it was defined

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
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if not 'my_tuple' in
locals(): print("Tuple is
deleted ")
else:
print("Tuple is not deleted")

tuple1 = [2]
print(tuple1,type(tuple1))

OUTPUT:
Empty tuple : () <class 'tuple'>
Result: 100 | Type: <class 'int'>
With Comma, Result: (100,) | Type: <class 'tuple'>
Tuple with integers : (1, 2, 3)
Tuple with mixed data types : (1, 'Hello', 3.4, 2, 2)
Accessing tuple using index: Hello
First Occurrence of 2 is at : 3
Count no. of times 2 has occurred: 2
Nested tuples : ('mouse', [8, 4, 6], (1, 2, 3))
Tuple is created without parentheses (3, 'dog',
4.6) Tuple unpacking: 3 dog 4.6
Accessing nested tuple : 3
Before deleting in tuple (3, 'dog', 4.6)
Tuple is deleted
[2] <class 'list'>

RESULT:
Thus the python program that demonstrates the use of tuple and its related functions has
been executed successfully.
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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex FUNCTIONS - NO ARGUMENTS AND NO
No. RETURN VALUE

4 a)

AIM:

To write a python program that performs addition using a function with no arguments and
no return value.

PROGRAM:
# Python Function with No Arguments, and No Return Value
def Adding():
a = 20
b = 30
Sum = a + b
print("After Calling the Function:",
Sum) Adding()

OUTPUT:
After Calling the Function: 50

RESULT:
Thus the python program that performs addition using a function with no arguments and no return
value has been executed successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex No. FUNCTIONS - WITH ARGUMENTS AND
NO RETURN VALUE
4 b)

AIM:

To write a python program that greets a user using a function with arguments and no return
value.

PROGRAM:

# Function that takes a name and prints a greeting

def greet(name):
print(f"Hello, {name}! Welcome to Python .")

# Taking user input

user_name = input("Enter your name:

") greet(user_name)

OUTPUT:
Enter your name: john

Hello, john! Welcome to Python .

RESULT:
Thus, the python program that greets a user using a function with arguments and no return
value has been successfully executed.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex FUNCTIONS - WITH ARGUMENTS AND
No. RETURN VALUE

4 c)

AIM:

To write a python program that finds the square of a given number using a function with
arguments and a return value.

PROGRAM:

# Function that returns the square of a

number def square(num):
return num * num

# Taking user input

num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print("Square of the number:",
square(num))

OUTPUT:
Enter a number: 8
Square of the number:
64

RESULT:
Thus, the Python program that finds the square of a given number using a function with
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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
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and a return value has been successfully executed.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex FUNCTIONS - DEFAULT ARGUMENTS
No.

4 d)

AIM:

To write a Python program that greets a user using a function with default arguments.

PROGRAM:

# Function with a default

argument def
greet(name="User"):
print(f"Hello, {name}!")

# Calling function with and without argument

greet() # Uses default value
greet("Alice") # Uses provided value

OUTPUT:
Hello, User!
Hello, Alice!

RESULT:

Thus, the Python program that greets a user using a function with default arguments has
been successfully executed.
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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex No. FUNCTIONS - KEYWORD ARGUMENTS

4 e)

AIM:
To write a python program that displays student details using a function with keyword
arguments.

PROGRAM:
# Function that prints student details
def student_details(name, age, course):
print(f"Student Name: {name}")
print(f"Age: {age}")
print(f"Course: {course}")

# Calling function using keyword arguments

student_details(course="Computer Science", name="Alice", age=20)

OUTPUT:
Student Name: Alice
Age: 20
Course: Computer Science

RESULT:

Thus the python program that displays student details using a function with keyword
arguments has been executed successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex
No.
FUNCTIONS - VARIABLE LENGTH
4 f) POSITIONAL ARGUMENTS

AIM:

To write a python program that calculates the sum of given numbers using a function with
variable length positional arguments, and return value.

PROGRAM:
# Function that calculates the sum of multiple
numbers def calculate_sum(*numbers):
return sum(numbers)

# Calling the function with multiple or variable no. of arguments

print("Sum:", calculate_sum(5, 10, 15, 20))
print("Sum:", calculate_sum(1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6))

OUTPUT:
After Calling the Function: 50

RESULT:
Thus the python program that calculates the sum of given numbers using a function with
variable length positional arguments, and return value has been executed successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex
No.
FUNCTIONS - VARIABLE LENGTH
4 g) KEYWORD ARGUMENTS

AIM:

To write a python program that displays employee details using a function with variable
length keyword arguments, and no return value.

PROGRAM:
# Function that prints employee
details def
employee_details(**details):
for key, value in [Link]():
print(f"{key}: {value}")

# Calling function with multiple keyword arguments

employee_details(name="Alice", age=25, department="HR", salary=50000)

OUTPUT:
Student Name: Alice
Age: 20
Course: Computer Science

RESULT:
Thus the python program that displays employee details using a function with variable
length keyword arguments, and no return value has been executed successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex
No.
FUNCTIONS - RECURSIVE FUNCTION
4 h)

AIM:

To write a python program that calculates the factorial of a given number using a recursive
function.

PROGRAM:
# Recursive function to calculate factorial
def factorial(n):
if n == 1:
return 1
else:

return n * factorial(n -
1) # Taking user input
num = int(input("Enter a number: "))
print(f"Factorial of {num} is:", factorial(num))

OUTPUT:
Enter a number: 5
Factorial of 5 is: 120

RESULT:
Thus the python program that calculates the factorial of a given number using a recursive
function has been executed successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex
No.
MODULES - USER DEFINED MODULE
4 i)

AIM:

To write a python program that creates a user defined module to find the area of shapes.

PROGRAM:

module_cal.py

def sq(a):
return
a*a def rect(w,l):
return w*l
def tri(h,b):
return (h*b)/2
def cir(r):
return 3.14*r*r

module_demo.py

import module_cal
a=int(input("Enter the Value of side:"))
w=int(input("Enter the Value of Width:"))
l=int(input("Enter the Value of Length:"))
h=int(input("Enter the value of Height:"))
b=int(input("Enter the value of Base:"))
r=int(input("Enter the Value of radius:"))

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print("area of Square : ",module_cal.sq(a))
print("area of Rectangle :",module_cal.rect(w,l))
print("area of Triangle :",module_cal.tri(h,b))
print("area of Circle :",module_cal.cir(r))

OUTPUT:
Enter the Value of side:25
Enter the Value of Width:40
Enter the Value of Length:24
Enter the value of Height:12
Enter the value of Base:23
Enter the Value of radius:34
area of Square : 625
area of Rectangle : 960
area of Triangle :
138.0 area of Circle :
3629.84

RESULT:
Thus the python program that creates a user-defined module to find the area of shapes has
been executed successfully.
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Ex
No.
MODULES - MATH MODULE
4 j)

AIM:

To write a python program that demonstrates the use of the math module by performing
various mathematical operations.

PROGRAM:
import math
print("*****FACTORIAL*****")
a = int(input("enter the number:"))
print("the factorial of the given number is", [Link](a)) # returns factorial of the given
number
print("\n")
print("*****ABSOLUTE VALUE*****")
b = int(input("enter the number:"))
print("the absolute float value of the given number is", [Link](b)) # returns the absolute value
print("\n")
print("*****MODULUS*****")
x = int(input("enter the numerator:"))
y = int(input("enter the denominator:"))
print("the modulus of the given number is", [Link](x, y)) # Returns the remainder when x is
divided by y
print("\n")

print("*****SQUARE ROOT*****")
c = int(input("enter the number:"))
print("the squareroot of the given number is", [Link](c)) # returns the square root value

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print("\n")
print("*****pi value*****")
r = int(input("enter the radius:"))
print("the area of the circle is", [Link] * r * r) # returns the pi value(3.14)
print("\n")
print("*****TRUNCATE*****")

d = float(input("enter the decimal number:"))

print("the truncate value of the given number is", [Link](d)) # returns the truncated integer
value
print("\n")
print("*****SIN*****")
e = int(input("enter the number:"))
print("the sine value of the given number is", [Link](e)) # returns the sine value
print("\n")
print("*****COS*****")
f = int(input("enter the number:"))
print("the cosine value of the given number is", [Link](f)) # returns the cosine
value print("\n")
print("*****TAN*****")
g = int(input("enter the number:"))
print("the tangent value of the given number is", [Link](g)) # returns the tangent value print("\
n")
print("*****INFINITY*****")
h = int(input("enter the number:"))
print("the given number is", [Link](h)) # returns True if the given number is a positive or
negative infinity

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OUTPUT:
*****FACTORIAL*****
enter the number:6
the factorial of the given number is 720

*****ABSOLUTE
VALUE***** enter the
number:3
the absolute float value of the given number is 3.0

*****MODULUS*****
enter the numerator:5
enter the denominator:2
the modulus of the given number is 1.0

*****SQUARE ROOT*****
enter the number:2
the squareroot of the given number is 1.4142135623730951

*****pi value*****
enter the radius:1
the area of the circle is 3.141592653589793

*****TRUNCATE*****
enter the decimal number:1.34567
the truncate value of the given number is 1

*****SIN*****
enter the number:1
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the sine value of the given number is 0.8414709848078965

*****COS*****
enter the number:90
the cosine value of the given number is -0.4480736161291701

*****TAN*****
enter the number:89
the tangent value of the given number is 1.6858253705060158

*****INFINITY*****
enter the number:0
the given number is False

RESULT:

Thus the python program that demonstrates the use of the math module by performing
various mathematical operations has been executed successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
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Ex
No.
MODULES - TIME MODULE
4 k)

AIM:

To write a Python program that demonstrates the use of the time module

PROGRAM:
import time #import the time
module print("*****TIME*****")
seconds = [Link]() #The time() function returns the number of seconds passed since epoch.
print("Seconds since epoch =", seconds)
print("\n")

print("*****CURRENT TIME*****")
local_time = [Link](seconds) #The [Link]() function takes seconds passed since epoch as
an argument and returns a string representing local time.
print("Local time:", local_time)
print("\n")
print("This is printed immediately.")
[Link](2.4) #The sleep() function suspends (delays) execution of the current thread for the
given number of seconds.
print("This is printed after 2.4
seconds.") print("\n")
print("*****LOCAL TIME*****")

result = [Link](seconds) #The localtime() function takes the number of seconds passed
since epoch as an argument and returns struct_time in local time.
print("result:", result) print("\
nyear:", result.tm_year)

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print("tm_hour:", result.tm_hour)
print("\n")
print("*****TIME AND HOUR*****")
result = [Link](seconds) #The gmtime() function takes the number of seconds passed since
epoch as an argument and returns struct_time in UTC.
print("result:", result) print("\
nyear:", result.tm_year)
print("tm_hour:", result.tm_hour)
print("\n")
print("*****MAKE TIME*****")
t = (2018, 12, 28, 8, 44, 4, 4, 362, 0)

local_time = [Link](t) #The mktime() function takes struct_time (or a tuple containing
9 elements corresponding to struct_time) as an argument and returns the seconds passed
since epoch in local time. Basically, it's the inverse function of localtime().
print("Local time:",
local_time) print("\n")
print("*****TIME WITH DAY*****")
t = (2018, 12, 28, 8, 44, 4, 4, 362, 0)
result = [Link](t) #The asctime() function takes struct_time (or a tuple containing 9 elements
corresponding to struct_time) as an argument and returns a string representing it
print("Result:", result)

print("\n")

print("*****MONTH/DATE/YEAR*****")
named_tuple = [Link]() # get
struct_time
time_string = [Link]("%m/%d/%Y, %H:%M:%S", named_tuple)#The strftime() function takes
struct_time (or tuple corresponding to it) as an argument and returns a string representing it
based on the format code used.
print(time_string)
print("\n")
print("*****TIME AS STRUCTURE FORMAT*****")
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time_string = "21 June, 2018"
result = [Link](time_string, "%d %B, %Y") #The strptime() function parses a string
representing time and returns struct_time.
print(result) print("\
n")

OUTPUT:

*****TIME*****
Seconds since epoch = 1583953676.6467428

*****CURRENT TIME*****

Local time: Thu Mar 12 00:37:56 2020

This is printed immediately.
This is printed after 2.4 seconds.
*****LOCAL TIME*****
result: time.struct_time(tm_year=2020, tm_mon=3, tm_mday=12, tm_hour=0,
tm_min=37, tm_sec=56, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=72, tm_isdst=0)

year: 2020
tm_hour: 0
*****TIME AND HOUR*****

result: time.struct_time(tm_year=2020, tm_mon=3, tm_mday=11, tm_hour=19,

tm_min=7, tm_sec=56, tm_wday=2, tm_yday=71, tm_isdst=0)
year: 2020
tm_hour: 19

*****MAKE TIME*****
Local time: 1545966844.0
*****TIME WITH DAY*****
Result: Fri Dec 28 08:44:04 2018

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*****MONTH/DATE/YEAR*****
03/12/2020, 00:37:59
*****TIME AS STRUCTURE FORMAT*****
time.struct_time(tm_year=2018, tm_mon=6, tm_mday=21, tm_hour=0, tm_min=0,
tm_sec=0, tm_wday=3, tm_yday=172, tm_isdst=-1)

RESULT:
Thus the python program that demonstrates the use of the time module has been executed
successfully.

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Ex
No.
FILES CONCEPT - TEXT FILE
5 a)

AIM:
To write a python program to create a student record management system that uses a text
file to store student records.
PROGRAM:

# Function to display the

menu def display_menu():
print("\nStudent Records Management System")
print("1. View All Records")
print("2. Add Student Record")
print("3. Remove Student Record")
print("4. Exit")

# Function to view all student records in the file

def view_records(file_name):
try:
with open(file_name, 'r') as file:
records = [Link]()
if not records:
print("No records found.")
else:
print("\nStudent Records:")
for record in records:
print([Link]())

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except FileNotFoundError:
print("No records found. Starting a new file.")

# Function to add a student record

def add_record(file_name):
student_name = input("Enter student's name:
") student_id = input("Enter student ID: ")
student_grade = input("Enter student's grade:
")

with open(file_name, 'a') as file: [Link](f"{student_name},

{student_id},{student_grade}\n")

print(f"Record for {student_name} added successfully.")

# Function to remove a student record

def remove_record(file_name):
try:
with open(file_name, 'r') as file:
records = [Link]()
if not records:

print("No records to remove.")

return
print("\nSelect the record to remove:")
for idx, record in enumerate(records,
1):
print(f"{idx}. {[Link]()}")

record_num = int(input("\nEnter the record number to remove:

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1 <= record_num <= len(records):

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removed_record = [Link](record_num - 1)
with open(file_name, 'w') as file:
[Link](records)
print(f"Record ( {removed_record.strip()} )removed.")
else:
print("Invalid record
number.") except FileNotFoundError:
print("No records to remove.")

# Main program loop

def main():
file_name = 'student_records.txt' # Text file where student records will be saved
while True:
display_menu()
choice = input("Select an option: ")

if choice == '1':
view_records(file_name)
elif choice == '2':
add_record(file_name)
elif choice == '3':
remove_record(file_name)
elif choice == '4':
print("Exiting the program. Goodbye!")
break
else:
print("Invalid choice. Please select a valid option.")

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# Start the application
if name == " main ":
main()

OUTPUT:

Student Records Management System

1. View All Records
2. Add Student Record
3. Remove Student Record
4. Exit

Select an option: 1
No records found. Starting a new file.

Select an option: 2
Enter student's name: Guru
Enter student ID: 28
Enter student's grade: A
Record for Guru added successfully.

Select an option: 2

Enter student's name: John

Enter student ID: 44
Enter student's grade: C
Record for John added successfully.

Select an option: 1
Student Records:
Guru,28,A

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John,44,C

Select an option: 3
Select the record to remove:
1. Guru,28,A

2. John,44,C
Enter the record number to remove: 2
Record for John,44,C removed.

Select an option: 1
Student Records:
Guru,28,A

Select an option: 4
Exiting the program. Goodbye!

RESULT:
Thus the python program to create a student record management system that uses a text
file to store student records has been executed successfully.

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Ex
No.
FILES CONCEPT - BINARY FILE
5 b)

AIM:
To write a python program to create a student record management system that uses a
binary file to store student records.
PROGRAM:

import pickle
# Function to add a new book to the library
def add_book(library):
title = input("Enter book title: ")
author = input("Enter author name:
") genre = input("Enter book genre:
") book = {
'title': title,
'author':
author, 'genre':
genre
}
[Link](book)
print(f"Book '{title}' added successfully.")

# Function to search for books by title

def search_by_title(library):
search_title = input("Enter title to search for: ")
found_books = [book for book in library if search_title.lower() in
book['title'].lower()] if found_books:
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for book in found_books:
print(f"Title: {book['title']}, Author: {book['author']}, Genre:
{book['genre']}") else:
print(f"No books found with title containing '{search_title}'.")

# Function to search for books by author

def search_by_author(library):
search_author = input("Enter author name to search for: ")
found_books = [book for book in library if search_author.lower() in
book['author'].lower()] if found_books:
for book in found_books:
print(f"Title: {book['title']}, Author: {book['author']}, Genre: {book['genre']}")
else:
print(f"No books found by author '{search_author}'.")

# Function to display all books in the library

def display_books(library):
if not library:
print("No books in the library.")
else:
for idx, book in enumerate(library, 1):
print(f"{idx}. Title: {book['title']}, Author: {book['author']}, Genre: {book['genre']}")

# Function to save the library to a pickle file

def save_data(library):
with open('[Link]', 'wb') as
f: [Link](library, f)
print("Library data saved successfully.")

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# Function to load the library from a pickle file

def load_data():
try:
with open('[Link]', 'rb') as
f: library = [Link](f)
return library
except FileNotFoundError:
print("No library data found. Starting with an empty library.")
return []

# Main function to run the application

def main():
library = load_data() # Load existing library data if available

while True:
print("\nBook Management System")
print("1. Add Book")
print("2. Search Book by Title")
print("3. Search Book by
Author") print("4. Display All
Books") print("5. Save Library
Data") print("6. Exit")
choice = input("Enter your choice: ")

if choice == '1':
add_book(library)
elif choice == '2':

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search_by_title(library)
elif choice == '3':
search_by_author(library)
elif choice == '4':
display_books(library)
elif choice == '5':
save_data(library)
elif choice == '6':
print("Exiting the system.")
break
else:
print("Invalid choice. Please try again.")

if name == " main ":

main()

OUTPUT:
Book Management System
1. Add Book
2. Search Book by Title

3. Search Book by Author

4. Display All Books
5. Save Library Data
6. Exit

Enter your choice: 1

Enter book title: The Power of Your Subconscious
Mind Enter author name: Joseph Murphy

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Enter book genre: Self-Help and Spirituality
Book 'The Power of Your Subconscious Mind' added successfully.

Enter your choice: 1

Enter book title: The Psychology of Money:

Enter author name: Morgan Housel

Enter book genre: Business &
Economics
Book 'The Psychology of Money:' added successfully.

Enter your choice: 2

Enter title to search for: The Power of Your Subconscious Mind

Title: The Power of Your Subconscious Mind, Author: Joseph Murphy, Genre: Self-Help and
Spirituality

Enter your choice: 3

Enter author name to search for: Morgan Housel
Title: The Psychology of Money:, Author: Morgan Housel, Genre: Business & Economics

Enter your choice: 4

1. Title: The Power of Your Subconscious Mind, Author: Joseph Murphy, Genre: Self-Help
and Spirituality
2. Title: The Psychology of Money:, Author: Morgan Housel, Genre: Business & Economics

Enter your choice: 5

Library data saved successfully.

RESULT:
Thus the python program to create a student record management system that uses a
binary file to store student records has been executed successfully.
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Ex
No.
FILES CONCEPT - CSV FILE
5 c)

AIM:
To write a python program to create a student record management system that uses a csv
file to store student records.
PROGRAM:

import csv
# Function to add a new student
record def add_student(student_file):
name = input("Enter student's name:
") age = input("Enter student's age: ")
grade = input("Enter student's grade:
")

with open(student_file, mode='a', newline='') as file:

writer = [Link](file)
[Link]([name, age, grade])

print(f"Student {name} added successfully.")

# Function to display all students

def
display_students(student_file):
try:
with open(student_file, mode='r') as
file: reader = [Link](file)
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students = list(reader)

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if students: print("\
nStudent List:")
for idx, student in enumerate(students, 1):
print(f"{idx}. Name: {student[0]}, Age: {student[1]}, Grade:
{student[2]}") else:
print("No students found.")
except FileNotFoundError:
print("No student data found. The file is empty.")

# Function to update a student's

details def
update_student(student_file):
display_students(student_file) # Show students to the user
student_number = int(input("Enter the student number to update: ")) - 1

try:
with open(student_file, mode='r') as file:
reader = [Link](file)
students = list(reader)

if 0 <= student_number < len(students):

print(
f"Current details - Name: {students[student_number][0]}, Age:
{students[student_number][1]}, Grade: {students[student_number][2]}")
name = input("Enter new name (leave blank to keep current): ")
age = input("Enter new age (leave blank to keep current): ")
grade = input("Enter new grade (leave blank to keep current): ")

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if name:

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students[student_number][0] = name
if age:
students[student_number][1] = age
if grade:
students[student_number][2] = grade

# Writing the updated list back to the CSV file

with open(student_file, mode='w', newline='') as file:
writer = [Link](file)
[Link](students)

print("Student details updated successfully.")

else:
print("Invalid student number.")
except FileNotFoundError:
print("No student data found.")

# Function to delete a student record

def delete_student(student_file):
display_students(student_file) # Show students to the user
student_number = int(input("Enter the student number to delete: ")) - 1

try:
with open(student_file, mode='r') as file:
reader = [Link](file)
students = list(reader)

if 0 <= student_number < len(students):

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del students[student_number]

# Writing the updated list back to the CSV file

with open(student_file, mode='w', newline='') as file:
writer = [Link](file)
[Link](students)

print("Student record deleted successfully.")

else:
print("Invalid student number.")
except FileNotFoundError:
print("No student data found.")

# Main function to run the application

def main():
student_file = '[Link]'

while True:
print("\nStudent Management System")
print("1. Add Student")
print("2. Display All Students")
print("3. Update Student Details")
print("4. Delete Student")
print("5. Exit")
choice = input("Enter your choice: ")

if choice == '1':
add_student(student_file)

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elif choice == '2':
display_students(student_file)
elif choice == '3':
update_student(student_file)
elif choice == '4':
delete_student(student_file)
elif choice == '5':
print("Exiting the system.")
break
else:
print("Invalid choice. Please try again.")

if name == " main ":

main()

OUTPUT:
Student Management System
1. Add Student
2. Display All Students
3. Update Student Details

4. Delete Student
5. Exit

Enter your choice: 1

Enter student's name: Guru

Enter student's age: 20
Enter student's grade: A
Student Guru added successfully.

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Enter your choice: 1

Enter student's name: Ram
Enter student's age: 22
Enter student's grade: C
Student Ram added successfully.

Enter your choice:

2 Student List:
1. Name: Guru, Age: 20, Grade: A

2. Name: Ram, Age: 22, Grade: C

Enter your choice:

3 Student List:
1. Name: Guru, Age: 20, Grade: A

2. Name: Ram, Age: 22, Grade: C

Enter the student number to update: 2
Current details - Name: Ram, Age: 22, Grade:
C Enter new name (leave blank to keep
current): Enter new age (leave blank to keep
current): 20 Enter new grade (leave blank to
keep current): Student details updated
successfully.

Enter your choice:

2 Student List:
1. Name: Guru, Age: 20, Grade: A
2. Name: Ram, Age: 20, Grade: C

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Enter your choice: 4 Student List:
1. Name: Guru, Age: 20, Grade: A
2. Name: Ram, Age: 20, Grade: C
Enter the student number to delete:
1 Student record deleted
successfully.

Enter your choice: 2

Student List:
1. Name: Ram, Age: 20, Grade: C

RESULT:
Thus the python program to create a student record management system that uses a csv file
to store student records has been executed successfully.

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Ex
No.
EXCEPTION HANDLING
5 d)

AIM:

To write a python program to implement exception handling concepts.

PROGRAM:

def handle_multiple_exceptions():
try:
num1 = int(input("Enter a number for integer conversion: "))

num2 = int(input("Enter another number for division: "))

result = num1 / num2
print(f"The result of {num1} / {num2} is: {result}")

with open("non_existent_file.txt", "r") as file:

content = [Link]()

my_list = [1, 2, 3]
print(my_list[5])

print(undefined_variable)

my_dict = {"name": "John"}

print(my_dict["age"])

invalid_int = int("hello")

my_str = "Hello"

my_str.append(" world") # Strings don't have append method

result2 = "string" + 5

except ZeroDivisionError:
print("Error: Cannot divide by zero.")
except ValueError:
print("Error: Invalid value entered.")
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except FileNotFoundError:
print("Error: File not found.")
except IndexError:
print("Error: Index out of range in a list.")
except NameError:
print("Error: Variable is not defined.")
except KeyError:
print("Error: Key not found in the dictionary.")
except AttributeError:
print("Error: Invalid method or attribute for object.")
except TypeError:
print("Error: Unsupported operation between incompatible types.")
except Exception as e:
print(f"An unexpected error occurred: {e}")

handle_multiple_exceptions()

OUTPUT:
Enter a number for integer conversion: 10cm
Error: Invalid value entered.
Enter a number for integer conversion: 10
Enter another number for division: 0
Error: Cannot divide by zero.
Enter a number for integer conversion: 10
Enter another number for division: 2
The result of 10 / 2 is: 5.0
Error: File not found.
Error: Index out of range in a list.
Error: Variable is not defined.
Error: Key not found in the dictionary
Error: Invalid value entered.
Error: Invalid method or attribute for object.
Error: Unsupported operation between incompatible types.

RESULT:
Thus the python program to implement exception handling concepts has been executed
successfully.
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Ex No. CLASS AND OBJECTS
6

AIM:
To write a program that demonstrates class and objects to manage a bank account system.

PROGRAM:

# Class definition
class BankAccount:
"""A simple Bank Account class to manage deposits, withdrawals, and balance checks."""
def init (self, account_holder, balance=0):
"""Initialize account with holder's name and starting balance."""
self.account_holder = account_holder
[Link] = balance
def deposit(self, amount):
"""Deposit money into the
account."""
if amount > 0:

[Link] += amount
print(f"₹{amount} deposited successfully.")
else:
print("Deposit amount must be positive.")
def withdraw(self, amount):
"""Withdraw money if there is enough balance."""
if amount > [Link]:
print("Insufficient
balance!") elif amount > 0:

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[Link]

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print(f"₹{amount} withdrawn successfully.")
else:
print("Withdrawal amount must be
positive.") def check_balance(self):
"""Check and display the current account balance."""
print(f"Available balance: ₹{[Link]}")
# Creating an account object
account = BankAccount("John Doe", 1000)
# Performing transactions
print("Bank Account Operations:")
account.check_balance() # Show initial balance
[Link](500) # Deposit money
account.check_balance() # Check balance after deposit
[Link](700) # Withdraw money
account.check_balance() # Check balance after
withdrawal
[Link](2000) # Try to withdraw more than balance

OUTPUT:
Bank Account Operations:
Available balance: ₹1000

₹500 deposited successfully.

Available balance: ₹1500
₹700 withdrawn successfully.
Available balance: ₹800
Insufficient balance!

RESULT:
Thus the python program that demonstrates class and objects to manage a bank account
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been executed successfully.

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EX No. SINGLE INHERITANCE

7a)

AIM:
To write a python program that demonstrates single inheritance, where a Car class inherits
attributes and methods from a Vehicle class.

PROGRAM:
# Single Inheritance Example: Vehicle -> Car
class Vehicle:
“””Parent class representing a generic
vehicle.””” Def init (self, brand, speed):
[Link] = brand
[Link] = speed

def display_info(self):
print(f”Vehicle Brand: {[Link]}, Speed: {[Link]} km/h”)

class Car(Vehicle):

“””Child class inheriting from

Vehicle.””” Def honk(self):
print(“Car Honks: Beep Beep!”)

# Demonstration

print(“Single Inheritance Example:”)

car = Car(“Toyota”, 120)
car.display_info()

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[Link]()

OUTPUT:
Single Inheritance Example:
Vehicle Brand: Toyota, Speed: 120 km/h
Car Honks: Beep Beep!

RESULT:
Thus the python program to demonstrate single inheritance has been executed successfully.

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EX No. MULTIPLE INHERITANCE

7b)
AIM:

To write a Python program that demonstrates multiple inheritance, where a Manager class
inherits attributes and methods from both Employee and Leader classes.

PROGRAM:
# Multiple Inheritance Example: Employee + Leader -> Manager
class Employee:
“””Represents an employee with basic details.”””
Def init (self, name, salary):
[Link] = name
[Link] =
salary

def get_salary(self):
print(f”{[Link]}’s Salary: ₹{[Link]}”)

class Leader:
“””Represents a leadership role.”””
Def give_speech(self):
print(“Leader’s Speech: Motivating the team!”)

class Manager(Employee, Leader):

“””Inherits from both Employee and
Leader.””” Def manage_team(self):
print(f”{[Link]} is managing the team efficiently.”)

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# Demonstration
print(“\nMultiple Inheritance Example:”)
manager = Manager(“Alice”, 75000)
manager.get_salary()
manager.give_speech()
manager.manage_team()

OUTPUT:
Multiple Inheritance Example:
Alice’s Salary: ₹75000

Leader’s Speech: Motivating the team!

Alice is managing the team efficiently.

RESULT:
Thus the python program to demonstrate multiple inheritance has been executed
successfully.

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EX No. MULTILEVEL INHERITANCE

7c)

AIM:
To write a python program that demonstrates multilevel inheritance, where a Fixed Deposit
Account class inherits features from a Savings Account class, which in turn inherits from a Bank
Account class.

PROGRAM:
# Multilevel Inheritance Example: Bank Account -> Savings Account -> Fixed Deposit Account
class BankAccount:
"""Represents a basic bank account."""
def init (self, account_holder, balance):
self.account_holder = account_holder
[Link] = balance

def check_balance(self):
print(f"Account Holder: {self.account_holder}, Balance: ₹{[Link]}")

class SavingsAccount(BankAccount):

"""Inherits from BankAccount and adds interest feature."""

def add_interest(self, rate):
interest = [Link] * (rate /
100) [Link] += interest
print(f"Interest added: ₹{interest}, New Balance: ₹{[Link]}")

class FixedDepositAccount(SavingsAccount):

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"""Inherits from SavingsAccount and adds fixed deposit feature."""
def lock_funds(self, years):
print(f"Funds locked for {years} years with a fixed interest rate.")

# Demonstration

print("\nMultilevel Inheritance Example:")

fd_account = FixedDepositAccount("John Doe", 10000)
fd_account.check_balance()
fd_account.add_interest(5) # 5% interest
fd_account.lock_funds(3) # 3-year fixed deposit

OUTPUT:
Multilevel Inheritance Example:
Account Holder: John Doe, Balance: ₹10000
Interest added: ₹500.0, New Balance: ₹10500.0
Funds locked for 3 years with a fixed interest rate.

RESULT:

Thus the python program to demonstrate multilevel inheritance has been executed
successfully.

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EX No. HIERARCHICAL INHERITANCE

7d)

AIM:
To write a Python program that demonstrates hierarchical inheritance, where both Student
and Teacher classes inherit common properties and methods from the School class.

PROGRAM:
# Hierarchical Inheritance Example: School -> Student, Teacher
class School:
"""Parent class representing a school member."""
def init (self, name, age):
[Link] = name
[Link] = age

def show_details(self):
print(f"Name: {[Link]}, Age: {[Link]}")

class Student(School):

"""Inherits from School, representing a student."""

def study(self):
print(f"{[Link]} is studying.")

class Teacher(School):

"""Inherits from School, representing a teacher."""

def teach(self):
print(f"{[Link]} is teaching.")

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# Demonstration
print("\nHierarchical Inheritance Example:")
student = Student("Bob", 16)
teacher = Teacher("Mr. Smith", 40)

student.show_details()
[Link]()

teacher.show_details()
[Link]()

OUTPUT:
Hierarchical Inheritance Example:
Name: Bob, Age: 16
Bob is studying.
Name: Mr. Smith, Age: 40
Mr. Smith is teaching.

RESULT:
Thus the python program to demonstrate hierarchical inheritance has been executed
successfully.

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EX No. HYBRID INHERITANCE

7e)

AIM:
To write a Python program that demonstrates hybrid inheritance, where a Smartphone class
inherits attributes and methods from both Phone and Computer classes, forming a hybrid
structure.”

PROGRAM:
# Hybrid Inheritance Example: Device -> Phone + Computer -> Smartphone
class Device:
“””Base class representing an electronic device.”””
Def power_on(self):
print(“Device is now ON.”)

class Phone(Device):
“””Inherits from Device, representing a phone.”””
Def make_call(self, number):
print(f”Calling {number}…”)

class Computer(Device):
“””Inherits from Device, representing a computer.”””
Def browse_web(self):
print(“Browsing the web…”)

class Smartphone(Phone, Computer):

“""Hybrid Inheritance: Inherits from both Phone and Computer."""

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def use_app(self, app_name):
print(f"Using the {app_name} app.")

# Demonstration

print("\nHybrid Inheritance Example:")

smartphone = Smartphone()
smartphone.power_on() # Inherited from
Device
smartphone.make_call("1234567890") # Inherited from Phone
smartphone.browse_web() # Inherited from Computer
smartphone.use_app("Instagram") # Unique to Smartphone

OUTPUT:
Hybrid Inheritance Example:
Device is now ON.
Calling 1234567890...
Browsing the web...
Using the Instagram
app.

RESULT:

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Thus the python program to demonstrate hybrid inheritance has been executed successfully.

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EX No. FUNCTION OVERLOADING

8 a)

AIM:
To write a program to demonstrate function overloading.

PROGRAM:

# Function Overloading using Default

Arguments def greet(name="Guest",
age=None):
"""Greet the user with name and optionally age."""
if age:
print(f"Hello {name}, you are {age} years old!")
else:
print(f"Hello {name}!")

# Function Overloading using Variable-Length

Arguments def add_numbers(*args):
"""Add multiple numbers passed as arguments."""
return sum(args)
# Demonstration of Function Overloading
print("Function Overloading Examples:")
greet() # Default greeting
greet("Alice") # Passing only name
greet("Bob", 25) # Passing name and age

print(f"Sum of 10, 20: {add_numbers(10, 20)}")

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print(f"Sum of 5, 10, 15, 20: {add_numbers(5, 10, 15, 20)}")

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OUTPUT:
Function Overloading Examples:
Hello Guest!
Hello Alice!

Hello Bob, you are 25 years old!

Sum of 10, 20: 30
Sum of 5, 10, 15, 20: 50

RESULT:

Thus the python program to demonstrate function overloading has been executed
successfully.

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EX No. FUNCTION OVERRIDING

8 b)

AIM:
To write a program to demonstrate function overriding.

PROGRAM:

# Function Overriding Example with

Inheritance class Parent:
"""Parent class with a method to display a message."""
def show_message(self):
print("This is the Parent class.")
class Child(Parent):
"""Child class overriding the method of Parent class."""
def show_message(self):
print("This is the Child class, overriding the Parent class method.")
# Demonstration of Function Overriding
print("Function Overriding Example:")
parent = Parent()
child = Child()
parent.show_message() # Calls Parent class method
child.show_message() # Calls overridden method in Child class

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OUTPUT:
Function Overriding Example:
This is the Parent class.
This is the Child class, overriding the Parent class method.

RESULT:
Thus a python program to demonstrate function overriding has been executed successfully.

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Ex STUDENT RECORD MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
No.
(GUI PROGRAMMING)
9

AIM:

To write a python program to create a student record management system using tkinter.

PROGRAM:
import tkinter as tk
from tkinter import messagebox
from tkinter import ttk

def add_student():

name = name_entry.get()
roll_no = roll_no_entry.get()
course =
course_combobox.get()
gender = "Male" if gender_var.get() else "Female"
payment_mode = payment_var.get()

if not name or not roll_no or not course or not gender or not payment_mode:
[Link]("Input Error", "Please fill in all fields.")
return

student_data = f"{name} - {roll_no} - {gender} - {course} - Payment: {payment_mode}"

student_listbox.insert([Link], student_data)
name_entry.delete(0, [Link])
roll_no_entry.delete(0, [Link])
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gender_var.set(True)
payment_var.set(None)

def remove_student():
try:
selected_student = student_listbox.curselection()
student_listbox.delete(selected_student)
except IndexError:
[Link]("Selection Error", "Please select a student to remove.")
def update_student():
try:

selected_student_index = student_listbox.curselection()[0]
updated_name = name_entry.get()
updated_roll_no = roll_no_entry.get()
updated_course = course_combobox.get()
updated_gender = "Male" if gender_var.get() else
"Female" updated_payment_mode = payment_var.get()

if not updated_name or not updated_roll_no or not updated_course or not updated_gender or

not updated_payment_mode:
[Link]("Input Error", "Please fill in all fields.")
return

updated_student_data = f"{updated_name} - {updated_roll_no} - {updated_gender} -

{updated_course} - Payment: {updated_payment_mode}"
student_listbox.delete(selected_student_index)
student_listbox.insert(selected_student_index, updated_student_data)
name_entry.delete(0, [Link])
roll_no_entry.delete(0, [Link])

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gender_var.set(True)
payment_var.set(None)
except IndexError:
[Link]("Selection Error", "Please select a student to update.")
root = [Link]()
[Link]("Student Information System")
[Link]("600x650")
title_label = [Link](root, text="Student Information System", font=("Arial", 18))
title_label.grid(row=0, column=0, columnspan=2, pady=10)
name_label = [Link](root, text="Student Name:", font=("Arial",
12)) name_label.grid(row=1, column=0, sticky="w", padx=10,
pady=5) name_entry = [Link](root, font=("Arial", 12))
name_entry.grid(row=1, column=1, pady=5)
roll_no_label = [Link](root, text="Roll Number:", font=("Arial",
12)) roll_no_label.grid(row=2, column=0, sticky="w", padx=10,
pady=5) roll_no_entry = [Link](root, font=("Arial", 12))
roll_no_entry.grid(row=2, column=1, pady=5)
course_label = [Link](root, text="Course:", font=("Arial", 12))
course_label.grid(row=3, column=0, sticky="w", padx=10, pady=5)
courses = ["Computer Science", "Electrical Engineering", "Mechanical Engineering", "Civil
Engineering", "Biotechnology"]
course_combobox = [Link](root, font=("Arial", 12), values=courses, state="readonly")
course_combobox.grid(row=3, column=1, pady=5)
course_combobox.set("Select a course")

gender_label = [Link](root, text="Gender:", font=("Arial", 12))

gender_label.grid(row=4, column=0, sticky="w", padx=10, pady=5)
gender_var = [Link]()

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gender_checkbutton = [Link](root, text="Male/Female", variable=gender_var,
font=("Arial", 12))
gender_checkbutton.grid(row=4, column=1, pady=5)

payment_label = [Link](root, text="Mode of Payment:", font=("Arial", 12))

payment_label.grid(row=5, column=0, sticky="w", padx=10, pady=5)
payment_var = [Link]()
payment_radio1 = [Link](root, text="Cash", variable=payment_var, value="Cash",
font=("Arial", 12))
payment_radio1.grid(row=6, column=0, sticky="w", padx=10, pady=5)
payment_radio2 = [Link](root, text="Credit Card", variable=payment_var, value="Credit
Card", font=("Arial", 12))
payment_radio2.grid(row=6, column=1, pady=5)
payment_radio3 = [Link](root, text="Debit Card", variable=payment_var, value="Debit
Card", font=("Arial", 12))
payment_radio3.grid(row=7, column=0, sticky="w", padx=10, pady=5)
payment_radio4 = [Link](root, text="Online Payment", variable=payment_var,
value="Online Payment", font=("Arial", 12))

payment_radio4.grid(row=7, column=1, pady=5)

add_button = [Link](root, text="Add Student", font=("Arial", 12),
command=add_student) add_button.grid(row=8, column=0, columnspan=2, pady=10)

student_listbox = [Link](root, font=("Arial", 12), width=50,

height=10) student_listbox.grid(row=9, column=0, columnspan=2,
pady=10)

remove_button = [Link](root, text="Remove Selected Student", font=("Arial",

12), command=remove_student)
remove_button.grid(row=10, column=0, pady=5)

update_button = [Link](root, text="Update Selected Student", font=("Arial",

12), command=update_student)
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update_button.grid(row=10, column=1, pady=5)

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[Link]()

OUTPUT:

RESULT:
Thus the python program to create a student record management system using tkinter has
been executed successfully.

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Ex DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
No.
( MEAN, MEDIAN, MODE AND STANDARD
10 DEVIATION)

AIM:
To write a python program to calculate mean, median, mode and standard deviation for a given
list of numbers.

PROGRAM:
import statistics
def calculate_statistics(data):
mean = [Link](data)
median = [Link](data)
try:
mode = [Link](data)
except [Link]:
mode = "No unique mode"
std_dev = [Link](data)
return mean, median, mode,
std_dev

data = [int(x) for x in input("Enter numbers separated by spaces: ").split()]

mean, median, mode, std_dev = calculate_statistics(data)
print(f"Mean: {mean}")
print(f"Median: {median}")
print(f"Mode: {mode}")
print(f"Standard Deviation: {std_dev}")

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OUTPUT:
Enter numbers separated by spaces: 18 20 21 19 24 25 26 17
Mean: 21.25
Median: 20.5

Mode: 18
Standard Deviation: 3.370036032024414

RESULT:
Thus the python program to calculate mean, median, mode and standard deviation for a
given list of numbers has been executed successfully.

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Ex No. CORRELATION
11 (YEARS OF EXPERIENCE VS SALARY)

AIM:
To write a python program to visualize and find the correlation between years of experience
and salary.

PROGRAM:
import pandas as pd
import [Link] as plt

def scatter_plot(x,y):
[Link](x, y)
[Link]('Scatter Plot')
[Link](VAR_NAMES[0])
[Link](VAR_NAMES[1])
[Link]()

def correlation(x,y):
cor_coeff = [Link](y, method='pearson')
print(f'Pearson correlation coefficient for {VAR_NAMES[0]} and {VAR_NAMES[1]}:
{cor_coeff}')

file_path = r"Z:\dataset\[Link]"
df = pd.read_csv(file_path)
X = df['years']
Y = df['salary']
VAR_NAMES = ["Years Of Experience","Salary"]

correlation(X,Y)
scatter_plot(X,Y)

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OUTPUT:
Pearson correlation coefficient for Years Of Experience and Salary: 0.9782416184887597

RESULT:
Thus the python program to visualize and find the correlation of Years of Experience and
Salary has been executed successfully.

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Ex No. LINEAR REGRESSION
12 (SALARY ~ YEARS OF EXPERIENCE)

AIM:

To write a python program to apply a linear regression model for years of experience and
salary.

PROGRAM:

import pandas as pd
import numpy as np
from sklearn.linear_model import
LinearRegression import [Link] as plt

def apply_linear_reg(x,y):
global model
model = LinearRegression()
[Link](x, y)
slope = model.coef_
intercept =
model.intercept_
print(f"Coefficient (slope): {slope}")
print(f"Intercept: {intercept}")
print(f"Generated Model: y = {slope[0]}x + {intercept}")

def predict():
years_of_exp = float(input("Enter Your Years of Experience to predict the Salary: "))
y_pred = [Link]([Link](years_of_exp).reshape(-1, 1))
print("Predicted Salary: ", y_pred[0])

def visualize(x,y):
[Link](x, y, color='blue', label='Actual data')
[Link](x, [Link](x), color='red', label='Regression line')
[Link]('Linear Regression: Year of Experience vs Salary')
[Link]('Years of Experience')
[Link]('Salary (Predicted)')
[Link]()

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[Link]()

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file_path = r"Z:\dataset\[Link]"
df = pd.read_csv(file_path)
X = df['years'].[Link](-1,1) # Independent variable
Y = df['salary'].values # Dependent variable

apply_linear_reg(X,Y)
predict()
visualize(X,Y)
OUTPUT:
Coefficient (slope): [9449.96232146]
Intercept: 25792.20019866871
Generated Model: y = 9449.962321455074x + 25792.20019866871
Enter Your Years of Experience to predict the Salary: 5.2
Predicted Salary: 74932.0042702351

RESULT:
Thus the python program to apply a linear regression model for years of experience and
salary has been executed successfully.

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Ex No. ANOVA – ONE WAY CLASSIFICATION
13 (EFFECTS OF FERTILIZERS ON
PLANTS)

AIM:
To write a Python program that uses one-way ANOVA to analyze whether fertilizers A, B, and
C have statistically significant effects.

PROGRAM:

import pandas as pd
import [Link] as sm
from [Link] import ols

ALPHA =0.05

def one_way_anova(df):
model = ols('height ~ C(fertilizer)', data=df).fit()
anova_table = [Link].anova_lm(model, typ=1) # Type 1
ANOVA print("ANOVA TABLE: ")
print(anova_table)
p_value = anova_table["PR(>F)"].iloc[0]

print("Conclusion: ", end="")

if p_value < ALPHA:
print("There is significant difference between fertilizers")
else:
print("There is no significant difference between fertilizers")

file_path = r"Z:\dataset\[Link]"
data = pd.read_excel(file_path)
one_way_anova(data)

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
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OUTPUT:
ANOVA TABLE:
df sum_sq mean_sq F PR(>F)
C(fertilizer) 2.0 217.0 108.5 7.431507 0.005717
Residual 15.0 219.0 14.6 NaN NaN
Conclusion: There is significant difference between fertilizers

RESULT:

Thus the python program that uses one-way ANOVA to analyze whether fertilizer A, B and C
have statistically significant effects has been executed successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex No. ANOVA – TWO WAY CLASSIFICATION
14 ( FERTILIZERS AND WATERING SCHEDULE)

AIM:
To write a python program that performs two-way ANOVA to analyze whether Fertilizers (A, B,
C) and Watering Schedules (Daily, Weekly) have statistically significant effects, and to check for any
interaction between them.

PROGRAM:
import pandas as pd
import [Link] as sm
from [Link] import ols
ALPHA = 0.05

def two_way_anova(df):
model = ols('height ~ C(fertilizer) + C(watering) + C(fertilizer):C(watering)', data=df).fit()
anova_table = [Link].anova_lm(model, typ=2) # Type 2 ANOVA table
print("Two-Way ANOVA
Table:") print(anova_table)

fertilizer_p_value = anova_table["PR(>F)"].iloc[0]
watering_p_value = anova_table["PR(>F)"].iloc[1]
interaction_p_value =
anova_table["PR(>F)"].iloc[2]

print("\nConclusion:")
if fertilizer_p_value < ALPHA:
print("There is significant difference between fertilizer
types") else:
print("There is no significant difference between fertilizer types")

if watering_p_value < ALPHA:

print("There is significant difference between Watering Schedules")
else:
print("There is no significant difference between Watering

Schedules") if interaction_p_value < ALPHA:

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
print("There is significant interaction between fertilizer type and watering schedule")
else:
print("There is no significant interaction effect between fertilizer type and watering
schedule.")

file_path = r"Z:\dataset\[Link]"
data = pd.read_excel(file_path)
two_way_anova(data)

OUTPUT:

Two-Way ANOVA Table:

sum_sq df F PR(>F)

C(fertilizer) 217.0 2.0 108.5 2.070497e-08

C(watering) 200.0 1.0 200.0 7.606637e-09
C(fertilizer):C(watering) 7.0 2.0 3.5 6.346962e-02
Residual 12.0 12.0 NaN NaN

Conclusion:
There is significant difference between fertilizer types
There is significant difference between Watering Schedules
There is no significant interaction effect between fertilizer type and watering schedule.

RESULT:

Thus the python program that uses two-way ANOVA to analyze whether Fertilizers (A, B, C
and Watering Schedules (Daily, Weekly) have statistically significant effects has been executed
successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
 Ramakrishna Mission Vivekananda College (Autonomous), Mylapore, Chennai -
600004
Ex CHI-SQUARE TEST
No.
(GENDER AND MOVIE PREFERENCE)
15

AIM:
To write a Python program that uses the chi-square test to determine whether gender and
movie preferences are independent or related.
PROGRAM:
import numpy as np
import pandas as
pd
from [Link].contingency_tables import Table

ALPHA = 0.05

def chi_sq_test(observed_data):
table = Table(observed_data)
result = table.test_nominal_association()

chi2_stat = [Link]
p_value = [Link]
dof = [Link]
expected = [Link]

print(f"Chi-square Statistic: {chi2_stat:.2f}")

print(f"Degrees of Freedom: {dof}")
print("Expected Frequencies:")
print(expected)
print(f"P-value: {p_value:.5f}") print("\
nConclusion: ")
if p_value < ALPHA:
print("Gender and movie preference are related.")
else:
print("Gender and movie preference are independent.")

data = pd.read_excel(r"Z:\dataset\[Link]")

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y
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data = [Link][:,["action_movies","romantic_movies"]]
chi_sq_test(data)

OUTPUT:
Chi-square Statistic: 16.67
Degrees of Freedom: 1
Expected Frequencies:
action_movies romantic_movies

0 30.0 20.0
1 30.0 20.0

P-value: 0.00004

Conclusion:
Gender and movie preference are related.

RESULT:
Thus the python program that uses the chi-square test to determine whether gender and
movie preferences are independent or related has been executed successfully.

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BCA IIIrd YEAR 2313281033020 MUKESH Y